CELL

Fundamental unit of life

table of 01 02

contents:
Cell. Types of cells:
components.

Resources: 03 04
https://www.cellsaliv Structure and basic Protein synthesis.
functions.
e.fun/cellsalive_files
/cells/cell_model_js
05 06
.htm
Energy supply. Cellular digestion.

https://askabiologist
.asu.edu/cell- 07 08
viewer- Support and movement. Storage and
game/index.html transportation.
 Cell
Basic and fundamental unit of life,
it possesses a highly organized
structure that enables it to carry
out its vital functions.

Every living things is made up of one

or moe cells.
Unicellular multicellular
- if a living thing contains only one • If living things is made up of more
cell. than one cells.
 Cell
Cell is too small to be seen
with our naked eye.
 Cell
The first person who study cell is
Robert Hooke through using a
microscope. When he examined a
very thin of cork he observed a small
empty rooms.

Cell - Cellula “small rooms”

 Prokaryotic Prokaryotic
Dispersed genetic material
Lack a defined
nucleus in the cytoplasm.

Plant

Types Cellulose cell wall;

chloroplasts and vacuoles.

of Cells
Animal
Rigid cell wall;
may have flagella.
Eukaryotic
Have a defined
nucleus
Protist
They can have a cell wall,
without differentiated tissues.

Fungal
Chitin Cell Wall;
they are heterotrophs.
 Composed of several fundamental components

Ribosome Rough endoplasmic

Cell membrane Nucleus Golgi Apparatus
reticulum.

Lysosome and
Mitochondria Chloroplasts peroxisome Centriole Microtubules
 Structure and
basic functions
These components work together to maintain cellular
homeostasis and perform essential life activities.
 Cell membrane
The cell membrane surrounds the cell
and is a selective barrier between the
interior and the exterior.

Its primary role lies in regulating the

passage of substances, including
nutrients and waste materials.

“Security guard”
Within it, specialized proteins play a
crucial role in facilitating molecular
transport and cellular communication.
Cell membrane
Animal Cell

Plant Cell
 Cell nucleus

An organelle that houses DNA, located

in the center.

Its primary function is to store and

safeguard genetic information,
controlling gene expression and DNA
replication.

“Brain of the Cell”

It is an organelle where ribosome will
produced.
Cell nucleus
Animal Cell

Plant Cell
 Cytoplasm Cytosol

The cytoplasm is a gel-like Part of the cytoplasm not taken

matrix containing all the up by the organelles.
organelles of the cell.

I It provides structural support

to the cell.
 Mitochondria

It release energy needed for the cell

activity.

Supply energy by undergoing cellular

respiration

“The Powerhouse of the

Cell”
 Ribosome

Carry out the instructions comes

from the nucleus to synthesize
protein.

“Protein Factories of the

Cell”
 Peroxisome

These collect and safely break

down chemicals that are toxic to
the cell.
 Rough ER

It contains ribosomes.

The rough endoplasmic

reticulum is where most protein
synthesis occurs in the cell.
 Smooth ER

Do not contain ribosomes.

The rough endoplasmic

reticulum is where
carbohydrates and lipids
synthesized to built a cell
membrane.
 Golgi Body
The organelle that sorts and
ships the proteins produced in
the ER.

“Mailman of the Cell”

This organelle was named after

an Italian physician – Camillo
Golgi. He was the first person to
describe this organelle in the
cell.
 Vacuole
The organelle that sorts and
ships the proteins produced in
the ER.
“Storage house of the
Cell”
the vacuole contains large
amounts of water , food , and
even waste
 Lysosome
Act as yhe waste disposal
system of the cell by digesting or
breaking down the trash or
unneeded maerials in the
cytoplasm

“Suicide Bag of the Cell”

 Centrioles
Centrioles are found only in
animal cells, where they help
make cytoskeleton. They come
into action during cell division,
when they organize and move
chromosomes.
Chloroplast

