[Samyuktha, 2(4): April, 2013] ISSN:

ISS 2277-9655

IJESRT
INTERNATIONAL JOUR
URNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH
RE
TECHNOLOGY
Dynamic Beha
ehaviour of DFIG Driven by Wind Turbine
P.Samyuktha*1, Radha Krishna .A2
P.S
*1,2
Department of EEE, Nish
ishitha College of Engineering & Technology, Hydera
erabad, India
Abstract
The global electrical energyy cconsumption is rising and there is steady increase of the demand on power
generation. So in addition to conventiontional power generation units a large no. of renewable energy en units is being
integrated into the power system. A w wind electrical generation system is the most cost competitive
com of all the
environmentally clean and safe renewa wable energy sources in world. The recent evolution of powerpo semiconductors
and variable frequency drive technology ogy has aided the acceptance of variable speed generation n systems.
s Both fixed-
speed squirrel-cage induction generator tor and variable speed double fed induction generator aree usedu in wind turbine
generation technology. Therefore, a ddetailed model of induction generator coupled to wind ind turbine system is
presented in the thesis. Modeling andd ssimulation of induction machine using vector control com omputing technique is
done in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform form. The significant result of the analysis is also shown n and
a being compared
with the existing literature to validate ap
approach.
DFIG–wind turbine is an inte ntegrated part of distributed generation system. Therefore ore, any abnormalities
associates with grid are going to aff affect the system performance considerably. Taking this into account, the
performance of double fed induction ggenerator (DFIG) variable speed wind turbine under netw etwork fault is studied
using simulation developed in MATL TLAB/SIMULINK results show the transient behavior or of the double fed
induction generator when a sudden shor hort circuit at the generator. After the clearance the short circuit
circ fault the control
schemes manage to restore the windd tturbine’s normal operation. The controller performance ce is demonstrated by
simulation result both during fault and nd the clearance of the fault. A crowbar is used to protect ect the rotor converter
against short-circuit current during fault
ults.

Keywords: DFIG, MATLAB, TURBIN

INE, ENERGY.

Introduction
Wind energy generation equip uipment is most several advantages when compare ared with fixed speed
often installed in remote, rural areas.s. These remote generators including speed controtrol. These merits are
areas usually have weak grids, often en with voltage primarily achieved via control ol of the rotor side
unbalances and under voltage conditio itions. When the converter. Many works havee been b proposed for
stator phase voltages supplied byy the grid are studying the behavior of DFIG G based wind turbine
unbalanced, the torque produced byy the induction system connected to the grid. Most
M existing models
generator is not constant. Instead, th the torque has widely use vector control Dou ouble Fed Induction
periodic pulsations at twice the grid freq
frequency, which Generator.
can result in acoustic noise at low levevels and at high The stator is directly connec
nected to the grid and
levels can damage the rotor shaft, gearearbox, or blade the rotor is fed to magnetizee the t machine. Wind
assembly. Also an induction generator tor connected to electrical power system are receecently getting lot of
an unbalanced grid will draw unbala alanced current. attention, because they aree cost competitive,
These unbalanced current tend to mag agnify the grid environmental clean and safe fe renewable power
voltage unbalance and cause over curren
rrent problems as sources, as compared fossil fuel el and nuclear power
well. generation.
Wind energy has been the sub ubject of much The reason for the world rld wide interest in
recent research and development. t. In order to developing wind generation plantspla is the rapidly
overcome the problems associated wit with fixed speed increasing demand for electrica rical energy and the
wind turbine system and to maxim imize the wind consequent depletion reserves of fossil
f fuels, namely,
energy capture, many new wind farms rms will employ oil and coal. Many places also lso do not have the
variable speed wind turbine. DFIG G (Double Fed potential for generating hydel pow
ower.
Induction Generator) is one of the ccomponents of
Variable speed wind turbine system. DF DFIG offers

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ernational Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology[876-894]
Te
[Samyuktha, 2(4): April, 2013] ISSN: 2277-9655

