GROUP 1

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
-A branch of civil engineering that involves planning, designing, operating, and maintaining transportation systems to help
build smart, safe, and livable communities.
-Any system that moves people and goods from one place to another falls under the scope of transportation engineering.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
- Traffic engineering is mainly concerned with the flow of vehicular traffic on roadways.
2. PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
3. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
4. TRANSPORT PLANNING
5. TRANSPORT ECONOMICS

PROPERTIES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ELEMENTS

1. VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
- Among the different features that characterize a vehicle, the ones that are of importance to a transportation
engineer are:
a. SIZE
-A vehicle has three dimensions, length, width, and height. All of the three dimensions are required in the design of
different transportation facilities.
b. WEIGHT
- The weight of vehicles, weighty vehicles, plays an important role in designing both flexible and rigid pavements.
Hence, knowledge of vehicle weights is important for transportation engineers.
c. POWER TO WEIGHT RATIO
-A parameter that characterizes the ease with which a vehicle can move. This ratio is important as it relates to the
operating efficiency of vehicles on roads, especially on positive gradient road sections.
d. TURNING RADIUS
-Every vehicle has a minimum turning radius which is the radius of the circle that will be traced out by the front
wheels if the vehicle moves its steering turned to the maximum extent possible.
e. TURNING PATH
-Another important feature related to the vehicle is the turning path traced by the vehicle. This fact is taken into
account while designing turns at intersections of roads and sharp horizontal roads
f. VEHICLE AS A SOURCE OF POLLUTION
-Vehicles emit pollutants into the atmosphere. It releases hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and
carbon dioxide among others. The rate of release of these pollutants is affected by the operating speed, frequent
acceleration/deceleration, type, and age of vehicle, air temperature, etc.
g. DESIGN VEHICLE
-On any given road, vehicles of different classes move. On Indian roads, the vehicle classes include motorized two-
wheelers, motorized three-wheelers, passenger cars or automobiles, buses, single-unit trucks, semi-trailers, truck-
trailer combinations, and slow nonmotorized vehicles like cycles, rickshaws, and animal-drawn carts.
2. HUMAN FACTORS
- Both drivers and passengers are key components of the transportation system, and understanding their
characteristics is crucial for designing transportation facilities.
a. PERCEPTION-REACTION PROCESS
-The perception-reaction process involves perceiving a situation, deciding on an action, and then implementing it.
The time taken for this process, known as perception-reaction time, varies based on factors like age, intoxication,
expectancy, and scenario complexity.
b. VALUE TIME (PSYCHOLOGICAL)
 - People prioritize time efficiency, affecting their route choices and the design of public transport schedules and
traffic facilities.
c. SAFETY CONSIDERATION (PSYCHOLOGICAL)
-Safety is paramount, influencing decisions like maintaining safe distances between vehicles, overtaking behaviors,
and gap acceptance at intersections. The critical gap for drivers typically ranges from 4 to 7.5 seconds, depending on
various factors.
d. COMFORT
-Drivers prefer comfort, and discomfort can arise from excessive deceleration, high jerk (greater than 0.7 m/s³), and
glare from headlights or street lighting.
e. VISUAL ACUITY (VISION)
-Refers to how well a person can see. Designers must account for varying visual acuity among drivers when designing
road signs.
f. FIELD OF VISION (VISION)
- Clear vision is limited to a 3-degree cone and road signs should be placed within a 10-degree cone for optimal
visibility.
g. COLOR PERCEPTION (VISION)
-Not all colors are equally discernible, and specific color combinations are recommended for traffic signs to ensure
visibility.
h. DESIGN DRIVER
-A "design driver" is a conceptual driver used in design, representing characteristics that ensure safety for most
drivers. This includes a perception-reaction time of 2.5 seconds, a comfortable deceleration rate of 3 m/s², an
allowable jerk of 0.7 m/s³, and specific visual acuity and critical gap values.
3. ROAD CHARACTERISTICS
- Various road characteristics affect the flow of traffic. The most important among them are width, presence or
absence of shoulders, surface conditions, slopes, and curves.
a. SURFACE CONDITION
- The surface condition of a road may be described through two parameters: the frequency and/or extent of the
distressed sections and the friction offered by the road surface
b. SLOPE
- Moving on uphill roads, or positive slopes requires an additional effort from a vehicle. While designing roads,
therefore, attention must be paid to the slope and length of the uphill sections.
c. CURVES
- Curves always pose a constriction on the distance over which the driver can see the road. This factor is taken into
account in the design of curves.
4. CONTROL MECHANISM
- Properly designed controls improve the efficiency of flow while poorly designed control mechanisms and the
opposite effect.
a. STATIC CONTROLS
- A type of traffic engineering control that regulates the movements of vehicles to keep things running smoothly
through the transportation system. This includes rules of driving, road signs, raised islands, and road markings
b. DYNAMIC CONTROLS
-The signals at signalized intersections that determine the right-of-way for the different movements at an intersection
at any given time.
5. TERMINAL FACILITIES
- Terminal facilities are critical components of transportation infrastructure, providing essential services for
passengers and cargo. This report examines the key features and functions of terminal facilities, focusing on airports,
seaports, and rail terminals.
a. AIRPORT TERMINALS
- Airport terminals are designed to handle passengers and baggage, providing a range of services from check-in to
boarding. They play a crucial role in ensuring efficient and comfortable air travel.
i. CHECK-IN COUNTERS
- Facilitate the processing of passengers and baggage. Security Screening: Ensures safety through screening of
passengers and their belongings.
ii. PASSENGER LOUNGES
- Offer amenities such as seating, refreshments, and rest areas.
iii. RETAIL AND DINING
- Provide shopping and dining options to enhance passenger experience.
iv. INFORMATION DESKS
- Assist with flight information and passenger queries.
v. CROWDING
- Managing high volumes of passengers during peak times.
vi. SECURITY
- Balancing thorough screening with efficiency.
vii. MAINTENANCE
- Ensuring cleanliness and functionality of facilities.
b. SEAPORT TERMINALS
- Seaport terminals handle cargo and passengers arriving by sea. They are pivotal in international trade and
tourism.
i. CARGO HANDLING
- Includes loading, unloading, and storage of goods. Customs and Immigration: Processes for international
shipments and travelers.
ii. PASSENGER FACILITIES
- Provide amenities for cruise ship passengers, such as lounges and transportation links.

