Functions
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ishratgulnaz45Functions
Uploaded by
ishratgulnaz45FUNCTION Rg.
2019 - 2021
PREFACE
Why are we studying “Functions”?
Valid question,
If we don’t know the answer to this question we will never put an honest effort in understanding any
concept no matter how beautiful it may be. So let us present you a to the point answer.
1. Functions are the study of “output”. It basically answers “what” to expect when we do
“something” to “someone”.
2. Their study provides a framework for modeling systems in which there is change, and a way to
deduce the predictions of such models.
3. By studying these, you can learn how to control the system to do make it do what you want it
to do and gives you the ability to model and control systems. So now you don’t actually need to
manually change the gears of your car, your automatic transition will do it for you as a measure
of function of your car speed.
4. Last but not the least, it provides backbone to the study of calculus which forms at least 30% of
syllabus.
Have fun!
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CONTENTS
SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 THEORY 1 – 48
2 SOLVED EXAMPLES 49 – 66
3 EXERCISE – 1 67 – 72
4 EXERCISE – 2 73 – 77
5 EXERCISE – 3 78 – 84
6 WINDOW TO JEE – MAIN 85 – 88
7 EXERCISE – 1 (A) 89 – 94
8 EXERCISE – 2(A) 95 – 96
9 EXERCISE – 2(B) 97 – 100
10 EXERCISE – 3(A) 101 – 104
11 WINDOW TO JEE – ADVANCED 105 – 107
12 ANSWERS KEY 108 – 113
FUNCTION : Tentative Lecture Flow
(Board Syllabus & Booklet Discussion Included)
Set theory, definition of relation and function, type of relations and functions,
Lecture no.1 domain and range(basic), composition of function and inversion, binary
operation
Lecture no.2 Inverse trigonometric functions, Greatest integer function, Fractional part, Domain
Lecture no.3 Different functions and their graphs, Transformation of graphs
Lecture no.4 Range
Lecture no.5 Type of mapping , periodic functions
Lecture no. 6 Odd and even functions and extensions, Composite functions
Lecture no. 7 Composite functions, Inverse functions
Lecture no. 8 Doubts Booklet discussion
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FUNCTION
1. ORDERED PAIR
An ordered pair can be defined as (a, b) = {{a},{a,b}}.
2. CARTESIAN PRODUCT
For sets A and B, it is the set containing all ordered pairs.
A B = {(a, b) : a A and b B}
Results: 1) Two ordered pairs (a,b) and (c,d) are equal iff a = c and b = d
2) A B = C D iff A = C and B = D.
3. RELATION
Definition : A relation from A to B is a non-empty subset of A B.
i.e. A relation is a set of ordered pairs. Any set of ordered pairs is, therefore, a relation. Since a relation
is a set, therefore any statement about the sets is appropriately applied to the relations. One can thus
speak of the intersection or union of two relations, or speak of one relation being a subset of another.
A relation, which is a subset of A B, may be obtained by just choosing the ordered pairs randomly,
without any specific conditions in two variables a & b of an ordered pair (a, b).
There are various ways in which a relation can be expressed.
i) Roster form : By exhibiting a set of pairs e.g.
{(4, 2), (9, 3), (16,4), (25,5)}
ii) Set builder form : By standard description, using a rule or a formula
{(x, y) : }, the blank to be replaced by a rule or
a condition.
e.g. {(x, y): y = x } , {(a, b) : 3a – b > 4}
iii) By arrow diagrams : In constructing the arrow diagrams the arrow head should
indicate the direction from A to B. e.g.
Set A is the Set B
currency of
Scotland
Dollar Canada
Pound England
Mark U.S.A.
Rupee Germany
India
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iv) As a Venn diagram :
Sometimes the relations are not between two different sets but between the members of the same set.
For example, let us consider the relation “ is a factor of ” on the set A, A ={2, 3, 6, 8}.
As a Venn diagram the relation looks like the following
2 4
A lot more can be studied about Relations but our main focus is towards learning the functions. So
let us move towards functions.
4. FUNCTIONS
The word ‘function’ is used in casual conversation like the word ‘relation’ is used. The math-ematical
concept of a relation is fairly close to the idea of a relation as used outside mathematics. But the
mathematical concept of a function is entirely different from its meaning in ordinary usage. The math-
ematical concept of a function is an outgrowth of scientific study of interrelated phenomena. For
example, the atmospheric pressure depends upon the altitude. This example suggests a certain kind
of association between two measurable quantities, one of which is regarded as dependent on the
other. We then say that the first is a function of the second. A function can be defined in several ways.
4.1 First definition of a function (Function as an association)
If with each element of a set A, exactly one element of a set B is associated, then this association is
called a function from A to B. The set A is called the domain of the function
and the set C of all those elements of B, which are assigned to the elements to A by the function, is
called the range of the function. The set B is called the co-domain.
4.2 Second definition of a function (function as a rule)
Let A & B be two given sets. A function from A to B is a rule which assigns to each x in A, a unique
y in B.
It is customary to use letters to denote the functions.
The letter f is mostly used. Other popular
notation are g, h, , u, v etc. f(x)
x
If f is a function and x is any element of the domain of f, we use the symbol f(x) to denote the object
which f associates with x.
f(x) is the functional value at x. The symbol f(x) is read as “ the value of f at x or “ f at x. f(x) is also
called the image of x. e.g.
A B
1 a
2 b
3
c
4
5
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Some important facts regarding a function f : A B are
i) Every x A is assigned some y B. i.e. a function is defined only when the domain is entirely used
up.
ii) The set B, co-domain may or may not be entirely used up by the function.
iii) The function may assign the same y B to more than one x A.
iv) For no x in A, do there exist two choices for f(x). i.e. to every x A, f should assign one and only one
y B.
Note that (i) & (iv) are essential requirements of the definition of a function.
The word ‘rule’ covers different kinds of schemes for making assignments and consequently we
have different methods of describing a function. A function is expressed by means of
i) an arrow diagram (as shown in relation)
ii) a table :
x 3 4 5 6
e.g. y 4 5 6 7 represents a function.
iii) a graph :
y
e.g. represents a function.
x
O
iv) a formula (as an algebraic expression or an equation)
e.g. the equation y = 2x – 3 represents a function.
4.3 Fourth definition (as a special class of relations)
We have described the concept of function in terms of words such as relate, assign, associate etc.
We would now give a more abstract definition of this concept.
Consider a function f : A B
A B
1 a
2 b
3 c d
4
1 a
2 b
3 b
4 c
d
(i) (ii)
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1 a = f(1) 1, a = f(1)
2 b = f(2) 2, b = f(2)
3 b = f(3) 3, b = f(3)
4 c = f(4) 4, c = f(4)
(iii) (iv)
(1, a) = (1, f(1))
(2, b) = (2, f(2))
(3, b) = (3, f(3))
(4, c) = (4, f(4)) f = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, b), (4, c)}
(v) (vi)
(i) to (iv) are several ways of showing a function. The final diagram shows the function as a set of
ordered pairs (x, f(x)). The first element of each pair is the element of the domain and the second
element is its image under the correspondance. Since every set of ordered pairs is a relation, therefore
every function is a relation. Clearly all relations are not functions so a function is also defined as
A function f : A B is a subset of A B such that
i) for every a A there is b B such that (a, b) f
ii) (a, b) f and (a, b) f b = b
We can test a graph of a relation for it to be function. A vertical line can be found that would cut the
graph of a relation that is not a function, at atleast two points. On the other hand, any vertical line
would cut the graph of a relation that is a function, at atmost one point.
y y y
x
O x O
x
O
(Graphs of non-function relation)
y y y
O
x x
x O O
(Graphs of function relations)
5. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION
Let f: A B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of f. If
a member 'a' of A is associated to the member 'b' of B, then 'b' is called the f-image of 'a' and we
write b = f (a). Further 'a' is called a pre-image of 'b'. The set {f(a): a A} is called the range of
f and is denoted by f(A). Clearly f(A) B.
Sometimes if only definition of f (x) is given (domain and codomain are not mentioned), then
domain is set of those values of ' x' for which f (x) is defined, while codomain is considered to be
(– , ). A function whose domain and range both are sets of real numbers is called a real
function. Conventionally the word "FUNCTION” is used only as the meaning of real function.
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lllustration 1
A = {a, b, c} , B = {x, y , z}
Consider f1 = {(a, x), (b, y), (c, z)}
f2 = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, z), (c, z)}
f3 = {(a, y), (b, y),(c, y)}
f4 = {(a, z), (b, x)}
Which of f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 is (are) function(s)?
Sol. f1 , f3 are functions as for every element of A, there is unique image f2 is not a function as element a
of set A does not have a unique image. f4 is not a function as every element of set A does not have
image.
lllustration 2
Let f : R R be defined by
f(x) = 2x + 3 x<–2
= x2 – 2 –2 x<3
= 3x – 1 x3
Find f(2) , f(4) , f(–1) , f(– 3).
Sol. 2 [– 2, 3) , f(2) = 22 – 2
=2
4 [3, ) , f(3) = 3 (3) – 1
=8
– 1 [– 2, 3) , f(–1)=(–1)2 – 2
=–1
– 3 (– , – 2) , f(– 3) = 2 (– 3) + 3 = – 3
lllustration 3
Find the domain and range of the function f given by f(x) = x2.
Sol. f(x) = x2
Here x can take all real values, therefore the domain of f is R. As x varies, f(x) can take all
non-negative real values. Therefore the range is R+ {0}
lllustration 4
Find the domain and range of the function f given by f(x) = x .
Sol. f(x)= x
Here x can take all non-negative real values, therefore the domain of f is R+ {0}.
As x varies, f(x) can take all non-negative real values. Therefore the range of f is also
R+ {0}
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
6.1 One-One Function (Injective mapping):
A function f : A B is said to be a one-one function or injective mapping if different elements of
A have different f images in B. Thus for x1, x2 A & f(x1), f(x2) B,
f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2 or x1 x2 f(x1) f(x2).
Examples: R R f (x) = x3 + 1 ; f (x) = e – x ; f (x) = ln x
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as
OR
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Note:
(i) A continuous function which is always increasing or decreasing in whole domain
is one-one.
(ii) A function is one to one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once.
6.2 Many-one function: (not injective)
A function f : A B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the
same f image in B. Thus f : A B is many one if for at least one
x1, x2 A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1 x2.
Examples : f : R R , f (x) = | x | ; f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ; f (x) = sin x
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as
OR
Note:
(i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum is many
one. In other words, if any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function atleast at two
points, then f is many-one.
(ii) If a function is one-one, it cannot be many-one and vice versa.
Number of One One + Number of Many One mappings = Total number of mappings.
6.3 Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
If the function f : A B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the f image of atleast one
element in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B. Thus f : A B is surjective iff b
B, some a A such that f (a) = b.
f : R R f (x) = 2x +1; f : R R+ f (x) = ex; f : R+ R f (x) = ln x
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as
OR
Note that :
if range = co-domain, then f(x) is onto .
6.4 Into function:
If f : A B is such that there exists atleast one element in co-domain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into.
e.g. f : R R f (x) =| x |, sgn x, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
Diagramatically into function can be shown as
OR
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Note that :
If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree even define from R
R will always be into & a polynomial of degree odd defined from R R will always be onto..
Thus a function can be one of these four types :
(a) one-one onto (injective & surjective) (I S)
(b) one-one into (injective but not surjective) (I S )
(c) many-one onto (surjective but not injective) (S I )
(d) many-one into (neither surjective nor injective) ( I S )
Note :
(i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping. The bijective functions are
also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
7. IDENTITY / CONSTANT FUNCTION
7.1 Identity function :
The function f : A A defined by f(x) = x x A is called the identity of A and is denoted by
IA. It is easy to observe that identity function defined on R is a bijection.
7.2 Constant function :
A function f : A B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image
in B. Thus f : A B ; f(x) = c , x A , c B is a constant function. Note that the range of
a constant function is singleton.
8. BASIC ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
The basic elementary funciton are the following functions with analytic representtion.
8.1 Power function
y x n , n is Rational (Note)
Y
y x4 y x 2
Domain : R
1,1 Range : R 0
1,1
1 1
1 o 1
X Nature : Many one into
Y
y x5 y x3
1
1,1 Domain : R
1
o X Range : R
1
1, 1 Nature : one one onto
1
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Y
y 1/ x 4 y 1/ x 4
y 1/ x 2
y 1/ x 2 Domain : R 0
Range : R
y 1/ x 2 1,1 1,1
y 1/ x 2 Nature : Many one into
4
y 1/ x
O X
y 1/ x 4
y 1/ x
Y
y 1/ x 3
y 1/ x 3
O
X Domain : R 0
Range : R 0
y 1/ x 3 Nature : one one into
8.2 Exponential Function
y ax , a 0, a 1
Y
–x
y = 4 y = 10 –x
x
y = 10x y = 4 y = 2x
–x
y=2
Domain : R
a>1 Range : R+
Nature : one-one into
0<a<1
X
O
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8.3 Logarithmic Function
y log a x, a 0, a 1
y log 2 x
y log 4 x
y log10 x
Domain : R +
X Range : R
O
Nature : one one onto
y log1/10 x
y log1/ 4 x
y log1/ 2 x
8.4 Trigonometric function or circular function
y sin x, y cos x, y tan x
y sec x, y cot x, y cos ecx
Note :
The graph of y sin x is symmetric about origin i.e. symmetric in opposite quadrants.
y cos x
Clearly cos x is an even function therefore it is symmetrical about axis of y.
y tan x
Y
2n 1
Domain : R
2
3 / 2 / 2 /2 3 / 2
x
Range : ,
2 o 2
Nature : Many one onto
Principal value : / 2, / 2
y cot x
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Domain : R n
2
3 / 2
/ 2
o
/ 2
3 / 2
2
x Range : ,
Nature : Many one onto
Principal value : 0,
y sec x
y 1
2π,1 0,1 2π,1
π/2, 0
O X
π/2, 0 π, 1 π, 1 3π/2,0
y 1
Domain : R 2n 1 / 2
Range : R 1,1 or ( ,1] [1, )
Nature : Many one into
Principal value : 0, / 2
y cos ec x
Y y cos ec x
1
Domain : R n
y sin x
O 2
X Range : R 1,1 or ( ,1] [1, )
1 Nature : Many one into
Principal value : / 2, / 2 0
8.5 Inverse circular function or Inverse Trigonometric Function
y sin 1 x, y cos 1 x, y tan 1 x
y cot 1 x, y sec 1 x, y cos ec 1x
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y sin 1 x
y cos 1 x
y y
/2
x 1
O
x
x 1 /2
/ 2
O x 1
x
x 1
1
y tan 1 x and cot x
Y
y cot 1 x
/2
0 1 X
2 3 4 5 6
/ 2
1
y tan x
y sec 1 x
y
y cos 1 x
/2
x
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
/ 2
y cos ec 1x
y
/ 2
0 x
1 1
y sin 1 x
/ 2
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Function Domain Range
sin–1x [ –1, 1] 2 , 2
cos–1 x [–1, 1] [0, ]
tan–1x R ,
2 2
cot–1 x R (0, )
sec–1 x R – (–1, 1). [0, ] – { /2}
cosec–1 x R – (–1, 1) 2 , 2 – {0}
9. SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
9.1 Linear function
f x ax b,a 0 and x R
Y
o, b
Where a and b are constant
b / a,0 X
O
Domain : R, Range : R
9.2 Modulus function
x , x 0
f(x) = |x| = x , x 0
y
y x
Domain : R, Range : [0, )
O
x
It is many one function
Graph is symmetrical with respect to y-axis.
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9.3 Signum Function
Y
| x | 1, x 0
, x0 0,1
f (x) = x , or f(x) = 1, x 0 1,1
0, x 0 0, x 0
O X
0, 1
Domain ; R, Range; {–1, 0, 1}
It is a many one and discontinuous function
9.4 Greatest Integer Function
A function is said to be greatest
integer function if it is defined as
f(x) = [x] where [x] = greatest integer less than or equal to x.
e.g.
4.2 4, 3.6 3, 4.4 5, 5.8 6
Y
4
The graph of this function is as follows 3
2
1
0 X
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
f x y x
0 x 1 y0
1 x 2 y 1
2x3 y2
and so on
Note : Important Identities
(i) x – 1 < [x] x
(ii) [x] + 1 > x
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(iii) If f(x) = [x + n], where n I and [.] denotes the greatest integer function then f (x) = n + [x]
(iv) x = [x] + {x} where [.] and {.} denotes the integral and fractional part of x respectively
(v) x 1 x x
[– x] = – [x], if x I
[– x] = –[x] – 1, if x I
[x] – [– x] = 2n, if x = n, n I ; [x] – [–x] = 2n + 1,if x = n+{x}, n I , x 0
[x] n x n, n I ; [x] n x < n + 1, n I
[x] > n x n + 1, n I ; [x] < n x < n, n I
9.5 Fractional Part of X Y
X
2 1 O 1 2 3 4
f(x) = x – [x], x R
i.e., f(x) = {x}
x 1, x [1, 0)
x, x [0,1)
x 1, x [1, 2)
0, xW
Domain : R, Range : [0, 1), Nature : Many one into
This is a many one function with period 1. It is discontinuous at every integer
9.6 Rectangular Hyperbola
Y
1
f x
x
X
O
Domain : R 0
Range : R 0
It is a discontinuous and one one into function.
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10. TRANSFORMATION
If Graph of y f x be known then to find graph of
10.1 y = f x a or y = f x+ a
To find y f x a (Let a 2 )
Y
y f x 2 y f x y f x 2
O 2 2 X
S h if t e d
y f x Shifted y f x
2 u n it s horizontally 2 unit
to w a r d s le f t distance rightwise
10.2 y = f x + a or y = f x a
(Let a 2 )
Y
5
4 2
3 Shifted vertically up
2 2 y f x 2 the previous graph
1 2 y f (x ) by 2 units
2 X
1 2 y f x
2 2 Shifted vertically down
3 y f x 2 the previous graph
y f (x) by 2 units
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x
10.3 y = f or y = f ax
a
1
(Let a 2, )
2
Y y f 2x y f x / 2
y f x
O
X
stretched the graph 2 times horizontally
compressed the graph 2 times horizontally
See more examples about the same :
x1 x1 2x1 4x1
y f 2x
com pressed y f x / 2 stretched double
m ade half
y f x
10.4 y = f x
y f x
y f x
O X
Reflection of y f x w.r.t. axis of y is y f x
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10.5 y = k f x
Rule - Strech previous graph k times vertically
e.g. see below y 2 sin x , y 3 sin x
Y
1 y 3sin x
1 y 2 sin x
1 y sin x
O X
/2
y f x :
y f x
y f x
Reflection of y f x w.r.t axis of x is y f x
10.6 y = f x
y f x
X
Remove the graph lying in II and III quadrant and take the image of graph lying in I & IV quadrant
w.r.t. axis of y.
The new graph including its image is called y f x .
Here we took the image of the portion of the lying in first quadrant about axis of y and left the
portion which was lying in second quadrant.
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10.7 y = f x
Y Y
y f x y f x
X
O X
O
Rule : Take the image of the portion lying below axis of x about axis of x and keep the remaining
portion as it is above the axis of x.
lllustration 5
Draw the graph of y sin x
Sol. 2 O X
Note : You can draw y sin x just by taking mirror image of portion line in I and IV quadrant
w.r.t. axis of y.
lllustration 6
Draw the graph of y cos x
Sol. 3 / 2 3 / 2
O /2 X
5 / 2 / 2 5 / 2
lllustration 7
x
Draw y e x , y e .
Sol.
1 ye
x
O X
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
lllustration 4
Draw y log e x, y log e x , y log e x
Sol. Y Y
y log e x
y log e x
y log e x
O X
1 1
O X
y log e x
1 O 1
X
11. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A and B respectively, then both f & g are
defined in A B. Now we define f + g, f - g, (f. g) & (f /g) as follows:
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)
domain in each case is A B
(ii) (f.g) (x) = f(x). g(x)
f f (x)
(iii) (x) = g (x) domain is {x, x A B such that g(x) 0}.
g
Note : For domain of (x) = {f(x)}g(x) , conventionally, the conditions are f(x) > 0 and g(x) must
be defined.
For domain of (x) = f(x)Cg(x) or (x) = f(x)Pg(x) conditions of domain aree
f(x) g(x) and f(x) N and g(x) W
Illustration 8
Find the domain of following functions :
(i) f(x) = x 2 5
(ii) sin–1 (2x – 1)
Sol.
(i) f(x) = x 2 5 is real iff x2 – 5 0 |x| 5 x – 5 or x 5
the domain of f is (– , – 5 ] [ 5 , )
(ii) –1 2x – 1 + 1
domain is x [0, 1]
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Illustration 9
Find the domain of f x log10 sin x
Sol. For existence of f x ,sin x 0 and from the graph of y sin x it is clear that sin x is
positive when 2n x 2n 1 . Hence Dom f x 2n, 2n 1 , where n I .