Nuclear power generation was once treated with

great optimism, but with the knowledge of the Since earliest recorded history, wind power
environmental hazard with the possible leakage from has been used to move ships, grind grain and pump
nuclear power plants, most countries have decided water. This is the evidence that wind energy was used
not to install them anymore. to propel boats along the Nile River as early 5000
The growing awareness of these problems led B.C. within several centuries before Christ, simple
to heightened research efforts for Developing windmills were used in china to pump water.
alternative of energy sources for generation of In the United States, millions of windmills
electricity. The most desirable source would be one were erected as the American West was developed
that non-pollutant, available in abundance and during the late 19th century. Most of them were used
renewable and can be harnessed at an acceptable cost to pump water for farms and ranches. By 1900, small
in both large-scale and small scale system. The most electric wind systems were developed to generate
promising source satisfying all these requirement is current, but most of these units fail into disuse as
wind, a natural source energy source. inexpensive grid power was extended to rural areas
The development of wind energy for during the 1930s. By 1910, wind turbine generators
electrical power generation got a boost when, in the were producing electricity in many European
early decades of the twentieth century, aviation countries.
technology resulted in an improved Wind turbines are available in a variety of
understanding of the forces acting on the blades size, and therefore power ratings. The largest
moving through air. This resulted in the development machine, such as the one built in Hawaii, has
of wind turbine with two or three blades. High speed propellers that span the more than the length of a
and high efficiency of football field and stands 20 building stories high, and
turbines were the condition for successful electricity produces enough electricity to power 1400 homes. A
generation. Through the efforts of countless scientists small home-sized wind machine has rotors between 8
and engineer from various disciplines, wind energy and 25 feet in diameter and stands upwards of 30 feet
has now matured as an economically viable and can supply the power needs of an all-electric
renewable source of energy. home or small business.
Wind energy is one of the most available All electric-generating wind turbines, no
and exploitable forms of renewable energy. Wind matter what size, are comprised of a few basic
blows from a region of higher atmospheric pressure components: the (the part that actually rotates in the
to one of the lower atmospheric pressure. The wind), the electrical generator, a speed control
difference in pressure is caused by (A) the fact that system, and a tower. Some wind machine have fail-
earth’s surface is not uniformly heated by the sun and safe shutdown system so that if part of the machine
(B) the earth’s rotation. Wind energy is the byproduct fails, the shutdown system turn the blades out of the
of solar energy, available in the form of the kinetics wind or puts brakes. Just like solar electric system,
energy of air. Wind has been known to man as a wind powered system can be used in two ways: off-
natural source of mechanical power for long. The grid or on-grid is when your home or business is
technology of wind power has evolved over this long entirely disconnected from electric utility company
period. Of the various renewable energy sources, and you generate absolutely all of the electricity you
wind energy has emerged as the most viable source need. Usually these systems cost about 30% more
of electrical power and is economically competitive than an on-grid .A grid tie wind power system sends
with conventional sources. all of its electricity back into the public electrical
The global electrical energy is rising and network (grid) which the electric company gives you
there is a steady rise of the demand on power credits for. At the month, the electric company sums
generation, transmission, distribution and utilization. up your credits with how much your home or
The maximum extractable energy from the 0-100m consumed, and if you are lucky the electric company
layer of air has been estimated to be the order of 1012 will owe you money! Most electric companies only
KWh/annum, which is of the same order as pay you a small fraction of what they change you for
hydroelectric potential. The terms “wind energy” or those kilowatt-you have created. So its usually ideal
“wind power” describe the process by which the to design a system that very closely offsets how much
wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity you consume or just little less, than
electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy attempting to make money from the electric company
in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding
gain or pumping water) or a generator can convert
this mechanical power into electricity.

