What is numPy?

 Fundamental package for scientific computing

 Provides multidimensional array object perform various operations on array quickly and efficiently
including Mathematical ,logical, shape manipulation, sorting, selecting, i/o ,discrete Fourier
transform, basic linear algebra, basic statistical operations ,random simulations and much more
 Universal standard for working with numerical data in python
 Used extensively in fields such as data science ,machine learning ,and engineering
 NumPy was created by Travis Oliphant in 2005

Why use NumPy

 NumPy is faster than python list

 Less memory required
 NumPy provides a highly efficient multi-dimensional array
 Used in scientific computing data science and machine learning
 It requires fewer lines of code for most mathematical operations

Google---NumPy--getting started

Installation
Python Anaconda distributions
Numpy
Jupyter Notebook

Google----anaconda distributions ---download--next -next--add---install-finish

Start---anaconda navigator open---jupyter notebook-launch

Desktop-folder create file save

Type cdm in addressbar---type jupyter notebook

0-D Arrays
0-D arrays, or Scalars, are the elements in an array. Each value in an array is a 0-D array.

Example
 Create a 0-D array with value 42

import numpy as np

arr = np.array(42)

print(arr)

1-D Arrays
An array that has 0-D arrays as its elements is called uni-dimensional or 1-D array.

These are the most common and basic arrays.

Example

Create a 1-D array containing the values 1,2,3,4,5:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr)

2-D Arrays
An array that has 1-D arrays as its elements is called a 2-D array.

These are often used to represent matrix or 2nd order tensors.

NumPy has a whole sub module dedicated towards matrix operations called numpy.mat

Example

Create a 2-D array containing two arrays with the values 1,2,3 and 4,5,6:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

print(arr)

3-D arrays
An array that has 2-D arrays (matrices) as its elements is called 3-D array.

These are often used to represent a 3rd order tensor.

Example

Create a 3-D array with two 2-D arrays, both containing two arrays with the values 1,2,3 and 4,5,6:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]])

print(arr)

Access Array Elements

Array indexing is the same as accessing an array element.

You can access an array element by referring to its index number.

The indexes in NumPy arrays start with 0, meaning that the first element has index 0, and the
second has index 1 etc.

Get the first element from the following array:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

print(arr[0])
PANDAS

Pandas is a Python library.

Pandas is used to analyze data.

It has functions for analyzing, cleaning, exploring, and manipulating data.

The name "Pandas" has a reference to both "Panel Data", and "Python Data
Analysis" and was created by Wes McKinney in 2008.

Why Use Pandas?

Pandas allows us to analyze big data and make conclusions based on statistical
theories.

Pandas can clean messy data sets, and make them readable and relevant.

Relevant data is very important in data science.

:}
Data Science: is a branch of computer science where we study how to store, use
and analyze data for deriving information from it.

What Can Pandas Do?

Pandas gives you answers about the data. Like:

 Is there a correlation between two or more columns?

 What is average value?
 Max value?
 Min value?

Pandas are also able to delete rows that are not relevant, or contains wrong
values, like empty or NULL values. This is called cleaning the data.

Installation of Pandas
If you have Python and PIP already installed on a system, then installation of
Pandas is very easy.

Install it using this command:

C:\Users\Your Name>pip install pandas

If this command fails, then use a python distribution that already has Pandas
installed like, Anaconda, Spyder etc.

Pandas as pd
Pandas is usually imported under the pd alias.

alias: In Python alias are an alternate name for referring to the same thing.

Create an alias with the as keyword while importing:

import pandas as pd

Now the Pandas package can be referred to as pd instead of pandas.

Checking Pandas Version

The version string is stored under __version__ attribute.

Example
import pandas as pd

print(pd.__version__)

What is a Series?
A Pandas Series is like a column in a table.

It is a one-dimensional array holding data of any type.

Create a simple Pandas Series from a list:

import pandas as pd

a = [1, 7, 2]
myvar = pd.Series(a)

print(myvar)

create Labels
With the index argument, you can name your own labels.

