VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JnanaSangama, Belagavi – 590018

An Internship Report On

“IOT AND ITS APPLICATIONS”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By

VARSHA

USN: 3NA17EC014

Internship carried out at

GLOBAL TECH SOLUTIONS
KALABURAGI.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Navodaya Institute of Technology, Raichur
2020 - 2021
 NAVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BIJJANGERA ROAD, RAICHUR-584103
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. VARSHA bearing USN: 3NA17EC014 has successfully
delivered the Internship Presentation on “IOT AND ITS APPLICATIONS”, for the partial
fulfillment of award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Engineering , as prescribed by Visveshwaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during
the academic year 2020-2021.The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of internship work prescribed for the said Degree.

INTERNSHIP GUIDE HOD

Signature of Examiners:

1.

2.
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that, this Internship report prepared by me under the course of Internship

Program. It has not been submitted elsewhere for the requirement of any Diploma, Undergraduate or

Graduate program or any other purposes. This report is submitted to the Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Visveshwaraya Technological University, Belgaum in partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication

Engineering.

VARHSA

(3NA17EC014)
 ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a revolutionary technique that enables a diverse
number of features and applications. It can able a diverse amount of devices to be connected in order to
create a single communication architecture. As it has significantly expanded in recent years, it is
fundamental to study this trending technology in detail and take a close look at its applications in the
different domains. It represents an enabler of new communication possibilities between people and
things. The main asset of this concept is its significant influence through the creation of a new world
dimension. The key features required for employing a large-scale IoT are low-cost sensors, high-speed
and error-tolerant data communications, smart computations, and numerous applications. This research
work is presented in four main sections, including a general overview of IoT technology, a summary of
previous correlated surveys, a review regarding the main IoT applications, and a section on the
challenges of IoT. The purpose of this study is to fully cover the applications of IoT, including
healthcare, environmental, commercial, industrial, smart cities, and infrastructural applications. This
work explains the concept of IoT and defines and summarizes its main technologies and uses, offering
a next-generation protocol as a solution to the challenges.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. M.V MALLIKARJUNA Principal of Navodaya Institute of

Technology (NIT) and Dr. K. VENKATACHALAM, Head of the Department of Electronics

and Communication Engineering and my internal guide for supporting me and giving wonderful

technical guidance.

I express my thanks to Prof. MD.SHOAIBUDDIN MADNI my co-ordinator for his extreme

kind co-operation and guidance.

I thank and express my gratitude to Mr. SANJAY KUMAR my external guide, GLOBAL

TECH SOLUTIONS, Kalaburagi, for his supervision and guidance throughout this internship

program.

I also thank all the faculty members of ECE Department and my friends for their help and
support.

VARSHA
(3NA17EC014)
 INDEX

CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

Chapter 1. About the Company 01

Chapter 2. About the Department 03

Chapter 3. Introduction 06

3.1. Introduction to IoT 06

3.2. How IoT Works 08

3.3. Why IoT is Important 09

Chapter 4. Applications of IoT 10

Chapter 5. IoT Based Agriculture Field Monitoring 15

5.1 Introduction 16

5.2 Block Diagram 18

5.3 Methodology 20

Chapter 6. IoT Based Smart City 35

6.1 Block Diagram 36

6.2 Working Principle 37

Chapter 7. Enabling Technologies for IoT 42

Chapter 8. Advantages of IoT 43

Chapter 9. Challenges of an IoT 44

Chapter 10. Conclusion 45

Chapter 11. References 46

 IOT AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2021

CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY

1.1 PROFILE OF GLOBAL TECH SOLUTIONS

Global Tech Solutions in Gulbarga is one of the leading businesses in the Computer
Training Institutes. Also known for Computer Training Institutes, AUTOCAD Training
Institutes, Technical Analysis Institutes, and Computer Training Institutes for Technical
Writing, Technical Institutes, and Computer Training Institutes for Oracle Fusion
Technical Training, Computer Software Training Institutes, Computer Training Institutes
for Java and much more. Find Address, Contact Number, Reviews & Ratings, Photos, Maps
of Global Tech Solutions, Gulbarga. It specialises and is well-known for training students
as well as working professionals in accounting, web designing, programming languages,
hardware and networking. It is run and managed by a seasoned professionals who leads a
team of educators and trainers having relevant domain expertise. At this institution, one can
get trained in the subject of their choice by opting from a wide range of courses. These
easy-to-follow courses are primarily aimed at students, working professionals as well as IT
professionals who want to enhance their knowledge and further their career prospects. It
provide expertise in designing and developing State-of-the-art Research and Development
Laboratories for various Engineering Colleges in Electronic, Electrical ,Embedded
Systems, Robotics and Emerging Technologies which facilitates research work, solve
critical problems, develop innovative projects and help the students to relate theory to
practical thus enhancing the status of the College to the premier league. Education sector
specially the Engineering Institutions located in the remote hamlets of India needs to be
empowered with latest industry oriented Technologies to bridge the gap between academics
and industry and thus create huge employment opportunities for the budding engineers.

