1.

Control Structures Overview

Control structures allow you to dictate the flow of execution in a program. Java provides
various control structures to help make decisions, iterate through data, and manage
conditions.

2. Decision-Making: if, else, and switch

if Statement

The if statement allows a block of code to be executed only if a specific condition is true.

Syntax:

if (condition) {

// code to be executed if condition is true

Example:

int age = 20;

if (age >= 18) {

System.out.println("You are eligible to vote.");

if-else Statement

The if-else statement executes one block of code if the condition is true, and another block
if it is false.

Syntax:

if (condition) {

// code to be executed if condition is true

} else {

// code to be executed if condition is false

}
Example:

int age = 16;

if (age >= 18) {

System.out.println("You are eligible to vote.");

} else {

System.out.println("You are not eligible to vote.");

else-if Ladder

You can chain multiple conditions using the else-if ladder.

Syntax:

if (condition1) {

// code to be executed if condition1 is true

} else if (condition2) {

// code to be executed if condition2 is true

} else {

// code to be executed if both conditions are false

Example:

int marks = 85;

if (marks >= 90) {

System.out.println("Grade A");

} else if (marks >= 80) {

System.out.println("Grade B");

} else if (marks >= 70) {

System.out.println("Grade C");

} else {

System.out.println("Grade D");

}
switch Statement

The switch statement tests a variable against a set of values (called cases) and executes the
block of code corresponding to the matching case.

Syntax:

switch (variable) {

case value1:

// code block for case 1

break;

case value2:

// code block for case 2

break;

default:

// code block if no cases match

Example:

int day = 2;

switch (day) {

case 1:

System.out.println("Sunday");

break;

case 2:

System.out.println("Monday");

break;

case 3:

System.out.println("Tuesday");

break;

default:

System.out.println("Invalid day");

}
3. Loops in Java

Loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times.

for Loop

The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known beforehand.

Syntax:

for (initialization; condition; update) {

// code to be executed

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println(i); // Outputs 1 2 3 4 5

Explanation:

 initialization: It sets a starting point (e.g., int i = 1).

 condition: The loop continues as long as this condition is true (e.g., i <= 5).
 update: It changes the variable after each iteration (e.g., i++).

while Loop

The while loop repeats the block of code as long as the condition is true. It is used when the
number of iterations is not known beforehand.

Syntax:

while (condition) {

// code to be executed

Example:

int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {

System.out.println(i); // Outputs 1 2 3 4 5

i++;

do-while Loop

The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that the code block will be
executed at least once, even if the condition is false.

Syntax:

do {

// code to be executed

} while (condition);

Example:

int i = 1;

do {

System.out.println(i); // Outputs 1 2 3 4 5

i++;

} while (i <= 5);

4. Break and Continue Statements

break Statement

The break statement is used to exit a loop or switch statement immediately, even if the
loop's condition has not been met.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 6) {

break; // Exit the loop when i equals 6

}
 System.out.println(i); // Outputs 1 2 3 4 5

continue Statement

The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move on to the
next iteration.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 6) {

continue; // Skip the rest of the loop when i equals 6

System.out.println(i); // Outputs 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

5. Command-Line Arguments in Java

Java allows you to pass arguments to your program through the command line. These
arguments are stored in the String[] args parameter of the main method.

Example:

public class CommandLineExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length > 0) {

System.out.println("First argument: " + args[0]);

} else {

System.out.println("No arguments provided.");

}
To run the program with an argument, use the following command:

java CommandLineExample Hello

This will print: First argument: Hello

6. Practice Problems (Day 3–4)

Problem 1: Even or Odd Number

Write a program to check if a number is even or odd using an if-else statement.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class EvenOdd {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

int num = sc.nextInt();

if (num % 2 == 0) {

System.out.println(num + " is even.");

} else {

System.out.println(num + " is odd.");

Problem 2: Simple Calculator Using switch

Write a simple calculator program using a switch statement.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Calculator {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter first number: ");

double num1 = sc.nextDouble();

System.out.print("Enter second number: ");

double num2 = sc.nextDouble();

System.out.println("Choose operation: +, -, *, /");

char operator = sc.next().charAt(0);

switch (operator) {

case '+':

System.out.println("Result: " + (num1 + num2));

break;

case '-':

System.out.println("Result: " + (num1 - num2));

break;

case '*':

System.out.println("Result: " + (num1 * num2));

break;

case '/':

if (num2 != 0) {

System.out.println("Result: " + (num1 / num2));

} else {

System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero.");

break;

default:

System.out.println("Invalid operator.");
 }

Problem 3: Factorial of a Number Using while Loop

Write a program to calculate the factorial of a number using a while loop.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Factorial {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

int num = sc.nextInt();

int factorial = 1;

int i = 1;

while (i <= num) {

factorial *= i;

i++;

System.out.println("Factorial of " + num + " is " + factorial);

Day 3–4 Goals

 Understand the decision-making structures (if, else, switch) in Java.

 Familiarize yourself with loops (for, while, do-while).
 Practice using command-line arguments.
 Solve small problems to solidify your understanding of control structures and loops.