Illustration 10
1
Find the domain of definition of f x
x x
Sol. x x 0 x x and already we know x x.
this contradiction Dom f x
Illustration 11
Find the domain of f x sin x cos x e x tan x
Sol. Dom sin x R
Dom cos x R
2n 1
Dom tan x R
2
Dom e x R
Dom f Dom sin x Dom cos x Dom e x tan x
2n 1 2n 1
R R R R
2 2
Illustration 12
Find the domain of following functions :
3
(i) f(x) = sin x 16 x2 (ii) f(x) = log(x3 x)
4 x2
Sol.
(i) sin x is real iff sin x 0 x [2n , 2n + ], n I.
is real iff 16 x2 0 4 x 4.
16 x 2
Thus the domain of the given function is
{x : x [2n , 2n + ], n I } [ 4, 4] = [ 4, ] [0, ].
(ii) Domain of 4 x 2 is [ 2, 2] but 4 x 2 = 0 for x = ± 2
x ( 2, 2)
log(x3 x) is defined for x3 - x > 0 i.e. x(x 1)(x + 1) > 0.
domain of log(x3 - x) is ( 1, 0 ) (1, ).
Hence the domain of the given function is {( 1, 0 ) (1, )} ( 2, 2) = (-1, 0 ) (1, 2).
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IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 1
1 Which of the following relation is a function?
(a) {(1, 4), (2, 6), (1, 5), (3, 9)} (b) {(3, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)}
(c) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2)} (d) {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
2 If y f x , f : R R then which of the following rules is not a function
(a) y = 9 – x2 (b) y = 2x2 (c) y x | x | (d) y = x2 + 1
1
3 Domain of the function f(x) = is
x2
(a) R (b) (-2, ) (c) [2, ] (d) [0, ]
3 x
4 The domain of the function log is
2
(a) (3, ) (b) (-, 3) (c) (0, 3) (d) (-3, 3)
5 Domain of the function cos–1 (4x – 1) is
(a) (0, 1/2) (b) [0, 1/2] (c) [1/2, 2] (d) None of these
6 Domain of the function log |x2 – 9| is
(a) R (b) R – [-3, 3] (c) R – {-3, 3} (d) None of these
7 The domain of the function f ( x) x 1 6 x
(a) (1, 6) (b) [1, 6] (c) [1, ) (d) (-, 6)
8 The domain of the function f ( x) (2 2 x x 2 ) is
(a) 3 x 3 (b) 1 3 x 1 3
(c) 2 x 2 (d) 2 3 x 2 3
9 Domain of a function f(x) = sin–1 5 x is
1 1 1 1 1
(a) , (b) , (c) R (d) 0,
5 5 5 5 5
1
10 Domain of f(x) = + x 1 , is
log(2 x)
(a) [ 1, 2) (b) [ 1, 1) (1, 2]
(c) ( 1, 1) (1, 2) (d) ( 1, 2)
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11. If graph of y = f(x) is as shown, then which of the following is the graph of
y = f(|x|)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
12. Which of the following is graph of |y| = f(x) if graph of y = f(x) ia as shown?
(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these
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13. If domain of f(x) is [1, 2], then the domain of f log 2 x is
(a) (2, 4) (b) 2, 4 (c) [1, 4] (d) [1, 2]
2
14. If domain of f x x 2 , then domain of f cos1 x is
9
1 1 1 1 1
(a) 0, (b) , (c) , (d) 1,1
2 2 2 2 2
15. Number of solutions of 2sin x ln x is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 0
–1 2x 1
16. domain of the function f(x) = 1 x – sin is
3
(a) [ 1, 1] (b) ( 1, 1) (c) [ 1, 1) (d) ( 1, 1]
5x x 2
17. domain of the function y log10 is
4
(a) [ 1, 4] (b) [ 1 , 4 ] (c) [ 4, 1] (d) (1, 4)
1
18. domain of the function y cos ec x sin x 3 is
(a) 2n 1 π < x < 2nπ,n I (b) nπ < x < n + 1 π, n I
(c) 2nπ < x < 2n + 1 π,n I (d) n 1 π < x < n π, n I
x2 1 x
19. domain of the function y is
x2 1 x
(a) ( , 0) (b) R (c) ( , 0] (d)
1 2 x 1
20. Number of integers in the domain of y cos n 3 x is
4
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
ANSWER KEY
1. c 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. b 9. b
10. b 11. b 12. c 13. b 14. c 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. c
19. d 20. b
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12. METHODS OF DETERMINING RANGE :
12.1 Representing x in terms of y
Definition of the function is usually represented as y (i.e. f(x) which is dependent variable) in terms
of an expression of x (which is independent variable). To find range rewrite given definition so as to
represent x in terms of an expression of y and thus obtain range (possible values of y). If y = f(x)
x = g(y), then domain of g(y) represents possible values of y, i.e. range of f(x).
Illustration 13
x2 x 1
Find the range of f(x) =
x2 x 1
x2 x 1
Sol. f(x) = 2 {x2 + x + 1 and x2 + x – 1 have no common factor}
x x 1
x2 x 1
y= 2 yx2 + yx – y = x2 + x + 1 (y – 1) x2 + (y – 1) x – y – 1 = 0
x x 1
If y = 1, then the above equation reduces to –2 = 0. Which is not true.
Further if y 1, then (y – 1) x2 + (y – 1) x – y – 1 = 0 is a quadratic and has real roots if
(y – 1)2 – 4 (y – 1) (–y – 1) 0 i.e. if y –3/5 or y 1 but y 1
Thus the range is (– , –3/5] (1, )
12.2 Graphical Method
Values covered on y-axis by the graph of function is range
Illustration 14
x2 4
Find the range of f(x) =
x2
x2 4
Sol. f(x) = = x + 2; x 2
x2
graph of f(x) would be Thus the range of f(x) is R – {4}
12.3 Using Monotonocity/Maxima-Minima
(a) Continuous function
If y = f(x) is continuous in its domain then range of f(x) is y [min f(x), max. f(x)]
(b) Sectionally continuous function
In case of sectionally continuous functions,
range will be union of [min f(x), max. f(x)]
over all those intervals where f(x) is continuous,
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as shown by following example.
Let graph of function y = f(x) be
Then range of above sectionally continuous function is
[y2, y3] (y4, y5] (y6, y7]
Note : In case of monotonic functions minimum and maximum values lie at end points of interval.
Illustration 15
Find the range of following functions :
(i) y = n (2x – x2) (ii) y = sec–1 (x2 + 3x + 1)
Sol.
(i) Step – 1 : Using maxima-minima, we have 2x – x2 (– , 1]
Step – 2 : For log to be defined accepted values are 2x – x2 (0, 1]
{i.e. domain (0, 1]}
Now, using monotonocity n (2x – x2) (– , 0]
range is (– , 0] Ans.
(ii) –1 2
y = sec (x + 3x + 1)
Let t = x2 + 3x + 1 for x R
5
then t ,
4
5
but y = sec–1 (t) t , 1 [1, )
4
1 5
from graph range is y 0, sec ,
2 4
13. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION :
Two functions f & g are said to be equal if
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain.
1 x
e.g. f (x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions.
x x
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lllustration 16
Find whether f(x) = x + cos x is one-one.
Sol. The domain of f(x) is R. f ' (x) = 1 sin x.
f ' (x) 0 x complete domain and equality holds at discrete points
only
f(x) is strictly increasing on R. Hence f(x) is one-one.
lllustration 17
3 2
Identify whether the function f(x) = x + 3x 2x + 4 ; R R is ONTO or INTO
Sol. As codomain range, therefore given function is ONTO
lllustration 18
f : R R f(x) = 2x +|sin x|, find whether f(x) is bijective.
Sol. f is continuous
note that f ' (x) > 0 x R
x ; y and x – ; y –
& f(0) = 0 one–one onto bijective
lllustration 19
x 2 4x 30
f:R R f(x) = 2 is many one
x 8x 18
Sol. Assume f (x) = 5/3 x = 0 or 26 f(x) is many one
Note that the technique is True if f (x) is defined for x = 0 and x = 26
lllustration 20
x 2 4x 30
State f : R R f(x) = 2 is Onto/Into?
x 8x 18
x 2 4 x 30
Sol. y y 1 x 2 4 2 y 1 x 18 y 30 0
x 2 8 x 18
2
For x R , 16 2y 1 4 y 1 18 y 30
or y 2 16 y 13 0
Hence 8 51 y 8 51 .
As range is not R, f(x) is Into.
lllustration 21
State whether f(x) = x + sin x, f : R R, is Onto or Into & one - one or many -
one?
Sol. x 1 x s in x x 1 , hence range is all real numbers.
f(x) is Onto.
Further f’(x) = 1 + cos x.
As f’(x) can not change sign and f(x) is a continuous function hence f(x) is a One - one function.
14. PERMUTATION BASED PROBLEMS
f:A B
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Case-I: When both the sets A and B contain an equal number of elements
(i) Total number of functions = 44 = 256
(ii) Number of functions one-one = 4!
(iii) Number of functions many-one = 44 – 4!
(iv) Number of onto functions 4! number of bijective mapping = 4!
(v) Number of into functions = 44 – 4!
Alternate : 4C1 [34 – {3C2 + 3C1(24 – 2)}] + 4C2(24 – 2) + 4C3 · 1 = 44 – 4! ]
Case-II: When number of elements in A(domain) is more than B
(i) Total number of functions = 45 = 1024
(ii) One-one (injective) = Nil
(iii) Many-one = 1024
(5 books in 4 groups 1, 1, 1, 2)
(v) Number of into functions = 1024 – 240 = 784
Case-III: Number of elements in codomain (B) is more than A
(i) Total functions = 54 = 625
(ii) Number of injective mapping = 5C4 · 4! = 120
(iii) Number of many-one = 625 – 120 = 505
(iv) Number of onto functions = 0
(v) Number of into functions = 625
5!
(iv) Number of onto functions = 1!·1!·2!·3! 4! = 240
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 2
1
cos x
1. domain of the function f(x) = 2 is
6 35x 6x 2
1 π 4π 1 π 2π
(a) , , 6 (b) , , 6
6 3 3 6 3 3
1 π 5π 1 2π 5π
(c) , , 6 (d) , , 6
6 3 3 6 3 3
2. Range of the function f(x) = cos–1[x] , where [.] is G.I.F.
(a) 0, , (b) 0, (c) , 0, (d) 0,
2 2 2 2
3. Range of the function f(x) = 4 tan x cos x
(a) [ 4, 4] (b) ( 4, 4) (c) [ 4, 4) (d) ( , )
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x x
4. Range of the function f(x) = cos4 – sin4
5 5
(a) [ 1, 1] (b) ( 1, 1) (c) [ 1, 1) (d) ( 1, 1]
5. Range of the function f(x) = sin x
(a) [ 1, 1] (b) ( 1, 1) (c) [ 1, 1) (d) ( 1, 1]
6. Range of the function f(x) = cos(2sin x)
(a) [cos 2, 1] (b) [ cos 2, cos 2]
(c) [ 1, 1] (d) [ cos2, 1]
7. Range of the function f(x) = sin(log2x)
(a) [ 1, 1] (b) ( 1, 1) (c) [ 1, 1) (d) ( 1, 1]
8. Range of the function f(x) = 3 – 2x
(a) ( , 1] (b) ( , 3) (c) [1, 3] (d) ( , 3]
3x | x |
9. Range of the function f(x) =
x
(a) R (b) ( , 4] (c) {2, 4} (d) ( , 2]
10. Range of the function f(x) = cot2 x
4
(a) [1, ) (b) (1, ) (c) [0, ) (d) [0, 1]
1
11. Range of the function f(x) = sin x tan x 1 , is
1 2 1 2
(a) , (b) , (c) 0, (d) ,
2 2 8 2 2 2
12. Which of the following pair of functions are indentical
1
(a) f(x) = ln x2 & g(x) = 2ln x (b) f (x) = cosecx & g (x) =
sin x
1
(c) f (x) = tan x & g (x) = (d) f(x) = ln ex & g(x) = eln x
cot x
13. Which of the following pair of functions are indentical
(a) f(x) = cot2x.cos2x & g(x) = cot2x – cos2x
(b) f(x) = tanx · cotx & g(x) = sinx · cosecx
1 cos 2x
(d) f(x) = & g(x) = sin x
2
(e) f(x) = 2
x 2 & g(x) = ( x )
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14. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then number of one - one functions f : A A , such that f i i , is
(a) 81 (b) 256 (c) 24 (d) 9
15. The number of Onto functions, f : a, b, c, d p, q, r , is
(a) 81 (b) 36 (c) 24 (d) 33
16. f : R R f(x) = 2|x| – 2–x is
(a) many one & into (b) many one & onto
(c) one one & into (d) one one & onto
17. f: [–1, 1] [–1, 1] f(x) = sin2x is
(a) many one & into (b) many one & onto
(c) one one & into (d) one one & onto
18. f (x) = x3 – 2x2 + 5x + 3, is
(a) many one & into (b) many one & onto
(c) one one & into (d) one one & onto
19. Let f: {x, y, z} {a, b, c} be a one–one function. It is known that only one of these statements is true
and the remaining two are false.
(i) f(x) b; (ii) f(y)=b;(iii) f(z) a, then f-1(a) =
(a) x (b) y (c) z (d) x or y
20. If f x 3 s in x 5 cos x a, f : R 0,10 is an Onto function, then which of the following is
correct?
(a) a = 5 (b) a < 5 (c) a > 5 (d) None of these
ANSWER KEY
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. a
8. b 9. c 10. c 11. b 12. b 13. a 14. d
15. b 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. b 20. d
15. COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Let f: X Y1 and g: Y2 Z be two functions and the set D = {x X: f(x) Y2}. If D , then the
function h defined on D by h(x) = g{f(x)} is called composite function of g and f and is denoted by
gof. It is also called function of a function.
Note : Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X (the domain of f ). Range of
gof is a subset of the range of g. If D = X, then f(x) Y2.
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Properties of Composite Functions :
(a) In general gof fog (i.e. not commutative)
(b) The composite of functions are associative i.e. if three functions f, g, h are such that fo (goh)
& (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.
(c) If f and g both are one-one, then gof and fog would also be one-one.
(d) If f and g both are onto, then gof or fog may or may not be onto.
(e) The composite of two bijections is a bijection iff f & g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then gof is also a bijection only when co-domain of f is equal to the domain
of g.
(f) If g is a function such that gof is defined on the domain of f and f is periodic with T, then gof
is also periodic with T as one of its periods. Further if
# g is one-one, then T is the period of gof
# g is also periodic with T ' as the period and the range of f is a sub-set of [0, T' ],
then T is the period of gof
lllustration 22
Describe fog and gof wherever is possible for the following functions
(i) f(x) = x 3 , g(x) = 1 + x2
(ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2 - 1.
Sol.
(i) Domain of f is [-3, ), range of f is [0, ).
Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ).
Since range of f is a subset of domain of g,
domain of gof is [-3, ) {equal to the domain of f }
gof (x) = g{f(x)} = g ( x 3 ) = 1 + (x+3) = x + 4. Range of gof is [1, ).
Further since range of g is a subset of domain of f,
domain of fog is R {equal to the domain of g}
fog (x) = f{g(x)}= f(1+ x2 ) = x 2 4 Range of fog is [2, ).
(ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2 1.
Domain of f is [0, ), range of f is [0, ).
Domain of g is R, range of g is [ 1, ).
Since range of f is a subset of the domain of g,
domain of gof is [0, ) and g{f(x)}= g( x ) = x 1. Range of gof is [-1, )
Further since range of g is not a subset of the domain of f
i.e. [ 1, ) [0, )
fog is not defined on whole of the domain of g.
Domain of fog is {x R, the domain of g : g(x) [0, ), the domain of f}.
Thus the domain of fog is D = {x R: 0 g(x) }
i.e. D = { x R: 0 x2 1}= { x R: x 1 or x 1 } = ( , 1] [1, )
fog (x) = f{g(x)} = f(x2 1) = x 2 1 Its range is [0, ).
lllustration 23
Let f(x) = ex ; R+ R and g(x) = sin–1 x; [ 1, 1] , . Find domain and range of fog (x).
2 2
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Sol. Domain of f(x) : (0, ) Range of g(x) : ,
2 2
values in range of g(x) which are accepted by f(x) are 0,
2
0 < g(x) 0 < sin–1x 0<x 1
2 2
Hence domain of fog(x) is x (0, 1]
Therefore Domain : (0, 1]
Range : (1, ep/2]
Example of composite function of non-uniformly defined functions :
lllustration 24
If f(x) = | |x – 3| – 2 | 0 x 4
g(x) = 4 – |2 – x| –1 x 3
then find fog(x) and draw rough sketch of fog(x).
Sol f(x) = | | x 3| 2| 0 x 4
|x 1| 0 x 3
=
|x 5| 3 x 4
1 x 0 x 1
= x 1 1 x 3
5 x 3 x 4
g(x) = 4 |2 x| 1 x 3
4 (2 x) 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 2
= =
4 (x 2) 2 x 3 6 x 2x3
1 g(x) 0 g(x) 1
fog (x) = g(x) 1 1 g(x) 3
5 g(x) 3 g(x) 4
1 (2 x) 0 2 x 1 and 1 x 2
2 x 1 1 2 x 3 and 1 x 2
5 (2 x) 3 2 x 4 and 1 x 2
16 x 0 6 x 1 and 2 x 3
6 x 1 1 6 x 3 and 2x 3
56x 3 6 x 4 and 2x 3
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
1 x 2 x 1 and 1 x 2
1 x 1 x 1 and 1 x x
3x 1 x 2 and 1 x 2
x 5 6 x 5 and 2 x 3
5 x 5 x 3 and 2x3
x 1 3 x 2 and 2x3
1 x 2 x 1 and 1 x 2
1 x 1 x 1 and 1 x 2
1 x 1 x 1
3 x 1 x 2 and 1 x 2
3 x 1 x 2
x 5 5x6 and 2x 3 x 1 2 x 3
5x
3x5 and 2x 3
x 1 2x3 and 2x 3
Alternate method for finding fog
2 x 1 x 2
g(x) =
6 x 2 x 3
graph of g(x) is
1 g(x) 0 g(x) 1
fog(x) = g(x) 1 1 g(x) 3
5 g(x) 3 g(x) 4
1 g(x) for no value 2 x 1 1 x 1 x 1 1 x 1
= g(x) 1 1 x 1 = 5 (2 x) 1 x 2 = 3 x 1x 2
5 g(x) 1 x 3 5 (6 x) 2 x 3 x 1 2x 3
lllustration 25
2 log 10 x 2
If f (x) = log 100 x and g(x) = {x}. If the function (fog)(x) exists then find the range of
x
g(x).
1
Sol. (i) 100 x > 0 & 100 x 1 x
100
1 1
(ii) x > 0 and log10x + 1 < 0 0 < x < & x
10 100
(fog)(x) exists range of g(x) domain of f (x)
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lllustration 26
1 1 x x 1
Let f1(x) = x, f2(x) = 1 – x; f3(x) = , f4(x) = ; f5(x) = ; f6(x) =
x 1 x x 1 x
Suppose that f 6 f m (x ) = f4(x) and f n f 4 ( x ) = f3(x) then find the value of m & n.
x 1 fm (x) 1
Sol. Given f6(x) = ....(1) f6 fm (x) = fm (x) ....(2)
x
1
but f6 fm (x) = f4(x) = (given)
1 x
fm (x) 1 1
f6 fm (x) = fm (x) =
1 x
k 1 1 x 1
put fm(x) = k, = k – kx – 1 + x = k k=
k 1 x x
x 1
fm(x) = = f6(x) m=6
x
1
again fn f4 (x) = f3(x) =
x
1 1 1
fn = ; let =t
1 x x 1 x
t 1
t – tx = 1 x=
t
t x
fn(t) = fn(x) = = f5(x)
t 1 x 1
hence n = 5 Ans.
lllustration 27
2x 7
If f (x) = find a function g such that g [f (x)] = x for all x in the domain of f and find its
x3
domain and range.
Sol. f : R – {– 3} R – {+2}
2x 7 3t 7
let =t x= ;
x3 2t
3t 7 3x 7
Hence g (t) = ; g (x) = 2 x ]
2t
lllustration 28
Let f : R R and g : R R be two functions given by
f(x) = x3 and g(x)= 3x + 2. Find gof and fog.
Sol. (gof) (x) = g(f(x))
= g(x3) = 3x3 + 2
(fog) x = f(g(x)) = f(3x + 2) = (3x + 2)3
gof and fog are both defined but are different from each other.
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lllustration 29
x x
Let f(x) = , x R, g(x)= 1 | x | for –1 < x < 1, Find gof and fog.
