SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relations and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

Unit 1
Relations and Functions
Lesson 1
1. Relations
Definition: Relation is a set whose elements are ordered pairs.
Example: 𝑅 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)}
Definition: If A and B are sets, a relation R from A to B is any subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. In
other words, R is a relation from A to B if and only if 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Definition: If R is a relation from A to A, then R is a relation on A. i.e. 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴
Examples:
1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,4,6,7} and 𝐵 = {5,12,7,8,9,3}. List all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)which satisfies
each of the following where 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵.
a) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is greater than y}
𝑅 = {(4,3), (6,5), (6,3), (7,5), (7,3)}
b) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): y is a multiple of x}
𝑅 = {(1,5), (1,12), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9)(1,3), (2,12), (2,8), (4,12), (4,8), (6,12), (7,7)}
2. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. List all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)which satisfies each of the
following where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴.
c) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is the square of y}
𝑅 = {(1,1), (4,2), (9,3)}
d) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x is the prime factors of y}
𝑅 = {(2,2), (2,4), (2,6), (2,8), (3,3)(3,6), (3,9), (5,5), (7,7)}
3. Let = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} , 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8} and 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4}.
List all the elements of R.
𝑅 = {(3,2), (4,4), (5,6), (6,8)}
4. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁, 𝑥 ≤ 4 } and 𝐵 = {1,4,9,16}. Then:
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}

Lesson 2
Domain and Range
Definition: Let R be a relation from A to B. Then
i. Domain: the set of all first coordinates of elements of R.
i.e. Domain:𝑅 = {𝑥: (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑦}

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ii. Range: the set of all second coordinates of elements of R.

i.e. Domain:𝑅 = {𝑦: (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑥}

Examples:

1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. If 𝑅: 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐴, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1}, then:

a) List all the elements of R.
𝑅 = {(1,3), (2,5), (3,7)}
b) Domain of: 𝑅 = {1,2,3}
c) Range of: 𝑅 = {3,5,7}
d) If (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅, then (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅. True/False. No, order is important in relation.
2. Find the domain and the range of:
a) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 2 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 2}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
b) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 1}
c) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 1 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
d) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = |2𝑥 + 1| }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
e) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 > −2𝑥 + 1 }
Domain of 𝑅: {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range of 𝑅: {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Lesson 3
Graphs of Relations

The graph of relation is the graph of its order pairs.

ℝ × ℝ = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ ℝ} is represented by a set of points in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 coordinate
system.

Examples:

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1. Let 𝐴 = {2,3,5} and 𝐵 = {6,7,10} and 𝑅: 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦}

𝑅 = {(2,6), (2,10), (3,6), (5,10)}

2. The graph of inequality

a) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 < 12}
The boundary line equation: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
x-intercept (6,0) and y-intercept (0, -4)
Plot the x and y intercept and connect it with broken line and take a testing
point to shade the parts that satisfies the relation.

Testing point (0,0)

b) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≥ 6}
The boundary line equation: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6
x-intercept (2,0) and y-intercept (0, -3)
Plot the x and y intercept and connect it with hidden line and take a testing
point to shade the parts that satisfies the relation.

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Testing point (0,0)

c) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 }
The boundary line equation: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2
𝑦 4 1 0 1 4
Plot the points and connect it with hidden line and take a testing point to
shade the parts that satisfies the relation.

Use vertical line test to check the domain

Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Use Horizontal line test to check the range
Range= {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}

3. The graph of relation with two or more inequalities.

Let 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4, 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≥ −1}

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4. Specify the relation and determine the domain and the range.

3
i) For 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = −6, putting as 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 3. Since the boundary line is solid and
3
above it is shaded, we use:𝑦 ≥ 2 𝑥 − 3 or 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ≥ −6.
ii) For 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2, putting as 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2. Since the boundary line is broken and
below it is shaded, we use:𝑦 < −𝑥 + 2 or 𝑦 + 𝑥 < 2.
iii) The shaded part is at the right of y-axis (𝑥 = 0) means 𝑥 ≥ 0.
Therefore, the of the graph the relation is:
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 + 𝑥 < 2, 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ≥ −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 0}
Use vertical line test to check the domain. Domain= {x: 0 < x < 2}
Use Horizontal line test to check the range. Range= {y: −3 ≤ y < 2}

Lesson 4
2. Functions

Definition: A function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs have the same first
component.