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

WIRELESS

BIOMETRIC

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CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

2.1 About Global Tech Solutions

Global Technologies a professionally managed multimillion group company, in the
business of change, manages complexities with an unparalleled insight with resources focused
on solution. E-Logic Technologies uses an innovative strategy framework to deliver a range of
research products and services to the Business and Education sectors. The industry
acknowledges Edgex Technologies’ leadership in pioneering technologies fostering growth
and implementation in every walk of society.
Leading Service Provider of Embedded Systems, Wireless, A Mobile B ased
Home Automation System, SMS Based Electricity Bill Machine, Video Surveillance
Recorder and GSM Based Automatic Irrigation Water Supply System from Kalaburagi.
Other products and services provided on the side of embedded systems, distance
measurement using ultrasonic sensor, embedded web server using EAD, intelligent
fleet management system, GSM based home security system, cryptographic secured
communication, baby incubator, finger print based time attendance, power electronic
trainer system, on all the other technical project oriented and research aspects worked
to be carried out in the department as well as the basic operations with technological
concepts to be carried out properly in the department.

Other services:
 Portable Computer Aided Drug Dispenser
 Digital Temperature Monitoring System with I2c Protocol
 A wireless network card
 Portable computer
 Multiple biometric access control system
 Autonomous robotic wheelchair controller

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 Wireless network is a network set up by using radio signal frequency to communicate

among computers and other network devices. Sometimes it's also referred to as
WiFi network or WLAN. This network is getting popular nowadays due to easy to
setup feature and no cabling involved.

 Security is a big challenge everywhere because thefts are increasing day by day owing
to the unsafe and insecure security systems in homes, commercial complexes and
industries. Several conventional technologies are available to keep home properties safe
from intruders, but most common smart home security systems work on wireless
GSM communication. Such systems provide security from natural, incidental,
intended, unintended, accidental and human made problems by continuously
monitoring homes with different sensory systems like motion, smoke, gas, temperature,
glass break or door break detectors and fire alarm systems.

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 Autonomous robotic wheelchairs play important roles to disabled persons or elders. In

general, an autonomous robotic wheelchair includes the techniques of obstacle sensing
and avoidance, local path navigation, and friendly interactions with users when
compared to conventional powered wheelchairs. Most of researches on autonomous
robotic wheelchairs used the personal computer as the supervisory controller since its
powerful computing capacity and familiar coding environment. Nevertheless, the
personal computer is not feasible to the wheelchair users due to inefficient size, lower
reliability and larger power consumptions.

The major concept of the department is to bridge the gap between academics and industry
and thus create a huge employment opportunities for the young engineers.

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CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO IOT

The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—a.k.a. "things"—that
are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet. Things have evolved due to
the convergence of multiple technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, ubiquitous
computing, commodity sensors, and embedded systems. Today, Internet application
development demand is very high. So IoT is a major technology by which we can produce
various useful internet applications.
Basically, IoT is a network in which all physical objects are connected to the internet through
network devices or routers and exchange data. IoT allows objects to be controlled remotely
across existing network infrastructure. IoT is a very good and intelligent technique which
reduces human effort as well as easy access to physical devices. This technique also has
autonomous control feature by which any device can control without any human interaction.

FIG.1. IOT.

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IOT is going to have huge impact on home automation and building automation system
where every convenience will be taken care of by the interconnected devices on IOT. It is also
deployed on large scale for example in Song do , South Africa , the first of its own kind fully
equipped and wired smart city is near to completion ( known as Ubiquitous City). With the
personal electronics good connected to Internet will enable us to “author” our lives. In medical
science field, IOT has given a privilege to devices and system to sense for coming disease and
to prevent it IOT is going to have huge impact on home automation and building automation
system where every convenience will be taken care of by the interconnected devices on IOT.
It is also deployed on large scale for example in Song do , South Africa , the first of its own
kind fully equipped and wired smart city is near to completion ( known as Ubiquitous City).
With the personal electronics good connected to Internet will enable us to “author” our lives.
In medical science field, IOT has given a privilege to devices and system to sense for coming
disease and to prevent it IOT is going to have huge impact on home automation and building
automation system where every convenience will be taken care of by the interconnected
devices on IOT. It is also deployed on large scale for example in Song do , South Africa , the
first of its own kind fully equipped and wired smart city is near to completion ( known as
Ubiquitous City). With the personal electronics good connected to Internet will enable us to
“author” our lives. In medical science field, IOT has given a privilege to devices and system to
sense for coming disease and to prevent it IOT is going to have huge impact on home
automation and building automation system where every convenience will be taken care of by
the interconnected devices on IOT. It is also deployed on large scale for example in Song do ,
South Africa , the first of its own kind fully equipped and wired smart city is near to completion
( known as Ubiquitous City). With the personal electronics good connected to Internet will
enable us to “author” our lives. In medical science field, IOT has given a privilege to devices
and system to sense for coming disease and to prevent it. IOT has given a concept of Machine
to-Machine (M2M) communication. IOT is going to have huge impact on home automation
and building automation system where every convenience will be taken care of by the
interconnected devices on IOT.