1 | x |
Sol. (gof) x = g(f(x))
x
x 1 | x |
= g =
1 | x | 1
x
1 | x |
x
= 1 | x | | x |
(Observe that 1+|x| > 0 |1+ |x|| = 1+|x|)
=x
(fog) x = f(g(x)) , – 1 < x < 1
x
x 1 | x |
= f =
1 | x | x
1
1 | x |
x
=
1 | x | | x |
(Observe that for – 1< x < 1, |x|<1 1 – |x| > 0 |1–|x|| = 1–|x|) (fog)x = x
16. PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
A function f(x) is called periodic with a period T if there exists a real number T > 0 such that for
each x in the domain of f the numbers x – T and x + T are also in the domain of f and f(x) = f(x +
T) for all x in the domain of 'f'. Domain of a periodic function is always unbounded. Graph of a
periodic function with period T is repeated after every interval of 'T'.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
The least positive period is called the principal or fundamental period of f or simply the
period of f.
Note : f (T) = f (0) = f ( T), where ‘ T ’ is the period.
Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
Properties of Periodic Function
1
(a) If f(x) has a period T, then f (x) and f (x) also have a period T..
T
(b) If f(x) has a period T then f (ax + b) has a period |a| .
(c) If f (x) has a period T1 & g (x) also has a period T2 then period of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x)
f(x)
or is L.C.M. of T 1 & T 2 provided their L.C.M. exists. However that L.C.M.
g(x)
(if exists) need not to be fundamental period. If L.C.M. does not exists f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x) or
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f(x)
is aperiodic. (not periodic)
g(x)
e.g. |sinx| has the period , | cosx | also has the period
|sinx| + |cosx| also has a period .
But the fundamental period of |sinx| + |cosx| is .
2
Note : Is cos x 2 is periodic function ? (check your self)
lllustration 29
x x
f(x) = sin + cos
2 3
x x
Sol. Period of sin is 4 while period of cos is 6 .
2 3
x x
Hence period of sin + cos is 12 {L.C.M. of 4 & 6 is 12}
2 3
lllustration 30
f(x) = {x} + sin x
Sol. Period of sin x = 2
Period of {x} = 1
but L.C.M. of 2 & 1 is not possible
it is aperiodic
lllustration 31
f(x) = cos x . cos 3x
Sol. f(x) = cos x . cos 3x
2
period of f(x) is L.C.M. of 2, = 2 , but 2 may or may not be the fundamental period but
3
2
fundamental period = , where n N. Hence cross-checking for
n
n = 1, 2, 3,...we find to be fundamental period f( + x)=(– cos x) (– cos 3x) = f(x)
lllustration 32
3x x 2x
f(x) = sin – cos – tan
2 3 3
2 2
Sol. Period of f(x) is L.C.M. of , ,
3 / 2 1/ 3 3 / 2
4 2
= L.C.M. of , 6 ,
3 3
= 12
a p L .C .M .( a , p ,
NOTE :
)
L .C .M . o f , ,
b q m H .C .F .( b , q , m
)
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lllustration 33
If f (x) = (a + 3)x + 5a, x R is periodic. [Ans. a = – 3]
Sol. f (x) = mx + c is periodic only if m = 0]
lllustration 34
Find the period of f x x x m ,m I , where [] denotes the greatest integer function.
Sol. Given f x x x m x m x m m x m m
x m is periodic
m x m will also be periodic and period will be 1.
Period of x Period of x a 1
lllustration 35
Draw the graph of y sin x and also find the period if possible.
Sol. sin x 0, 0x
2
1, x
2
0, x
2
3
1, x , ...............
2
Clearly f(x) is periodic and its period is 2.
lllustration 36
x
f x sin is it periodic? If periodic find its period.
x x
Sol. 0 0
x Y
x 2 1
x
2 x 3 2 1 2
O
5 π/2
X
1 π/2
x
3 x 4 3 , Clearly f(x) is not periodic.
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IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 3
1. If g(x) = 2x + 1 and fog(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 7, then range of f(x) is
(a) R (b) (6, ) (c) (1, ) (d) 6,
1x if 0 x 1
2. f(x) = x 2 if 1 x 2 , then f(f(x)), for
3 x 4 , is
4 x if 2 x 4
(a) 6 x (b) x 3 (c) 2 x (d) x
1 x if x 0 x if x 1
3. f (x) = 2 and g (x) = , then the range of gof(x) is
x if x 0 1 x if x 1
(a) , 0 (b) , 0 (c) ,1 (d) ,1
4. If f(x) 1 x 2 , 0 x 4 & g(x) 2 x , 1 x 3 , then fog(x), in appropriate
domain, is
(a) 1 |x| (b) |x| (c) |x| 1 (d) |x| + 1
5. f : R R be the function defined by f (x) = ax2 2 for some positive a.
If (fof) ( 2 ) = 2 then the value of 'a' is
1 1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 2
6. Let P and Q be polynomials such that P(x) and QPQ( x ) have the same number of roots. If the
degree of P is 7, then the degree of Q, is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 7
7. Fundamental period of the function f(x) = sin x + | sin x |
(a) 2 (b) (c) 3 (d)
2
x
8. Fundamental period of the function f(x) = 3 cos x – sin
3
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d)
2x 3x
9. Fundamental period of the function sin – cos
5 7
(a) 35 (b) 140 (c) 70 (d) None of these
10. Fundamental period of the function f(x) = sin2x + cos4x
(a) (b) (c) 4 (d)
4 2
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2x 4x
11. Fundamental period of the function f(x) = cos – sin
3 5
(a) 35 (b) 15 (c) 30 (d) None of these
12. Fundamental period of the function f(x) = cos(sin x)
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)
4 2
n(n 1)
13. Period of the function, f (x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + ....... + [nx] – x
2
where n Î N and [ ] denotes the greatest integer function, is
1
(A) 1 (B) n (C) (D) non periodic
n
14. Consider those functions f that satisfy f (x + 4) + f (x – 4) = f (x) for all real x. Any such function is
periodic, and there is a least common positive period p for all of them. The value of p, is
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 24
15. f : R R is an odd function such that f x 1 f x 2 f x 1 f x , then f(2) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) can’t be determined
ANSWER KEY
1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. a
8. b 9. c 10. b 11. b 12. b 13. a 14. d
15. a
17. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS
(i) If f (-x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
If f (x) - f (-x) = 0 f (x) is even.
e.g. f (x) = cos x; g (x) = x² + 3.
(ii) If f (-x) = -f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
If f (x) + f (-x) = 0 f (x) is odd.
e.g. f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x.
Note : A function may neither be odd nor even. (e.g. f(x) = ex , cos–1x)
If an odd function is defined at x = 0, then f(0) = 0
Properties of Even/Odd Function
(a) Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis & every odd function is symmetric about
the origin.
For example graph of y = x2 is symmetric about y-axis, while graph of y = x3 is symmetric
about origin
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(b) All functions (whose domain is symmetrical about origin) can be expressed as the sum of an
even & an odd function, as follows
f(x) =
(c) The only function which is defined on the entire number line and is even & odd at the same
time is f(x) = 0.
(d) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd then f.g will be odd.
f (x) g (x) f (x) + g (x) f (x) - g (x) f (x) . g (x) f(x) / g(x) ( gof ) (x) (f o g) (x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
(e) If f(x) is even then f ' (x) is odd.
Even extension / Odd extension
Let the definition of the function f(x) is given only for x 0. Even extension of this function implies
to define the function for x < 0 assuming it to be even. In order to get even extension replace x by
–x in the given definition Similarly, odd extension implies to define the function for x < 0 assuming
it to be odd. In order to get odd extension, multiply the definition of even extension by –1
lllustration 37
Show that log x x 2 1 is an odd function.
Let f(x) = log x x 1 . Then f(–x) = log x
2
Sol. ( x) 2 1
= log
x 1 x x 1 x = log 1
2 2
2
– log x x 1 = –f(x)
2 2
x 1 x x 1 x
Hence f(x) is an odd function.
lllustration 38
Show that ax +a–x is an even function.
Sol. Let f(x) = ax + a–x
Then f(–x) = a–x + a–(–x) = a–x +ax = f(x). Hence f(x) is an even function
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lllustration 39
Show that cos–1 x is neither odd nor even.
Sol. Let f(x) = cos–1x. Then f(–x) = cos–1 (–x) = – cos–1 x which is neither equal to f(x) nor
equal to f(–x). Hence cos–1 x is neither odd nor even
lllustration 40
What is even and odd extension of f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 5x – 11 ; x > 0
Sol. Even extension f(x) = –x3 – 6x2 – 5x – 11 ; x < 0
Odd extension f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 5x + 11 ; x < 0
18. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
Let f : A B be a one-one & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B A such that f(x) = y g(y) = x, x A & y B. Then g is said to be inverse of f.
Thus g = f-1 : B A = {(f(x), x) ½ (x, f(x)) f}.
Note: To find the inverse
Step-1: write y = f (x), f : A B , and interchange x & y
Step-2: solve this equation for y in terms of x (if possible)
Step-3: Express y = f –1 (x), f 1 : B A .
Properties Of Inverse Function
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
Proof :
Let f : A B be a bijection. If possible let g : B A and h : B A be two inverse function of f.
Also let a1, a2 A and b B such that g (b) = a1 and h (b) = a2 then
g(b) = a1 f (a1) = b
h(b) = a2 f (a2) = b.
But since f is one-one, so f (a1) = f (a2)
a1 = a2 g(b) = h(b), b B
(ii) If f : A B is a bijection & g : B A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and gof = IA, where IA & IB
are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x.
As shown in the figure given below a point (x ', y' ) corresponding to y = x2(x > 0) changes to
(y', x') corresponding to y x , the changed form of x = y .
(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
Proof :
Let f : A B be a bijection and g : B A be its inverse.
We have to show that g is one-one and onto.
One-one : Let g(b1) = a1 and g(b2) = a2 : a1, a2 A , b1, b2 B
Then g(b1) = g(b2) a1 = a2
f(a1) = f(a2) [ f is a bijection]
b1 = b2 [ g(b1) = a1 b1 = f(a1)
g(b2) = a2 b2 = f(a2)]
which proves that g is one-one
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Onto : Again, if a A, then
aA b B s.t. f (a) = b (by defintion of f)
b B s.t. g(b) = a [ f(a) = b a = g(b)]
which proves that g is onto.
Hence g is also a bijection.
(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A B, g : B C then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)–1 = f–1og–1.
Proof :
Since f : A B and g : B C are two bijections,
gof : A C is also a bijection.
[by theorem the composite of two bijection is a bijection]
As such gof has an inverse function (gof)–1 : C A. We have to show that
(gof)–1 = f–1og–1.
Now let a A, b B, c C such that
f (a) = b and g(b) = c
so (gof) (a) = g[f(a)] = g(b) = c,
now f(a) = b a = f–1(b) ....(i)
g(b) = c b = g –1(c) ....(ii)
(gof)(a) = c –1
a = (gof) (c) ....(iii)
Also (f–1og–1)(c) = f–1 [g–1(c)] [by defintion]
–1
= f (b) [by (ii)]
=a [by (i)]
= (gof)–1(c) [by (iii)]
(gof) –1 = f–1og –1, which proves the theorem.
lllustration 41
2x 3
Determine whether f(x) = ; R R, is invertible or not? If so find it.
4
Sol. As given function is one-one and onto, therefore it is invertible.
2x 3 4y 3 –1 4x 3
y= x= f (x) = .
4 2 2
lllustration 42
Let f(x) = x2 + 2x; x –1. Draw graph of f–1(x) also find the number of
solutions of the equation, f(x) = f–1(x)
Sol. f(x) = f–1(x) is equilavent to solving
y = f(x) and y = x
x2 + 2x = x
x(x + 1) = 0
x = 0, –1
Hence two solution for f(x) = f–1(x)
lllustration 43
If y = f(x) = x2 – 3x + 1, x 2. Find the value of g(1) where g is inverse of f
Sol. y = 1 x2 – 3x + 1 = 1 x (x – 3) = 0 x = 0, 3
But x 2 x = 3
Now g(f(x)) = x
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Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
1
g ' (f(x)). f ' (x) = 1 g ' (f(x)) =
f (x)
1 1 1
g ' (f(3)) = g ' (1)= (As f ' (x) = 2x – 3) =
f (3) 63 3
Alternate Method
y = x2 – 3x + 1
x2 – 3x +1 – y = 0
3 9 4(1 y) 3 5 4y
x= =
2 2
x 2
3 5 4y
x=
2
3 5 4y
g(x) =
2
1
g ' (x) = 0 + x
x 5 4x
1 1 1
g ' (1) = = =
5 4 9 3
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 4
1. Consider the following functions in their default domains
2x 1 x2 1 1 x
(i) (ii) (iii) ln (iv) x e|x| cos x
2x 1 x s in x 1 x
Which of these is/are odd
(a) (i) & (iii) (b) (i) & (iv) (c) all four (d) (i), (iii) & (iv)
2. f(x) is an even function and g(x) is an odd function, then which of the following, if defined appropri-
ately, must be an even function
(a) f(x) + g(x) (b) f(x) g(x) (c) f(x).g(x) (d) f(g(x))
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3. Odd extension of f x x 2 s in x l n x, f : 0, R , is
(a) x 2 s in x l n x , x , 0 (b) x 2 s in x ln x , x , 0
(c) x 2 s i n x l n x , x , 0 (d) Can’t be defined
4. Even extension of f x x 2 s in x l n x, f : 0, R , is
(a) x 2 s in x l n x , x , 0 (b) x 2 s in x ln x , x , 0
(c) x 2 s i n x l n x , x , 0 (d) Can’t be defined
5. f(x) is a real valued even function, then the number of real values of x necessaryly satisfying
x 1
f x f , is
x2
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) infinite
6. A real valued function satisfies f(x)f(y) = f(x + y) and f x 0 .
f x 1
Let g x , then g(x) is
f x 1
(a) Odd (b) Even
(c) nether even nor odd (d) can’t be determined
7. f(x) is an even function and equation of tangent to the graph of y = f(x) at (2, 0) is y = 2x 4, then
equation of tangent at (2, 0) is
(a) y = 2x + 4 (b) 2x + y = 4 (c) 2x + y = 4 (d) can’t be determined
8. Inverse of the function f : (– , –1) (– , –2), f(x) x 2 2x 3 , is
(a) –1 + x 2 (b) –1 – x 2 (c) –1 x 2 (d) doesn’t exist
7
9. Inverse of the function f : 6 , 6 [–1, 1], f(x) = sin x 3 is
–1 2π –1
(a) sin x (b) sin 1 x (c) – sin x (d) 2 s in 1 x
3 3 6
10. Inverse of the function f : R R+, f(x) = 10x + 1 is
(a) log10 x - 1 (b) log10 x + 1 (c) log10 (x - 1) (d) log10 (x + 1)
11. Inverse of the function f : (– 2, ) R, f(x) = 1 + ln (x + 2) is
(a) ex 1 2 (b) ex 1 2 (c) ex 1 2 (d) ex 1 2
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x
2
12. Inverse of the function f : R (0, 1), f(x) = is
1 2x
x x 1 x x 1
(a) log 2 (b) log 2 (c) log 2 (d) log 2
1 x x 1 x x
13. For the functions f : R R, f(x) = ex and g : R R, g(x) = 3x – 2, domain of (gof)–1(x) is
(a) (2, ) (b) (– , ) (c) (–2, ) (d) [–2, )
14. If f : R R f (x) = x3 + (a + 2)x2 + 3ax + 5 is an invertible mapping find‘a’.
(a) a 1, 4 (b) a [1,4] (c) a (1,4] (d) a [1,4)
3 7
15. A function f : , , is defined as f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4. Number of solutions of the equation
2 4
f(x) = f–1(x) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
ANSWER KEY
1. d 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. c
8. b 9. c 10. a 11. d 12. a 13. c 14. b
15. a
19. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
19.1 Polynomial Function
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn-1 + a2 xn-2 + ... + an-1 x + an where n is a non
negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0 0, then f is called a polynomial
function of degree n .
NOTE: (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd
linear function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a 0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) . They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1 - xn , where n is a positive integer.
Proof : Consider f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + anxn.
Equate f (x). f(1/x) = f (x) + f (1/x) & equate coefficients.
19.2 Algebraic Function
A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations such
as addition, substraction, multiplication, division and taking roots, started with polynomials.
x 4 16x 2
e.g. f (x) = 3
x 1;
2 g (x) =
x x
+ (x – 2) × x 1
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19.3 Fractional Rational Function
g(x)
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = h(x) , where g (x) & h (x) are polynomials
& h (x) 0. The domain of f (x) is set of real x such that h (x) 0.
2x 4 x 2 1
e.g. f (x) = ; D = {x | x ± 2}
x2 4
19.4 Homogeneous Functions
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms
is of the same degree with respect to those variables.
For example 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogeneous in x & y. Symbolically if,
f (tx, ty) = tn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function of degree n.
lllustration 44
x y cos x x y y x
f (x, y) = is not a homogeneous function and f(x, y) = ln ln ;
y sin x x y x x y
y
x 2 y 2 + x; x + y cos are homogeneous functions of degree one.
x
19.5 Bounded Function
A function is said to be bounded if |f(x)| M , where M is a finite quantity..
lllustration 45
Which of the following function(s) is(are) bounded on the intervals as indicated
1
1
(A) f(x) = 2 x 1 on (0, 1) (B) g(x) = x cos on (– , )
x
(C) h(x) = xe–x on (0, ) (D) l (x) = arc tan2x on (– , )
1 1
1
Sol. (A) Limit f (x) = Limit 2 h 1 ; Limit f (x) = Limit 2 h 0
x 0 x 1
h0 2 h 0
1
f (x) 0, bounded
2
x
(C) Limit x e–x = Limit h e –h = 0 ; Limit x e–x = Limit 0
h 0 h 0 x x
ex
x e x xe x x (1 – x) 1
Also y x y ' 2x e h(x) 0, ]
e e e
19.6 Implicit & Explicit Function
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an IMPLICIT
FUNCTION. For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been
expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION .
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
lllustration 46
x
(1) Implicit x 1 y + y 1 x = 0; explicit y = or y = x (rejected)
1 x
y x
(2) y2 = x represents two separate branches. Implicit form
y x
(3) x3 + y3 – 3xy = 0
folium of descartes , Implicit
(4) x = 2y – y2 , Implicit
19.7 SOME GENERAL FUNCTIONS
If x, y are independent variables, then:
(i) f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) f (x) = k ln x or f (x) = 0.
(ii) f (xy) = f (x). f (y) f (x) = xn, n R
(iii) f (x + y) = f (x). f (y) f (x) = akx.
(iv) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
1 1
(v) f(x) . f = f(x) + f f(x) = 1 ± xn where n N
x x
lllustration 47
1 1
If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying f(x) . f = f(x) + f x R – {0} and f(2) = 9,
x x
then find f (3)
Sol. f(x) = 1 ± xn
As f(2) = 9 f(x) = 1 + x3
Hence f(3) = 1 + 33 = 28
lllustration 48
Let f be a real valued function of real and positive argument such that
1
f (x) + 3x f = 2(x + 1) for all real x > 0. Find the value of f (10099).
x
x 1
Sol replace x 1/x and solve to get f (x) =
2
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
10099 1 10100
f (10099) = = = 5050.
2 2
lllustration 49
1 9 1
Let f x f x . If f (2) = 5 and f = 2. Find f (–3) and f .
