1.
Basic Structure of an SQL Query
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SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
• SELECT: Specifies the columns to retrieve.
• FROM: Specifies the table to retrieve the data from.
• WHERE: Filters records based on a specified condition (optional).
2. Example Queries
a) Selecting All Data from a Table
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SELECT *
FROM Customers;
• Retrieves all columns from the Customers table.
b) Selecting Specific Columns
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SELECT FirstName, LastName, Email
FROM Customers;
• Retrieves the FirstName, LastName, and Email columns from the Customers table.
c) Using a WHERE Clause to Filter Results
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SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate > '2023-01-01';
• Retrieves all orders placed after January 1, 2023.
d) Inserting Data
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INSERT INTO Customers (FirstName, LastName, Email)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '[email protected]');
• Inserts a new row into the Customers table.
e) Updating Data
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UPDATE Customers
SET Email = '[email protected]'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
• Updates the Email field for the customer with CustomerID 1.
f) Deleting Data
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DELETE FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
• Deletes the customer with CustomerID 1.
g) Creating a Table
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CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
HireDate DATE
);
• Creates an Employees table with columns for EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName,
and HireDate.
h) Joining Tables
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SELECT Customers.FirstName, Customers.LastName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM Customers
JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;
• Retrieves customer names along with their order dates by joining Customers and
Orders tables.
3. Key SQL Keywords and Functions
• SELECT: Retrieve data.
• INSERT INTO: Add new data.
• UPDATE: Modify existing data.
• DELETE: Remove data.
• JOIN: Combine rows from multiple tables.
• WHERE: Filter data.
• ORDER BY: Sort results.
• GROUP BY: Group rows that have the same values in specified columns.
• COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(): Aggregate functions for counting, summing, or averaging.