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3.2. How IoT Works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems,
such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting
to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on
the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give
them instructions or access the data. The connectivity, networking and communication
protocols used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications
deployed. IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in
making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic. IOT is a network in which all
physical objects are connected to the internet through network designs or routers and exchange
data. IOT allows objects to be controlled remotely across existing network infrastructures. IOT
is a very good and intelligent technique which reduces human effort as well as easy access to
physical devices. This technique also has autonomous control feature by which any device can
control without any human interaction.

FIG.2. How IoT Works.

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3.3. Why IoT is Important

The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete
control over their lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential
to business. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work,
delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and
logistics operations. IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It
also cuts down on waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to
manufacture and deliver goods, as well as offering transparency into customer transactions. As
such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will continue to
pick up steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to keep them
competitive. The IoT provides a platform that creates opportunities for people to connect these
devices and control them with big data technology, which in return will promote efficiency in
performance, economic benefits and minimize the need for human involvement. It's the
most important development of the 21st century. IoT involves the extension of internet
connectivity beyond personal computers and mobile devices. It can reach a wide range of non-
internet enabled devices. Once the devices have been embedded with technology, they are brought
to life and can communicate with each other through the internet. This means they can be monitored
and controlled remotely. For instance, the rise of autonomous driverless cars has become more
feasible because of IoT implementation. In a world dominated by digital technology, the IoT
plays a prominent role in our lives. It has created an ecosystem that links many systems to give
smart performances in every task. The proliferation of the IoT has created a new evolution of
cell phones, home and other embedded applications that are all connected to the internet. They
have impeccably integrated human communication in ways we never expected before. These
devices can derive meaningful information using commands based on data analytics, share the
data on cloud, and analyze it safely to give the required output. Many businesses are rapidly
transforming in many ways, thanks to the IoT.

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CHAPTER 4

APPLICATIONS OF IOT

The term Internet of things abbreviated as IoT has become very famous in the present era of
digital communication and networking. Internet of things basically refers to network
interfacing and communication of physical objects, devices and peripherals which can
communicate and exchange information between each other without depending on human to
human or human to computer interaction.

This advanced communication between equipment via IoT has taken device automation and
building management systems to level which used to be a dream only a few years back. Home
appliances which can be controlled over a network are called smart appliances. Now you can
control your appliances remotely over internet; switching them on or off just by tapping the
screen of your smart phone. All this became possible with internet of things (IoT). There are
various technologies available with the help of which smart devices communicate with each
other and exchange information. These technologies are broadly categorized into wired and
wireless communication. Wireless communication technologies are further subdivided in short
range, medium range and long rang wireless communication. Ethernet, MoCA (coxial cabling)
and power line communication (PLC) are commonly used wired technologies for devices’
communication. Wireless communication protocols include: infrared, Bluetooth, Radio
frequency identification (RFID), Li-Fi, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, LTE advanced, low power wide-area
networking (LPWAN), very small aperture terminal (VSAT) etc. The Internet of Things, or
IoT for its acronym in English (Internet of Things), is a term that refers to the connection of
objects to each other and to humans through the Internet. The applications of IoT technologies
are multiple, because it is adjustable to almost any technology that is capable of providing
relevant information about its own operation, about the performance of an activity and even
about the environmental conditions that we need to monitor and control at a distance.
Nowadays, many companies from different sectors or sectors are adopting this technology to
simplify, improve, automate and control different processes. Next, we show some of the
surprising practical applications of the IoT.

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1. Wearables: Virtual glasses, fitness bands to monitor for example calorie expenditure
and heart beats, or GPS tracking belts, are just some examples of wearable devices that
we have been using for some time now. Companies such as Google, Apple, Samsung
and others have developed and introduced the Internet of Things and the application
thereof into our daily lives. These are small and energy efficient devices, which are
equipped with sensors, with the necessary hardware for measurements and readings,
and with software to collect and organize data and information about users.

2. Health: The use of wearables or sensors connected to patients, allows doctors to

monitor a patient's condition outside the hospital and in real-time. Through
continuously monitoring certain metrics and automatic alerts on their vital signs, the
Internet of Things helps to improve the care for patients and the prevention of lethal
events in high-risk patients. Another use is the integration of IoT technology into
hospital beds, giving way to smart beds, equipped with special sensors to observe vital
signs, blood pressure, and oximeter and body temperature, among others.

3. Traffic monitoring: The Internet of things can be very useful in the management of
vehicular traffic in large cities, contributing to the concept of smart cities. When we use
our mobile phones as sensors, which collect and share data from our vehicles through
applications such as Waze or Google Maps, we are using the Internet of Things to
inform us and at the same time contribute to traffic monitoring, showing the conditions
of the different routes, and feeding and improving the information on the different
routes to the same destination, distance, estimated time of arrival.