2 4 4
9 1 1
Sol. f =2 f 2 = 2 f =2
4 4 4
again f (–3) = f (4 – 3) = f (1) = f (2) = 5 Ans. ]
lllustration 50
x
Let f : R R be a function such that f(x 3 1) 5 , x (0, ) then find the value of
27
27 y 3 y
f 3 for y (0, ) .
y
3
3
3 3
27 3
3 3 y 3 y
27 y
f 1
Sol. f 3 1 f
= 1
= y ;
y y
3
3 x
let
y
3
= x, then f x 1 = 53
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 5
1
1. If f(x)f(y) = f(x + y) for all real x, y & f(1) =
2
, then f r =
r 0
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d)
2. f(x) + f(y) = f(x + y) + 1 for all real x, y & f(2) = 5, then f(100) =
(a) 104 + 1 (b) 299 (c) 201 (d) 1/10
3. Number of solutions of 5{x} = [x], where {x} denotes fractional part of x and [x] denotes greatest
integer function, is
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) None of these
4. Range of f(x) = 3[sin x] + 4[cos x] is
(a) {7, 4, 3, 0, 3, 4} (b) {7, 4, 3, 0, 3, 4, 7}
(c) {7, 4, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 4} (d) None of these
5. Which of the following represents a homogenious expression?
x2 1
(a) x2 + y2 + 1 (b) x x 2 y 2 (c) (d) None of these
y2 1
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
6. Which of the following implicit relations can represent y explicitly as a function of x?
x2 1 e xy 3
(i) x2 + y2 =1 (ii) ln x + ln y = 1 (iii) 2 =2 (iv) 2
y 1 e xy 1
(a) (i) & (iii) (b) (i) & (iv) (c) all four (d) (ii) & (iv)
7. If f(xy) = f(x)f(y), f x 0 and f(2) = 4, then f(10) is
(a) 20 (b) 28 (c) 40 (d) 100
8. If 2f(cos x) + 3f(sin x) = x, then f(x) may be
(a) cos 1 x (b) s in 1 x (c) 5 s in 1 x (d) 5 cos 1 x
5 5
1 1
9. If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying f(x) f = f(x) + f x R – {0} and f(3) = 10, then
x x
f(4) =
(a) 13 (b) 14 (c) 17 (d) None of these
1
10. If 2 f (x) – 3 f = x2, (x 0), then f (2) =
x
7 5 4 4
(a) – (b) – (c) – (d) –
4 4 7 5
ANSWER KEY
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d 6. d 7. d
8. b 9. c 10. a
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
1
1. Find the domain of the function f , given by f(x)= x2
log 10 (1 x )
Sol For f to be well defined,
1– x > 0, log10 (1– x) 0 and x + 2 0
x < 1 , x 0 and x – 2
Domain = [– 2,0) (0,1)
2. What is the domain of the real valued function f given by
f(x)= sin 1 2 x
6
Sol sin–1 2x + 0 and –1 2x 1
6
1 1
sin–1 2x – 6 and – x
2
2
(Note that range of inverse sine function is [– , ])
2 2
1 1
– sin–1 2x and – x
6 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
– x and – x
4 2 2 2
1 1
Domain = [– , ]
4 2
3. Find the range of the function f, given by
x2 x 2
f(x) = , xR
x2 x 1
1
Sol. f(x) = 1+ 2 ——— (1)
x x 1
1
=1+ 2
1 3
x
2 4
1 3 3 1
(x + 2 )2 + 4 4 (equality occurs iff x = –
2
)
4 7
f(x) 1+ = ——— (2)
3 3
x2 + x +1 > 0 , for all x (Note that leading coef. > 0 and < 0)
f(x) > 1 ——— (3)
(2) and (3) give
7
Range = (1, ]
3
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
4. Find the range of f given by f(x) = [|sin x | + | cos x|]
Sol. Let g(x) = |sin x| , h(x) = |cos x|. g & h both are periodic.
2 is a period of g & h. In fact, is the fundamental period of g & h.
is a period of f.
In fact, f(x + )= f(x), for all x.
2
f is periodic with fundamental period = . So we study the function in [0, ].
2 2
f(0) =1, f( )=1
2
0 sin x , cos x 1 in [0, ] and 1 sin x + cos x 2
2
f(x) = 1 for x (0, )
2
Range of f = {1}
5. Study and draw the graph of [y] = sin x.
Sol. [y] is an integer
3
sin x is an integer. x = ... , 0, , , , 2 , . . .
2 2
Let x = 0 then [y] = 0 y [0, 1)
y
Let x = , then
2 2
[y] = 1 y [1, 2)
1
Let x = , then
3 / 2
[y] = 0 y [0, 1) x
/2 2 5 / 2
3
Let x = , then –1
2
[y] = – 1 y [–1, 0)
Let x = 2, then
[y] = 0 y [0, 1) etc.
We observe that the graph has periodicity. Four vertical line segments are repeated.
The graph is of a relation, not of a function.
6. Let f (x) = |x – 1|. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true?
a) f(x2) = (f(x))2 b) f(|x|) = | f(x) | c) f(x) = | f(x) |
Sol. f(x) = 1– x x< 1
=x–1 x1
2 2
f(x ) = 1– x –1< x <1
= x2 – 1 x –1 or x 1
2 2
& (f(x)) = x – 2x + 1 for all x
statement (a) is wrong.
f(|x|) = 1–| x | | x |<1
= | x | –1 |x|1
f(|x|) = 1–|x| –1< x <1
= | x | –1 x –1 or x 1
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
f(|x|) = – x –1 x –1
= 1+x –1< x< 0
= 1– x 0x<1
=x–1 x1
&
| f(x) | = |1– x| x<1
= |x – 1| x1
|f (x)| = 1– x x<1
=x–1 x1
Statement (b) is wrong but statement (c) is correct.
7. If f(x) = (a – xn)1/n , a > 0 and n is a positive integer , then show that f(f(x))=x
Sol f(f(x) = (a – ((a – xn)1/n )n )1/n
= (a–(a–xn))1/n
= (xn)1/n
=x
8. If f and g are defined on the domains A and B respectively, then the function f + g is defined on
(A) A B (B) A B (C) A + B (D) B – A
Sol function f + g is given by
(f + g)x = f(x)+g(x)
x A and B
Domain of f + g is A B
(B) is the correct statement.
9. Which of the following functions is periodic ?
(A) f(x) = x – [x] ; [ ] represents the greatest integer function.
1
(B) f(x) = sin , x0
x
=0 x=0
(C) f(x) = x cosx
Sol (A) f(x) = x – [x]
= {x}
{ } is a periodic function with period 1
f is periodic.
1
(B) f(x) = sin
x
1
= (goh) x , where g(x) = sinx , h(x) = .
x
f is not periodic.
(C) f(x) = x cos x
= g(x) . h(x) , where g(x) = x , h(x) = cos x
f is not periodic.
10. Let g(x) = 1+x – [x] and f(x) = – 1 x<0
=0 x=0
=1 x>0
Find f(g(x)) and f([g (x)]) , where [ ] is greatest integer function.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
Sol. g(x) = 1+x – [ x ]
= 1+ {x}
g(x) 1
f(g(x)) = 1
f[g(x)] = f ([1+{x}])
= f ([{x}]+1)
= f(1) (as 0 {x} < 1 [{x}] = 0)
=1
11. If f(x) = sinx + cosx and g(x) = x2 –1,
then gof is invertible in the domain
(A) [0, ] (B) [– , ] (C) [– , ] (D) [0,]
2 4 4 2 2
Mark the correct option.
Sol. (gof)x = g (sinx + cosx) = sin2 x
For gof to be invertible,
– 2 x
2 2
– x
4 4
12. Let f(x)=(x + 1)2 , x –1. Let g be a function such that the graph of y = g(x) be the reflection of
the graph of y = f(x) in the line y = x. What is g(x)?
Sol. Graph of y = g(x) is the reflection of
y = f(x) in the line y = x
g = f –1 ——— (1)
2
Let y = f(x)= (x + 1) , y0
x = –1 y
x [–1, )
x = –1 + y ——— (2)
f is an injective function and
(2) for every y 0, there is x [–1, )
f is surjective
f is a bijective function
f –1 exists.
(2) f –1 (y)= –1+ y ——— (3)
(1) & (3) g(x) = –1 + x , x 0.
13. Let f(x) = log10x , x>0
Draw graphs of
i) y = f(|x|)
ii) y = |f(x)|
iii) y = | f(|x|)|
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
y y =f(x)
Sol.
x
O 1 y y =f ( | x | )
i) y = f (| x | ) -1 O 1 x
= f (–x) x <0
= f(x) x0
Note that replacing x by –x, does not affect y = f (|x|). Hence the graph is symmetric about the y-
axis.
ii) y = | f(x) | y
y =| f (x) |
= – f (x) , f(x) < 0
= f(x) , f (x) 0
x
Note that f (x) 0 , x1 O 1
& f (x) <0 , 0 < x <1
iii)g = – f (| x |) , f (| x |) < 0 y
= f (| x |) , f (| x |) 0
Note that f (| x |) < 0, –1 < x< 1,
x
Reflect the graph of y = f (| x |), –1< x <1 , in the x-axis. -1 O 1
14. Draw the graph of f (x) = || x | – 1| , –2x2
Sol. Let y = f(x)
= || x |– 1| –2x 2
y = |– x – 1| –2x<0
= |x – 1| 0x2
y = |x +1| –2 x0
= |x –1| 0 x 2 y
y = – x –1 – 2 x < –1
=x+1 –1x<0 O 1
x
-2 -1 2
=1–x 0x<1
=x–1 1 x 2
Draw the lines y = – x –1, y = x + 1, y = 1 – x, y = x – 1 in the intervals [–2, –1), [–1, 0), [0,1),
[1, 2] respectively.
15. Let two functions f and g be given by
f(x) = x2 , –1 x < 0
= x +1 , 0x1
g(x) = 2x +1 , 1 x 2
= 15 –5x 2x3
Find an explicit representation of gof ?
Sol. (gof) x = g(f (x))
Clearly, to have gof defined, values of f (x) must be in the domain of g.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
2 5
1
O 2
-1 1
(Graph of y = f (x)) 0 1 2 3 x
f (x) (0, 2] & domain of g = [1, 3]
hence their intersection = [1, 2]
f(x) takes values in [1, 2] for x [0, 1]
domain of gof = (0,1]
(gof) x = g(f (x)) , 0 x 1
= g(x + 1) , 0 x 1 ( 1 x +1 2)
= 2(x + 1)+1
( gof ) x = 2x + 3 , 0 x 1
16. Let f and g be functions given by
f(x) = –1 + |x – 1| , – 1 x 3 & g(x) = 2 |x +1|, – 2 x 2
Find an explicit representation of fog and gof.
Sol. f(x) = –1 + |x –1| –1 x3
f(x) = –1+1 – x = – x , –1x<1
= – 1 + x –1 = x – 2 , 1 x3
g(x) = 2 – |x +1| – 2 x 2
= 2 – (– x –1) = 3 + x – 2 x < –1
= 2 – (x +1)= 1– x –1 x 2
y
y
2
1 1
x x
-1 O 1 2 3 -2 -1 O 1 2
-1
(Graph of y =f(x)) (Graph of y =g( x))
It can be observed that f(x) [–1, 1] and g(x) [–1, 2].
Domain of f : [–1, 3] and g(x) [–1, 2]
Intersection is [–1, 2] for which x [– 2, 2]
(fog)x = f(g(x))
= f(3 + x) , – 2 x < –1 ( 1 x + 3 < 2)
= f(1 – x) , – 1 x 2 ( – 1 1 – x 2)
(fog)x = (x +3) – 2 –2x<–1
= f(1– x) –1 x 0 ( 1 1 – x 2)
= f(1– x) 0<x2 ( – 1 1 – x < 1)
(fog)x = x +1 – 2 x < –1
= 1 – x – 2 = – x –1, –1 x 0
=x–1 0 < x 2
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
Domain of g : [ –2, 2] & f(x) [–1, 1]
Intersection = [–1, 1] for which x [–1, 3]
(gof)x = g(f(x))
= g (– x) – 1 x < 1
= g (x – 2) 1 x 3
(gof)x = 1 – (– x) = 1 + x , –1x<1
= 1– (x – 2) 1 x 3
(gof)x = 1 + x –1 x < 1
=3–x 1 x 3
2x 1 x2
17. If the functions f , g given by f (x) = sin –1
and g(x) = cos–1
1 x 2 are identical, then find
1 x2
their domain and range.
2x 1 x2
Sol. For f (x) = g(x), it is necessary that sin –1 –1
and cos
1 x 2 must lie in [0, 2 ].
1 x2
For this to happen, x must lie in [0,1].
Domain for f and g = [0,1]
Range for f and g = [0, ]
2
18. If for real values of u & v, 2f (u) cosv = f (u + v) + f (u – v)
Prove that, for all real values of x,
i) f (x) f ( x) 2a cos x
ii) f ( x) f ( x) 0 where a, b are constants
iii) f ( x) f (x) 2b sin x
Deduce that f(x) = a cos x – b sin x.
Sol. 2f (u) cos v = f (u + v) + f (u – v) , for all u, v ——— (1)
i) Put u = 0 and v = x in (1) to get
f (x) + f (–x) = 2 f(0) cos x
let f(0) = a,
f (x) + f (–x) = 2a cos x, for all x
ii) Pur v = in (1) to get
2
f (u + ) + f (u – ) = 0
2 2
Replace u by – x to get
2
f ( – x) + f (–x) = 0
iii) Put u = and v = – x in (1)
2
2 f() cos ( – x) = f( – x) + f (x)
2
2 f() sin x = f(– x) + f(x)
Let f() = – b to get the result.
Deduction: (i) + (iii) – (ii) gives the desired result.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
1
19 Find the domain of the function f x , , where [ ] denotes the
2
x 7 x 10
greatest integer function.
Sol. Domain [x]2 – 7 [x] + 10 > 0
([x] – 5) ([x] – 2) > 0 [x] < 2 and [x] > 5
[x] < 2 x<2
and [x] > 5 x 6
x (– , 2) [6, )
20 Find the range of the function
f(x) = cosx sin x (sin 2 x sin 2 )
Sol. y = cos x sin x (sin 2 x sin 2 )
dividing by cos2x we get
y sec2x = tanx + tan2 x sec 2 x sin2
y2 sec4x – 2y tanx sec2x – sin2a sec2x = 0
y2 (1 + tan2x) – 2y tanx – sin2 = 0 [ sec2x 0]
y2 tan2x – 2y tan x + y2 – sin2 = 0
tan x is real we have
0
4y2 – 4y2 (y2 – sin2 ) 0
4y2 (1 – y2 + sin2 ) 0
y2 1 + sin2
1 sin 2 y 1 sin 2
2 2
Range of f(x) = 1 sin , 1 sin
1 1
21 If f(x).f = f(x) + f x R – {0}, where f(x) be a polynomial function of degree n N,
x x
then find f(x).
1 1
Sol. f(x).f = f(x) + f
x x
1
f x 1 f x 1 1 = 1 . . . . . (i)
1
f – 1 and f(x) – 1 are reciprocal to each other,,
x
1
also x and are reciprocal to each other..
x
Thus (i) holds only when
f(x) – 1 = xn, n R f(x) = 1 xn
x 1, x 1 x 2 , 1 x 2
22 Let f (x) = and g(x) = Find fog.
2x 1, 1 x 2 x 2, 2 x 3
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
g(x) 1, g(x) 1
Sol (fog) (x) = f(g (x)) = 2g(x) 1, 1 g(x) 2
Let us consider, g(x) 1:
(i) x2 1, – 1 x < 2
– 1 x 1, – 1 x < 2
(ii) x 2 1, 2 x 3
x [ 2, 1) (1, 2], 1 x 2 1 x 2
(iv) 1 < x + 2 2, 2 x 3
– 1 < x x 3, x =
x 2 1, 1 x 1
Thus f(g(x)) = 2
2x 1, 1 x 2
9x 1 2 1995 .
23 Let f(x) = x Evaluate the sum f f ..... f
9 3 1996 1996 1996
9x
Sol. Given f(x) = x . . . . . (i)
9 3
91 x 3
now f( 1– x) = 1 x
x . . . . . (ii)
9 3 9 3
Adding (i) and (ii) f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1 . . . . . (iii)
1 2 998
Putting x , ,...., in (iii)
1996 1996 1996
1 1995 2 1994
We get f f 1 f f 1
1996 1996 1996 1996
.........................................
.........................................
997 999
f f 1
1996 1996
998 998 998 1
f f 1 f
1996 1996 1996 2
Adding all, we get
1 2 1995
f f .... f
1996 1996 1996
1
= (1 + 1 + . . . . . + 997 times) + = 997.5
2
2 ex e x sin x tan x
24 Prove that f x is an odd function where [×] denotes the greatest
x 2
2 3
integer function.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
2 ex e x sin x tan x 2 ex e x sin x tan x
Sol. f x f x
x 2 x
2 3 2 1
2 ex e x sin x tan x
Now f x
x
2 1
x x
Case – I Let x n, n I and the
numerator of f (– x) is zero
f(– x) = 0
Case – II x n , n I
x x
1
2 e x e x sin x tan x
f x f x
x
2 1
Hence f(x) is an odd function
25 Find the inverse of the function
x; x 1
2
f(x) = x ; 1 x 4
8 x ; x4
Sol. Let f(x) = y x = f –1 (y) (since f(x) is bijective in each interval)
y; y 1
x = y; 1 y 4
2 2
y 64 ; y 64 4
y ; y 1
f –1(y) = y ; 1 y 16
y 2
; y 16
64
x; x 1
Hence f–1 (x) = x ; 1 x 16
x 2
64 ; x 16
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
n
f(x) f(x)
26 Let F(x) = . Show that F(x) is even when n is even and is odd when n is odd.
g(x) g(x)
Sol. Let h (x) = f(x) + f(–x) and k(x) = g(x) – g(–x).
Then h(–x) = f(–x) + f(x) = h(x)
and k(–x) = g(–x) –g(x) = –k(x)
h(x) is even while k (x) is odd.
n
h(x)
Thus F(x) = and
k(x)
n n
h(x) h(x)
F(–x) = (1)n = (–1)n F(x)
k(x) k(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function when n is even, and odd function, when n is odd.
27 Determine all functions f satisfying the functional relation.
1 2 1 2x
f x f where x R – {0, 1}.
1 x x 1 x
1 2 1 2x 2 2
Sol. Given f x f . . . . . (i)
1 x x 1 x x 1x
1
Replacing x by we obtain
1x
1 1 2
f f 2 1 x
1 x 1 1 1
1
1x 1x
1 1 2
f f 1 2x . . . . . (ii)
1 x x x
1
Again replacing x by 1 in (i) we obtain
x
1 1 2 2
f 1 f
x 1 1 1
1 1 x 1 x 1 1 x
1 2x
f 1 f x 2x . . . . . (iii)
x x 1
substracting (ii) from (i) then
1 2
f x f 1 2x . . . . . (iv)
x 1x
Now adding (iii) and (iv) we get
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
2x 2
2f x
x 1 1 x
x 1
f x
x 1
28 If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integral part of x, then prove that
2000
{x r}
[x] + 2000
r 1
x
2000
{x r}
Sol. In [x]
r 1 2000
We know that {x + r} = {x} as r Integer
2000
{x}
[x] + 2000
r 1
{x} {x}
[x] + ... upto 2000 times
2000 2000
2000{x}
[x] [x] + {x} = x
2000
2000
{x r}
Thus, [x] +
r 1 2000
=x
29 Find the Domain and Range of the following functions:
sin x cos x 3 2
(i) f(x) = sin ln (5x2 – 8x + 4) (ii) f(x) = log2
2
2
4 4
Sol. (i) Df : 5 x 0 > 0: always true.
5 5
ln (5x2 8x + 4) defined for x (– , ) = Df
2
4 4 4
Rf : y = f(x) = sin u, where u = n 5 x 5 5 has umin = ln
5
4
min. for x =
5
4
ie., ln u< . . . (i)
5
4
For u ln , , sin u assumes all values between 1 and 1.
5
1 y 1, y [ 1, 1] = Rf
sin x cos x
(ii) Let u
2
3 sin x 3
4 2u4
1.......1
log2 u is defined for x ( , ) = Df
Rf : y = log2 u, 2 u 4 : log22 y log2 4
1 y 2 : y [1, 2] = Rf
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
3
30 Find the domain of the function f(x) = log log|sin x| x 2 8x 23
log 2
|sin x|
3
Sol.
2
f(x) is defined if log|sin x| x 8x 23 log |sin x| > 0
2
x 2 8x 23 3 log 2 8
log|sin x|
0 as log |sin x| log |sin x| log|sin x| 8
8 2 2
x 2 8x 23
sin x 0,1 and 1
8
as |sinx| < 1 log|sin x| a 0 a 1
x 2 8x 23
Now, 1 x 2 8x 15 0
8
3
x 3, 5 ,
2
Hence domain of a function
3 3
= 3, , , 5 .
2 2
31 Find the range of the following functions
2x 2 1
(i) y = cos
1 2
x 1
(ii)
y log 2 2 log 2 16 sin 2
x 1
2x 2 1
Sol. (i) y = cos x 2 1
–1
2
1 2x 1
1
= sin 2
x 2 1
x4 sin1 x
2
= sin 1
2 1 x2
x 2
1
x2
we know that 0 1
x2 1
x2
1
0 sin 2
x 1 2
y 0, ,
2
The range of y is [0, /2)
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
(ii)
y log 2 2 log 2 16 sin 2
x 1
Now for y to be well defined
2 log 2 (16 sin2 x +1) > 0 and 16 sin2 x + 1 > 0 which is true for all x R
y is well defined for 16 sin2 x + 1 < 2 i.e. for 0 16 sin2 x < 1
i.e. 1 16 sin2x + 1 < 2
0 log 2
(16 sin2x + 1) < 2
0 < 2 log 2
(16 sin2 x + 1) 2
< y 1
Range of y is ( , 1]
32 ABCD is a square of side a. A line parallel to the diagonal BD at a distance x from the vertex A cuts
two adjacent sides. Express the area of the segment of the square, with A at a vertex, as a function of
x.
