UNIT II

DATA, EXPRESSIONS, STATEMENTS

Python interpreter and interactive mode; values and types: int, float, boolean, string, and list; variables,
expressions, statements, tuple assignment, precedence of operators, comments; Illustrative programs: exchange
the values of two variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance between two points.

1. INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON:

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level

programming language.
It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990.
Python got its name from “Monty Python’s flying circus”. Python was released in the year 2000.

Python is interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it.

Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.

Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming
that encapsulates code within objects.

Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner-
Level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications.

Python Features:

Easy-to-learn: Python is clearly defined and easily readable. The structure of the program is very
simple. It uses few keywords.

Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.

Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all
platforms.

Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. So, there is no need to compile a
program before executing it. You can simply run the program.

Extensible: Programmers can embed python within their C,C++,JavaScript, ActiveX, etc.

Free and Open Source: Anyone can freely distribute it, read the source code, and edit it.

High Level Language: When writing programs, programmers concentrate on solutions of the
current problem, no need to worry about the low level details.

Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.

Applications:

Bit Torrent file sharing

Google search engine, YouTube

Intel, Cisco, HP,IBM

i–Robot

NASA

Face book, Drop box

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Python interpreter:

Interpreter: To execute a program in a high-level language by translating it one line at a time.

Compiler: To translate a program written in a high-level language into a low-level language all at once, in
preparation for later execution.

Compiler Interpreter
Compiler Takes Entire program as input Interpreter Takes Single instruction as input

No Intermediate is Object Code

Intermediate Object Code is Generated
Generated
Conditional Control Statements are Conditional Control Statements are
Executes faster Executes slower
Memory Requirement is More(Since Object Memory Requirement is Less
Code is Generated)
Program need not be compiled every time Every time higher level program is
converted into lower level program
Errors are displayed after entire program is checked Errors are displayed for every instruction
interpreted (if any)
Example : C Compiler Example : PYTHON

Modes of python interpreter:

Python Interpreter is a program that reads and executes Python code. It uses 2 modes of Execution.
1. Interactive mode
2. Script mode

Interactive mode:

Interactive Mode, as the name suggests, allows us to interact with OS.

When we type Python statement, interpreter displays the result(s) immediately.

Advantages:

Python, in interactive mode, is good enough to learn, experiment or explore.

Working in interactive mode is convenient for beginners and for testing small pieces of code.

Drawback:

We cannot save the statements and have to retype all the statements once again to re-run them.
In interactive mode, you type Python programs and the interpreter displays the result:
>>> 1 + 1
2
The chevron, >>>, is the prompt the interpreter uses to indicate that it is ready for you to enter code. If you
type 1 + 1, the interpreter replies 2.
>>> print ('Hello, World!')
Hello, World!

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This is an example of a print statement. It displays a result on the screen. In this case, the result is the words.

Script mode:
In script mode, we type python program in a file and then use interpreter to execute the content of the
file.
Scripts can be saved to disk for future use. Python scripts have the extension .py,
meaning that the filename ends with.py
Save the code with filename.py and run the interpreter in script mode to execute the script.

Interactive mode Script mode

A way of using the Python interpreter by A way of using the Python interpreter to read and
typing commands and expressions at the prompt. execute statements in a script.

Can’t save and edit the code Can save and edit the code
If we want to experiment with the code, If we are very clear about the code, we can
we can use interactive mode. use script mode.
we cannot save the statements for further use and we we can save the statements for further use and we no
have to retype all the statements to re-run them. need to retype all the statements to re-run them.

We can see the results immediately. We can’t see the code immediately.

Integrated Development Learning Environment(IDLE):

Is a graphical user interface which is completely written in Python.
It is bundled with the default implementation of the python language and also comes with optional
part of the Python packaging.
Features of IDLE:
Multi-window text editor with syntax highlighting.
Auto completion with smart indentation.
Python shell to display output with syntax highlighting.

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2. VALUES AND DATATYPES

Value:
Value can be any letter, number or string.
Eg, Values are 2, 42.0, and 'Hello, World!'. (These values belong to different datatypes.)
Data type:
Every value in Python has a data type.
It is a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values.

Python has four standard data types:

Numbers:

Number data type stores Numerical Values.

This data type is immutable [i.e. values/items cannot be changed].

Python supports integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers. They are defined as,

Sequence:

A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers.