4. Fleet management: The installation of sensors in fleet vehicles helps to establish an

effective interconnectivity between the vehicles and their managers as well as between
the vehicles and their drivers. Both driver and manager/ owner can know all kinds of
details about the status, operation and needs of the vehicle, just by accessing
the software in charge of collecting, processing and organizing the data. Even, receive

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alarms in real time of maintenance incidents without having been detected by the driver.
The application of the Internet of Things to fleet management assists with geo location
(and with it the monitoring of routes and identification of the most efficient routes),
performance analysis, telemetry control and fuel savings , the reduction of polluting
emissions to the environment and can even provide valuable information to improve
the driving of vehicles.

5. Agriculture: Smart farms are a fact. The quality of soil is crucial to produce good
crops, and the Internet of Things offers farmers the possibility to access detailed
knowledge and valuable information of their soil condition. Through the
implementation of IoT sensors, a significant amount of data can be obtained on the state
and stages of the soil. Information such as soil moisture, level of acidity, the presence
of certain nutrients, temperature and many other chemical characteristics, helps farmers
control irrigation, make water use more efficient, specify the best times to start sowing,
and even discover the presence of diseases in plants and soil.

6. Hospitality: The application of the IoT to the hotel industry brings with it interesting
improvements in the quality of the service. With the implementation of electronic keys,
which are sent directly to the mobile devices of each guest, it is possible to automate
various interactions. Thus, the location of the guests, the sending of offers or
information on activities of interest, the realization of orders to the room or room
service , the automatic charge of accounts to the room or the request of personal hygiene
supplies, are activities that can be easily managed through integrated applications using
the Internet of Things technology. With the use of electronic keys, the check-out process
is automated, disabling the operation of doors, offering information about the rooms.

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Immediately available, and even assigning housekeeping tasks to maintenance

personnel.

7. Smart grid and energy saving: The progressive use of intelligent energy meters, or
meters equipped with sensors, and the installation of sensors in different strategic points
that go from the production plants to the different distribution points, allows better
monitoring and control of the electrical network. By establishing a bidirectional
communication between the service provider company and the end user, information of
enormous value can be obtained for the detection of faults, decision making and repair
thereof. It also allows offering valuable information to the end user about their
consumption patterns and about the best ways to reduce or adjust their energy
expenditure.

8. Water supply: A sensor, either incorporated or adjusted externally to water meters,

connected to the Internet and accompanied by the necessary software , helps to collect,
process and analyze data, which allows understanding the behavior of consumers,
detecting faults in the supply service, report results and offer courses of action to the
company that provides the service. Likewise, it offers final consumers the possibility
of tracking their own consumption information, through a web page and in real time,
even receiving automatic alerts in case of detecting consumption out of range to their
average consumption record, which could indicate the presence of a leak.

9. Maintenance management: One of the areas where the application of IoT technology
is most extensive is precisely maintenance management. Through the combination of
sensors and software specialized in CMMS/ EAM maintenance management, a
multifunctional tool is obtained whose use can be applied to a multiplicity of disciplines

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and practices, with the purpose of extending the useful life of physical assets, while
guaranteeing asset reliability and availability.

FIG.3. IOT APPLICATIONS.

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CHAPTER 5

IOT BASED AGRICULTURE FIELD MONITORING

India's populace is come to past 1.2 billion and the populace rate is expanding step by
step then after 25-30 years there will be not kidding issue of nourishment, so the advancement
of horticulture is necessary. Today, the ranchers are enduring from the absence of downpours
and shortage of water. The primary target of this paper is to give a programmed water system
framework consequently saving time, cash and energy of the agriculturist. The conventional
homestead land irrigation methods require manual intercession. With the automated innovation
of water system the human mediation can be minimized. At whatever point there is an
adjustment in temperature and humidity of the surroundings these sensors detects the change
in temperature and stickiness and gives an interference with flag to the micro-controller.
Mechanization of homestead exercises can change rural space from being manual and static to
keen and dynamic prompting higher generation with lesser human supervision. This paper
proposes a computerized water system framework which screens and keeps up the coveted soil
dampness content by means of programmed watering. Microcontroller Arduino (ESP8266-
12E) is utilized to actualize the control unit. The setup utilizes soil dampness sensors which
measure the correct dampness level in soil. This esteem empowers the framework to utilize
fitting amount of water which maintains a strategic distance from over/under water system.
IOT is utilized to keep the ranchers refreshed about the status of yield fields. Data from the
sensors is routinely refreshed on a website page utilizing Google assistance through which a
rancher can check regardless of whether the water pump are ON/OFF at any given time.

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5.1. INTRODUCTION

As the world is drifting into present day advances and usage it is an important objective to
incline up in agriculture also numerous inquiries about are working in the field of agriculture.
Most activities mean the utilization of remote sensor organize gather information from various
sensors sent at different hubs and send it through the remote convention. The gathered
information gives the data about the different ecological elements. Checking the natural
components isn't the entire answer for increment the yield of products. There are number of
different variables that decline the profitability to a more noteworthy degree. Consequently
computerization must be actualized in flooding fields to conquer these issues. In any case,
entire mechanization in irrigation isn't accomplished because of different issues.
In spite of the fact that it is executed in the examination level it isn't given to the agriculturists
as an item to get profited from the assets. Thus this paper bargains about Automatic Irrigation
System utilizing IoT.