Sol. D F C
D C
2ax
O O
F a F P E
x P x
A E B A B
There are two different situations
a
(i) when x = AP OA, i.e., x
2
a
(ii) When x = AP >OA, i.e., x > but x 2a
2
1
Case (i) ar( AEF) = x. 2x = x2
2
( PE = PF = AP = x)
Case (ii) ar (ABEFDA) = ar (ABCD) – ar ( CFE)
1
= a2 –
2
. 2a x . 2 2a x [ CP = 2 a – x]
2 2 2
= a2 – 2a x 2 2ax = 2 2ax x a
2
the required function f(x) is as follows :
2 a
x , 0 x
2
f(x)
2 2 a .
2 2ax x a , x 2a
2
33 If a, b R be fixed positive numbers such that f(a + x)
= b + [b3 + 1 – 3b2. f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3]1/3
for all x R then prove that f(x) is a periodic function.
Sol Here, {f(a + x) – b}3
= b3 + 1 – 3b2 f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
= 1 – [{f(x)}3 – 3b. {f(x)}2 + 3b2. f(x) – b3]
= 1 – {f(x) – b}3
{f(a + x) – b]3 + {f(x) – b}3 = 1 . . . (i)
This is true for all x.
Putting a + x for x in (i), we get,
{f(2a + x) – b}3 + {f(a + x)} – b}3 = 1 . . . (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii)
{f(2a + x) – b)3 – {f(x) – b)3 = 0
or {f(2a + x) – b}3 = {f(x) – b}3
or f(2a + x) – b = f(x) – b
or f(2a + x) = f(x)
f(x) is a periodic function.
OBJECTIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
1 Which of the following function (s) from f : A A are invertible, where A = [ –1, 1]
x x
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = sin (c) f(x) = |x| (d) f(x) = x2
2 2
x
Sol. Clearly ‘c’ and ‘d’ are ruled out as these are many–one. Also f(x) = is one–one but not onto..
2
x
g(x)= sin is both one–one and onto..
2
Hence (b) is the correct answer
2
2 Let f: , [0, 4] be a function defined as f(x) = –1
3 sin x – cosx + 2. Then f (x)
3 3
is given by
x 2 x 2 2 x 2
(a) sin–1 (b) sin–1 (c) cos 1 (d) None of these
2 6 2 6 3 2
Sol. f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2 = 2 sin x + 2
6
Since f(x) is one–one and onto, f is invertible.
Now fof–1 (x) = x 2 sin f 1 x 2 x
6
x 1 x
sin f 1 x 1 1
f x sin 2 1 6
6 2
x
Because 1 1 for all x [0, 4]
2
x; when x is rational
3 If f(x) = , then fof (x) is given as
1 x; when x is irrational
(a) 1 (b) x
(c) 1 + x (d) None of these
Sol.
f(x) ;when f(x) is rational
fof (x) = 1 f(x); when f(x) is irrational
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
x; when x is rational
= 1 (1 x); when x is irrational
=x
4 If f(x) is defined on domain [0, 1] then f(2 sinx) is defined on
5
(a) 2n, 2n 6 2n 6
, 2n 1
(b) 2n, 2n 6
n1 n1
5
(c) 2n 6
, 2n 1
(d) None of these
n1
Sol. f(x) is defined on [0, 1] 0 x 1
Now f(2sin x) shall be defined, if 0 2 sin x 1
5
0 sin x
2
1
x 2n, 2n 6 2n 6
, 2n 1
nI
cos x
,
5 f(x) = 2x 1 , where x is not an integral multiple of and [×] denote the greatest
2
integer function, is
(a) an odd function (b) an even function
(c) neither odd nor even (d) none of these
Sol. Clearly 2x 1 2x 1 f(x) is an odd function.
2 2
Hence (a) is correct answer.
6 Let f : [– 10, 10] R, where f(x) = sinx + [x2/a] and [.] denotes the greatest integer function be
an odd function. Then set of values of parameter ‘a’ is / are
(a) (–10, 10) – {0} (b) (0, 10)
(c) [100, ) (d) (100, )
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function,
x2 x2
0 for all x [– 10, 10] 0 a < 1 for all x [–10, 10]
a
a > 100
Hence, (d) is the correct answer
7 If f is a function such that f(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and f(x + 2) = 2f(x) – f(x + 1) for every real x then
f(5) is
(a) 7 (b) 13
(c) 1 (d) 5
Sol. x = 0 f(2) = 2f(0) – f(1) = 2 2 – 3 = 1
x = 1 f(3) = 6 – 1 = 5
x = 2 f(4) = 2f(2) – f(3) = 2 1 – 5 = – 3
x = 3 f(5) = 2f(3) – f(4) = 2(5) – (– 3) = 13
Hence (b) is correct answer.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
8 Domain of cos–1[2x2 – 3], where [×] denotes greatest integer function, is
5 5
(a) 1, 2 (b) 2 , 1
5 5
(c) 2 , 1 1, 2 (d) None of these
Sol. We have – 1 [2x2 – 3] 1
– 1 2x2 – 3 < 2
5 5 5
1 x2 <
2
x 2 , 1 1, 2
Hence (c) is correct answer.
x2 e
9 If f(x) = ln 2 , then range of f(x) is
x 1
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1] (c) [0, 1) (d) {0, 1}
x2 e x2 1 1 e e 1
Sol. f(x) = ln 2 = ln 2 l n 1 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
Clearly range is (0, 1]
Hence (b) is correct answer.
10 If f(x) = sin a x, (where [×] denotes the greatest integer function, has as it’s fundamental
period, then
(a) a = 1 (b) a [1, 2) (c) a = 9 (d) a [4, 5)
2
Sol. [a ] = p [a] 2 [a] 4
a [4, 5).
Hence (d) is correct.
11 If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then f(3) – f(2) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
Sol. f(x) = 0 x R f(3) – f(2) = 0
Hence (c) is correct answer.
12 If f : R R is defined by f(x) = x2 + 1, the value of f–1(17) and f–1 (–3) are respectively..
(a) , {4, – 4} (b) , {3, – 3} (c) {3, – 3}, (d) {4, – 4},
–1
Sol. f (17) = {x : f(x) {17}} = {x : f(x) = 17}
= {x : x2 + 1= 17} = {4, – 4}
and f–1 (– 3) = {x : x2 + 1 = – 3} = {x : x2 = – 4}=
Hence (d) is correct answer.
e|x| e x
13 Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x) = . Then
ex e x
(a) f is both one-one and onto (b) f is one-one but not onto
(c) f is onto but not one-one (d) f is neither one-one nor onto.
Sol. f is not one-one as f(0) = 0 and f(–1) = 0. f is also not onto a for y = 1 there is no
x R such that f(x) = 1. If there is such an x R, then e|x| e x ex e x .Clearly x 0. For x > 0,
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
e 2x 1
this equation gives e–x = 0 which is not possible and for x < 0, 0 , which is also not
ex
possible.
Hence (d) is the correct answer.
14 The range of the function
x2
f(x) = is
x4 1
(a) (0, 1/2) (b) [0, 1/2]
(c) [0, ) (d) [0, 2]
Sol. Clearly, f(x) 0 for any x R. Moreover, (x2 – 1)2 = x4 – 2x2 + 1 0 for any x R,
x2 1
so 4 . Hence the range of f is [0, 1/2].
x 1 2
Hence (b) is correct answer.
x 1 1
15 Domain of f(x) = log 0.4 2 is
x 5 x 36
(a) (– , 0) ~ {– 6} (b) (0, ) ~ {1, 6}
(c) (1, ) ~ {6} (d) [1, ) ~ {6}.
x 1 x 1
Sol. For f to be defined x – 6, 6 and log 0.4 0, 0 . Since log a x for
x5 x5
x 1 x 1
0 < a < 1 is a decreasing function, we have 1 and > 0. For x > – 5,
x5 x5
we must have x – 1 x + 5 and x – 1 > 0. The first inequality is always true, so we must have x >
1 for x < – 5.
We have x – 1 x + 5, x – 1< 0. These inequalities are not possible.
the domain of f is (1, ) ~ {6}.
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 1
1. If A contains 10 elements then total number of functions defined from A to A is
(a) 10 (b) 210 (c) 1010 (d) 210 1
x | x |
2. If f (x) , then f ( 1)
|x|
(a) 1 (b) – 2 (c) 0 (d) 2
1
3. If f (y) log y, then f (y) f is equal to
y
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) – 1
1 x 2x
4. If f (x) log , then f is equal to
1 x
2
1 x
(a) [f (x)]2 (b) [f (x)]3 (c) 2f (x) (d) 3f (x)
5. If f (x) cos[ 2 ]x cos[2 ]x, then
(a) f 2 (b) f ( ) 2 (c) f () 1 (d) f 1
4 2
6. If f : R R satisfies f (x y) f (x) f (y), for x, y R and f (1) 7, then f (r) =
r 1
7n 7(n 1) 7n(n 1)
(a) (b) (c) 7n (n 1) (d)
2 2 2
1 1
7. If f (x) for x 2, then f (11)
x 2 2x 4 x 2 2x 4
7 5 6 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 7 7
1
8. Domain of the function is
x2 1
(a) ( , 1) (1, ) (b) ( , 1] (1, ) (c) ( , 1) [1, ) (d) None of these
1
9. The domain of the function f (x) | x | x is
(a) R (b) R (c) R 0 (d) R
log 2 (x 3)
10. Find the domain of definition of f (x)
x 2 3x 2
(a) ( 3, ) (b) {1, 2} (c) ( 3, ) {1, 2} (d) (, )
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11. The domain of the function f (x) 2 2x x 2 is
(a) 3 x 3 (b) 1 3 x 1 3
(c) 2 x 2 (d) None of these
12. If the domain of function f (x) x 2 6x 7 is (, ) , then the range of function is
(a) ( , ) (b) [ 2, ) (c) ( 2,3) (d) (, 2)
13. The domain of the function f (x) x x 2 4 x 4 x is
(a) [4, ) (b) [4, 4] (c) [0, 4] (d) [0,1]
14. The domain of the function log(x 2 6x 6) is
(a)R (b) (,3 3) (3 3, )
(c) (,1] [5, ) (d) [0, )
15. The domain of definition of the function y(x) given by 3x 3y 3 is
(a) (0, 1] (b) [0, 1] (c) (, 0] (d) ( ,1)
16. The domain of the function f (x) cos 1[log 2 (x / 2)] is
(a) [1, 4] (b) [– 4, 1] (c) [– 1, 4] (d) None of these
17. If f (x) x 2 1, then f 1 (17) and f 1 (3) will be
(a) 4, 1 (b) 4, 0 (c) 3, 2 (d) None of these
3
18. Domain of definition of the function f (x) 2
log 2 (x 5 x 3 ), is
4x
(a) (1, 2) (b) (–1, 0) (1, 2)
(c) (1, 2) (2, ) (d) (–1, 0) (1, 2) (2, )
2
19. The domain of the function f (x) log 3 x (x 1) is
(a) (3, 1) (1, ) (b) [3, 1) [1, )
(c) ( 3, 2) ( 2, 1) (1, ) (d) [3, 2) ( 2, 1) [1, ]
1
20. Domain of definition of the function f (x) 2sin (2x) , for real value x, is
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
4 2 2 2 2 9 4 4
21. The range of f (x) cos x sin x is
(a) (1,1) (b) [1,1) (c) , (d) [ 2, 2]
2 2
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
1 x 2
22. The range of is
x2
(a) (0,1) (b) (1, ) (c)[0, 1] (d) [1, )
1
23. For real values of x, range of the function y is
2 sin 3x
1 1 1 1
(a) y 1 (b) y 1 (c) y 1 (d) y 1
3 3 3 3
24. If f (x) a cos ( bx c) d, then range of f (x ) is
(a) [d a,d 2a] (b) [a d,a d] (c) [d a,a d] (d) [d a,d a]
x 2
25. The range of the function f (x) is
|x 2|
(a){0, 1} (b) {– 1, 1} (c) R (d) R {2}
2
26. The range of f (x) sec cos x , x is
4
(a) [1, 2] (b) [1, ) (c) [ 2, 1] [1, 2] (d) ( , 1] [1, )
x 2 3x 1
27. Range of the function f (x) ; x R is
x2 x 1
5 5 5
(a) 1, (b) , (c) 1, (d) 1,
3 3 3
28. Function f : N N,f (x) 3x 4 is
(a) One - one onto (b) One - one into (c) Many - one onto (d) Many – one into
29. The function f : R R defined by f (x) x(x 2)(x 3) is
(a) One-one but not onto (b) Onto but not one-one
(c) Both one-one and onto (d) Neither one-one nor onto
30. Find number of surjection from A to B where A {1, 2,3, 4,5}, B {a, b,c}
(a)130 (b) 150 (c) 140 (d)160
31. If A {a, b, c} , then total number of one-one onto functions which can be defined from A to A is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 6
32. If f : R R , then f (x) | x | is
(a) One - one but not onto (b) Onto but not one-one
(c) One - one and onto (d) None of these
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
xm
33. Let f : R R be a function defined by f (x) , where m n .
xn
(a) f is one-one onto (b) f is one-one into
(c) f is many one onto (d) f is many one into
34. The function f : R R defined by f (x) e x is
(a) Onto (b) Many - one (c) One - one and into (d) Many - one and onto
n 1
, when n is odd
2
f (n)
35. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by n 2 , when n is even ,
2
is
(a) One - one but not onto (b) Onto but not one - one
(c) One - one and onto both (d) Neither one - one nor onto
36. Which of the following is an even function
ax 1 a x ax ax 1
x
(a) a x 1 (b) tan x (c) (d) x
2 a 1
37. Let f (x) x 4 15 , then the graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about
(a) The x-axis (b) The y-axis (c)The origin (d)The line x = y
2
38. The function f (x) log x x 1 is
(a) an even function (b) an odd function
(c) a periodic function (d) None of these
39. Which of the following is an even function
a x 1 ax 1 a x a x
(a) f (x) x (b) f (x) x x (c) f (x) (d) f (x) sin x
a 1 a 1 a x a x
2
40. The function f (x) sin log x x 1 is
(a) an even function (b) an odd function
(c) neither even nor odd (d) a periodic function
x
41. The period of the function f (x) 2 cos 3 is
3
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d)
x x x
42. The function f (x) sin 2 cos tan is periodic with period
2 3 4
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 12
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43. The period of f x | sin 2x | is
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
4 2
44. If f (x), f : R R is an odd periodic function with period 2, then f (4) equals
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) – 4
45. The period of the function f (x) 2 sin 2 x 1 is
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) None of these
2
46. The period of f (x) 1 2x [2x], if it is periodic, is
1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c)1 (d) None of these
x x
47. The period of f (x) sin cos , , n 2, is
n 1 n nZ
(a) 2 n (n 1) (b) 4n (n 1) (c) 2n(n 1) (d) None of these
48. If a, b be two fixed positive integers such that for all real x,
1
2
f (a x) b 1 b 3 3b 2 f (x) 3b f (x) f (x)
3 3
, then f (x) is a periodic function
with period
(a) a (b) 2 a (c) b (d) 2 b
49. If f : R R,f (x) 2x 1 and g : R R, g(x) x 2 then (gof ) (x) equals
(a) 2x 2 1 (b) (2x 1) 2 (c) 4x 2 2x 1 (d) x 2 2x 1
50. If f : R R, f (x) (x 1)2 and g : R R, g(x) x 2 1 , then fog 3 is equal to
(a) 121 (b) 144 (c) 112 (d) 11
51. Which of the following function is invertible
(a) f (x) 2x (b) f (x) x 3 x (c) f (x) x 2 (d) None of these
1
52. If g(x) x 2 x 2 and (gof ) (x) 2x 2 5x 2, then f 1 (x) is equal
2
(a) 2x 3 (b) 2x 3 (c) 2x 2 3x 1 (d) 2x 2 3x 1
y y
53. If f (y) 1 y 2 & g(y) 1 y 2 then (fog) (y) is equal to
y y 1 y2
(a) 1 y 2 (b) 1 y 2 (c) y (d)
1 y2
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
2x 3
54. If f x , then f f (x) equals
x2
x 1
(a) x (b) x (c) (d)
2 x
55. Suppose that g(x) 1 x and f (g(x)) 3 2 x x, then f(x) is
(a) 2x 2 1 (b) x 2 2 (c) x + 1 (d) x + 2
x
56. If f x , then domain of f(f(f(x))) ia
2x 1
1 1
(a) R 0, (b) R (c) R 0 (d) None of these
2 2
2x 1
57. If f (x) , then (fof )(2) is equal to
3x 2
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2
58. If f : R R and g : R R are given by f (x) | x | and g(x) [x] for each x R, then
{x R : g(f (x)) f (g(x))}
(a) I (,0) (b) (,0) (c) I (d) R
59. If f :[1, ) [1, ) is defined as f (x) 3x(x 2) then f 1 (x) is equal to
x ( x 2)
1
(a) (b) 1 1 log3 x (c) 1 1 log 3 x (d) Not defined
3
60. If the function f : R R be such that f (x) x [x], where [y] denotes the greatest integer less
than or equal to y, then f 1 (x) is
1
(a) (b) [x] x (c) Not defined (d) None of these
x [x]
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 2
2 x
1 The domain of sec1 is
4
(A) R (B) R 1,1 (C) R 3,3 (D) R 6, 6
x 2 5x 6 1
2 If f x log 2 2
(Where [.] is greatest integer), Then domain of function f x
x x 1 x 1
is
(A) , 2
2, 2 3, (B) , 2 3,
(C) , 2 2, (D) None of these
1 x 1 x 3
3 Let f be real valued function defined by f x sin 1 cos , Then domain of f x
3 5
is given by
(A) 4,4 (B) 0, 4 (C) 3,3 (D) 5,5
2
4 Domain of f x 2 x 3x 1 where {.} denotes the fractional part, in 1,1 is
1 1 1
(A) 1,1 ~ ,1 (B) 1, 0, 1
2 2 2
1 1
(C) 1, (D) ,1
2 2
5 Domain of f x cos sin x log x x ; where {.} denotes the fractional part is
(A) [1, ) (B) 0, 2 ~ [1, ) (C) 0, 1 (D) 0,1
2
6 Domain of f x x 1 x2 ; where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is
(A) , 2 [1, ) (B) , 2 [1, ) (C) , 3 [1, ) (D) , 3 [1, )
x 2
Domain of f x sin log 2 , where [.] denotes the greatest integer functions, is
1
7
2
(A) 8, 8
(B) 8 1 1, 8
(C) 1, 1
(D) 8, 1 1, 8
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
8 Domain of f x satisfying 2x 2f x 2 is
(A) 1,1 (B) , 1 (C) ,1 (D) None of these
9 If domain of f x is 1,2 , then domain of f x x 2
4 where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function, is
(A) 1, 7 (B) 3, 1 3, 7
(C) 1, 7
(D) 3, 1 3, 7
1
10 Range of f x is
1 2cos x
1 1 1 1
(A) ,1 (B) 1, (C) (,1] , (D) ,1
3 3 3 3
11 Range of f x sin 1 x tan 1 x cos 1 x is
3 3 3 3
(A) 0, (B) , (C) , (D) ,
2 2 2 2 2 4 4
1 2 1 1 2 1
12 Range of f x sin x cos x , where [.] denotes the greatest integer
2 2
function, is
(A) , (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 2
13 Range of f x sin
1
x 2 x 1 is
(A) 0, (B) 0, (C) , (D) ,
2 3 3 2 6 3
x2
Range of f x cos
1
14 2
is
1 x
(A) 0, (B) 0, (C) 0, (D) 0,
2 4 2 4
15 Range of f x n cos sin x is
(A) 0, n cos ec 1 (B) 0, n sec 1
(C) n cos ec 1 , n sec1 (D) 0
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
x 1
16 Range of f x 2 , is
x 2x 3
1 1 1 1
(A) 1 3,1 3 (B) , (C) R (D) ,
4 4 2 2 2 2
1 x2
1 2
17 Range of f x cos 2 x is
2x
(A) 0,1 (B) 0,1 (C) 1,1 (D) 1,1
2 2
18 Range of f x
tan x 2 x
is (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
1 sin cos x
(A) , ~ 0, tan1 (B) , ~ [tan 2,0)
(C) tan 2, tan1 (D) None of these
ex
19 Range of f x , x 0 , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function is
x 1
(A) 0, (B) [0, ) (C) 1, (D) [1, )
1
20 If f x
1 x
, then f f f x is equal to
(A) f x ,x 1 (B) f x ,x 1,0, 1 (C) f x ,x 1,0 (D) f x ,x 1, 1
21 If f g x sin x and g f x sin2 x , then
2
(A) f x x,g x sin 2 x (B) f x sin x,g x x
(C) f x sin x,g x x 2 (D) f x x ,g x sin 2 x
x, x is rational
22 If f x , then f f x is
1 x, x is irrational
x, x is irrational
(A) x x R (B) f x
1 x, x is rational
x, x is rational
(C) f x (D) None of these
1 x, x is irrational
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
x 2 , x 0
23 If
f x , then f f x is
x, x 0
(A) x x R (B) x x R (C) x 2 x R (D) f x x R
24 Period of f x sin 1 sin x e tan x is
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) None of these
2
25 Which of the following functions is non-periodic, here [.] and {.} denotes the greatest integer func-
tion and fractional part respectively ?