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Literature Survey
In [1] the DFIG control strategy that enhances MATLAB/SIMULINK and created as a
the standard speed and reactive power control with modular structure. The pitch control system is used
controllers that can compensate for the problems for stabilization of the wind turbine at grid faults. In
caused by an unbalanced grid by balancing the stator this way, voltage stability of the system with grid-
currents and eliminating torque and reactive power connected wind turbines can be improved by using
pulsations. blade angle control for a temporary reduction of the
[2] Describe the controller to be controlled wind turbine power during a short-circuit fault in the
in positive and negative sequence independently. In grid.
order to implement the separated positive and Introduction: Variable speed ac drives have been
negative sequence controllers of DFIG, two methods used in the past to perform relatively undemanding
to separate positive and negative sequence in real roles in application which preclude the use of dc
time are compared. motors, either because of the working environment
[3] Presents a centralized supervision of the limits. Because of the high cost efficient, fast
reactive power control for a wind farm. A weighting switching frequency static inverter. The lower cost of
distribution strategy has been used in order to ac motors has also been a decisive economic factor in
determine the reactive power reference for each wind multi motor systems. However as a result of the
generator. progress in the field of power electronics, the
[4] Explain a novel control strategy to continuing trend is towards cheaper and more
overcome these problems; furthermore, it reduces the effective power converters, and a single motor ac
rotor voltage, improving the control of the rotor drives complete favorably on a purely economic basis
current and it accelerates the dumping of the flux with a dc drives.
oscillations. Among the various ac drive systems, those which
[5] Explain a new methodology to contain the cage induction motor have a particular
compensate the stator voltage unbalance of DFIG has cost advantage. The cage motor is simple and rugged
been proposed. The effects of voltage unbalances in and is one of the cheapest machines available at all
DFIG have been discussed, equivalent circuits and power ratings. Owing to their excellent control
small-signal models, appropriate to design the current capabilities, the variable speed drives incorporating
control loops, have been proposed. Experimental ac motors and employing modern static converters
results have been presented to validate the proposed and torque control can well complete with high
control methodology. For stand-alone and grid- performance four quadrant dc drives.
connected applications the performance of the control The Induction motors (IM) for many years
system has been tested considering variable-speed have been regarded as the workhorse in industry.
operation, fixed-speed operation and step connection Recently, the induction motors were evolved from
of unbalanced loads. being a constant speed motors to a variable speed. In
[6] A technique is described which the addition, the most famous method for controlling
objective to keep the generator has connected to the induction motor is by varying the stator voltage or
grid in case of a grid failure so that it can resume frequency. To use this method, the ratio of the motor
power generation after clearance of the fault in the voltage and frequency should be approximately
grid. The key of the technique is to limit the high constant. With the invention of Field Orientated
currents and to provide a bypass for it in the rotor Control, the complex induction motor can be
circuit via a set of resistors that are connected to the modeled as a DC motor by performing simple
rotor windings without disconnecting the converter transformations. In a similar manner to a dc machine,
from the rotor or from the grid. The wind turbine can in induction motor the armature winding is also on
resume normal operation within a few hundred the rotor, while the field is generated by currents in
milliseconds after the fault has been cleared. the stator winding. However the rotor current is not
[7] Describe the two alternative fault directly derived from an external source but results
detection methods, namely the Absolute Normalized from the emf induced in the winding as a result of the
DC Current Method and the Sampling Point relative motion of the rotor conductors with respect
Comparison Method. The former method provides to the stator field. In other words, the stator current is
similar fault detection capability while requiring less the source of both the magnetic field and armature
computational time than the Modified Normalized current. In the most commonly used, squirrel cage
DC Current Method. motor, only the stator current can directly be
[8] Describes the dynamic behavior of a controlled, since the rotor winding is not accessible.
typical fixed speed wind turbine connected to the Optimal torque production condition are not inherent
grid; the model is developed in the simulation tool due to the absence of a fixed physical disposition