Domain and Range of functions

Domain: is the first component of the ordered pairs.
Range: is the second component of the ordered pairs.
Every relation is not a function but every function is a relation.
Examples:
State whether the relation is a function and state the domain and the range.
1) 𝐴 = {(2,4), (3,6), (5,8)} Function
2) 𝐵 = {(2,3), (2,4), (3,7)} Not Function
3) 𝐶 = {(3,5), (4,5), (5,5)} Function
4) 𝐷 = {(4,3), (0,2), (4,5)} Not Function
5) 𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} Not Function
6) 𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} Function

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7) 𝐺 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} Not Function

8) 𝐻 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦} Not Function
9) 𝐼 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑦} Not Function
10) 𝐽 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = |𝑥|} Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
11) 𝐾 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 = |𝑦|} Not Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
12) 𝐿 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 } Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
13) 𝑀 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 } Not Function
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
14) 𝑁 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 = 4} Not Function(one to many relation is not function)
Domain= {4}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
15) 𝑂 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 4} Function(many to one relation is function)
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {4}
16) 𝑃 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3} Function(one to one relation is function)
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
17) 𝑄 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 > 4𝑥 + 3} Not Function(many to many relation is not function)
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Lesson 5
Finding functional value
A function 𝑓 is mapping of a relation from set A to set B, we write, 𝑓: 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐵 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
and ∈ 𝐵 , 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)read as “𝑦 is a function of 𝑥”, “ 𝑓 of 𝑥”, “𝑓 at 𝑥”.
If (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓 means 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)}

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Examples:

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4
𝑓(8) = √8 − 4 = 2
𝑓(4) = √4 − 4 = 0
𝑓(2) = √2 − 4 = √−2 ∉ ℝ
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 4}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0}
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + √𝑥 − 3
𝑓(4) = 3(4) + √4 − 3 = 13
𝑓(2) = 3(2) + √2 − 3 ∉ ℝ
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 3}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 9}
2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −4
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 2 + 2 𝑖𝑓 − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5
𝑓(3) = 32 + 2 = 11
𝑓(−6) = 2(−6) + 3 = −9
𝑓(7) = 73 = 343
1
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , then

Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 0} = ℝ\{0}

Range = ℝ\{0}
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = |2𝑥 + 1| + 2
Domain= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 2}

Lesson 6
Combination of functions

Functions like numbers can be added, subtracted multiplied and divided. If 𝑓 and 𝑔
𝑓
are functions, then 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓. 𝑔 and are the function denoted by:
𝑔

i) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

ii) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
iii) (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)

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𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
iv) 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0

The domain of: 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is the intersection of the domain of 𝑓 and the
domain of 𝑔
𝑓
The domain of is the intersection of the domain of 𝑓 and the domain of 𝑔, but
𝑔

𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0.
Examples:
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2
i) Find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑥 + 4
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 − (3𝑥 + 2) = −4𝑥
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = (2 − 𝑥)(3𝑥 + 2) = −3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is ℝ
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 2−𝑥
ii) 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥+2
𝑓 2
Domain of = ℝ\ {− 3}
𝑔
𝑥 𝑥−3
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑥−3
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = +
𝑥−2 2𝑥
2𝑥 2 +(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)

2𝑥 2 +𝑥 2 −3𝑥−2𝑥+6
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)

3𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
= 2𝑥(𝑥−2)

𝑥 𝑥−3
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = .
𝑥−2 2𝑥
𝑥−3
= 2𝑥−4

Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is ℝ{0,2}

𝑥
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥−2 𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2
(𝑥) = = 𝑥−3 = . =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥
𝑓
Domain of = ℝ\{0,2,3}
𝑔