Contains the pigment

“Chlorophyll” that captures
energy from sunlight for
photosynthesis
 Cell wall

Cell walls provide protection and

support for plants. Unlike cell
membranes, materials cannot
get through cell walls. This would
be a problem for plant cells if not
for special openings called
plasmodesmata.
 Cell wall
Cell walls provide protection and
support, and shape for plants.
Unlike cell membranes,
materials cannot get through
cell walls. This would be a
problem for plant cells if not for
special openings called
plasmodesmata.
plasmodesmata
quiz time

Identify the following organelles

Thank you!
Any questions?
 Protein Synthesis

Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating biological

processes, and expressing specific characteristics of each organism.
 Ribosome
Ribosomes are essential organelles for
cellular functioning and survival.

They synthesize proteins using the

genetic information from messenger
RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for
cellular structure, function, and
regulation.

Ribosomes are located in the

cytoplasm and the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
 Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of interconnected membranes that

extends from the nuclear membrane to the
cell membrane. It plays a fundamental role in
the transport, processing, and distribution of
proteins and lipids within the cell.

There are two main types of ER:

• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is

studded with ribosomes and is involved in
the synthesis and modification of proteins.

• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate
metabolism, and detoxification.
 Golgi apparatus

Key in the processing and packaging of

proteins and lipids produced in the
endoplasmic reticulum.

It synthesizes carbohydrates and lipoproteins

and is essential for maintaining the cell's
internal balance and facilitating
communication with the outside.

Composed of a series of flattened sacs called

cisternae, it acts as the 'shipping center' of the
cell, sorting and packaging proteins into
vesicles for transport and distribution.
 Energy Supply

To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic processes

essential for the proper functioning of the cell and/or organism.
 Mitochondria

Present in eukaryotic animal and plant

cells. Their primary function is energy
generation through cellular respiration
(ATP production).

The double membrane of mitochondria

allows for the organization of various
stages of the respiratory chain, making it
crucial for cellular function and survival.
 Chloroplasts
Exclusive to plant cells and
photosynthetic organisms, chloroplasts
carry out photosynthesis, converting
solar energy into chemical energy.

During photosynthesis, they synthesize

glucose and other organic compounds
using carbon dioxide and water,
releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

They are responsible for the crucial

production of oxygen that sustains
the planet.
Cellular Digestion

It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted materials,

enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular maintenance.
 Lysosomes Peroxisomes
They contain enzymes that degrade
They contain digestive enzymes that
hydrogen peroxide and toxic
break down molecules and unwanted
compounds, thereby protecting the
cellular materials.
cell from oxidative damage.

They facilitate cellular digestion, by Additionally, they play a role in the

disposing of waste, recycling synthesis and degradation of lipids
nutrients, and defending against and bile acids, regulating lipid
pathogenic invasions. metabolism and overall homeostasis.
 Support and
Movement
Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement
and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.
 Cytoskeleton

It is composed of protein filaments

(microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments) and provides
support and enables movement in
eukaryotic cells.

Its specific functions encompass stability,

intracellular transport, and contraction.
Furthermore, it regulates cellular shape
and plays a role in division, migration,
and communication.
 Flagella and cilia

Specialized structures for movement.

They are elongated and enable
locomotion in liquid environments,
whereas cilia are shorter and create
coordinated flow on the cell surface.

Composed of microtubules in a
'9+2' pattern, they are essential
for sperm motility.
 Storage and
Transportation
They manage nutrients, eliminate waste,
and regulate metabolic processes.
 Vacuoles

Membrane-bound organelles found in

plant cells and some animal cells. They
store nutrients, water, ions, and waste
materials, regulating turgor pressure
and osmotic balance.

Vacuoles can also be involved in the

digestion of substances and serve as a
defense mechanism against predators
by containing toxins.
Vesicles and endosomes

Membranous vesicles that transport

specific materials between organelles
and the cell membrane.

Vesicles: They transport materials from

the endoplasmic reticulum and the
Golgi apparatus to other destinations.

Endosomes: They capture and

distribute materials for degradation,
recycling, or their incorporation into
metabolic pathways.