It is a combination of mutable (value can be changed) and immutable (values cannot be changed)
datatypes.

There are three types of sequence data type available in Python, they are
1. Strings
2. Lists
3. Tuples

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Strings:

 A String in Python consists of a series or sequence of characters - letters, numbers, and special
characters.
 Strings are marked by quotes:

Single quotes(' ') E.g., 'This a string in single quotes'

double quotes(" ") E.g., "'This a string in double quotes'"

triple quotes(""" """) E.g., """This is a paragraph. It is made up of multiple
lines and sentences."""
 Individual character in a string is accessed using a subscript (index).
 Characters can be accessed using indexing and slicing operations .Strings are
Immutable i.e the contents of the string cannot be changed after it is created.

Indexing:

Positive indexing helps in accessing the string from the beginning

Negative subscript helps in accessing the string from the end.

Subscript 0 or –ven(where n is length of the string) displays the first element.
Example: A[0] or A[-5] will display “H”

Subscript 1 or –ve (n-1) displays the second element.
Example: A[1] or A[-4] will display “E”

Operations on string:

i. Indexing
ii. Slicing
iii. Concatenation
iv. Repetitions
v. Membership

Creating a string >>> s="good morning" Creating the list with elements of different
data types.
Indexing >>>print(s[2])
Accessing the item in the
o position0
>>>print(s[6])
Accessing the item in the
O position2
Slicing( ending >>>print(s[2:]) - Displaying items from 2ndtill
position -1) od morning last.

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 st
Slice operator is used >>>print(s[:4]) - Displaying items from 1
to extract part of a Good
position till 3rd.
data
type

Concatenation >>>print(s+"friends") -Adding and printing the

good morning friends characters of two strings.

Repetition >>>print(s*2) Creates new strings,

good morning concatenating multiple copies of
the same string
good morning
in, not in (membership >>> s="good morning" Using membership operators to check a
operator) >>>"m" in s True particular character is in string or not.
>>> "a" not in s Returns true if present.
True

Lists

List is an ordered sequence of items. Values in the list are called elements /items.

It can be written as a list of comma-separated items (values) between square brackets[].

Items in the lists can be of different datatypes.

Operations on list:
Indexing
Slicing
Concatenation
Repetitions
Updation, Insertion, Deletion

Creating a list >>>list1=["python",7.79,101, Creating the list with

"hello”] elements of different data
>>>list2=["god",6.78,9] types.

Indexing >>>print(list1[0]) python
Accessing the item in the

>>>list1[2] position0
101
Accessing the item in the
position2

Slicing( ending >>>print(list1[1:3]) - Displaying items from 1st

position -1) [7.79, 101] till2nd.
Slice operator is used >>>print(list1[1:]) [7.79, 101, - Displaying items from 1st
to extract part of a 'hello'] position till last.
string, or some part of a
list
Python

Concatenation >>>print( list1+list2) -Adding and printing the

['python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', 'god', items of two lists.

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 6.78, 9]
Repetition >>>list2*3 Creates new strings, concatenating
['god', 6.78, 9, 'god', 6.78, 9, 'god', multiple
6.78, 9] copies of the same string
Updating the list >>>list1[2]=45 Updating the list using index value
>>>print( list1)
[‘python’, 7.79, 45, ‘hello’]
Inserting an element >>>list1.insert(2,"program") Inserting an element in 2ndposition
>>> print(list1)
['python', 7.79, 'program', 45,
'hello']
Removing an element >>>list1.remove(45) Removing an element by
>>> print(list1) giving the element directly
['python', 7.79, 'program', 'hello']

Tuple:

A tuple is same as list, except that the set of elements is enclosed in parentheses
instead of square brackets.

A tuple is an immutable list.i.e. once a tuple has been created, you can't add elements to a tuple or
remove elements from the tuple.

Benefit of Tuple:

Tuples are faster than lists.

If the user wants to protect the data from accidental changes, tuple can be used.

Tuples can be used as keys in dictionaries, while lists can't.

Basic Operations:
Creating a tuple >>>t=("python", 7.79, 101, Creating the tuple with elements
"hello”) of different data types.
Indexing >>>print(t[0]) python
Accessing the item in the
>>>t[2] position0
101
Accessing the item in the
position2

Slicing( ending >>>print(t[1:3])
Displaying items from1st

position -1) (7.79, 101) till2nd.