iii. LOGISTICS & TRANSPORTATION LINKS

- Connections to road and rail networks for further distribution.
iv. CONGESTION
- Managing large volumes of cargo and ships.
v. SECURITY
- Addressing risks associated with cargo and passenger safety.
vi. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
- Mitigating effects on local ecosystems and pollution.
c. RAILWAY TERMINAL
-Rail terminals facilitate the movement of passengers and freight via trains. They are vital for regional and long-
distance travel.
i. TICKETING AND CHECK-IN:
- Services for purchasing tickets and checking in.
ii. PLATFORM FACILITIES
- Waiting areas, restrooms, and information boards.
iii. CARGO HANDLING
- Facilities for loading and unloading freight.
iv. TRANSIT CONNECTIONS
- Integration with other transport modes like buses and taxis.
v. EFFICIENCY
- Coordinating schedules and minimizing delays.
vi. ACCESSIBILITY
- Ensuring facilities are accessible to all passengers.
vii. INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADES
- Modernizing facilities to accommodate new technologies and increased capacity.
 GROUP 2

TYPICAL ROAD CROSS-SECTION

1. CONTROL LINE
- The control line is a reference line used to define the limits or boundaries of the road.
2. BUILDING LINE
- The building line is a designated line, usually at a fixed distance from the road boundary, beyond which no
buildings or structures are allowed to be constructed.
Width: Setback usually ranges from 6.0 to 10.0 meters from the control line for urban areas, and 10.0 to 15.0 meters
for rural areas.
3. ROAD LAND BOUNDARY
- This boundary defines the limit of the land acquired for the road and its associated structures.
Width: Width varies based on the road classification, ranging from 10 to 60 meters for national highways.
4. ROADWAY
- The roadway is the part of the road within the land boundary that is prepared and maintained for vehicle travel.
Components: Includes carriageways, shoulders, medians, and other features.
Importance: It provides a clear, safe path for vehicles.
Width: For national highways, typically ranges from 10 to 20 meters, depending on the number of lanes and
shoulders.
5. CARRIAGEWAY
- The carriageway is the portion of the roadway used by vehicular traffic, typically including lanes for different
directions of travel.
Width: For urban roads, typically 3.0 to 3.7 meters per lane. For rural roads, it may be 3.0 to 3.5 meters per lane.
6. DITCH
- A ditch is a small channel adjacent to the roadway, designed to collect and divert water away from the road.
Width: The width of ditches ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 meters, depending on the drainage requirement and road type.
7. SHOULDER
- The shoulder is the strip of land adjacent to the carriageway, providing emergency stopping space and structural
support to the pavement.
Width: Varies from 1.5 to 3.0 meters for urban roads, and 2.5 to 3.5 meters for rural roads.
8. MEDIAN
- The median is the area separating opposing lanes of traffic, which can vary in width and design (e.g., raised,
depressed, or flush).
Width: Typically ranges from 1.0 to 4.5 meters for highways. In some cases, wider medians (up to 20 meters) are
used for landscaping or safety features.
HORIZONTAL CURVES AND SUPERELEVATION
1. HORIZONTAL CURVE
-Horizontal curves occur at locations where two roadways intersect, providing a gradual transition between the two.
2. SUPERELEVATION
--the banking of a roadway along a horizontal curve so motorists can safely and comfortably maneuver the curve at
reasonable speeds.
3. TRANSITION CURVES
-are provided in order to gradually introduce the centrifugal force acceleration the drivers experience when rotating
a curve. It is achieved by providing a clothoid spiral as the transition curve joining the straight stretch with the
circular curve.
4. CURVE WIDENING
- It is the enlargement of the travelled route on horizontal curves with the intention of making road operations
similar to those on tangents.

VERTICAL CURVES
1. VERTICAL CURVE
- are gradual changes in the slope of a roadway or railroad track along the vertical axis.
ELEMENTS
a. Vertical Point of Curvature (VPC)
b. Vertical Point of Intersection (VPI)
c. Vertical Point of Tangency (VPT)
d. Sight Distance

CHANNELIZATION DESIGN
-This refers to the use of geometric features in the control of traffic flow. For instance, a round about or rotary which
bars vehicles from crossing an intersection directly is an example of channelization design.
'Turning Bays' at intersections is an another example of channelization design.