Example
Create your own labels:

import pandas as pd

a = [1, 7, 2]

myvar = pd.Series(a, index = ["x", "y", "z"])

print(myvar)

When you have created labels, you can access an item by referring to the label.

Example
Return the value of "y":

print(myvar["y"])

Key/Value Objects as Series

You can also use a key/value object, like a dictionary, when creating a Series.

Example
Create a simple Pandas Series from a dictionary:

import pandas as pd

calories = {"day1": 420, "day2": 380, "day3": 390}

myvar = pd.Series(calories)

print(myvar)

Note: The keys of the dictionary become the labels.

To select only some of the items in the dictionary, use the index argument and
specify only the items you want to include in the Series.

Example
Create a Series using only data from "day1" and "day2":
import pandas as pd

calories = {"day1": 420, "day2": 380, "day3": 390}

myvar = pd.Series(calories, index = ["day1", "day2"])

print(myvar)

DataFrames
Data sets in Pandas are usually multi-dimensional tables, called DataFrames.

Series is like a column, a DataFrame is the whole table.

Example
Create a DataFrame from two Series:

import pandas as pd

data = {
"calories": [420, 380, 390],
"duration": [50, 40, 45]
}

myvar = pd.DataFrame(data)

print(myvar)

Pandas DataFrames

What is a DataFrame?
A Pandas DataFrame is a 2 dimensional data structure, like a 2 dimensional array,
or a table with rows and columns.

ExampleGet your own Python Server

Create a simple Pandas DataFrame:

import pandas as pd

data = {
"calories": [420, 380, 390],
"duration": [50, 40, 45]
}

#load data into a DataFrame object:

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

print(df)
Result
calories duration
0 420 50
1 380 40
2 390 45

Locate Row
As you can see from the result above, the DataFrame is like a table with rows and
columns.

Pandas use the loc attribute to return one or more specified row(s)

Example
Return row 0:

#refer to the row index:

print(df.loc[0])

Result
calories 420
duration 50
Name: 0, dtype: int64

Note: This example returns a Pandas Series.

Example
Return row 0 and 1:

#use a list of indexes:

print(df.loc[[0, 1]])

Result
calories duration
0 420 50
1 380 40

Note: When using [], the result is a Pandas DataFrame.

Pandas Read CSV

Read CSV Files

A simple way to store big data sets is to use CSV files (comma separated values files).
CSV files contains plain text and is a well know format that can be read by everyone including
Pandas.

In our examples we will be using a CSV file called 'data.csv'.

Download data.csv. or Open data.csv

Load the CSV into a DataFrame:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df.to_string())

Tip: use to_string() to print the entire DataFrame.

If you have a large DataFrame with many rows, Pandas will only return the first 5 rows, and the last
5 rows:

Example

Print the DataFrame without the to_string() method:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df)

max_rows
The number of rows returned is defined in Pandas option settings.

You can check your system's maximum rows with the pd.options.display.max_rows statement.

Example

Check the number of maximum returned rows:

import pandas as pd

print(pd.options.display.max_rows)

wIn my system the number is 60, which means that if the DataFrame contains more than 60 rows,
the print(df) statement will return only the headers and the first and last 5 rows.

You can change the maximum rows number with the same statement.

Example

Increase the maximum number of rows to display the entire DataFrame:

import pandas as pd

pd.options.display.max_rows = 9999
df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df)

Viewing the Data

One of the most used method for getting a quick overview of the DataFrame, is
the head() method.

The head() method returns the headers and a specified number of rows, starting
from the top.

Example
Get a quick overview by printing the first 10 rows of the DataFrame:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df.head(10))

In our examples we will be using a CSV file called 'data.csv'.

Download data.csv, or open data.csv in your browser.

Note: if the number of rows is not specified, the head() method will return the top
5 rows.

Example
Print the first 5 rows of the DataFrame:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df.head())

There is also a tail() method for viewing the last rows of the DataFrame.

The tail() method returns the headers and a specified number of rows, starting
from the bottom.