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between the stator and rotor fields, and the torque If = Field Current
equation is non linear. In effect, independent and
efficient control of the field and torque is not as
simple and straightforward as in the dc motor.
Dynamic d-q Model:
R.H. Park in 1920's proposed a model for
synchronous machine with respect to stationary
reference frame. H.C. Stanley in 1930's proposed a
model for induction machine with respect to
stationary reference frame. Later G.Bryon’s proposed
a transformation of both stator and rotor variables to
a synchronously rotating reference frame that moves Fig 1: Separately excited DC motor
with the rotating magnetic field. Lastly Krause and Principle of Vector Control:
Thomas proposed a model for induction machine The fundamentals of vector control
with respect to stationary reference frame. implementation can be explained with the help of fig.
2.7 where the machine model is represented in a
Induction Machine Control:
Squirrel cage induction machines are simple synchronously rotating reference frame. The inverter
and rugged and are considered to be the workhorses is omitted from the figure, assuming that it has unity
of industry. However, the control structure of an current gain, that is, it generates currents ia, ib, and ic
induction motor is complicated since the stator field as dictated by the corresponding commands currents
is revolving, and further complications arises due to ia*, ib* and ic* from the controller. A machine model
the fact that the rotor currents or rotor flux of a with internal conversions is shown on the right. The
squirrel cage induction motor can not be directly machine terminal phase currents ia, ib, and ic are
monitored The mechanism of torque production in an converted to ia*, ib* and ic* component by 3Φ ⁄ 2Φ
ac machine and in a dc machine is similar. transformation.
Unfortunately this similarity was not emphasized
before the 1970s, and this is one of the reasons why
the technique of vector control did not emerge earlier.
The formulae given in many well known textbook of
the machine theory have also implied that, for the
monitoring of the instantaneous electromagnetic
torque of an induction machine, it is also necessary to
monitor the rotor currents and the rotor position.
Even in the 1980s some publications seemed to
strengthen this false conception, which only arose Fig 2.Vector control implementation principle with
because the complicated formulae derived for the machine (de-qe) model
expression of the instantaneous electromagnetic
torque have not been simplified. However by using Wind Turbine
fundamental physical laws or space vector theory, it Wind turbines convert aerodynamic power
is easy to show that, similar to the expression of the into electrical energy. In a wind turbine two
electromagnetic torque of a separately exited dc conversion processes take place. The aerodynamic
machine, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque of power (available in the wind) is first converted into
an induction motor can be expressed as the product of mechanical power. Next, that mechanical power is
a flux producing current and a torque producing converted into electrical power. Wind turbines can be
current, if a special flux oriented reference is used. either constant speed or variable speed generator. In
DC Drive Analogy: this thesis only variable speed wind turbines will be
Ideally, a vector controlled induction motor drive considered.
operates like a separately excited dc motor drive in Wind Turbine Basics:
fig 2.5. In a dc machine, neglecting the armature The mechanical power produced by a wind
reaction effect and field saturation, the developed turbine is proportional to the cube of the wind speed.
torque is given by The rotational speed of the wind turbine for which
maximum power is obtained is different for different
Te = Kt Ψf Ψa = Kt’If Ia wind speeds. Therefore variable speed operation is
Where Ia= Armature Current necessary to maximize the energy yield. Variable
speed turbines are connected to the grid via a PEC
that decouples the rotational speed of the wind

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turbine from the grid frequency, enabling variable