2x
(A)
2 x
(B) sin x
1
(C) sin
1
sin x 1
(D) sin cos x
2
cos sin nx
26 If the period of f x , n N is 6 , then n is equal to
x
tan
n
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 6 (D) 1
27 Period of f x sin 3 x tan x , where [.] and {.} denote the greatest integer function and
fractional part respectively, is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
28 If f x sin cos x x tan sin x x ,0 then odd extension of f x in 0, is
(A) sin cos x x tan sin x (B) sin cos x x tan sin x
(C) sin cos x x tan sin x (D) x sin cos x tan sin x
29 Which of the following is not an odd function ?
3
(A) g x g x (B) g x g x
x4 x2 1
(C) log 2 (D) xg x .g x tan sin x
x x 1
x2
30 Let f : 4,4 ~ ,0, R such that f x cot sin x , where [.] denotes the greatest
a
integer function is an odd function, complete set of values of ‘a’ is
(A) 16,16 ~ 0 (B) , 16 16,
(C) 16,16 ~ 0 (D) , 16 [16, )
31 If f : 2, , 4 , where f x x 4 x , then f 1 x is given by
(A) 2 4 x (B) 2 4 x (C) 2 4 x (D) 2 4 x
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
32 If A 1,2,3,4 and f : A A, then total number of invertible functions, ‘f’, such that
f 2 2, f 4 4,f 1 1 is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
1
33 f : ,1 , , where f x 2x x 2 , f 1 x is given by
2
(A) 1 1 log 2 x (B) 1 1 log 2 x (C) 1 1 log 2 x (D) 1 1 log 2 x
34 If f : R R where f x ax cos x is an invertible function, then
(A) a 2,1 1, 2 (B) a 2,2
(C) a , 1 1, (D) a 1,1
35 The range of the function, f(x) = cot–1 log 0 .5 x 4 2x 2 3 is
3 3 3
(A) (0, ) (B) 0, (C) , (D) ,
4 4 2 4
36 The period of the function f (x) = sin (x + 3 – [x + 3 ] ), where [ ] denotes the greatest integer
function is
(A) 2 + 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
37 If f (x) = x2 + bx + c and f (2 + t) = f (2 – t) for all real numbers t, then which of the following is true?
(A) f (1) < f (2) < f (4) (B) f (2) < f (1) < f (4)
(C) f (2) < f (4) < f (1) (D) f (4) < f (2) < f (1)
38 If f (x + ay, x - ay) = axy then f (x, y) is equal to :
x2 y2 x2 y2
(A) (B) (C) 4 xy (D) none
4 4
39 The solution set for [x] {x} = 1 where {x} and [x] are fractional part & integral part of x, is
(A) R+ – (0, 1) (B) R+ – {1}
1 1
(C) m / m I {0} (D) m / m N {1}
m m
40 If f (x) 2 tan 3x 5 1 cos 6x ; g(x) is a function having the same fundamental period as that of f(x),
then which of the following can be g(x).
(A) (sec23x + cosec23x)tan23x (B) 2 sin3x + 3cos3x
(C) 2 1 cos 2 3x + cosec3x (D) 3 cosec3x + 2 tan3x
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 3
1 2
If log 1 x 5x 7 0, then exhaustive range of values of x is
2
(A) , 2 3, (B) 2,3 (C) ,1 2, (D) None of these
2
2
If log 3 x 6x 11 1, then the exhaustive range of values of x is
(A) , 2 4, (B) 2, 4
(C) ,1 1,3 4, (D) None of these
3 2
Exhaustive set of values of x satisfying log x x x 1 0 is
(A) 1,0 (B) , 1 1,
(C) , ~ 1,0,1 (D) , 1 1,0 1,
2
4
Complete solution set of the inequality x e x 1 x 2 x 3 0 is
(A) 2,3 (B) ( 2, 0] (C) ( , 2] 0,3 (D) ( , 2] 0,3
x2
5 Complete solution set of 1 is
x 1
1 5 1 5
(A) , ~ 1 (B) ,
2 2
1 5 1 5 1 5
(C) , 1, (D) ,1
2 2 2
6
2 2
Complete solution set of the equation x 1 cos x x 1 cos x belonging to 2, , is
3
(A) , ~ 1,1 (B) , 1,1 ,
2 2 2 2 2
3 3
(C) , , (D) 2, , 1 1,
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
7 If x 5 x 6 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then
(A) x [3, 4) (B) x 2,3 (C) x 2,3 (D) x [2, 4)
x
8 If log 2 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then
x
(A) x , ~ [0,1) (B) x ,0
(C) x [1, ) (D) None of these
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
9 Total number of positive real values of x satisfying 2 x x x , where [.] and {.} denote the greatest
integer function and fractional part respectively, is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 3
2
10 Total number of solutions of x x 2x , where [.] and {.} denotes the greatest integer function and
fractional part respectively, is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) None of these
2
11 If x x a 0 has a solution where a N and a 20, then total number of different values of ‘a’
can be
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
12 If x 2x 3, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then
2 3
(A) x [0,1) (B) x , (C) x 0, (D) x ,1
3 2
13 The minimum value of f x x 1 x 2 x 3 is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
14 If 5sin x cos x 6 0 then range of f x sin x 3 cos x, corresponding to the solution set
of the given equation, is (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(A) 2, 0
(B) 3, 0 (C) 2, 3 (D) 2, 3
15 Range of f x sin x cos x , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is
(A) 0 (B) 0,1 (C) 1 (D) None of these
16 Total number of solutions of 2cos x sin x in 2,5 is equal to
(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 16 (D) 15
17 Let A x1 , x 2 ,.....x m , B y1 , y 2 ,....., y n then total number of one-one functions f : A B is equal
to
(A) n Pm (B) n Cm (C) n! (D) m!
18 Total number of solution of 2x 3x 4x 5x 0 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
19 Total number of solutions of the equation sin x n x aree
(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 9 (D) 6
Total number of solutions of the equation x 4 x 0 are (where [.] denotes the greatest interger
2
20
function)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
1
If f x max x , x ,
3 2
21 x [0, ) , then
64 1 1
64 , 0 x 4
x 2 , 0 x 1 1
(A) f x 3 (B) f x x 2 , x 1
x , x 1 3 4
x , x 1
1 1
64 , 0 x 8
2 1
(C) f x x , x 1 (D) None of these
3 8
x , x 1
22 The functions f and g have the respective domains A and B. Hence the domain of f+g is
(A) AB (B) A (C) A B (D) B
23 A function f is such that f 3(x)=f 3(y)x=y,for all x,y. (f 3 means fofof) Hence f must be
(A)surjective (B)periodic (C) even (D) injective
24 a,b,c and d are constants. If f(x)=(ax+b)cos x+(cx+d)sin x is even, then the number of values of the pair
(a,d)is
(A)0 (B) 2 (C)1 (D)infinitely many
1
25 The range of f(x)= is
3cos x 4sin x 6
(A) LM 1 , 1OP LM
(B)
1 1 OP (C) 0 , 6 (D)none of these
N11 Q N 5
,
5 Q
26 Let A={a1,a2,a3,a4} & B={b1,b2,b3,b4,b5}. The number of injective functions f from A to B,such that
f(a1)b4 and f(a2)=b1, is
(A) 18 (B)6 (C)120 (D) 24
27 The range of the real-valued function f(x)= 2 x 1 x is the interval
(A) [–1,2] (B) [ 3, 6] (C)[ 0,) (D)(0,)
28 What must be true about the function f(x)=log(2+cos3x)?
LM
(A)the domain of f is ,
OP (B) f is odd
N 2 2 Q
(C)the range of f is (–,) (D) f is periodic
29 a,b are constants and belong to {–1,0,1}. The number of pairs (a,b), such that f(x)=ax+b, for all x R, is it’s
own inverse, is
(A) 2 (B) 9 (C) 4 (D) 8
30 Four statements, about the graph of f(x)=log10, 1+ x ,are given below.Mark all the correct statements:-
1 x
I : the graph is symmetric about the y-axis
II : the graph lies in the 4th and 1st quad rants
III : the graph is symmetric about the origin
IV : the graph lies in the 3rd and 1st quadrants and goes through the origin
(A)I and IV (B) II and III (C) III (D) III and IV
31 y=y(x) is a function such that 2x+2y=1. Hence the domain is the interval
(A) (–, 0) (B)(–, 0] (C) (0,) (D) [0,)
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
32 f is an even function, and g is an odd function, such that f(x)+g(x)=ex, for all x. Then
(A) (f(x))2+(g(x))2=1 (B) (g(x))2–(f(x))2=1 (C) (f(x))2=(g(x))2 (D) (f(x))2=(g(x))2+1
33 The fundamental period of f(x)=cos []x+sin[–]x is ([ ] is the step function)
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 4
2
34 The number of onto functions f :{1,2,...,6}{1,2,3} is
(A) 729 (B) 216 (C) 540 (D)none of these
35 f is an injective function. f(2)=5. The point A(5,k) is reflected in the line y = x to get the point B. Given that
B lies on the graph of y=f(x), the co-ordinates of the reflection of B in the origin are
(A) (–2 , –5) (B) (–5,–2) (C) (5,2) (D) (2,5)
36 The number of polynomial functions P(x), such that P(x2+1)=(P(x))2+1, for all x, and P(0)=1, is
(A) infinitely many (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1
37 Let f(x)=cos( 2 x)+cos( 3 x). Consider the following statements:-
I : f(x)is periodic
II : f(x) has the greatest value 2
III : the graph of y=f(x) cuts the x-axis IV : f(x) is even
The true statement(s) is (are)
(A) II,III,IV (B) I,II,III (C) I,II,III and IV (D) IV
38 The solution set of the equation
1
[x]+[x+ ]=2004 ([ ] is the step function)is the interval
2
(A) [ 1002 , 1003] (B) (1002,1003) (C) [1002,1003) (D) none of these
39 The number of solutions of the equation ex = tanx, 0 < x < 2, is
(A) nil (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinitely many
40 Which one of the following depicts the graph of an odd function?
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
41 Minimum period of the function f (x) = | sin32x | + | cos32x | is
3
(A) p (B) (C) (D)
2 4 4
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
42 Domain of definition of the function f (x) = log 10(3)x 2 9 x 1 1 + cos 1 (1 x) is
(A) [0, 1] (B) [1, 2] (C) (0, 2) (D) (0, 1)
43 If f (x) = 2x3 + 7x – 5 then f–1(4) is
(A) equal to 1 (B) equal to 2 (C) equal to 1/3 (D) non existent
8 8 4 4
44 Given f (x) = and g (x) = then g(x) is
1 x 1 x f(sin x) f(cos x)
(A) periodic with period /2 (B) periodic with period
(C) periodic with period 2 (D) aperiodic
|sin x | |cos x|
45 The period of the function f (x) = is
|sin x cos x|
(A) /2 (B) /4 (C) (D) 2
46 In the square ABCD with side AB = 2, two points M & N are on the adjacent sides of the square such that
MN is parallel to the diagonal BD . If x is the distance of MN from the vertex A and f (x) = Area ( AMN)
, then range of f (x) is :
(A) 0 , 2 (B) (0 , 2 ] (C) 0 , 2 2 (D) 0 , 2 3
x lnx
47 f (x) = and g (x) = . Then identify the CORRECT statement
lnx x
1 1
(A) and f (x) are identical functions (B) and g (x) are identical functions
g(x) f(x)
1
(C) f (x) . g (x) = 1 x 0 (D) 1 x 0
f(x).g(x)
f(x)
48 Let f be a function satisfying f (xy) = for all positive real numbers x and y. If f (30) = 20, then the value
y
of f (40) is
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60
49 Let f (x) = sin2x + cos4x + 2 and g (x) = cos (cos x) + cos (sin x). Also let period of f (x) and g (x) be T1
and T2 respectively then
(A) T1 = 2T2 (B) 2T1 = T2 (C) T1 = T2 (D) T1 = 4T2
50 A function f (x) = 1 2x + x is defined from D1 D2 and is onto. If the set D1 is its complete domain
then the set D2 is
1
(A) , (B) (– , 2) (C) (– , 1) (D) (– , 1]
2
|x| |x|
51 Let f (x) = e{e sgn x} and g (x) = e[e sgn x]
, x R where { x } and [ ] denotes the fractional part and
integral part functions respectively.
Also h(x) = ln f ( x ) +ln g( x ) then for all real x, h(x) is
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither an odd nor an even function (D) both odd as well as even function
52 Which of the following function is surjective but not injective
(A) f : R R f (x) = x4 + 2x3 – x2 + 1 (B) f : R R f (x) = x3 + x + 1
(C) f : R R+ f (x) = 1 x 2 (D) f : R R f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – x + 1
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
53 Suppose that f is continuous on [a, b] and that f (x) is an integer for each x in [a, b]. Then in [a, b], where
{ } denotes fractional part function
(A) f is injective (B) Range of f may have many elements
(C) {x} is zero for all x [a, b] where (D) f (x) is constant
min(x,y) 3
54 If f (x, y) = max(x,y) and g (x, y) = max(x, y) – min(x, y), then f g 1, ,g(4, 1.75)
2
equals
(A) – 0.5 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D) 1.5
2
e x ln x 5(x 2) (x 2 7x 10)
55 The range of the function f(x) = is
2x 2 11x 12
3 3
(A) ( , ) (B) [0 , ) (C) , (D) ,4
2 2
56 If the solution set for f (x) < 3 is (0, ) and the solution set for f (x) > – 2 is (– , 5), then the true solution
2
set for f(x) f (x) + 6, is
(A) (– , + ) (B) (– , 0] (C) [0, 5] (D) (– , 0] [5, )
57 Let f(x) = (x + 1)² -1, (x 1) . Then the set S = {x: f(x) = f-1(x)} is
3 i 3 3 i 3
(A) 0, 1, , (B) {0, 1, -1}
2 2
(C) {0, -1} (D) empty
1 if x is rational
58 Let f (x) =
0 if x is irrational
A function g (x) which satisfies x f (x) g (x) for all x is
(A) g(x) = sin x (B) g (x) = x (C) g (x) = x2 (D) g (x) = | x |
59 Given f (x) = (x+1)C(2x– 8) ; g (x) = (2x – 8) C(x + 1) and h (x) = f (x) . g (x) , then which of the following holds ?
(A) The domain of 'h' is
(B) The range of 'h' is {– 1}
(C) The domain of 'h' is {x / x 3 or x – 3; x I
(D) The range of 'h' is {1}
9
60 Let R be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the x and y axis and the graphs of f (x) = xb
25
and y = f –1 (x). If the area of R is 49, then the value of b, is
18 22 28
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
5 5 5
9 x2
61 What percent of the domain of the function f (x) = 4 consists of positive numbers.
9 |2x 5|
(A) 40% (B) 50% (C) 30% (D) 65%
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
62 Which of the following statements are incorrect?
I : If f (x) and g (x) are one to one then
f (x) + g(x) is also one to one.
II : If f (x) and g (x) are one-one then
f (x) · g(x) is also one-one.
III : If f (x) is odd then it is necessarily
one to one.
(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) III and I only (D) I, II and III
1 e f(x)
63 Consider a real valued function f(x) such that = x. The values of 'a' and 'b' for which f (a) + f (b) = f
1 e f(x)
ab
is satisfied are
1 ab
(A) a (– , 1); b R (B) a (– , 1); b (–1, )
(C) a (–1, 1) ; b [–1, 1] (D) a (–1, 1); b (–1, 1)
64 Suppose that f is a function such that f(cos x) = cos 17x. Which one of the following functions
g has the property that g(sin x) = sin 17x.
(A) g(x) = f 1 x2 (B) g(x) = f x
4
(C) g(x) = 1 f(x)2 (D) g(x) = f (x)
65 Let a > 1 be a real number and f (x) = logax2 for x > 0. If f –1 is the inverse function of f and b and c are
real numbers then f–1(b + c) is equal to
1 1
(A) f –1(b) · f –1(c) (B) f –1(b) + f –1(c) (C) (D)
f(b c) f (b) f 1 (c)
1
65 Let f(x) = sin [a] x (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function) . If f is periodic with fundamental
period , then a belongs to :
(A) [2, 3) (B) {4, 5} (C) [4, 5] (D) [4, 5)
67 For x R, the function f (x) satisfies 2 f (x) + f (1 – x) = x2 then the value of f (4) is equal to
13 43 23
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
3 3 3
a x a x
68 Given the function f(x) = (a > 0) . If f(x + y) + f(x - y) = k f(x) . f(y) then k has the value equal
2
to :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1/2
69 The function f is one to one and the sum of all the intercepts of the graph is 5. The sum of all of the
intercept of the graph of y = f –1(x) is
(A) 5 (B) 1/5 (C) 2/5 (D) – 5
70 The function f(x) = cot-1 (x 3) x + cos-1 x 2 3x 1 is defined on the set S, where S =
(A) {0, 3} (B) (0, 3) (C) {0, - 3} (D) [- 3, 0]
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
WINDOW TO JEE MAIN
1. Which one is not periodic?
(a) |sin 3x| + sin2 x (b) cos x2 + cos2 x (c) cos 4x + tan2 x (d) cos 2x + sin x.
(2002)
2. The period of sin2is
(a) (b) (c) (d) /2
(2002)
1 x
3. The domain of sin log 3 is
3
(a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9] (c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1]
(2002)
4. The function f (x) = log(x + x2 + 1) is
(a) an odd function (b) a periodic function
(c) neither an even nor an odd function (d) an even function.
(2003)
5. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by
n 1
2 , if n is odd
f n
n , if n is even , is
2
(a) onto but not one – one (b) one - one and onto both
(c) neither one - one nor onto (d) one - one but not onto.
(2003)
3
6. Domain of definition of the function f x log10 x 3 x , is
4 x2
(a) (–1, 0) (1, 2) (b) (1, 2)
(c) (–1, 0 (d) (1, 2)
(2003)
n
7. If f : R R satisfies f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), for all x, y R and f (1) = 7, then f r is
r 1
7 n 1 7n n 1 7n
(a) (b) 7n(n + 1) (c) (d)
2 2 2
(2003)
8. Let R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 1)} be a relation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The relation R is
(a) not symmetric (b) transitive (c) a function (d) reflexive.
(2004)
9. The range of the function f (x) = 7 x Px 3 is
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (c) {1, 2, 3} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
(2004)
10. If f : RS, defined by f (x) = sin x 3 cos x + 1, is onto, then the interval of S is
(a) [0, 1] (b) [–1, 1] (c) [0, 3] (d) None of these
(2004)
11. The graph of the function y = f (x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then
(a) f (x) = f (–x) (b) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x) (c) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2) (d) f (x) = –f (–x).
(2004)
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
sin 1 x 3
12. The domain of the function f x is
9 x2
(a) [1, 2] (b) [2, 3) (c) [2, 3] (d) [1, 2)
(2004)
13. Let R = {(3, 3) (6, 6) (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}.
The relation is
(a) reflexive and symmetric only (b) an equivalence relation
(c) reflexive only (d) reflexive and transitive only
(2005)
1 2x
14. Let f : (–1, 1) B, be a function defined by f x tan 2 , then f is both one – one and onto when B
1 x
is the interval
(a) 0, (b) 0, (c) , (d) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
(2005)
15. A function is matched below against an interval where it is supposed to be increasing. Which of the following
pairs is incorrectly matched?
Interval Function
(a) [2, ) 2x – 3x2 – 12x + 6
3
(b) (–) x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 3
(c) (–, –4] x3 + 6x2 + 6
1
(d) , 3x2 – 2x + 1
3
(2005)
16. A real valued function f (x) satisfies the functional equation f (x – y) = f (x) f (y) – f (a – x) f (a + y), where a is a
given constant and f (0) = 1. f (2a – x) is equal to
(a) f (x) (b) –f (x) (c) f (–x) (d) f (a) + f (a – x).
(2005)
17. Let W denote the words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R by :
R = {(x, y) W × W : the words x and y have at least one letter in common}. Then R is
(a) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive (b) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
(c) reflexive, symmetric and transitive (d) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive.
(2006)
18. The set S = {1, 2, 3, ..... ,12} is to be partitioned into three sets A, B, C of equal size. Thus A B C = S,
A B = B C = A C = . The number of ways to partition S is
12! 12! 12! 12!
(a) 4! 3 (b) 4! 4 (c) 3! 4! 3 (d) 3! 4! 4
(2007)
19. Let R be the real line. Consider the following subsets of the plane R × R :
S = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2}
T = {(x, y) : x – y is an integer}.
Which one of the following is true?