In this chapter, the methods that available to involve in monitor and security system that given
to agriculture field has to be discussed. Method Description in terms of monitoring aspects the
presence of water in the well is monitored and then the moisturizing level of the soil and the
temperature of the surroundings are monitored. These values are monitored by using respective
sensors and are feed to the controller. The pump control button will present on the webpage
and can be controlled based on temperature and moisture level.
Using Hotspot this can be connected to ‘n’ number of devices and user can control the motor
and pump actions based on the button in the webpage. Farmer is able to monitor the situation
of the field at any instance as the data’s are updated for every minute the values from the sensors
are sent to the IoT device. The values in IoT are fed as input to the microcontroller for further
processing. LCD display is used to display the value of the sensor. Here we use a IOT
technology by which a particular plant variety is selected based on the plants unique Id to select
which plant we are going to use in the agriculture land.
For example if we are selecting sugarcane then the controller will automatically get the soil
reference level depending on the particular plant growth, which will be pre-programmed in the
microcontroller. Every regular process like watering the plant in the agriculture land, the
reminder about when to use fertilizer, leaf cutting time etc., are given as alert message to the
farmer and at the same time these information will be automatically uploaded to the web server

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via IOT kit. Definition the Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of uniquely
identifiable embedded computing devices within the existing Internet infrastructure.
The “Internet of Things” connects devices and vehicles using electronic sensors and the
Internet. Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects devices,
vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to
be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities
for more direct integration of the physical world into computer based systems, and resulting in
improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit, when IoT is augmented with sensors and
actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber physical
systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent
transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
So, Internet of Things or IoT is an architecture that comprises specialized hardware boards,
Software systems, web APIs, protocols which together creates a seamless environment which
allows smart embedded devices to be connected to internet such that sensory data can be
accessed and control system can be triggered over internet.

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5.2. BLOCK DAIGRAM

FIG.4. AGRICULTURE MONITORING.

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FIG.5. FLOWCHART FOR SYSTEM OPERATIONS.

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5.3. METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the available methods to be involved in field monitoring and security system
that can be given to the agriculture field has been discussed.
In terms of monitoring aspects the presence of water in the well is monitored and then the
moisturizing level of the soil and the temperature of the surroundings are monitored. These
values are monitored by using respective sensors and are fed to the controller. The pump control
button will be present on the webpage and can be controlled based on temperature and moisture
level.
Using Hotspot this can be connected to ‘n’ number of devices and user can control the motor
and pump actions based on the button in the webpage. Farmer is able to monitor the situation
of the field at any instance as the data is updated every minute.
The values from the sensors are sent to the IoT device. The values in IoT are fed as input to the
microcontroller for further processing. LCD display is used to display the value of the sensor.
Here we use an IOT technology by which a particular plant variety is selected based on the
plants unique Id to select which plant we are going to use in the agriculture land. For example
if we are selecting sugarcane then the controller will automatically get the soil reference level
depending on the particular plant growth, which will be pre-programmed in the microcontroller.
Every regular process like watering the plant in the agriculture land, the reminder about when
to use fertilizer, leaf cutting time etc., are given as alert message to the farmer and at the same
time these information will be automatically uploaded to the web server via IOT kit.
If this then that, also known as IFTTT, is a free web-based service to create chains of simple
conditional statements, called applets. An applet is triggered by changes that occur within other
web services such as Gmail, Facebook, Telegram, Instagram, or Pinterest.
For example, an applet may send an e-mail message if the user tweets using a hash tag, or copy
a photo on Facebook to a user's archive if someone tags a user in a photo.
In addition to the web-based application, the service runs on iOS and Android. In February
2015, IFTTT renamed their original application to IF, and released a new suite of apps called
Do which lets users create shortcut applications and actions. As of 2015, IFTTT users created
about 20 million recipes each day. All of the functionalities of the Do suite of apps have since
been integrated into a redesigned IFTTT app.

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IFTTT is both a website and a mobile app that launched in 2010 and has the slogan "Put the
Internet to work for you". The idea is that you use IFTTT to automate everything from your
favourite apps and websites to app-enabled accessories and smart devices. If you own the
Philips Hue smart lighting system, for instance, you could use IFTTT to automatically turn on
a light every time you're tagged in a Facebook photo. In another example, you could use IFTTT
to automatically email readers when they comment on your Word Press blog. There are
numerous combinations (also called "recipes") on IFTTT that can make your life easier. IFTTT
currently supports more than 110 services (also called "channels") including Android devices
and Apple IOS apps like Reminders and Photos, as well as websites like Facebook, Instagram,
Flickr, Tumbler, Google Calendar, Google Drive, Etsy, Feedly, Foursquare, LinkedIn, Sound
Cloud, Word Press, YouTube, and more.
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line
to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the board has the following
new features:
1.0 pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins
placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided
from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR,
which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a
not connected pin that is reserved for future purposes.