Concatenation >>>t+("ram", 67)
Adding tuple elements at

('python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', 'ram', the end of another tuple elements
67)

Repetition >>>print(t*2)
Creates new strings,

('python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', concatenating multiple copies of the
'python', 7.79, 101, 'hello')
same string

Altering the tuple data type leads to error. Following error occurs when user tries to do.

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 >>>t[0]="a"
Trace back (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in < module>
Type Error: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
Set
A set is an unordered collection of items. Every set element is unique (no duplicates) and must be immutable
(cannot be changed).
A set is created by placing all the items (elements) inside curly braces {} , separated by comma, or by using the
built-in set() function.

# Python program to
# demonstrate sets

# Same as {"a", "b", "c"}

myset = set(["a", "b", "c"])
print(myset)

# Adding element to the set

myset.add("d")
print(myset)

Output:
{'c', 'b', 'a'}
{'d', 'c', 'b', 'a'}

Mapping -This data type is unordered and mutable.

-Dictionaries fall under Mappings.

Dictionaries:

Lists are ordered sets of objects, whereas dictionaries are unorderedsets.

Dictionary is created by using curly brackets. i,e.{}

Dictionaries are accessed via keys and not via their position.

A dictionary is an associative array (also known as hashes). Any key of the dictionary is associated
(or mapped) to a value.

The values of a dictionary can be any Python data type. So dictionaries are unordered key-value-
pairs(The association of a key and a value is called a key- value pair)
Dictionaries don't support the sequence operation of the sequence data types like strings, tuples and lists.

Creating a >>> food = {"ham":"yes", "egg" : Creating the dictionary with

dictionary "yes", "rate":450 } elements of different data
>>>print(food) types.
{'rate': 450, 'egg': 'yes', 'ham':
'yes'}
Indexing >>>>print(food["rate"]) Accessing the item with keys.
450
Slicing( ending >>>print(t[1:3]) Displaying items from 1st till 2nd.
position -1) (7.79, 101)

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If you try to access a key which doesn't exist, you will get an error message:

>>>words = {"house" : "Haus", "cat":"Katze"}

>>>words["car"]
Traceback (most recent call last): File
"<stdin>", line 1, in <module>KeyError: 'car'

Data type Compile time Run time

int a=10 a=int(input(“enter a”))
float a=10.5 a=float(input(“enter a”))
string a=”panimalar” a=input(“enter a string”)
list a=[20,30,40,50] a=list(input(“enter a list”))
tuple a=(20,30,40,50) a=tuple(input(“enter a tuple”))

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3.Variables,Keywords Expressions, Statements, Comments, Docstring ,Lines And Indentation,
Quotation In Python, Tuple Assignment:

VARIABLES:

A variable allows us to store a value by assigning it to a name, which can be used later.

Named memory locations to store values.

Programmers generally choose names for their variables that are meaningful.

It can be of any length. No space is allowed.

We don't need to declare a variable before using it. In Python, we simply assign a value to a variable
and it will exist.

Assigning value to variable:

Value should be given on the right side of assignment operator(=) and variable on left side.
>>>counter =45
print (counter)

Assigning a single value to several variables simultaneously:

>>> a=b=c=100
Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:

>>>a,b,c=2,4,"ram"

KEYWORDS:

Keywords are the reserved words in Python.

We cannot use a keyword as name, function name or any other identifier.

They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.

Keywords are case sensitive.

IDENTIFIERS:
Identifier is the name given to entities like class, functions, variables etc. in Python.

Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to
Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_).

all are valid example.

An identifier cannot start with a digit.

Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.

Cannot use special symbols like!, @, #, $, % etc. in our identifier.

Identifier can be of any length.
Example:
Names like myClass, var_1, and this_is_a_long_variable

Valid declarations Invalid declarations

Num Number 1
Num num1
Num1 addition of program
_NUM 1Num
NUM_temp2 Num.no
IF if
Else else

STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS:

Statements:
-Instructions that a Python interpreter can executes are called statements.
-A statement is a unit of code like creating a variable or displaying avalue.
>>> n = 17
>>>print (n)

Here, The first line is an assignment statement that gives a value to n. The second line is
a print statement that displays the value of n.
Expressions:
-An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.
- A value all by itself is considered an expression, and also a variable.
- So the following are all legal expressions:
>>> 42
42
>>> a=2
>>>a+3+2 7
>>> z=("hi"+"friend")
>>>print(z) hifriend

INPUT AND OUTPUT

INPUT: Input is data entered by user (end user) in the program. In python, input
() function is available for input.
Syntax for input() is:
variable = input (“data”)

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Example:
>>> x=input("enter the name:")
enter the name: george
>>>y=int(input("enter the number"))
enter the number 3
#python accepts string as default data type. Conversion is required for type.