(a) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not
(b) Neither S nor T is an equivalence relation on R
(c) Both S and T are equivalence relations on R
(d) S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not
(2008)
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
20. Let f : N Y be a function defined as f (x) = 4x + 3, where Y = {y N : y = 4x + 3 for some x N}.
If f( g(y)) = y, then
y3 3y 4 y3 y3
(a) g y (b) g y (c) g y 4 (d) g y
4 3 4 4
(2008)
2
21. Let f(x) = (x + 1) – 1, x e” – 1.
Statement-1 : The set {x : f (x) = f –1(x)} = {0, –1}.
Statement-2 : f is a Bijection.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(2009)
22. Let f(x) = x |x| and g(x) = sin x.
Statement-1 : gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is continuous at that point.
Statement-2 : gof is twice differentiable at x = 0.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(2009)
23. For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then
(a) f is onto R but not one-one
(b) f is one-one and onto R
(c) f is neither one-one nor onto R
(d) f is one-one but not onto R
(2009)
24. Consider the following relations :
R = {(x, y) | x, y are real numbers and x = wy for some rational number w},
m p
S , , m, n, p & q are int egers such that q 0 & qm pn . Then
n q
(a) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence relation
(b) Neither R nor S is an equivalence relation
(c) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an equivalence relation
(d) R and S both are equivalence relations
(2010)
25. Let f : (–1, 1) R be a differentiable function with f(0) = –1 and f 2 (0) = 1. Let g(x) = [f (2f(x) + 2)]2. Then
g ‘(0) =
(a) 4 (b) – 4 (c) 0 (d) – 2
(2010)
26. Let R be the set of real numbers.
Statement-1 : A = {(x, y) R × R : y – x is an integer} is an equivalence relation on R.
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y) R × R : x = y for some rational number } is an equivalence relation on R.
(a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(2011)
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
1
27. The domain of the function f x | x | x is
(a) (–) – {0} (b) (–) (c) (0, ) (d) (–, 0)
(2011)
28. The equation esin x e sin x 4 0 has
(a) infinite number of real roots (b) no real roots
(c) exactly one real root (d) exactly four real roots
(2012)
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 1(A)
MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS MAY BE CORRECT
1 Which of the following function(s) have no domain?
(A) f(x) = logx – 1(2 – [x] – [x]2) where [x] denotes the greatest integer function.
(B) g(x) = cos–1(2–{x}) where {x} denotes the fractional part function.
(C) h(x) = ln ln(cosx)
1
(D) f(x) =
sec -1
sg n e x
2 Which of the following functions are Transcendental?
2 sin 3x 2 x
(A) f (x) = 5 sin x (B) f (x) = 2 (C) f (x) = x 2 2 x 1 (D) f (x) = (x + 3).2
x 2x 1
3 The graphs of which of the following pairs differ.
sin x cos x
(A) y = 2
+ ; y = sin 2x
1 tan x 1 cot 2 x
(B) y = tan x cot x ; y = sin x cosec x
sec x cos ecx
(C) y = cos x + sin x ; y =
sec x cos ecx
(D) none of these
4 The functions which are aperiodic are :
(A) y = [x + 1] (B) y = sin x2 (C) y = sin2 x (D) y = sin1 x
where [x] denotes greatest integer function
5 Which of the functions defined below are one-one function(s) ?
(A) f(x) = (x + 1) , ( x 1) (B) g(x) = x + (1/x) ( x > 0)
(C) h(x) = x2 + 4x 5, (x > 0) (D) f(x) = e x, ( x 0)
6 Which of the following functions are homogeneous ?
(A) x sin y + y sin x (B) x ey/x + y ex/y (C) x2 xy (D) arc sin xy
7 If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying the condition f(x) . f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) and f(2)=9 then
(A) 2 f(4) = 3 f(6) (B) 14 f(1) = f(3) (C) 9 f(3) = 2 f(5) (D) f(10) = f(11)
8 D [ 1, 1] is the domain of the following functions, state which of them has the inverse.
(A) f(x) = x2 (B) g(x) = x3 (C) h(x) = sin 2x (D) k(x)= sin (x/2)
9 Which of the following function(s) has/have the same range?
1 1 1 1
(A) f(x) = (B) f(x) = (C) f(x) = (D) f(x) =
1 x 1 x2 1 x 3x
10 Which pair(s) of function(s) is/are equal?
1 x2 2x
(A) f(x) = cos(2tan–1x) ; g(x) = (B) f(x) = ; g(x) = sin(2cot–1x)
1 x2 1 x2
1
n (sgn cot 1 x ) n 1 x
(C) f(x) = e ; g(x) = e (D) f(x) = X a , a > 0; g(x) = a x , a > 0
where {x} and [x] denotes the fractional part & integral part functions.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
11 Which of the following function(s) would represent a non singular mapping.
(A) f : R R f (x) = | x | Sgn x where Sgn denotes Signum function
(B) g : R R g (x) = x3/5
(C) h : R R h (x) = x4 + 3x2 + 1
3x 2 7 x 6
(D) k : R R k (x) =
x x2 2
12 If the function f (x) = ax + b has its own inverse then the ordered pair (a, b) can be
(A) (1, 0) (B) (–1, 0) (C) (–1, 1) (D) (1, 1)
13 Which of the following equations have no real solutions?
x
(A) x4 – 2x2sin2 +1=0 (B) x2 – 2x + 5 + x = 0
2
(C) log1.5 cot 1 x sgn e x 2 (D) tan x = 2 tan x
6
14 If P and Q are the points of intersection of y = g(x) and y = g–1(x) then which of the following statement(s) is/are
incorrect?
(A) P and Q necessarily lies on the line y = x
(B) P and Q must be coincident
(C) Slope of line joining P and Q is necessarily zero
(D) Slope of line joining P and Q may be – 1
1
15
2x
An even polynomial function f (x) satisfies a relation f (2x) 1 f + f 16x 2 y = f (– 2) – f (4xy)
x, y R – {0} and f (4) = – 255, f (0) = 1. Which of the following is/are TRUE?
(A) f (3) = – 80
1
(B) f ( x ) f 0
x
(C) Range of values of k for which | f (x) | = k – 2 has exactly four distinct solutions is (2, 3).
(D) If range of g(x) = 9 – 2 3 f x is [p, q] then the value of (p + 4q) is equal to 61.
2
x2
16 If y = f(x) = , then
x 1
(A) x = f(y) (B) range of f(x) is R
(C) domain of f(x) is R – {1} (D) range of f(x) is R – {1}
17 Let f : N N, where f(x) = x + ( – 1) x – 1, then the inverse of f is
(A) x – (– 1) x – 1 , x N (B) x + (– 1) x – 1, x N
(C) x – (– 1) x, x N (D) none of these
18 Let f(x) = cos [ 2] x + cos [– ] x, where [ . ] is the greatest integer function, then
1
(A) f 2 = – 1 (B) f ( ) = 0 (C) f – = 1 (D) f 4 =
2 2
19 Function f(x) = sin x + tan x + sgn(x2 – 6x + 10) is
(A) periodic with period 2 (B) periodic with period 8
(C) non periodic (D) periodic with period 4
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
sin x – cos x 3 2
20 If function f(x) = log2 , then
2
(A) Domain of f(x) is R (B) Domain of f(x) is R – {n }, n I
(C) Range of f(x) is [1,2] (D) Range of f(x) is R – [1,2]
COMPREHENSION TYPE
PASSAGE - 1
1
–1
Consider f(x) = 1 – e x
21 If D is the set of all real x such that f(x) > 0, then D is equal to
(A) (– ) (B) (– 0) (1, ) (C) (2, ) (D) (– 1, )
22 f(x) is a
(A) one-one function (B) many one function
(C) onto function (D) none of these
23 If S is the range of f(x), then S is
1
(A) (– ) (B) (– , 1) – 1
e
(C) (–, 1) (D) – ,1
PASSAGE - 2
x ; x 0
Let us define a new function antimodulus as ] x [ = x ; x0
24 A solution of the equation ] x – 1 [ = 2x + 3, is , then a possible value of is
(A) 0 (B) – 4 (C) 5 (D) none of these
25 If ‘’ obtained in the above question satisfies equation x2 + kx + 5 = 0, then possible values of k are
21 21
(A) (B) ,5 (C) 5, 6, –2 (D) none of these
4 4
26 If found in Q. No. 24 satisfies the equation x2 + kx + 5 = 0, then other root of quadratic
equation x2 + kx + 5 = 0 is
5 3 3 5
(A) (B) (C) – (D) –
4 2 2 4
PASSAGE - 3
Set of all the solutions of the inequality x 2 – 6 x 5 x – 4 is (– , p] [q, ).
x 2 – 6x – 7
1
Set of all the solutions of the inequality > 1 is (a, b), where p, q, a, b R.
3
[ . ] respresents greatest integer function.
27 [ p + q ] is equal to
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 5
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
28 Number of integers which are common to both solution sets is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) None of these
29 If k denotes the number of divisors of 3 (p + 2q + a + b) then set of all the solutions of [x ] = k is
(A) [4, 5) (B) [6, 7) (C) [7, 8) (D) [8, 9)
PASSAGE 4
To draw the graph of y = |f(x)|, following steps are used
(i) Draw the graph of f(x)
(ii) Leave the portion of the curve above the x - axis as it is
(iii) Take the mirror image of the part of f(x) below the x - axis, in the x - axis To draw the graph f(|x|)
(i) Draw the graph of f(x)
(ii) Neglect the curve for x < 0 and take the mirror image of the curve for x 0 about y - axis.
30 The graph of y = |x2 – 2x – 8| is
y y
(A) (B)
x –2 o 4 x
–4 –2o
(C) o 2
(D) None of these
–4
31 If the graph of y = f(x) is o
x , then the graph of y = f(|x|) is
y
y
(A) x (B) o x
o
x o
(C) o (D) x
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
y
32 If the graph of y = f(x) is o x, then the graph of y = |f(x)| is
y
y
(A) o x (B) o x
y y
(C) o x (D) o x
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
33 Column - I Column - II
(A) If x (0, ), then set of all values of x for which (P) 0,
2
sin x – cos x > 0, is
3
(B) If x (0, ), then set of all values of x for which (Q) , ,
4 2 4
sin x + cos x > 0, is
3
(C) If x (0, ), then set of all values of x for which (R) 0,
4
tan x – cot x > 0, is
(D) If x (0, ), then set of all values of x for which (S) ,
4
tan x + cot x > 0, is
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
34 3SKV Column-I Column-II
(A) Let f : R R defined as (P) Odd
2
f (x) = e sgn x e x , where sgn x
denotes signum function of x, then f (x) is
(B) Let f : (–1, 1) R defined as (Q) Even
4 1
f (x) = x [x ]
1 x2
where [ x ] denotes greatest integer less than
or equal to x, then f (x) is
(C) Let f : R R defined as (R) Neither odd nor
x(x 1)(x 4 1) 2x 4 x 2 2 even
f (x) = , then f (x) is
x2 x 1
(D) Let f : R R defined as (S) One-One
f (x) = x + 3x3 + 5x5 + ....... + 101x101
then f (x) is (T) Many-One
35 Column-I Column-II
(A) Let f : [– 1, ) (0, ) defined by (P) one-one
f (x) = e x2 |x| then f (x), is
(B) Let f : (1, ) [3, ) defined by (Q) into
f (x) = 10 2x x 2 , then f (x) is
(C) Let f : R I defined by f (x) = tan5 [x2 + 2x +3] (R) many one
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function, then f (x) is
(D) Let f : [3, 4] [4, 6] defined by (S) onto
f (x) = x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 then f (x) (T) periodic
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 2(A)
INTEGER TYPE
2x
1 The fundamental period of sin + cos 4x + |tan 3x| + sgn (x2 + 4x + 15) is k , then value of k is
3
x
2 If [x] – {x} = , where [ ], { } represents greatest integer function and fractional part function respectively,,
3
10
then value of , where is sum of values of x satisfying it, is
3
3 If f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) = 2 + f (x) . f (y) , for all real values of x & y and f (x) is a polynomial function with
f 5
f (4) = 17 , then find the value of .
13
2
x x
4 If the equation 2
+a 2
+ 3 = 0 has exactly two real roots which are distinct, then the set of
1 x 1 x
all possible real values of a is (–, – ) (, ), then is equal to
13
5 The curve y cos x and y sin 3x, x intersects at k points then find the value of k.
2 2
6 If the largest positive value of the function defined as f (x) = 8x x 2 14x x 2 48 , is m n where
m, n N, the find the value of (m + n).
7 Let the function f and g be defined by
x for 0 x 1
f (x) = 2 x for 1 x 2 and g (x) = 4 f (3x) + 1 for all x.
f(x 2) for all x
Let A denotes the sum of all the solutions of the equation f (x) = 0.6 for 3 x 7
B denotes the fundamental period of g (x).
C denotes the value of g ' (6.50)
[A]B C
Compute the value of where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
76
8 Let p be the product of the non real roots the equation
x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 – 4x = 2008.
p
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function, then find
9
2x 3
9 Let f be a real valued invertible function such that f = 5x – 2, x 2. Find f –1(13).
x2
10 Polynomial P(x) contains only terms of odd degree. When P(x) is divided by (x – 3), the remainder is 6. If P(x)
is divided by (x2 – 9) then remainder is g (x). Find the value of g (2).
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
2
11 Let f : R 0, defined as f (x) = cot–1(x2 – 4x + ). Find the smallest integral value of such that f (x)
3
is into function.
12 If range of the function f(x) = sin–1x + 2 tan–1x + x2 + 4x + 1 is [p, q] then find the value of (p + q).
13 The number of solutions of logsinx2tanx > 0 in the interval 0, is
2
14 Number of solutions of the equation 12 {sin x} – x = 0, where {.} denotes fractional part function, is
15 If [ . ] and { . } represent the greatest integer and fractional part functions respectively, then the number of
solutions of the equation [x] + 2{–x} = 3x, is
16 If [ . ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x and ( . ) denotes the least integer greater than or equal
to x, then solution set of the inequality [x]2 + (x)2 < 4 is an interval whose length is
1
1 7 g g(100)
17 If g(x) = 4 cos 4 x 2 cos 2x cos 4x x 7 , then the value of is equal to
2 50
3x 2 xb
18 The function f (x) = has an inverse that can be written in the form f–1(x) = . The value of (b + c + d)
x4 cx d
equals
ax 8 bx 6 cx 4 dx 2 15x 1
19 Suppose that f (x) is a function of the form f (x) = (x 0).
x
If f (5) = 28 then the value of f (– 5)/14 is equal to
20 Number of integral value(s) of ‘x’ satisfying the equation
9
sin 4 11
log 2 3 x log 1 cos log 1 x 7 is
2
5 x 3 2
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 2(B)
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
1. Determine the domains of the following, real - valued , functions :-
1
(i) f(x)= x 2 | x | 2 (ii) f(x)= + log5(x3– x)
4 x2
2. Determine the ranges of the following ,real - valued , functions defined on appropriate domains,
x 2 2x 3 x2 2
(i) f(x)= (ii) f(x) =
x x2 3
(iii) f(x)= 3cosx – 4sin x + 2 (iv) f(x)= [x2 – x +1] , 0 x 2 where [ ] is the step function.
3. The following function , called the SIGNUM function, is defined as shown below:-
1, if x 0
sgn(x) 0, at x 0
1, if x 0.
Mark all the correct statements :-
I : x sgn (x)= | x | II : | x | sgn (x) = x
III : x ( sgn(x)) (sgn (x)) = x IV : | x | (sgn (x) )3 = x .
4. Decide whether the following functions are odd , even or neither :-
1 x x(2x 1)
(i) f(x)= log10 (ii) f(x) =
1 x 2x 1
(iii) f(x)= 1 x x 2 – 1 x x2 (iv) f(x)=(2x 4 – 5x 2 +3). cosx.
x2
5. f : R – {3} R – {1} is the function given by f(x)= . Show that f is bijective. Find f –1.
x3
6. Let f :(– , 1] (– , 1] be the function given f (x) = x (2 – x). Show that f is bijective. Find f –1
1
7. Let f(x) = , x 0, 1. Find f 2006 (2005) , where f n = f o f o f ... n times
1 x
8. [ ] is the step function. How many solutions does the equation 3x = sin x sin x sin x have in the
interval (0, 2)?
9. Find p if the fundamental periods of sin px+ cos px and |sinx| +|cosx| are equal. (where p is a constant)
10. k is a constant. Find the range of values of k if the function f, given by
x2
f(x)= k sinx + cos x , – 5 x 5 , is even.
11. What is the domain of f(x)= log log log log x , where all the logs have base 10 ?
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
2 log10 x 2
12. Given f(x)= log100x and g (x)= {x}. If fog exists , what is the range of g ?
x
13. Answer as directed:-
i] f : [3, 27] A is the function given by f(x) = log3 x.
If A is the range of f, find A.
ii] What is the domain of the real-valued function f given by f(x) = log10(5x – x2– 6)?
1 1
iii] For x 0, if f x = x2 + 2 , find f ( 5 )
x x
2t 3
iv] Is the function f , given by f(t) = sin , periodic?
6
14. Find whether the following functions are odd, even or neither:- (x R)
2 10x 10 x
i] f(x) = 2– x ii] f(x) =
10x 10 x
x2 x 1
iii] f(x) = log 2
iv] f(x) = x sinx
x x 1
x2 x
15. Find the domain and the range of f, given by f(x)= .
x 2 2x
16. Is the function f, which satisfies : f(x)+f(x + 4)= f(x + 2)+f(x + 6), for all x periodic?
1 1
17. P(x) is a polynomial such that P(x). P = P (x) + P , for all x 0.
x
x
If P(4) = 65, find an x such that P(x) = 344 (x is real).
9x
18. f : R R is a function given by f(x) = .
3 9x
1 2 2002
Evaluate f f ... f
2003 2003 2003
19. P(x) is a polynomial such that
2 + P (x) P (y) = P (x) + P(y) + P(xy), for all x, y. If P(2) = 5, find P(5).
20. f :(– , 2] R and g : [–1, 3] R are given by
x 1 , x 1 x 2 , 1 x 2
f(x) = , g(x) =
2x 1 , 1 x 2 x 2 , 2 x 3
Find an explicit representation of fog.
21. Let f ( x ) = x2 + x + 1, x R
(i) Find the range of f (ii) Reflect the graph of y=f ( x ) in the y-axis.
1
Denote the reflection by g ( x ). Now consider g on the domain , of all the
2
positive real numbers . Find g ( x ) for all x 3/4
–1
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22. Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on functional equation.
(a) The function f (x) defined on the real numbers has the property that
f f ( x ) ·1 f ( x ) = – f (x) for all x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain
and range of f, compute the value of f (3).
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f (x + f (x)) = 4 f (x) and f (1) = 4. Find the value of f (21).
(c) Let 'f' be a function defined from R+ R+ . If [ f (xy)]2 = x f ( y) 2 for all positive numbers x and y and f
(2) = 6, find the value of f (50).
(d) Let f (x) be a function with two properties
(i) for any two real number x and y, f (x + y) = x + f (y) and
(ii) f (0) = 2.
Find the value of f (100).
(e) Let f be a function such that f (3) = 1 and f (3x) = x + f (3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of f (300).
23.
(a) The function f (x) has the property that for each real number x in its domain, 1/x is also in its domain and
f (x) + f 1 x = x. Find the largest set of real numbers that can be in the domain
of f (x)?
(b) Let f (x) = ax 2 bx . Find the set of real values of 'a' for which there is at least one positive real value of
'b' for which the domain of f and the range of f are the same set.
24.
(i) Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of definition of
the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + y= 2y
(ii) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0,1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.
(a) f (sin x) (b) f (2x+3)
(iii) Given that y = f (x) is a function whose domain is [4, 7] and range is [–1, 9]. Find the range and domain of
1
(a) g (x) = f (x) (b) h (x) = f (x – 7)
3
25. Compute the inverse of the functions:
x
10 x 10 x
(a) f (x) = ln x x 2 1
x 1
(b) f (x) = 2 (c) y =
10 x 10 x
1 1
26. Let [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If all the values of x such that the product x x
2 2
is prime, belongs to the set [x1, x2) [x3, x4), find the value of x12 x 22 x 32 x 24 .
27. Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 1 is 1 and
the remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r (x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x – 1)
(x – 4), find the value of r (2006).
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
1 1 x
28. In a function 2 f(x) + xf - 2f 2 sin x = 4 cos2 + x cos
x 4 2 x
Prove that
(i) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1
(ii) f(2) + f(1) = 0
29. Let {x} & [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively.
Solve 4{x}= x + [x]
3 4
30. The set of real values of 'x' satisfying the equality + = 5 (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer
x x
function) belongs to the interval a , b c where a, b, c N and b c is in its lowest form. Find the value of
a + b + c + abc.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 3 (A)
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
1. Prove that any function f : R R is the sum of an even function and odd function. Further, the even and odd
functions, which together make the given function are unique.