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FIG.6.ARDUINO UNO.

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by loader

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz

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Fig 6.2 Arduino UNO Description

6.1.2 Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from
an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm centre-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an
external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access
it through this pin.

 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

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 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.

 GND: Ground pins.

 Memory: The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). It also
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library).

 Input and Output: Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pinMode (), digitalWrite (), and digitalRead () functions. They operate at
5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-
up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX): Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.

 External Interrupts 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a

low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt ()
function for details.

 PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11: Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

 SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK): These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

 LED 13: There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs,
labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change
the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference () function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

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 TWI A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin: Support TWI communication using the
Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().

 Reset: Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a.info file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The
ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes
a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For
details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned
with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

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The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available. The
ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of
Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground,
making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One
of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 Nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low),
the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to
allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment.
This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running
Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB).
For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make
sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection
and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of
the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be
able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see
this forum thread for details.

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USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts
and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one
Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high
mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil
is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they
are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The
two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note
that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each
coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has
a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains
supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

FIG.7.AN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

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LM78XX Series Voltage Regulators

General Description
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages
making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation,
eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages
available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, Hi-Fi, and other
solid state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0A
load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak
output current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit
internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking
provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating.
Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators easy to use and
minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although
this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located
far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. For output voltage other than 5V, 12V and
15V the LM117 series provides an output voltage range from 1.2V to 57V.

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Wi-Fi ESP8266

FIG.8. WI-FI ESP8266

ESP8266 offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it to either
host the application or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application
processor. When ESP8266 hosts the application, and when it is the only application processor
in the device, it is able to boot up directly from an external flash. It has integrated cache to
improve the performance of the system in such applications, and to minimize the memory
requirements. Alternately, serving as a Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to
any microcontroller-based design with simple connectivity through UART interface or the
CPU AHB bridge interface.

Overview
ESP8266 on-board processing and storage capabilities allow it to be integrated with the sensors
and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal development up-front
and minimal loading during runtime. With its high degree of on-chip integration, which
includes the antenna switch balun, power management converters, it requires minimal external
circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal
PCB area. Sophisticated system-level features include fast sleep/wake context switching for
energy-efficient VoIP, adaptive radio biasing for low-power operation, advance signal
processing, and spur cancellation and radio co-existence features for common cellular,
Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS, LCD interference mitigation.

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FIG.9. ESP8266 PIN DIAGRAM

Features
802.11 b/g/n protocol
Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
+19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode

Integrated temperature sensor

Supports antenna diversity
Power down leakage current of < 10uA
Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART
STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
A-MPDU & A-
Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

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Application
Smart power plugs
Home automation
Mesh network
Industrial wireless control
Baby monitors
IP Cameras
Sensor networks
Wearable electronics
Wi-Fi location-aware devices
Security ID tags
Wi-Fi position system beacons
SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it. It's a
low tech sensor, but ideal for monitoring an urban garden, or your pet plant's water level. This
is a must have tool for a connected garden. This sensor uses the two probes to pass current
through the soil, and then it reads that resistance to get the moisture level. More water makes
the soil conduct electricity more easily (less resistance), while dry soil conducts electricity
poorly (more resistance). It will be helpful to remind you to water your indoor plants or to
monitor the soil moisture in your garden.

FIG. 10.SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR YL-69 YL-38 A

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Chinese built YL-69 sensors (Figure 3.6) come with a ‘middle-man’ circuit which allows to
get two outputs: one is an analog readout of the resistance between the sensor’s probes and the
second is a digital output (essentially, HIGH or LOW, 5v or 0v) depending on whether the
humidity is above or below a threshold which can in turn be adjusted by a built-in POTS. The
YL-69 sensor has two pins which need to be wired to be the two pins on the YL-38 Bridge. On
the other end of the YL-38 have four pins which represent VCC, GND, D0 and A0. VCC and
GND are power pins which should set to 3.3/5V and ground respectively. A0 is an analog
output. D0 is a digital output.
SUBMERSIBLE WATER PUMP
A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump) (figure3.8) is a device which
has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is
submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it
prevents pump cavitation’s, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between
pump and the fluid surface. Small DC Submersible water pumps push fluid to the surface as
opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps. It
is usually operated between 3v to 12v.

Specifications:
 Voltage: 2.5-10V
 Maximum lift: 40-110cm / 15.75"-43.4"
 Flow rate: 80-120L/H
 Outside diameter: 7.5mm / 0.3"
 Inside diameter: 5mm / 0.2"
 Diameter: Approx. 24mm / 0.95"
 Length: Approx. 45mm / 1.8"
 Height: Approx. 30mm / 1.2"
 Driving mode: DC design, magnetic driving

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PIR SENSOR
PIR sensor detects a human being moving around within approximately 10m from the sensor.
This is an average value, as the actual detection range is between 5m and 12m.PIR are
fundamentally made of a pyro electric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. For
numerous essential projects or items that need to discover when an individual has left or entered
the area. PIR sensors are incredible, they are flat control and minimal effort, have a wide lens
range, and are simple to interface with.