3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥

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Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is {𝑥/𝑥 ≤ 1}

𝑓 2𝑥
(𝑥) =
𝑔 √1 − 𝑥
𝑓
Domain of = {𝑥/𝑥 < 1}
𝑔

4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {(1,3), (3,9), (5,15), (7,21)} and

𝑔(𝑥) = {(1,20), (2,15), (3,10), (4,5), (5,0)}
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,23), (3,19), (5,15)}
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1, −17), (3, −1), (5,15)}
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,60), (3,90), (5,0)}
Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is {1,3,5}
𝑓 3 9
(𝑥) = {(1, ) , (3, )}
𝑔 20 10
𝑓
Domain of = {1,3}
𝑔

5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 − 5. Determine

a) 2𝑓 + 𝑔 = 2(8 − 3𝑥) + (−𝑥 − 5)
= 16 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5
= −7𝑥 + 11
b) 3𝑓𝑔 = 3(8 − 3𝑥)(−𝑥 − 5)
= (24 − 9𝑥)(−𝑥 − 5)
= 9𝑥 2 + 21𝑥 − 120

Lesson 7
Evaluating functional values of combined functions

Examples:

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {(1,3), (2,4), (5,7), (8,9), (10,0)} and

𝑔(𝑥) = {(1,4), (2,0), (3,5), (8,1), (10,6)}
a) Domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 is {1,2,8,10}
b) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,7), (2,4), (8,10), (10,6)}
c) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1, −1), (2,4), (8,8), (10, −6)}
d) (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = {(1,12), (2,0), (8,9), (10,0)}
𝑓
e) Domain of = {1,8,10}
𝑔
𝑓 3
f) (𝑥) = {(1, ) , (8,9), (10,0)}
𝑔 4

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𝑓 𝑓(8) 9
g) (2𝑓 − 𝑔) (8) = 2𝑓(8) − 𝑔(8) = 2 × 9 − 1 = 9

h) (3𝑓 − 4𝑔)(1) = 3𝑓(1) − 4𝑔(1) = 3 × 3 − 4 × 4 = −7

i) 𝑓 2 = {(1,9), (2,16), (5,49), (8,81), (10,0)}
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 𝑓(4) −10
a) (4) = = = −10
𝑔 𝑔(4) 1

b) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(4) = 𝑓(4) + 𝑔(4) = −10 + 1 = −9

3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥
𝑓 𝑓(3) 2 2 1
c) (3) = = 2×9 = 18 = 9
2𝑔 2𝑔(3)

d) (2𝑓 + 3𝑔)(1) = 2𝑓(1) + 3𝑔(1) = 2 × 0 + 3 × 3 = 9

Lesson 8
Graphs of linear functions

Definition: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0 is called a linear functions.

If 𝑎 = 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 and is called constant function.
𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Examples:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -1 1 3 5 7

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2. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 3
3
x-intercept=(2 , 0)

y-intercept=(0,3)

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0
1. The graph is straight line.
2. If 𝑎 > 0, then the graph is increasing.
3. If 𝑎 < 0, then the graph is decreasing.
4. If 𝑎 = 0, then the graph is a horizontal line.
𝑏
5. x- intercept: (− 𝑎 , 0) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

0 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑏 𝑎
− = 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
𝑥=−
𝑎
6. y- intercept: (0, 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 , when 𝑥 = 0
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 m is the slope

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relations and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

Lesson 8
Graph of quadratic functions

Definition: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0 is called a quadratic

functions. ′𝑎′ is called the leading coefficient.

Examples:
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3
x y x y x y
-2 8 -2 11 -2 5
-1 2 -1 5 -1 -1
0 0 0 3 0 -3
1 2 1 5 1 -1
2 8 2 11 2 5

If 𝒂 > 𝟎
1. The graph opens upward.
2. The vertex is the turning point of the graph.
The vertex is (0,0) for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 and is (0, 𝑐) for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐
3. The domain is {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
4. The range is {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0} for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 and {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 𝑐} for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐
5. The vertical line that passes through the vertex is called axis of symmetry.