2. (a) Find the (fundamental) periods of :-
x x
i) f(x) = | cos x | ii) f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x iii) f(x) = {x} + { }+{ }
2 3
(b) Show that f(x) = sin x , x 0, is not periodic.
1 3
3. f:[ , ) [ , ) is the function given by f(x) = x2 – x +1 Show that f is bijective. Find f –1.
2 4
1 3
Hence solve for real x , x2 – x +1 = + x
2 4
4. A function f is called strictly increasing if a < b f(a) < f(b), for all a, b.
Find the number of strictly increasing functions f : {1, 2, 3} {1, 2, ... , 5}
x 1
5. f : R – {0, 1} R is a function satisfying the functional equation f(x) + f = 1 + x , for all x.
x
Find an explicit formula for f(x).
6. f : R R is a function satisfying the functional equation f(x) + f(x + 2) = 3 f (x +1), for all x. If f(5) = 3,
99
evaluate
r 0
f (5 12r ) .
f (x ) 5
7. Let f : R R – {3} be a function with the property that there exist T > 0 such that f (x + T) =
f (x) 3
for every x R. Prove that f (x) is periodic.
8. Find the domains of the following real valued functions, f , given by
i) f(x) = log10 x4 6x
2 3 [ x]
ii) f(x) = sin–1 , where [ ] is the greatest integer function.
4
9. Find the ranges of the functions (real valued) , f , given below. Assume that they have appropriate domains.
x2
i) f(x) = 2
2x 3 x 6
ii) f(x) = [sin x ] [cos x ] , where [x] is the integral part of x.
10. A is a set of precisely n elements and B is a set of precisely m elements.
i) How many functions are there from A to B?
ii) If n m, how many of the functions from A to B are one-to-one?
iii) If m = 2 and n 2, how many of the functions from A to B are into?
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
3
11. Show that the function f : R – { } R, given by f(x) = x 1 , is one-to-one. Find the range of f.
2 2x 3
12. f : R R is a function satisfying
(i) f ( x + y ) = f (x y), for all x,y and
1 1
(ii) f ( – ) = – . Find f ( 2003 )
2 2
13. The polynomial P( x ) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1. Find the remainder when P(x5) is divided by P ( x ).
14. Let f : S S where S = {4, 5, 6, 7, ... }.
f satisfies the functional equation
f(x + y) = f(x y) for all x , y.
Show that f(8) = f(9).
15. Find the range of the following-real valued-functions defined on appropriate domains:-
i) f(x) = |x –1|+ |x – 2| , –1 x 3
ii) f(x) = log3(5+ 4x – x2)
sin x cos x
iii) f(x) =
1 tan 2 x 1 cot 2 x
16. A function f , defined on N N, satisfies
m
i) f(m, m) = m ii) f(m, n) = f(n, m) iii) f(m, m + n) = 1 + f(m, n)
n
Evaluate f(14, 52).
17. Let k be an odd integer. A function f is defined as
f(n) = n + 3 n odd
n
= n even
2
If f(f(f(k) ) ) = 27, find the sum of the digits of k.
18. f : R R satisfies the functional equation f(x) +f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) + f(x + 6) for all x.
99
Show that f is periodic. If f(0)= 5, evaluate
n0
f (8n)
19. There are exactly two distinct , linear , functions with the domain [ – 1 , 1] and the range [ 0 , 3 ]. Denote
them by f and g . Solve the equation f ( x ) = g ( x )
20. A function f is non-negative and defined on an appropriate subset of R . If x2 f ( x ) + f ( 1– x ) =
2x – x4, for all x on the domain, find the largest interval of values of x .
1
21 Function f & g are defined by f(x) = sin x, xR ; g(x) = tan x , xR K
2
where K I .
Find (i) periods of fog & gof.
(ii) range of the function fog & gof .
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22 Find the domain & range of the following functions.
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
2x x 2 3x 2
(i) y = log 5
2 (sin x cos x) 3 (ii) y =
1 x2
(iii) f(x) =
x2 x 6
x
(iv) f (x) = (v) y = 2 x 1 x
1 | x |
x 4 3
(vi) f (x) = log(cosec x - 1) (2 [sin x] [sin x]2) (vii) f (x) =
x 5
23
(a) Draw graphs of the following function, where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f (x) = x + [x] (ii) y = (x)[x] where x = [x] + (x) & x > 0 & x 3
(iii) y = sgn [x] (iv) sgn (x x)
(b) Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical?
(where [x] denotes greatest integer and {x} denotes fractional part function)
(i) f (x) = sgn (x2 – 3x + 4) and g (x) = e[{x}]
1 cos 2 x
(ii) f (x) = and g (x) = tan x
1 cos 2x
(iii) f (x) = ln(1 + x) + ln(1 – x) and g (x) = ln(1 – x2)
cos x 1 sin x
(iv) f (x) = and g (x) =
1 sin x cos x
24 Classify the following functions f(x) defined in R R as injective, surjective, both or none .
x 2 4x 30
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = x3 6 x2 + 11x 6
x 2 8x 18
(c) f(x) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x 3)
25 Suppose f (x) = sin x and g (x) = 1 – x . Then find the domain and range of the following functions.
(a) fog (b) gof (c) fof (d) gog
5
26 If f(x) = sin²x + sin² x cos x cos x and g 1 , then find (gof) (x).
3 3 4
1 x
27 A function f : R R is such that f = x for all x – 1.
1 x
Prove the following.
(a) f f ( x ) = x
(b) f 1 x = – f (x), x 0
(c) f (– x – 2) = – f (x) – 2.
28
x
(a) Find the formula for the function fogoh, given f (x) = ; g (x) = x10 and h (x) = x + 3. Find also the
x 1
domain of this function. Also compute (fogoh)(–1).
(b) Given F (x) = cos2(x + 9). Find the function f, g, h such that F = fogoh.
29 If f (x) = max x, 1 x for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers a and b.
Define the function g(x) = f (x) · f 1 x and plot its graph.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
x if x 1
1 x if x 0
30 f (x) = and g (x) = find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x)
x 2 if x 0 1 x if x 1
31 Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none
x (a x 1)
(a) f(x) = log x 1 x 2 (b) f(x) =
a x 1
(c) f(x) = sin x + cos x (d) f(x) = x sin2 x2 x3
(e) f(x)= sin x cos x (f) f(x) =
1 2 x
2x
x x
(g) f(x)= 1 (h) f(x) = [(x+1)²]1/3 + [(x 1)²]1/3
ex 1 2
log10 x
32 Find the inverse of f (x) = 2 8 and hence solve the equation f (x) = f–1(x).
33 Find out for what integral values of n the number 3 is a period of the function :
f(x) = cos nx . sin (5/n) x.
34 Let f be a oneone function with domain {x,y,z} and range {1,2,3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statements is true and the remaining two are false.
f(x) = 1 ; f(y) 1 ; f(z) 2.Determine f1(1)
35 Let x = log49 + log928
show that [x] = 3, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
36
(a) A function f is defined for all positive integers and satisfies f(1) = 2005 and
f(1)+ f(2)+ ... + f(n) = n2f(n), for all n > 1. Find the value of f(2004).
(b) If a, b are positive real numbers such that a – b = 2, then find the smallest value of the constant L for which
x 2 ax x 2 bx < L for all x > 0.
(c) Let f (x) = x2 + kx ; k is a real number. The set of values of k for which the equation
f (x) = 0 and f f (x ) = 0 have same real solution set.
(d) If f (2x + 1) = 4x2 + 14x, then find the sum of the roots of the equation f (x) = 0.
(e) Let a and b be real numbers and let f (x) = a sin x + b x + 4, x R.
3
If f log10 (log 3 10) = 5 then find the value of f log10 (log10 3) .
37 f (x) and g (x) are linear function such that for all x, f g ( x ) and g f (x ) are Identity functions.
If f (0) = 4 and g (5) = 17, compute f (2006).
38 A function f , defined for all x , y R is such that f (1) = 2 ; f (2) = 8
& f (x + y) - k xy = f (x) + 2 y2 , where k is some constant .
1
Find f (x) & show that : f (x + y) f = k for x + y 0.
x y
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED
ax c a
Q.1 a, b, c are constants and f(x)= ,x
cx a c
Show that f(f(x))= x, for all permissible x.
Q.2 f :{x, y, z} {a, b, c} is an injective function. It is known that one,and only one, of the following statements
is true:-
(i) f(x) b (ii) f(y)=b (iii) f(z)=a.
Determine the number of functions f.
Q.3 A function f : R R is such that f (x+y)+ f (x – y) = 2 f(x) f(y), for all x, y. Show that f is even.
5
Q.4 Given f(x)= sin2x + sin2(x + ) + cosx. cos(x + ), for all x, and g ( )=1, evaluate (gof)(x) for an
3 3 4
arbitrary x.
Q.5 The function f : [2,) [1,) is given by f(x)=5 – 4x + x2 for all x. Show that f is bijective. Find f –1.
ax
Q.6 a > 0 is a constant and f(x)= , for all x. Evaluate f(cos10)+f(cos20)+...+f(cos1790).
1 ax
Q.7 S = {4, 5, 6, 7, ... }. A function f : S S satisfies f(x + y) = f(xy), for all x, y S. Prove that f(8) = f(9).
Q.8 Let A={1, 2, .. , 6} and B={x, y, z}. Find the number of
(i) surjective functions f : A B; (ii) injective functions g : B A.
Q.9 f : R R is a function such that f(x)+f(x+2)= 2 f(x+1), for all x. Show that f is periodic.
Q.10 Is f(x)=cos x+cos ( 2 x) periodic? Find the greatest value of f.
cx
Q.11 c 0 is a constant. f(x)= , x –1. Find c for which f(f(x))= x, for all permissible x.
x 1
Q.12 Let f(x)=(1+b2)x2+2bx+1, where b (a parameter) and x are real. Let m(b) be the minimum value of f(x).
Find the range of m(b) as b varies.
1
Q.13 f : [1, ) [2, ) is given by f(x)=x + , for all x. Show that f is bijective and find f –1.
x
1, for x 0
Q.14 For any real x define sgn(x), called the signum of x, as sgn x 0, at x 0 .
- 1, for x 0
Let f(x)=1+{x},where{x} is the fractional part of x. What is sgn (f(x))?
Q.15 Let f(x)=x+1 and g(x)=x – 2, where x R. Solve the equation | f(x)+g(x) |=| f(x) |+| g(x)
Q.16 f is an even function and g is an odd function. If f(x)+g(x)=2x+1, show that f(x)>0 for all x.
Find the minimum value of f(x).
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
Q.17 f : S R is a function given by f(x)= | x 1 | 1
Here S R, the set of all the real numbers.
(i) Show that the biggest set S is the union of two intervals.
(ii) Show that the graph of y = f(x) is symmetric about a straight line.
(iii) What is the image of the point (11,3) about the axis of symmetry?
Q.18 What is the domain of the real-valued function f(x)=log log sinx?
Q.19 Find functions f and g (should they exist) such that f(t)+ g(u)= t2 + tu + u2, for all t,u.
Q.20 Let f(x) = cosx, 0 x and g(x) = log10x , x > 0. Find the domain and range of gof.
Q.21 If the function f : [1, ) [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x - 1), then f-1(x) is
x (x 1)
1 1
(A)
2
(B)
2
1 1 4 log 2 x
1
(C)
2
1 1 4 log 2 x (D) not defined
Q.22 The domain of definition of the function, y (x) given by the equation, 2x + 2y = 2 is
(A) 0 < x 1 (B) 0 x 1 (C) - < x 0 (D) - < x < 1
Q.23 Given X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, find all one-one, onto mappings, f : X X such that,
f (1) = 1 , f (2) 2 and f (4) 4 .
Q.24
1 , x 0
(a) Let g (x) = 1 + x - [ x ] & f (x) = 0 , x 0 . Then for all x , f (g (x)) is equal to
1 , x0
(A) x (B) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
1
(b) If f : [1 , ) [2 , ) is given by , f (x) = x + , then f -1 (x) equals
x
x x2 4 x x x2 4
(A) (B)
1 x2
(C) (D) 1 x2 4
2 2
log 2 (x 3)
(c) The domain of definition of f (x) = is :
x2 3 x 2
(A) R \ {- 1, - 2} (B) (- 2, ) (C) R\{- 1, - 2, - 3} (D) (- 3, ) \ {- 1, - 2}
(d) Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4 } & F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8
x
(e) Let f (x) = , x -1 . Then for what value of a is f (f (x)) = x ?
x 1
(A) 2 (B) - 2 (C) 1 (D) - 1.
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
Q.25
(a) Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x –1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of f (x)
with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
1
(A) – x – 1, x > 0 (B) , x > –1
(x 1) 2
(C) x 1 , x > –1 (D) x – 1, x > 0
(b) Let function f : R R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sinx for x R. Then f is
(A) one to one and onto (B) one to one but NOT onto
(C) onto but NOT one to one (D) neither one to one nor onto
Q.26
x2 x 2
(a) Range of the function f (x) = 2 is
x x 1
7 7
(A) [1, 2] (B) [1, ) (C) 2, (D) 1,
3 3
x
(b) Let f (x) = defined from (0, ) [ 0, ) then by f (x) is
1 x
(A) one- one but not onto (B) one- one and onto
(C) Many one but not onto (D) Many one and onto
Q.27 Let f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 – 1. Thus g ( f (x) ) is invertible for x
(A) ,0 (B) , (C) , (D) 0,
2 2 4 4 2
Q.28 If the functions f (x) and g (x) are defined on R R such that
0, x rational 0, x irrational
f (x) = , g (x) =
x, x irrational x, x rational
then (f – g)(x) is
(A) one-one and onto (B) neither one-one nor onto
(C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one
CENTERS : MUMBAI /DELHI / AKOLA/ LUCKNOW / NASHIK /PUNE / NAGPUR / BOKARO / DUBAI # 107
FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c)
8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14.(c)
15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (d)
22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28.(b)
29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35.(a)
36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b) 41. (a) 42. (d)
43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49.(b)
50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (b)
57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (c)
EXERCISE - 2
1. D 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. D
8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. C
15. D 16. D 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. A
22. A 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. D
29. C 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. C
36. C 37. B 38. A 39. D 40. A
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 3
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. D
8. D 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. D
15. C 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. D 20. B 21. C
22. C 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. D
29. C 30. D 31. A 32. D 33. B 34. C 35. A
36. D 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. D 41. C 42. C
43. A 44. A 45. C 46. B 47. A 48. A 49. C
50. D 51. A 52. D 53. D 54. D 55. A 56. D
57. C 58. D 59. D 60. C 61. A 62. D 63. D
64. D 65. A 66. D 67. C 68. B 69. A 70. C
WINDOW TO JEE MAIN
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c)
8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c)
15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a) 21. (b)
22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (b)
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
EXERCISE - 1(A)
1 A, B, C, D 2 A, B, D 3 A, B, C 4 A,B, D
5 A, C, D 6 B, C 7 B, C 8 B, D
9 B, C 10 A, B, C 11 A, B 12 A, B
13 B,C,D 14 B,C,D 15 A,B,C,D 16 A,C,D
17 B,C 18 B,C 19 A,B,D 20 A,C
21 B 22 A 23 B 24 B
25 A 26 D 27 A 28 B
29 D 30 B 31 C 32 A
33 (A) - (S) , (B) - (R) , (C ) - (Q) , (D) - (P)
34 (A) - (R, T) ; (B) - (Q, T) ; (C) - (R, T) ; (D) - (P, S)
35 (A) - (Q, R) ; (B) - (P, Q); (C) - (Q, R,T) ; (D) - (P, S)
EXERCISE - 2(A)
1 3 2 5 3 2 4 1 5 3
6 5 7 2 8 5 9 3 10 4
11 4 12 4 13 0 14 7 15 3
16 2 17 2 18 1 19 2 20 1
EXERCISE - 2(B)
1. (i) (–,–2][2,). (ii) (–1,0)(1,2)(2,).
2
2. (i) (–, 2 –2 3 ][2+2 3 , ). (ii) ,1 (iii) [–3, 7] (iv) {0, 1, 2, 3}
3
3. I, II, III and IV.
4. (i) and (iii) are odd, (ii) and (iv) are even.
3x +2 2004
5. f –1 (x)= 6. f –1(x) =1– 1 x . 7.
1 x 2005
8. Nil. 9. p=4 10. k > 25.
1 1
11. (1010, ) 12. 0 ,
10 100
13. (i) A = [1, 3] (ii) 2 < x < 3 (iii) 3 (iv) Yes
14. (i) and (iv) are even ; (ii) and (iii) are odd
1
15. R – {– 2, 0} and R – { , –1}
2
CENTERS : MUMBAI /DELHI / AKOLA/ LUCKNOW / NASHIK /PUNE / NAGPUR / BOKARO / DUBAI # 110
FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
16. Yes (period 8) 17. x =7 18. 1001
x 2 1, 1 x 1
19. 26 20. (fog) (x) = 2
2 x 1, 1 x 2
3 1 4x 3
21. (i) 4 , (ii)
2
22. (a) – 3/4; (b) 64; (c) 30, (d) 102; (e) 5050
23. (a) {–1, 1} (b) a {0, – 4}
24. (i) (a) y = log (10 –10x) , – < x < 1
(b) y = x/3 when – < x < 0 & y = x when 0 x < +
(ii) (a) 2K x 2K + where K I
(b) [–3/2 , –1]
(iii) (a) Range : [– 1/3, 3], Domain = [4, 7] ;
(b) Range [–1, 9] and domain [11, 14]
e x e x log2 x 1 1+x
25. (a) ; (b) log x 1 ; (c) log 1 x
2 2 2
26. 11 27. 6016
EXERCISE - 3 (A)
1 3
2. (a) i] (a) ii] (a) iii] 6 3. f –1( x )= + x , x =1
2 2 4
x3 x2 1
4. 10 5. f ( x )= 6. 300
2x ( x 1 )
8. (i) [ 4, 6 ] , (ii) [ 0 , 3 )
1 1
9. (i) [– , ] (ii) {0,1}
13 3
m! 1
10. (i) mn (ii) (m n)! (iii) mn – 2 11. R – 2
1
12. – 13. 5
2
15. (i) [1, 5] (ii) , log 3 9 (iii) [–1, 1]
16. 364 17. 105
18. 500 19. x = 0 20. [0, 1]
21. (i) period of fog is , period of gof is 2 ;
(ii) range of fog is [1 , 1] , range of gof is [tan1, tan1]
22.
(i) D : x R R : [0 , 2] (ii) D = R ; range [ –1 , 1 ]
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
(iii) D : {xx R ; x 3 ; x 2} R : {f(x)f(x)R , f(x) 1/5 ; f(x) 1}
(iv) D : R ; R : (–1, 1) (v) D : 1 x 2 R : 3, 6
(vi) D : x (2n, (2n + 1)) 2 n 6 , 2 n 2 , 2 n 56 , n I and
R : loga 2 ; a (0, ) {1} Range is (–, ) – {0}
1 1 1
(vii) D : [– 4, ) – {5}; R : 0, ,
6 6 3
23. (b) (i), (iii) are identical
24. (a) neither surjective nor injective
(b) surjective but not injective
(c) neither injective nor surjective
25. (a) domain is x 0 ; range [–1, 1];
(b) domain 2k x 2k + ; range [0, 1]
(c) Domain x R; range [– sin 1, sin 1];
(d) domain is 0 x 1; range is [0, 1]
26. 1
( x 3)10 1024
28. (a) 10 , domain is R, ; (b) f(x) = x2; g (x) = cos x; h (x) = x + 9
( x 3) 1 1025
1/x 2 if 0 < x 1
29. g x = 2
x if x >1
x if x0 x2 if x0
x 2 if 0 x 1 1 x if 0 x 1
30. (gof)(x) = ; (fog)(x) =
1 x 2 if x 1 x if x 1
31. (a) odd, (b) even, (c) neither odd nor even, (d) odd, (e) neither odd nor even,
(f) even, (g) even, (h) even
32. x = 10; f–1(x) = 10log2 ( x 2) 33. ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 15
34. f1(1) = y 35. 152
1
36. (a) , (b) 1, (c) [0, 4), (d) – 5, (e) 3 37. 122
1002
38 . f (x) = 2 x2
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FUNCTION Rg. 2019 - 2021
WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED
179
2. 3 4. 1 5. f –1 (x) = 2+ x 1 6. 8. (i) 540 (ii) 120
2
x x2 1
10. No, 2 11. c = –1 12. (0, 1] 13. f –1 (x) =
2
14. 1 15. x ( – , –1] U [2, ) 16. 2 17. (iii) (–9, 3)
18. The empty set 19. No solution 20. 0, 2 , ,0
21 B 22 D
23 {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2)} ; {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 3)}
and {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2)}
24 (a) B, (b) A, (c) D, (d) A, (e) D 25 (a) D; (b) A
26 (a) D , (b) A 27 C 28 A
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