Example
Print the last 5 rows of the DataFrame:

print(df.tail())

cleaning Data
Pandas - Cleaning Empty
Cells

Empty Cells
Empty cells can potentially give you a wrong result when you analyze data.

Remove Rows
One way to deal with empty cells is to remove rows that contain empty cells.

This is usually OK, since data sets can be very big, and removing a few rows will
not have a big impact on the result.

Example
Return a new Data Frame with no empty cells:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

new_df = df.dropna()

print(new_df.to_string())

By default, the dropna() method returns a new DataFrame, and will not change
the original.

If you want to change the original DataFrame, use the inplace =

True argument:

Example
Remove all rows with NULL values:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

df.dropna(inplace = True)

print(df.to_string())

Note: Now, the dropna(inplace = True) will NOT return a new DataFrame, but
it will remove all rows containing NULL values from the original DataFrame.
Replace Empty Values
Another way of dealing with empty cells is to insert a new value instead.

This way you do not have to delete entire rows just because of some empty cells.

The fillna() method allows us to replace empty cells with a value:

Example
Replace NULL values with the number 130:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

df.fillna(130, inplace = True)

Replace Only For Specified Columns

The example above replaces all empty cells in the whole Data Frame.

To only replace empty values for one column, specify the column name for the
DataFrame:

Example
Replace NULL values in the "Calories" columns with the number 130:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

df["Calories"].fillna(130, inplace = True)

error

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('C:\\Users\\user\\Desktop\\data.csv')

df["Calories"] = df["Calories"].fillna(111)
print(df.to_string())

Replace Using Mean, Median, or Mode

A common way to replace empty cells, is to calculate the mean, median or mode
value of the column.

Pandas uses the mean() median() and mode() methods to calculate the
respective values for a specified column:

Example
Calculate the MEAN, and replace any empty values with it:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

x = df["Calories"].mean()

df["Calories"].fillna(x, inplace = True)

Mean = the average value (the sum of all values divided by number of values).

Example
Calculate the MEDIAN, and replace any empty values with it:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

x = df["Calories"].median()

df["Calories"].fillna(x, inplace = True)

Median = the value in the middle, after you have sorted all values ascending.

Example
Calculate the MODE, and replace any empty values with it:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

x = df["Calories"].mode()[0]

df["Calories"].fillna(x, inplace = True)

Pandas - Fixing Wrong

Data

Wrong Data
"Wrong data" does not have to be "empty cells" or "wrong format", it can just be
wrong, like if someone registered "199" instead of "1.99".

Sometimes you can spot wrong data by looking at the data set, because you have
an expectation of what it should be.
If you take a look at our data set, you can see that in row 7, the duration is 450,
but for all the other rows the duration is between 30 and 60.It doesn't have to be
wrong, but taking in consideration that this is the data set of someone's workout
sessions, we conclude with the fact that this person did not work out in 450
minutes.

Duration Date Pulse Maxpulse Calories

0 60 '2020/12/01' 110 130 409.1
1 60 '2020/12/02' 117 145 479.0
2 60 '2020/12/03' 103 135 340.0
3 45 '2020/12/04' 109 175 282.4
4 45 '2020/12/05' 117 148 406.0
5 60 '2020/12/06' 102 127 300.0
6 60 '2020/12/07' 110 136 374.0
7 450 '2020/12/08' 104 134 253.3
8 30 '2020/12/09' 109 133 195.1
9 60 '2020/12/10' 98 124 269.0
10 60 '2020/12/11' 103 147 329.3
11 60 '2020/12/12' 100 120 250.7
12 60 '2020/12/12' 100 120 250.7
13 60 '2020/12/13' 106 128 345.3
14 60 '2020/12/14' 104 132 379.3
15 60 '2020/12/15' 98 123 275.0
16 60 '2020/12/16' 98 120 215.2
17 60 '2020/12/17' 100 120 300.0
18 45 '2020/12/18' 90 112 NaN
19 60 '2020/12/19' 103 123 323.0
20 45 '2020/12/20' 97 125 243.0
21 60 '2020/12/21' 108 131 364.2
22 45 NaN 100 119 282.0
23 60 '2020/12/23' 130 101 300.0
24 45 '2020/12/24' 105 132 246.0
25 60 '2020/12/25' 102 126 334.5
26 60 20201226 100 120 250.0
27 60 '2020/12/27' 92 118 241.0
28 60 '2020/12/28' 103 132 NaN
29 60 '2020/12/29' 100 132 280.0
30 60 '2020/12/30' 102 129 380.3
31 60 '2020/12/31' 92 115 243.0