speed operation. Two basic concepts exist for
variable speed turbines. The first concept has a
electric generator with a converter connected between
the stator windings and the grid network shown in
Fig. 3.2(a). The converter has to be designed for the
rated power of the turbine. The generator is mostly a
(permanent magnet) synchronous machine. Some
types do not have a gearbox: the direct-drive concept.
An alternative concept is a wind turbine with a
doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), which has a
converter connected to the rotor windings of the
Fig 3. Pitch angle factor
wound-rotor induction machine, in Fig. 3.2(b). This
converter can be designed for a fraction (~ 30%) of Wind Turbine Modeling
the rated power. In wind parks, many wind turbines are
System Configuration of a Variable-Speed DFIG equipped with fixed frequency induction generators.
Wind Turbine: Thus the power generated is not optimized for all
To simulate a realistic response of a DFIG wind conditions. To operate a wind turbine at its
wind turbine subjected to power system faults, the optimum at different wind speeds, the wind turbine
main electrical components as well as the mechanical should be operated at its maximum power coefficient
parts and the controllers have to be considered in the (Cp.optimum= 0.3-0.5). To operate around its maximum
simulation model. The applied DFIG wind turbine power coefficient, the wind turbine should be
model is the same as described in [4], [5], and operated at a constant tip-speed ratio, which is
therefore only briefly described here. Fig.3.2 (b) proportional to ratio of the rotor speed to the wind
illustrates the block diagram of the main components speed. As the wind speed increases, the rotor speed
of DFIG based wind turbines: should follow the variation of the wind speed. In
• Drive train and aerodynamics general, the load to the wind turbine is regulated as a
• Pitch angle control system cube function of the rotor rpm to operate the wind
Drive Train and Aerodynamics: A simplified turbine at the optimum efficiency. The aerodynamic
aerodynamic model is sufficient to illustrate the power generated by wind turbine can be written as:
effect of the speed and pitch angle changes on the P=0.5ρACp V3 (3.1)
aerodynamic power during grid faults. This Where the aerodynamic power is expressed
simplified aerodynamic model is typically based on a as a function of the specific density (ρ) of the air, the
two-dimensional aerodynamic torque coefficient Cq- swept area of the blades (A) and the wind speed (v).
table [18], provided by a standard aerodynamic To operate the wind turbine at its optimum efficiency
program. (Cp.optimum) the rotor speed must be varied in the same
In stability analysis, when the system proportion as the wind-speed variation. If we can
response to heavy disturbances is analyzed, the drive track the wind speed precisely, the power can also be
train system must be approximated by at least a two expressed in terms of the rotor speed. The Simulink
mass spring and damper model [20]. The turbine and model is shown in fig. 3.3 by using equation [3.2]
generator masses are connected through a flexible and generates the mechanical power.
shaft, which is characterized by a stiffness k and a P=Kpω3 (3.2)
damping c. The idea of using a two-mass mechanical The power described by equation [3.2] will
model is to get a more accurate response from the be called. This is the power to be generated by the
generator and the power converter during grid faults generator at different rotor rpm. One way to convert a
and to have a more accurate prediction of the impact wind turbine from fixed speed operation to variable-
on the power system. speed operation is to modify the system from a
Pitch angle control system: The pitch angle control utility-connected induction generator to a self excited
is realized by a PI controller. In order to get a operation. Ideally if the inertia of the wind turbine
realistic response in the pitch angle control system, rotor is negligible, the rotor speed can follow the
the servomechanism model accounts for a servo time variation of the wind speed if the output power of the
constant Tservo and a limitation of both the pitch angle generator is controlled to produce the power-speed
and its rate-of-change, as illustrated in Fig.3.1. A characteristic described in equation 3.2. Thus the
gain scheduling control of the pitch angle is wind turbine will always operate at (Cp.optimum). In
implemented in order to compensate for the nonlinear
aerodynamic characteristics [18].

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reality, the wind turbine rotor has a significantly large so that the voltage output presented to the load will
inertia due to the blade inertia and other components be a smooth output voltage.
The wind turbine operation can only 30 in It is expected that the turbulent content in
the vicinity (Cp.optimum). However, compared to fixed- wind input will not be transmitted directly to the
speed operation, the energy captured in variable- mechanical drives (gearbox) of the wind 31 turbines
speed operation is significantly higher. thus the mechanical stress and fatigues on mechanical
components can be relieved. Thus, the lifetime of the
mechanical drives and other components of the wind
turbine can be extended by variable-speed operation.
Double Fed Induction Generator:
A double fed induction generator is a
standard, wound rotor induction machine with its
stator windings is directly connected to grid and its
rotor windings is connected to the grid through an
AC/DC/AC converter. AC/DC converter connected
to rotor winding is called rotor side converter and
another DC/AC is grid side converter. Doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG), is used extensively for
high-power wind applications (Fig. 3.4). DFIG‟s
ability to control rotor currents allows for reactive
power control and variable speed operation, so it can
operate at maximum efficiency over a wide range of
wind speeds. The research goal is to develop a
control method and analysis to dynamic performance
of DFIG‟s rotor control capabilities for unbalanced
stator voltages, grid disturbances and dynamic load
condition. This will allow DFIGs to stay connected to
the grid under faulty conditions in which they would
normally be disconnected for their own protection. In
this thesis only rotor side converter control is
considered. Grid side converter control is not
considered in this analysis.