OUTPUT: Output can be displayed to the user using Print statement .

Syntax:
print (expression/ constant/ variable)
Example:
>>> print ("Hello")
Hello

COMMENTS:
A hash sign (#) is the beginning of a comment.
Anything written after # in a line is ignored by interpreter.
Eg: percentage = (minute * 100)/60 # calculating percentage of an hour
Python does not have multiple-line commenting feature. You have to comment each line
individually as follows:
Example:
# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.

LINES AND INDENTATION:

Most of the programming languages like C, C++, Java use braces { } to define a block of code. But,
python uses indentation.
Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation.
It is a space given to the block of codes for class and function definitions or flow control.

Example:
a=3 b=1
if a>b:
print("a is greater")
else:
print("b is greater")

QUOTATION INPYTHON:
Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals. Anything that is
represented using quotations are considered as string.

Single quotes(' ') Eg, 'This a string in single quotes'

double quotes(" ") Eg, "'This a string in double quotes'"
triple quotes(""" """) Eg, This is a paragraph. It is made up of multiple lines and
sentences."""

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TUPLE ASSIGNMENT

An assignment to all of the elements in a tuple using a single assignment statement.

Python has a very powerful tuple assignment feature that allows a tuple of variables on the left of an
assignment to be assigned values from a tuple on the right of the assignment.
The left side is a tuple of variables; the right side is a tuple of values.
Each value is assigned to its respective variable.
All the expressions on the right side are evaluated before any of the assignments. This feature makes
tuple assignment quite versatile.
Naturally, the number of variables on the left and the number of values on the right have to be the
same.
>>>(a, b, c, d) = (1, 2, 3)
Value Error: need more than 3 values to unpack

Example:
-It is useful to swap the values of two variables. With conventional assignment statements, we have to use a
temporary variable. For example, to swap a and b:

Swap two numbers Output:

a=2;b=3
print(a,b) (2, 3)
temp = a (3, 2)
a=b >>>
b = temp
print(a,b)

Tuple assignment solves this problem neatly:

(a, b) = (b, a)

-One way to think of tuple assignment is as tuple packing/unpacking.

In tuple packing, the values on the left are ‘packed’ together in a tuple:

>>>b = ("George", 25,"20000") # tuplepacking

-In tuple unpacking, the values in a tuple on the right are ‘unpacked ‘into the variables/names on the
right:

>>>b = ("George", 25, "20000") # tuple packing

>>>(name, age, salary) =b # tupleunpacking
>>>name 'George'
>>>age
25
>>>salary '20000'

-The right side can be any kind of sequence (string, list,tuple)

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 Example:
-To split an email address in to user name and a domain
>>>mailid='[email protected]'
>>>name,domain=mailid.split('@')
>>>print name god
>>> print (domain) abc.org

4.OPERATORS:
Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.
Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator
Types of Operators:

-Python language supports the following types of operators

Arithmetic Operators

Comparison (Relational)Operators

Assignment Operators

Logical Operators

Bitwise Operators

Membership Operators

Identity Operators

Ternary Operators

o Unary Operators

Arithmetic operators:
They are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Assume, a=10 and b=5

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left-hand operand a – b = -10

* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder b%a=0

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on a**b =10 to the power

operators 20

// Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the quotient 5//2=2
in which the digits after the decimal point are removed

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Examples Output:
a=10 a+b=15
b=5 a-b= 5
print("a+b=",a+b) a*b= 50
print("a-b=",a-b)
a/b= 2.0
print("a*b=",a*b)
print("a/b=",a/b) a%b=0
print("a%b=",a%b) a//b=2
print("a//b=",a//b) a**b= 100000
print("a**b=",a**b)

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Comparison (Relational)Operators:

Comparison operators are used to compare values.

It either returns True or False according to the condition. Assume, a=10 and b=5

Operator Description Example

== If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition (a == b) is

becomes true. not true.

!= If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true. (a!=b) is
true

> If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then (a > b) is not
condition becomes true. true.

< If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then (a < b) is true.
condition becomes true.

>= If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right (a >= b) is not
operand, then condition becomes true. true.