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relations and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 3 , 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 − 3

-2 -1 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 -8 -2 0 -2 -8
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 3 -5 1 3 1 -5
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 − 3 -11 -5 -3 -5 -11

If 𝒂 < 𝟎
1. The graph opens downward.
2. The vertex is the turning point of the graph.
The vertex is (0, 0) for f(x) = ax 2 and is (0, c) for f(x) = ax 2 + c
3. The domain is {x: x ∈ ℝ}
4. The range is {y: y ≤ 0} for f(x) = ax 2 and {y: y ≤ c} for f(x) = ax 2 + c

Lesson 9
Sketching the graph of quadratic functions using the shifting rule

Examples:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2
Let 𝑐 > 0, then the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 is obtained by shifting the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 by 𝑐 units upward to a new vertex (0, 𝑐). And the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑐
is obtained by shifting the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 by 𝑐 units downward to a new
vertex (0, 𝑐).

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relations and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)2

Let 𝑘 > 0, then the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑘)2 is obtained by shifting the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 by 𝑘 units to the right and the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 𝑘)2 is obtained by
shifting the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 by 𝑘 units to the left.

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)2 + 3

The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)2 + 3 is obtained from the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 by shifting it 3
units to the right and 3 units upward.

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relations and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

 The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 𝑘)2 + 𝑐 is opens upward.

 The vertex of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 𝑘)2 + 𝑐 is (−𝑘, 𝑐).
 The vertex of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑘)2 − 𝑐 is (𝑘, −𝑐).
 The vertex of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑘)2 + 𝑐 is (𝑘, 𝑐).
 The vertex of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 𝑘)2 − 𝑐 is (−𝑘, −𝑐).

Lesson 10
Maximum and Minimum value
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒃 𝒄
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙+ )
𝒂 𝒂
𝒃
𝟐
𝒃 𝟐 𝒄 𝒃 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 (𝒙 + 𝒙 + ( ) + − ( ) )
𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝟐𝒂
𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝒄 −
𝒂 𝟒𝒂 𝟒𝒂
𝒃 𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 (𝒙 + ) +
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂
𝒃 𝟒𝒂𝒄−𝒃𝟐
Let 𝒌 = − 𝟐𝒂 and 𝒄= , then 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 can be expressed as:
𝟒𝒂

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒌)𝟐 + 𝒄, where 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎.

𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝟒𝒂𝒄−𝒃𝟐
a) Vertex: 𝑣(𝑘, 𝑐) = (− 𝟐𝒂 , 𝒇 (− 𝟐𝒂)) = (− 𝟐𝒂 , )
𝟒𝒂

𝒃
b) Axis of symmetry: 𝒙 = − 𝟐𝒂

c) If 𝑎 > 0, then the graph opens upward.

If 𝑎 < 0, then the graph opens downward.

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Relations and Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

d) To obtain the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 + 𝒌)𝟐 + 𝒄, shifting the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐
i. 𝑘 units to the right if 𝑘 > 0
ii. 𝑘 units to the left if 𝑘 < 0
iii. 𝑐 units upward if 𝑐 > 0
iv. 𝑐 units downward if 𝑐 < 0
𝒃 𝟒𝒂𝒄−𝒃𝟐
e) Maximum value if 𝑎 > 0: 𝑓 (− 𝟐𝒂) = =𝒄
𝟒𝒂
𝒃
Minimum value if 𝑎 < 0: 𝑓 (− 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒄

Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 8
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 1
𝒃 𝒃
b) Vertex: 𝑣(𝑘, 𝑐) = (− 𝟐𝒂 , 𝒇 (− 𝟐𝒂)) = (3,1)

c) Axis of symmetry: 𝒙 = 𝟑
d) The domain is {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
e) The range is {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ 1}
f) The maximum value is 1
g) The y- intercept is (0, −8)
h) The x- intercepts are (2,0) and (4,0)

NB- Dear Student read the grade 10 Mathematics

text book in addition to the handouts we are sending.

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