EE 359: Wireless Communications

Professor Andrea Goldsmith

Outline
Course Basics Course Syllabus The Wireless Vision Technical Challenges Current Wireless Systems Emerging Wireless Systems Spectrum Regulation Standards

Course Information* People

Course Information Nuts and Bolts

Instructor: Andrea Goldsmith, andrea@ee, Packard 371, 5-6932, OHs: MW after class and by appt. TA: Nima Soltani, Email: [email protected], OHs: TW (time/place tbd), Email OH's: MW 1011pm; Discussion: likely T eve. Class Administrator: Pat Oshiro, poshiro@stanford, Packard 365, 3-2681. Homework dropoff: Th by 5 pm.
*See web or handout for more details

Prerequisites: EE279 or equivalent (Digital Communications) Required Textbook: Wireless Communications (by me), CUP

Available at bookstore or Amazon Extra credit for finding typos/mistakes/etc. Supplemental texts on 1 day reserve at Engineering Library. All handouts, announcements, homeworks, etc. posted to website Lectures link continuously updates topics, handouts, and reading

Class Homepage: www.stanford.edu/class/ee359

Class Mailing List: ee359-aut1112-students@lists (automatic for on-campus registered students).

Guest list ee359-aut1112-guest@lists for SCPD and auditors: send Nima email to sign up. Sending mail to ee359-aut1112-staff@lists reaches me and Nima.

Course Information Policies

Course Information Projects

Grading: Two Options

No Project (3 units): HW 30%, 2 Exams 30%, 40% Project (4 units): HWs- 20%, Exams - 25%, 30%, Project - 25%

The term project (for students electing to do a project) is a research project related to any topic in wireless Two people may collaborate if you convince me the sum of the parts is greater than each individually A 1 page proposal is due 10/28 at 5 pm.

HWs: assigned Wednesday, due following Thursday at 5pm

Homeworks lose 33% credit per day late, lowest HW dropped Up to 3 students can collaborate and turn in one HW writeup Collaboration means all collaborators work out all problems together

Exams:
Midterm week of 11/7. (It will likely be scheduled outside class time since the duration is 2 hours.) Final on 12/14 from 8:30-11:30 am. Exams must be taken at scheduled time, no makeup exams

5-10 hours of work typical for proposal Project website must be created and proposal posted there

The project is due by 5 pm on 12/11 (on website) Suggested topics in project handout

Makeup Classes

Course Syllabus

There will be no regular lectures 10/17 and 10/19 Tentatively plan to have makeup lectures on 10/19 afternoon and 10/21 (food provided):
Can everyone make these times/days? Extra OHs the week of makeup lectures

Overview of Wireless Communications Path Loss, Shadowing, and Fading Models Capacity of Wireless Channels Digital Modulation and its Performance Adaptive Modulation Diversity MIMO Systems Multicarrier Modulation Spread Spectrum Multiuser Communications & Wireless Networks

Wireless History

Future Wireless Networks

Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during and after WW2 Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with almost 3 billion users worldwide today

Ignited the wireless revolution Voice, data, and multimedia becoming ubiquitous Use in third world countries growing rapidly Wide area networks (e.g. Wimax) and short-range systems other than Bluetooth (e.g. UWB) less successful

Wifi also enjoying tremendous success and growth

Next-generation Cellular Wireless Internet Access Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Smart Homes/Spaces Automated Highways In-Body Networks All this and more

Challenges

Software-Defined (SD) Radio:

Is this the solution to the device challenges?
BT

Network Challenges

Scarce spectrum Demanding/diverse applications Reliability Ubiquitous coverage Seamless indoor/outdoor operation

BT

FM/XM GPS DVB-H

A/D A/D A/D A/D DSP

FM/XM GPS DVB-H

Cellular

Cellular

Apps Processor Media Processor

WLAN Wimax

Device Challenges

Apps Processor Media Processor

WLAN

Size, Power, Cost Multiple Antennas in Silicon Multiradio Integration Coexistance

Wimax

Wideband antennas and A/Ds span BW of desired signals DSP programmed to process desired signal: no specialized HW

Today, this is not cost, size, or power efficient

Compressed sensing may be a solution for sparse signals

Evolution of Current Systems

Future Generations
Rate
802.11n

Wireless systems today

3G Cellular: ~200-300 Kbps. WLANs: ~450 Mbps (and growing). 4G Cellular: OFDM/MIMO 4G WLANs: Wide open, 3G just being finalized Hardware: Better batteries. Better circuits/processors. Link: More bandwidth, more antennas, better modulation and coding, adaptivity, cognition. Network: better resource allocation, cooperation, relaying, femtocells. Application: Soft and adaptive QoS.

