ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

SIGNALS AND
SYSTEMS

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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First Edition : 2015

Signals and Systems Second Edition : 2016

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 Signals and Systems
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 4

Introduction to Signals.................................. 2-54 Continuous Time Fourier Transform..... 124-164

1.1 Introduction............................................................................... 2 4.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 124
1.2 Elementary Signals.................................................................. 2 4.2 The Definition...................................................................... 124
1.3 Classification of Signals.......................................................17 4.3 Fourier Transform of Some Basic Signals.................... 125

1.4 Basic Operations on Signals...............................................37 4.4 Inverse Fourier Transform of Some Basic Functions.....129
4.5 Properties of Fourier Transform..................................... 133
Objective Brain Teasers..........................................................50
4.6 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signal............................ 149
Conventional Brain Teasers..................................................54
4.7 Application of Fourier Transform.................................. 151
4.8 Ideal and Practical Filters................................................. 152
CHAPTER 2 4.9 Energy Spectral Density (ESD)........................................ 153
4.10 Power Spectral Density (PSD)......................................... 154
Introduction to Systems..............................55-96 4.11 Correlation............................................................................. 155
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................55 4.12 Limitation of Fourier Transform and its Solution..... 157
2.2 Continuous-time and discrete-time systems..............56 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 158
2.3 Classification of Systems.....................................................56 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 162
2.4 Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems.................................64
2.5 Continuous time LTI systems ............................................65 CHAPTER 5
2.6 Discrete-time LTI Systems ..................................................78
2.7 LTI System Properties and the Impulse Response.....82 Laplace Transform................................... 165-210
2.8 Step Response of an LTI System.......................................85 5.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 165
Objective Brain Teasers..........................................................88 5.2 The Definition...................................................................... 165

Conventional Brain Teasers..................................................93 5.3 Relationship between Laplace Transform

and Fourier Transform....................................................... 166
5.4 Eigen Value and Eigen Function.................................... 166
CHAPTER 3 5.5 Region of Convergence (ROC) for Laplace Transform....166
5.6 Laplace Transforms to Some Basic Signals................ 168
Continuous-time Fourier Series............... 97-123 5.7 Properties of Laplace Transform.................................... 175
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................97 5.8 Inverse Laplace Transform............................................... 182
3.2 Different Forms of Fourier Series......................................97 5.9 LTI System and Laplace Transform................................ 186
3.3 Symmetry Conditions in Fourier Series...................... 101 5.10 Interconnection of LTI Systems (Block Diagrams).... 191
3.4 Dirichlet Conditions........................................................... 104 5.11 Laplace Transform of Causal Periodic Signals........... 192
3.5 Properties of Fourier Series............................................. 106 5.12 Unilateral Laplace Transform.......................................... 193
3.6 Systems with Periodic Inputs......................................... 113 5.13 Properties of Unilateral Laplace Transform (ULT).... 195
3.7 Limitations of Fourier Series.......................................... 113 5.14 Application of Laplace Transform
in Solving Differential Equations................................... 199
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 114
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 203
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 118
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 209

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 Signals and Systems

CHAPTER 6 8.13 Relationship between CTFT and DTFT........................ 305

8.14 Energy Spectral Density................................................... 306
Sampling.................................................... 211-228 8.15 Power Spectral Density: (PSD)........................................ 306
6.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 211 8.16 Correlation............................................................................. 307
6.2 The Sampling Theorem.................................................... 211 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 307
6.3 Sampling Techniques........................................................ 215 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 311
6.4 Sampling Theorem for Band Pass Signals.................. 217
6.5 Reconstruction of Signal.................................................. 219
CHAPTER 9
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 224
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 227 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)...........315-332
9.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 315
CHAPTER 7 9.2 The Definition...................................................................... 316
9.3 Properties of DFT................................................................ 320
z-Transform................................................229-279 9.4 Introduction to FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)............ 326
7.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 229 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 326
7.2 The Definition...................................................................... 230 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 330
7.3 Region of Convergence for z-transform..................... 230
7.4 z-Transform of Some Basic Signals............................... 233 CHAPTER 10
7.5 Properties of z-Transform................................................. 240
7.6 Inverse z-Transform............................................................ 248 Digital Filters.............................................333-387
7.7 Discrete-time LTI Systems and z-Transform............... 254 10.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 333
7.8 z-Transform of Causal Periodic Signals........................ 260 10.2 Filter Basics............................................................................ 333
7.9 Relation between Laplace Transform 10.3 Butterworth Filters............................................................. 334
and z-Transform................................................................... 260 10.4 Digital Filters......................................................................... 335
7.10 Unilateral z-Transform....................................................... 262 10.5 Basics Structures for IIR Systems................................... 336
7.11 Properties of Unilateral z-transform (UZT)................ 263 10.6 Basic Structures for FIR Systems.................................... 347
7.12 z-Transform Solution of Linear Difference Equations....266 10.7 IIR Filter Design from Continuous-Time Filters......... 351
Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 269 10.8 Impulse Invariant Method............................................... 351
Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 274 10.9 Design of IIR Filter by Approximation of Derivatives.... 357
10.10 IIR Filter Design by the Bilinear Transformation....... 360

CHAPTER 8 10.11 Design of FIR Filters............................................................ 364

10.12 Design of Linear Phase FIR Filters using Frequency
Fourier Analysis of Discrete Time Signals....280-314 Sampling Method............................................................... 374
8.1 Introduction to Discrete Time Fourier Series (DTFS)....280 10.13 Lattice Structure of FIR Filter........................................... 376
8.2 The Definition...................................................................... 280 10.14 Comparison of Designing Methods............................. 383
8.3 Properties of DTFS.............................................................. 282 10.15 Comparison between FIR and IIR Filter....................... 384
8.4 Introduction to Discrete Time Fourier Transform.... 282 Objective Brain Teasers....................................................... 384
8.5 The Definition: DTFT.......................................................... 282 Conventional Brain Teasers............................................... 386
8.6 DTFT of some Basic Signals............................................. 284
8.7 Properties of DTFT.............................................................. 288 CHAPTER 11
8.8 Fourier Transform Pairs Using Inverse DTFT.............. 296
Discrete-Time Signal Processing.......... 388-394
8.9 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals.......................... 298
11.1 Discrete-Time Processing of
8.10 LTI System Analysis and DTFT......................................... 299
Continuous-Time Signals................................................. 388
8.11 Application of DTFT........................................................... 300
8.12 Ideal and Practical Filters................................................ 302

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