Most PIR sensors have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. One pin will be ground, another
will be signal and the last pin will be power. Power is usually up to 5V. Sometimes bigger
modules don’t have direct output and instead just operate a relay which case there is ground,
power and the two switch associations. Interfacing PIR with microcontroller is very easy and
simple. The PIR acts as a digital output so all you need to do is listening for the pin to flip high
or low.
The motion can be detected by checking for a high signal on a single I/O pin. Once the sensor
warms up the output will remain low until there is motion, at which time the output will swing
high for a couple of seconds, then return low. If motion continues the output will cycle in this
manner until the sensors line of sight of still again. The PIR sensor needs a warm-up time with
a specific end goal to capacity fittingly. This is because of the settling time included in studying
nature’s domain. This could be anyplace from 10-60 seconds.
The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special material that is sensitive
to IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see that the two slots can 'see' out
past some distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor). When the sensor is idle, both slots

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detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors.
When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR
sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm
body leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative
differential change. These change pulses are what is detected.

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CHAPTER 6

IOT BASED SMART CITY

The rapid rise of the population density inside urban environments, substructures and
services have been needed to supply the requirements of the citizens. Accordingly, there has
been a remarkable growth of digital devices, such as sensors, actuators, smart phones and smart
appliances which drive to vast commercial objectives of the Internet of Things(IOT), because
it is possible to interconnect all devices and create communications between them through the
Internet.
In the past, it was difficult or even impossible to combine these digital devices.
Likewise, gathering their information for day-to-day management of activities and long-term
development planning in the city is essential. For example, some public transport information,
e.g., real-time location and utilization, occupancy of parking spaces, traffic jams, and other data
like weather conditions, air and noise pollution status, water contamination, energy
consumption, etc. should be gathered continuously. To this end, different technologies have
been applied to address the specific features of each application. The required technologies
cover a wide range and layer from the physical level to the data and application layers. One of
these technologies, proposed in, considered a two-way relay network with an orthogonal
frequency division multiple accesses to achieve higher efficiency in smart grid
communications.
The smart city is becoming smarter than in the past as a result of the current expansion
of digital technologies. Smart cities consist of various kinds of electronic equipment applied
by some applications, such as cameras in a monitoring system, sensors in a transportation
system, and so on. Furthermore, utilization of individual mobile equipment can be spread.
Hence, with taking the heterogeneous environment into account, various terms, like
characteristic of objects, participants, motivations and security policies would be studied the
key. Smart citizens, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart technology, smart
healthcare, smart infrastructure, smart governance and education. The smart city is becoming
smarter than in the past as a result of the current expansion of digital technologies.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Drainage & Garbage

overflow 16x2
over LCD
8051
MICRO
CONTROLLER
LDR
Street Light

Over
Voltage Relay
and Lamp
Driver
IR
Parking Sensor

IOT
Module

Step
down Bridge Filter
Regulator
Transformer Rectifier Circuit

Fig 3: Block Diagram of IOT based Smart City

FIG.11.IOT BASED SMART CITY.

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The recent literature was reviewed to investigate variant features and characteristics of
the IOT systems as well as the effective motivations of using them. Since implementation of
the IOT infrastructures could enable a number of opportunities, firstly the highest research
motivations are described and then some useful applications outlined. It is described how daily
activities can be developed and enhanced by utilizing them. Also, the challenges which arise
when implementing the IOT system were thoroughly explained. In this regard, the combination
of the IOT platform with other autonomous and intelligent systems for providing smart and
widespread applications is one of the most interesting future trends.
Furthermore, providing a mechanism to overcome some of the essential challenges like
the privacy right of the citizens is still an area of interest. The IOT with its functionality and
features should, in fact, utilize intelligent systems and sensors to preserve the rights of the smart
city citizens.
The smart city is becoming smarter than in the past as a result of the current expansion of digital
technologies. Smart cities consist of various kinds of electronic equipment applied by some
applications, such as cameras in a monitoring system, sensors in a transportation system, and
so on. Furthermore, utilization of individual mobile equipment can be spread. Hence, with
taking the heterogeneous environment into account, various terms, like characteristic of
objects, participants, motivations and security policies would be studied the key. Smart
citizens, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart technology, smart healthcare,
smart infrastructure, smart governance and education. The smart city is becoming smarter than
in the past as a result of the current expansion of digital technologies.
The importance of considering how new concepts and technologies (especially the IOT)
benefit smart cities is undeniable. The aim of this review article was to explore variant
specifications and features of IOT systems, along with the efficient incentives for utilizing
them. Because the accomplishment of the IOT substructures can enable a volume of
opportunities for smart cities, first, the most important research motivations were expressed
and afterward, several main and helpful applications explained. It was illustrated how daily
activities could be extended and improved through employing them.