4G 3G

Next Generation is in the works

802.11b WLAN

Other Tradeoffs: Rate vs. Coverage Rate vs. Delay Rate vs. Cost Rate vs. Energy
Wimax/3G

Technology Enhancements

2G

2G Cellular

Mobility

Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed

Multimedia Requirements

Quality-of-Service (QoS)
QoS refers to the requirements associated with a given application, typically rate and delay requirements. It is hard to make a one-size-fits all network that supports requirements of different applications. Wired networks often use this approach with poor results, and they have much higher data rates and better reliability than wireless. QoS for all applications requires a cross-layer design approach.

Voice Delay Packet Loss BER Data Rate Traffic <100ms <1% 10-3

Data 0 10-6

Video <100ms <1% 10-6

8-32 Kbps 10-1000 Mbps 10-1000 Mbps Continuous Bursty Continuous

One-size-fits-all protocols and design do not work well Wired networks use this approach, with poor results

Crosslayer Design

Current Wireless Systems

Application Network

Cellular Systems Wireless LANs Wimax Satellite Systems Paging Systems Bluetooth Zigbee radios

Access
Link Hardware

Delay Constraints Rate Constraints Energy Constraints

Adapt across design layers Reduce uncertainty through scheduling Provide robustness via diversity

Cellular Phones
Everything Wireless in One Device

Reuse channels to maximize capacity

Cellular Systems:

Geographic region divided into cells Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE STATION

MTSO

Cellular Networks
San Francisco

3G Cellular Design:
Voice and Data

Data is bursty, whereas voice is continuous

Typically require different access and routing strategies 384 Kbps (802.11n has 100s of Mbps). Standard based on wideband CDMA Packet-based switching for both voice and data 3G cellular popular in Asia and Europe GSM+EDGE, IS-95(CDMA)+HDR 100 Kbps may be enough Dual phone (2/3G+Wifi) use growing (iPhone, Google)

BS

BS

3G widens the data pipe:

Internet Nth-Gen Cellular Phone System Nth-Gen Cellular

New York

BS

Evolution of existing systems in US (2.5G++)

Future networks want better performance and reliability - Gbps rates, low latency, 99% coverage indoors and out

What is beyond 3G?

The trillion dollar question

4G/LTE/IMT Advanced

Multimedia Everywhere, Without Wires

Wifi Networks

Much higher peak data rates (50-100 Mbps) Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)

Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum

Low packet latency (<5ms). Increased system capacity Reduced cost-per-bit Support for multimedia

802.11n++

Streaming video

Gbps data rates High reliability Coverage in every room

Wireless HDTV and Gaming

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011 Internet Access Point

Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b (Old 1990s)

Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz)/also 2.4GHz OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

802.11a/g (Middle Age mid-late 1990s)

Many WLAN cards have all 3 (a/b/g)

WLANs connect local computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

802.11n (young pup)

Whats next? 802.11ac/ad Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

Wimax (802.16)

WiGig and Wireless HD

Wide area wireless network standard

System architecture similar to cellular Called 3.xG (e.g. Sprint EVO), evolving into

New standards operating in 60 GHz band Data rates of 7-25 Gbps Bandwidth of around 10 GHz (unregulated) Range of around 10m (can be extended) Uses/extends 802.11 MAC Layer Applications include PC peripherals and displays for HDTVs, monitors & projectors

4G

OFDM/MIMO is core link technology Operates in 2.5 and 3.5 GHz bands

Different for different countries, 5.8 also used. Bandwidth is 3.5-10 MHz

Fixed (802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) Wimax

Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius

Satellite Systems

Paging Systems
Broad coverage for short messaging Message broadcast from all base stations Simple terminals

Cover very large areas Different orbit heights

GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km) Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt Satellite signals used to pinpoint location Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices

Optimized for 1-way transmission

Answer-back hard Overtaken by cellular

Optimized for one-way transmission

Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing

Bluetooth

IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Radios

Cable replacement RF technology (low cost) Short range (10m, extendable to 100m) 2.4 GHz band (crowded) 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up to 3 Mbps Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies Few applications beyond cable replacement

Low-Rate WPAN Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps Support for large mesh networking or star clusters Support for low latency devices

CSMA-CA channel access

Very low power consumption Frequency of operation in ISM bands
Focus is primarily on low power sensor networks

8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98

Tradeoffs
802.11n 3G Rate 802.11g/a Power 802.11b UWB Bluetooth ZigBee

Scarce Wireless Spectrum

$$$
and Expensive

Range

Spectrum Regulation

Spectral Reuse
Due to its scarcity, spectrum is reused
In licensed bands and unlicensed bands

Spectrum a scarce public resource, hence allocated Spectral allocation in US controlled by FCC (commercial) or OSM (defense)

FCC auctions spectral blocks for set applications.