<= If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right (a <= b) is
operand, then condition becomes true. true.

Example
Output: a>b=>True
a=10 a<b=> False
b=5 a==b=> False
print("a>b=>",a>b) a!=b=> True
print("a>b=>",a<b) a>=b=> False
print("a==b=>",a==b) a>=b=> True
print("a!=b=>",a!=b)
print("a>=b=>",a<=b)
print("a>=b=>",a>=b)

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Assignment Operators:
-Assignment operators are used in Python to assign values to variables.
Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand c=a+b
assigns value
of a + b into c

+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to c += a is
leftoperand equivalent to c
=c+a

-= Subtract It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result c -= a is
AND to left operand equivalent to c
= c -a

*= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the c *= a is
AND result to left operand equivalent to c
= c *a

/= Divide It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result c /= a is
AND to left operand equivalent to c
= c /ac
/= a is
equivalent to c
= c /a

%= Modulus It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left c %= a is
AND operand equivalent to c
=c%a

**= Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on c **= a is

AND operators and assign value to the left operand equivalent to c
= c ** a

//= Floor It performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left c //= a is
Division operand equivalent to c
= c // a

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Example
a =21
b =10
c=0
c=a+b
print("Line 1 - Value of c is ",c) c += a
print("Line 2 - Value of c is ", c) c *= a
print("Line 3 - Value of c is ",c) c /= a
print("Line 4 - Value of c is ", c) c = 2
c %=a
print("Line 5 - Value of c is ",c) c **= a
print("Line 6 - Value of c is ",c) c //= a
print ("Line 7 - Value of c is ", c)

Output
Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 52
Line 3 - Value of c is 1092
Line 4 - Value of c is 52.0
Line 5 - Value of c is2
Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152
Line 7 - Value of c is99864

Logical Operators:
-Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.

Example Output
a = True x and y is False
b = False x or y is True
print('a and b is', a and b) not x is False
print('a or b is' ,a or b)
print('not a is', not a)

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Bitwise Operators:

A bitwise operation operates on one or more bit patterns at the level of individual bits
Example: Let x = 10 (0000 1010 in binary)and
y = 4 (0000 0100 in binary)

Example
a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100

b = 13 #13 = 0000 1101

c=0
c = a & b; #12 = 0000 1100
Output: Value of c is 12

Membership Operators:

Evaluates to find a value or a variable is in the specified sequence of string, list, tuple, dictionary or
not.

Let, x=[5,3,6,4,1]. To check particular item in list or not, in and not in operators areused.

Example:
x=[5,3,6,4,1]
>>>5 in x
True
>>>5 not in x
False
 Identity Operators:
i) They are used to check if two values (or variables) are located on the same part of the
memory.

Example
x=5
y=5
x2 = ‘Hello'
y2= 'Hello'
print(x1 is not y1) print(x2 is y2)

Output:
False
True

Ternary Operator
Ternary operators are also known as conditional expressions are operators that evaluate something based on a
condition being true or false.
Syntax: [on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]
Eg: x = 10
y=8
x if x>y else y
Unary Operator
A unary operator is an operator which works on a single operand. Python support unary minus operator(-). When
an operand is preceded by a minus sign, then the unary operator negates its value.

Eg: x=100
y=-(x)
print(y)

Output: -100
Lambda operator or Lambda function

A lambda function is a small anonymous function.A lambda function can take any number of arguments, but can only
have one expression.

Syntax
lambda arguments : expression
eg:
x = lambda a, b : a * b
print(x(5, 6))
5.OPERATOR PRECEDENCE:
When an expression contains more than one operator, the order of evaluation
depends on the order of operations.

Operator Description

() Parentheses

** Exponentiation (raise to the power)

~+- Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the
last two are +@ and -@)

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>><< Right and left bitwise shift

& Bitwise 'AND'

^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

<= <>>= Comparison operators

<> == != Equality operators

= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators

is is not Identity operators

in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

-For mathematical operators, Python follows mathematical convention.