Fig 4 Simulink model, of wind turbine

With variable-speed operation and

sufficiently large rotor inertia, there is a buffer
between the energy source (wind) and energy sink Fig 5 Double Fed Induction Machine
(utility). Allowing the rotor speed to vary has the
advantage of using the kinetic energy to be In modern DFIG designs, the frequency
transferred in and out of the rotor inertia. Thus, the converter is built by self-commutated PWM
aerodynamic power that fluctuates with the wind converters, a machine-side converter, with an
input is filtered by the inertia before it is transmitted intermediate DC voltage link. Variable speed
to the utility grid. This concept is very similar to the operation is obtained by injecting a variable voltage
use of dc filter capacitor at the dc bus of a dc-dc into the rotor at slip frequency. The injected rotor
converter. The dc capacitor filters the voltage ripple voltage is obtained using DC/AC insulated gate
bipolar transistor based voltage source converters

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(VSC), linked by a DC bus. By controlling the DFIG Driven by dc Motor:

converters, the DFIG characteristics can be adjusted Double fed induction generator driven by
so as to achieve maximum of effective power the dc machine. The DC motor has decoupled with
conversion or capturing capability for a wind turbine double fed induction generator in stead of wind
and to control its power generation with less turbine. The simulation model of DC motor with
fluctuation. DFIG shown in fig. 3.9 In this thesis another one
Power converters are usually controlled thing analyze in stead of wind turbine the prime
utilizing vector control techniques [24], which allow mover of induction generator has been connected
decoupled control of both active and reactive power. with DC motor. And observe that the characteristics
In normal operation the aim of the rotor side of current component vector and electromagnetic
converter is to control independently the active and torque almost same with and without grid fault
reactive power on the grid, while the grid side condition.
converter has to keep the dc-link capacitor voltage at
a set value regardless of the magnitude and the
direction of the rotor power and to guarantee a
converter operation with unity power factor (zero
reactive power).

Fig. 7 Simulink Model of DFIG with DC Motor with

Three Phase Fault

Double Fed Induction Machine Under Faults :

Consider DFIG in which, immediately after
a 3-phase fault occurs, the stator voltage and flux
reduces toward zero. The voltage drop depends, of
Fig 6 Simulink Model of Rotor Side Controller course, on the location of the fault. The rotor current
then increases to attempt to maintain the flux linkage
within the rotor windings constant. DFIG under fault
can be shown in fig. 4.1 However, for a DFIG the
increase in the rotor current immediately after a fault
will be determined by two factors. The first is the
change in the stator flux and the second is the change
in the rotor injected voltage.

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Discussion:
The torque verses speed characteristics
during free acceleration shown in fig. 4.1.2 when the
induction generator is started, initially it shows
transients and this region of operation is called as
unstable region of operation due to inverting rotor
voltage. After some time torque increases and a
steady state is reached. Free acceleration with the
reference frame of rotating in synchronism with the
electrical speed of the applied voltage is shown in fig.
4.1.1 here the zero position of the reference is
selected so that vqs is the amplitude of the stator
applied phase voltages and vds=0.
Fig. 8 Block Diagram of DFIG with Fault in Grid Side WIND TURBINE DFIG WITH NORMAL
CONDITION
Simulation Results Stator currents time
FREE ACCELERATION CHARACTERISTICS
Current component ~ Time

Fig. 4.1.1 Free Acceleration Characteristics of Current

Component (ids, iqs, idr, iqr)

2 Speed ~torque characteristics

Fig .4.2.1 stator currents (ias, ibs, ics) during balance

condition
Rotor currents ~time:

4.1.2 Speed torque characteristics

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Fig.4.2.4 active power (P) and reactive power (Q) during

balance condition
Discussion:
The transient torque and speed
characteristics with time are different from the steady
state torque and speed characteristics with time
shown in fig.4.2.3 in several respects. The
instantaneous electromagnetic torque following the
application of the stator voltages varies at 60Hz about
an average positive value. The decaying, 60 Hz
variation in instantaneous torque is due to the
transient offset in stator currents. Although the offset
Fig. 4.2.2 rotor currents (iar, ibr, icr) during balance
condition in each of the currents depends upon the value of
source voltage at the time of application, the
Speed and electromagnetic ~torque time: instantaneous torque is independent of the initial
values of balanced source voltage because the
machine is symmetrical.
We also note from the currents plots shown in fig.
4.2.1 and fig. 4.2.2 that the envelope of the machine
currents varies during transient period. It is shown in
a subsequent that this due to the interaction of the
stator and rotor electric transients.

WIND TURBINE DFIG DURING GRID FAULT

Stator voltages ~ time

Fig. 4.2.3 speed and torque (ωr, Te) during balance

condition

Power characteristics ~time:

Fig. 4.3.1 stator voltages vas,vbs,vcs during grid fault

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Stator currents ~ time Rotor currents~ time:

Fig. 4.3.3 rotor currents (iar, ibr, icr) during grid fault

Speed and electromagnetic torque~ time:

Fig 4.3.2 stator currents (ias, ibs, ics) during grid fault

Fig. 4.3.4 speed and torque (ωr, Te) during fault

condition

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Power characteristics~ time:

4.4.1 Stator currents ~time

Fig.4.3.5 active power (P) and reactive power (Q) Fig 4.4.1 stator currents (ias, ibs,ics) during
during fault condition dynamic loading

Discussion: Rotor currents ~ time

The dynamic performance of the induction
generator is shown respectively in figures 4.3.2,
4.3.3, 4, and 5 during a 3 phase fault at terminals.
Initially generator is operating at essentially rated
condition with a load torque to base torque. The 3-
phase fault at the terminals is simulated by setting vas,
vbs, vcs to zero at the instant vas passes through zero
going positive. After few cycle the source voltage
reapplied. The stepping of the terminal voltages to
zero shown in fig. 5.3.1 at the time of the fault shown
in figures gives rise to decaying in both stator and
rotor currents shown in fig. 4.3.2, fig.4.3.3.
These transient offsets in the stator currents
appear in the rotor circuits as decaying oscillations of
near 60hz(because the rotor speed is slightly less than
synchronous) shown fig 4.3.4 which are
superimposed upon the transients of the rotor circuits.
Similarly the transient offset in the rotor currents
appears as decaying to the rotor speed. In case of
these machines, both stator and rotor transient are
highly damped and subside before the fault is
removed and the voltages reapplied. The Fig. 4.4.2 rotor currents (iar, ibr, icr) during dynamic
electromagnetic torque is, of course damping in fig. loading
4.3.4.

WIND TURBINE DFIG DURING UNBALANCE

CONDITION
Condition – 1 when the sudden change of dynamic
load is applied for few cycles.

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Speed and electromagnetic torque~ time: Condition 2 when the voltage sag (voltage dip) is
created for a little cycle. It is a sudden reduction
(between 10% and 90%) of terminal voltage.

Stator voltages ~time:

Fig. 4.4.3 speed and torque (ωr, Tm) during dynamic

loading

Power characteristics~ time

Fig. 4.4.5 stator voltages vas, vbs, vcs during voltage dip

Stator currents time:

Fig 4.4.6 stator currents (ias, ibs, ics) during voltage dip

Fig.5.4.4 active power (P) and reactive power (Q)

during dynamic loading

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Rotor currents~ time Speed and electromagnetic torque~ time