Some spectrum set aside for universal use Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R Regulation is a necessary evil. Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide, including underlays, overlays, and cognitive radios

BS

Cellular, Wimax

Wifi, BT, UWB,

Reuse introduces interference

Interference: Friend or Foe?

If exploited via cooperation and cognition

Rethinking Cells in Cellular

Coop MIMO
Relay

Femto

How should cellular systems be designed?

DAS

Will gains in practice be big or incremental; in capacity or coverage?

Friend Especially in a network setting

Traditional cellular design interference-limited

MIMO/multiuser detection can remove interference Cooperating BSs form a MIMO array: what is a cell? Relays change cell shape and boundaries Distributed antennas move BS towards cell boundary Femtocells create a cell within a cell

Mobile cooperation via relays, virtual MIMO, network coding.

Standards

Emerging Systems*
4th

Interacting systems require standardization Companies want their systems adopted as standard Alternatively try for de-facto standards Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US IEEE standards often adopted Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts

generation cellular (4G)

is the PHY layer bandwidth still in flux

OFDMA

Other new features and

Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE

Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks Cognitive radios Sensor networks Distributed control networks Biomedical networks

*Can have a bonus lecture on this topic late in the quarter if there is interest

Standards for current systems are summarized in Appendix D.

Ad-Hoc/Mesh Networks
Outdoor Mesh

Design Issues
Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network infrastructure for many emerging applications. The capacity of such networks is generally unknown. Transmission, access, and routing strategies for ad-hoc networks are generally ad-hoc. Crosslayer design critical and very challenging. Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs for communication and networking.

ce

Indoor Mesh

Cognitive Radios

Cognitive Radio Paradigms

Cognitive radios can support new wireless users in existing crowded spectrum

Underlay
Cognitive radios constrained to

Without degrading performance of existing users

cause minimal interference to noncognitive radios and exploit spectral holes to avoid interfering with noncognitive radios enhance noncognitive radio transmissions

Utilize advanced communication and signal processing techniques

Interweave
Cognitive radios find

Coupled with novel spectrum allocation policies Revolutionize the way spectrum is allocated worldwide Provide sufficient bandwidth to support higher quality and higher data rate products and services

Technology could

Overlay
Cognitive radios overhear and
Knowledge and Complexity

Wireless Sensor Networks

Data Collection and Distributed Control

Energy-Constrained Nodes

Smart homes/buildings Smart structures Search and rescue Homeland security Event detection Battlefield surveillance

Each node can only send a finite number of bits.

Transmit energy minimized by maximizing bit time Circuit energy consumption increases with bit time Introduces a delay versus energy tradeoff for each bit

Short-range networks must consider transmit, circuit, and processing energy.

Sophisticated techniques not necessarily energy-efficient. Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking. Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols. Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs. Optimization of node cooperation.

Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving constraint Data flows to centralized location (joint compression) Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes Intelligence is in the network rather than in the devices

Changes everything about the network design:

Green Cellular Networks

Pico/Femto Coop MIMO
Relay

Distributed Control over Wireless

Automated Vehicles - Cars - Airplanes/UAVs - Insect flyers

How should cellular systems be redesigned for minimum energy?

DAS

Research indicates that significant savings is possible

Minimize

energy at both the mobile and base station via

New Infrastuctures: cell size, BS placement, DAS, Picos, relays New Protocols: Cell Zooming, Coop MIMO, RRM, Scheduling, Sleeping, Relaying Low-Power (Green) Radios: Radio Architectures, Modulation, coding, MIMO

Interdisciplinary design approach

Control requires fast, accurate, and reliable feedback. Wireless networks introduce delay and loss Need reliable networks and robust controllers Mostly open problems : Many design challenges

Applications in Health, Biomedicine and Neuroscience

Neuro/Bioscience
Body-Area Networks

Main Points

- EKG signal
reception/modeling - Information science - Nerve network (re)configuration - Implants to monitor/generate signals -In-brain sensor networks

The wireless vision encompasses many exciting systems and applications Technical challenges transcend across all layers of the system design. Cross-layer design emerging as a key theme in wireless. Existing and emerging systems provide excellent quality for certain applications but poor interoperability. Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact the evolution of wireless technology

Doctor-on-a-chip

Wireless Network

Recovery from Nerve Damage