-The acronym PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponentiation, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction) is a
useful way to remember the rules:
ii) Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression to evaluate in the
order you want. Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated first, 2 * (3-1)is 4, and (1+1)**(5-2)
is8.
• You can also use parentheses to make an expression easier to read,asin(minute
* 100) / 60, even if it doesn’t change the result.
• Exponentiation has the next highest precedence, so 1 + 2**3 is 9, not 27, and2
*3**2 is 18, not 36.
• Multiplication and Division have higher precedence than Addition and Subtraction. So 2*3-1 is 5,
not 4, and 6+4/2 is 8, not5.
• Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation).
Examples:

a=9-12/3+3*2-1 A=2*3+4%5-3/2+6
a=? A=6+4%5-3/2+6 find m=?
a=9-4+3*2-1 A=6+4-3/2+6 A=6+4- m=-43||8&&0||-2
a=9-4+6-1 1+6 m=- 43||0||-2 m=1||-
a=5+6-1 a=11- A=10-1+6 2 m=1
1 a=10 A=9+6 A=15

8.ILLUSTRATIVE PROGRAMS

Program for SWAPPING(Exchanging )of Output

values
a = int(input("Enter a value ")) Enter a value 5
b = int(input("Enter b value")) Enter b value 8
c=a a=8
a=b b=5
b =c
print("a=",a,"b=",b,)

Program to find distance between twopoints Output

import math enter x17

x1=int(input("enter x1")) enter y16
y1=int(input("enter y1"))
enter x25
x2=int(input("enter x2"))
y2=int(input("enter y2")) enter y27
distance =math.sqrt((x2-x1)**2)+((y2- y1)**2) 2.5
print(distance)

Program to circulate n numbers Output:

a=list(input("enter the list")) enter the list '1234'

print(a) ['1', '2', '3', '4']

for i in range(1,len(a),1): ['2', '3', '4', '1']
print(a[i:]+a[:i]) ['3', '4', '1', '2']
['4', '1', '2', '3']
2marks:
1. What is Python?
Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-
level programming language.

2. Enlist some features of python.

Easy-to-learn.

Easy-to-maintain.

Portable

Interpreted

Extensible

Free and Open Source

High Level Language

3. What is IDLE?
Integrated Development Learning Environment (IDLE) is a graphical user interface which is
completely written in Python. It is bundled with the default implementation of the python language and also
comes with optional part of the Python packaging.
4. Differentiate between interactive and script mode.

Interactive mode Script mode

A way of using the Python interpreter by A way of using the Python interpreter to read and
typing commands and expressions at the execute statements in a script.
prompt.
Cant save and edit the code Can save and edit the code
we cannot save the statements for further we can save the statements for further use and we
use and we have to retype no need to retype
all the statements to re-run them. all the statements to re-run them.
We can see the results immediately. We cant see the code immediately.

5. What are keywords? Give examples.

Keywords are the reserved words in Python.

We cannot use a keyword as variable name, function name or any other identifier.

They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.

Keywords are case sensitive.
6. What is a tuple?

A tuple is same as list, except that the set of elements is enclosed in parentheses
instead of square brackets.

A tuple is an immutable list.i.e. once a tuple has been created, you can't add elements to a tuple or
remove elements from the tuple.

7. Outline the logic to swap the contents of two identifiers without using third variable.
Swap two numbers Output:
a=2;b=3
print(a,b) (2, 3)
a = a+b (3, 2)
b= a-b >>>
a= a-b
print(a,b)

8. State about logical operators available in python with example.

Logical operators are “ and, or, not” operators.

Example Output
a = True a and b is False
b = False a or b is True
print('a and b is',a and b) not a is False
print('a or b is',a or b)
print('not a is',not a)

9. What is meant by interpreter?

An interpreter is a computer program that executes instructions written in a programming language.
It can either execute the source code directly or translate the source code in a first step into a more efficient
representation and executes this code.
 10.Define values and types

A value is one of the basic things in a programs like a letter or a number. The values are belonging to different
types. For example

>>> type(‘Hello’)

<type ‘str’>

>>> type(17)

<type ‘float’>

11.Define variables.

A variable is a name that refers to a value. They can contain both letters and numbers but they do not begin
with a letter. The underscore ‘_’ can appear in a name.

Example:

>>> n=176

Here n is a variable name. The value of that variable is 176.

12.Define Boolean Operators.

A Boolean expression is an expression that is either true (or) false. The Operator == which compares two operands
and produces True if they are equal otherwise it is false.
>>> 5==5

True

>>> 5==6

False
13.Define List.

A List is a sequence of values. The values are characters in a list they can be of any type. The values in a list are
called elements.

Examples

[10,20,30,40] number List [‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’]->

Character List

[‘a’,20,5,25.5,[20,30]]-> Nested List

[]-> Empty List