Fig. 4.4.7 rotor currents (iar, ibr, icr) during voltage

dip

Fig. 4.4.8 speed and torque (ωr, Te) during voltage dip

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4.4.9 Power characteristics~ time acceleration characteristics. Here we are not surprised
to find that dynamics during load changes can be
predicted adequately by normal condition speed and
torque curves. Due to load changes the terminal
voltage is reduced it is depends on the type of load.
Therefore the stator current and rotor current
increases instantaneously. It is shown in figures 4.4.1
and 4.4.2 and the next unbalance condition by
reduction 10% to 90 % of voltage (voltage sag)
shown in fig. 4.4.5 here be can observe the small
dynamics as compare to step changes load shown in
fig. 4.4.6 , 4.4.7 , 4.4.8, 4.4.9

DC MACHINE COUPLED WITH DFIG

DURING FAULT CONDITION
Stator currents time :

Fig.4.4.9 Active Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q)

During Voltage Dip
Fig 4.5.1 Stator Currents (ias, ibs, ics) During Fault
Condition
Discussion:
The dynamic behavior of the machine
during sudden changes in load shown in fig. 4.4.1.
4.4.2., 4.4.3 and 4.4.4 respectively. Initially the
generating operating at synchronous speed. The load
torque is first stepped from zero to base torque
(slightly less than rated) and the generator allowed
establish this new operating point. Next the load
torque is stepped from base torque back to zero
whereupon the generator reestablishes its original
operating condition. The variable of the machine
approach each new operating in an over damped
manner. In previous section we found the generator
the steady state (balance condition) the torque and
speed characteristics nearly same as the free

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Rotor currents ~ time: Power characteristics ~ time

Fig. 4.5.2 rotor currents (iar, ibr, icr) during fault

condition

Speed and electromagnetic torque ~ time

Fig.4.5.4 Active Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q)

During Fault Condition

Fig. 4.5.3 Speed and Torque (ωr, Te) During Fault

Condition

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DC MACHINE COUPLED WITH DFIG Rotor currents ~ time

DURING UNBALANCE CONDITION
Stator currents time

Fig 4.6.1 Stator Currents (ias, ibs, ics) During Unbalance

Condition

Fig. 4.6.2 Rotor Currents (iar, ibr, icr) During Unbalance

Condition

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Speed and electromagnetic torque ~ time Power characteristics ~ time

Fig.4.6.4 Active Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q)

During Unbalance Condition

Discussion:
The dynamic performance of the induction generator
coupled with dc machine is shown in figures of
Fig. 4.6.3 Speed and Torque (ωr, Te) During Unbalance section 5.5 and 5.6 respectively during a 3 phase fault
Condition
and step changes in load. Similarly as in previous
section initially generator is operating at essentially
rated condition with a load torque to base torque.
Dynamic performances of wind turbine with DFIG
and dc machine coupled with DFIG are some
different transient because of dc machine has
different time constant.

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Conclusion PESC 2007. IEEE 17-21 June 2007

This thesis presents a study of the dynamic Page(s):933 – 938
performance of variable speed DFIG coupled with [3] A. Beugniez, T. Ghennam “Centralized
either wind turbine or a dc motor and the power supervision of reactive power generation for
system is subjected to disturbances; such as voltage a wind farm” Power Electronics &
sag, unbalanced operation or short circuit faults. The Application European conference on 2-5 sep
dynamic behavior of DFIG under power system 2007. On page(s): 1-10 ISBN: 978-92
disturbance was simulated both using MATLAB 75815-10-8 [4] Jesus Lopez, Pabolo Sanchis
coding and MATLAB/SIMULINK platform using “Control of DFIG under Symmetrical
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transient simulations are required to investigate the 2456-2462.
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stability. Escobarb, Jon Clarec, Pat Wheelerc
The DFIG considered in this analysis is a “Control strategy for a Doubly-Fed
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stator is directly connected to the grid and the rotor is grid or stand-alone load” Electric Power
interface via a back to back partial scale power Systems Research (2009) 355–364.vol.79
converter (VSC). Power converter are usually [5] Johan Morren, Sjoerd W. H. de Haan,
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