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Likewise, the challenges arising from implementing the IOT system were accordingly outlined.
On this subject, the incorporation of the IOT platform into other independent and smart systems
to provide an intelligent and widespread utilization is one of the most interesting systems to
provide an intelligent and widespread utilization is one of the most interesting future
tendencies. Moreover, providing a methodology to cope with some important challenges, such
as the privacy rights of the users/residents, is still an area of research interest. Some of the
developments in the actual implementation of smart cities across the world were presented,
which can be considered as samples or pilot projects for future comprehensive smart cities. The
IOT through its functionality and specifications should indeed employ smart systems and
sensors to ensure residents rights.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Arduino
Arduino is a type of computer software and Hardware Company that offers open-source
environment for user project and user community that intends and fabricates microcontroller
based inventions for construction digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
manage the physical world. For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino proposal
provides a software application or IDE based on the Processing project, which includes C, C++
and Java programming software. It also support for embedded C, C++ and Java programming
software.
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller-based kits for building digital
devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world. The boards feature
serial communications interfaces, including USB on some models, for loading programs from
personal computers. For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing project, which includes
support for C, C++ and Java programming languages.
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8, 16 or 32-bit AVR microcontroller with
complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits.
An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which lets users connect the
CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Some shields
communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are

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individually addressable via an I²C serial bus so many shields can be stacked and used in
parallel. Official Arduinos have used the mega AVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8,
ATmega168.

An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies

uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically
need an external programmer. This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing
the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer. Currently, opti boot loader is the default
boot loader installed on Arduino UNO. An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed
with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory,
compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer. This makes using an
Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer.

FIG.12. ARDUINO SOFTWARE

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BLYNK APP
How Blynk Works

Blynk APP
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display
sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
 Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various
widgets we provide.

 Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and
hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally. It’s
open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a
Raspberry Pi.

 Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with
the server and process all the incoming and outcoming commands.

Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message travels to space the
Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your hardware. It works the same in the
opposite direction and everything happens in a blynk of an eye.

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FIG.13.WORKING OF BLYNK APP

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CHAPTER 7

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT

IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies. However, the
major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-
energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, and LTE-A. These technologies support the
specific networking functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform
network of common systems.

As well as these enabling technologies, the IoT also relies on other technologies to maximize
the opportunities that are created by the IoT. These include:

 Big Data
 Cloud Computing
 Sensors
 Analytics Software
 Communication Protocols
 Embedded System

These supporting technologies are there to ensure the data from IoT devices can be collected,
stored, and analysed. However, let’s take a closer look at the enabling technologies for the
Internet of Things.

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CHAPTER 8

ADVANTAGES OF IOT

 Monitor Data. The primary and main advantage of IoT is monitoring.

 Ease of Access. Right now, you can easily gain the required information in real-time, from
(almost) any location you are at.
 Speedy Operation.
 Adapting to New Standards.
 Better Time Management.
 Automation and Control.
 Saving Money.
 Data Breach.

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CHAPTER 9

CHALLENGES OF AN IOT

The exponential growth in mobile traffic seen in the last couple of years, mainly due to the vast
amount of wireless devices, such as smart phones and the Internet of Things (IoT), has resulted
in the wireless network industry producing and collecting an unprecedented amount of data (Bi
et al., 2015). According to the International Data Corporation, by 2025 the number of devices
connected to the Internet will be around 42 billion, and a total of 80 zettabytes of data will be
generated in the same year. There is no doubt that we are ushering in a new era, since IoT and
Artificial Intelligence (AI) are deepening their integration in society and the roll-out of 5G
technology will spur new innovations across all industries.
 Security. Ask any security expert about the biggest headaches of the 21st century and they'll
likely bring up IoT devices.
 Regulation.
 Compatibility.
 Bandwidth.
 Customer expectations.

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CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

The term Internet of things abbreviated as IoT has become very famous in the present era of
digital communication and networking. Internet of things basically refers to network
interfacing and communication of physical objects, devices and peripherals which can
communicate and exchange information between each other without depending on human to
human or human to computer interaction. IoT applications in the most important fields,
including healthcare, the environment, smart cities, commercial, and industrial application
domains. This study aimed to survey and review the various and most famous IoT application
areas, in order to understand the diverse methodologies. The study has summarized the various
challenges, such as data privacy and scalability for the healthcare applications, authorization
and cost issues for environmental applications, mobility and architecture challenges for smart
city applications, cost and implementation difficulties for commercial applications, hardware
and production problems for industrial applications, and standardization and trust issues for
infrastructural applications. It has stated that various IoT applications still need to be exploited,
such as block chain technology, in order to maintain transaction information, enhance the
existing structure performance, or develop next-generation systems. This can help to achieve
extra safety, automatic business management, distributed platforms, offline-to-online
information authentication, and so on.

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CHAPTER 11

REFERENCES

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