How can we fix wrong values, like the one for "Duration" in row 7?

replacing Values
One way to fix wrong values is to replace them with something else.

In our example, it is most likely a typo, and the value should be "45" instead of
"450", and we could just insert "45" in row 7:

Example
Set "Duration" = 45 in row 7:

df.loc[7, 'Duration'] = 45

For small data sets you might be able to replace the wrong data one by one, but
not for big data sets.
To replace wrong data for larger data sets you can create some rules, e.g. set
some boundaries for legal values, and replace any values that are outside of the
boundaries.

Example
Loop through all values in the "Duration" column.

If the value is higher than 120, set it to 120:

for x in df.index:
if df.loc[x, "Duration"] > 120:
df.loc[x, "Duration"] = 120

Removing Rows
Another way of handling wrong data is to remove the rows that contains wrong
data.

This way you do not have to find out what to replace them with, and there is a
good chance you do not need them to do your analyses.

Example
Delete rows where "Duration" is higher than 120:

for x in df.index:
if df.loc[x, "Duration"] > 120:
df.drop(x, inplace = True)

Exercise2
# importing pandas module

import pandas as pd

# making data frame

df = pd.read_csv("C:\\Users\\user\\Desktop\\nba.csv")

df.head(10)

sort pandas
# importing pandas module

import pandas as pd

# making data frame

df = pd.read_csv("C:\\Users\\user\\Desktop\\nba.csv")

df.sort_values("Name", axis=0, ascending=True, inplace=True, na_position='last')

print(df.to_string())
Pandas - Removing Duplicates
Discovering Duplicates
Duplicate rows are rows that have been registered more than one time.

Duration Date Pulse Maxpulse Calories

0 60 '2020/12/01' 110 130 409.1
1 60 '2020/12/02' 117 145 479.0
2 60 '2020/12/03' 103 135 340.0
3 45 '2020/12/04' 109 175 282.4
4 45 '2020/12/05' 117 148 406.0
5 60 '2020/12/06' 102 127 300.0
6 60 '2020/12/07' 110 136 374.0
7 450 '2020/12/08' 104 134 253.3
8 30 '2020/12/09' 109 133 195.1
9 60 '2020/12/10' 98 124 269.0
10 60 '2020/12/11' 103 147 329.3
11 60 '2020/12/12' 100 120 250.7
12 60 '2020/12/12' 100 120 250.7
13 60 '2020/12/13' 106 128 345.3
14 60 '2020/12/14' 104 132 379.3
15 60 '2020/12/15' 98 123 275.0
16 60 '2020/12/16' 98 120 215.2
17 60 '2020/12/17' 100 120 300.0
18 45 '2020/12/18' 90 112 NaN
19 60 '2020/12/19' 103 123 323.0
20 45 '2020/12/20' 97 125 243.0
21 60 '2020/12/21' 108 131 364.2
22 45 NaN 100 119 282.0
23 60 '2020/12/23' 130 101 300.0
24 45 '2020/12/24' 105 132 246.0
25 60 '2020/12/25' 102 126 334.5
26 60 20201226 100 120 250.0
27 60 '2020/12/27' 92 118 241.0
28 60 '2020/12/28' 103 132 NaN
29 60 '2020/12/29' 100 132 280.0
30 60 '2020/12/30' 102 129 380.3
31 60 '2020/12/31' 92 115 243.0

By taking a look at our test data set, we can assume that row 11 and 12 are
duplicates.

To discover duplicates, we can use the duplicated() method.

The duplicated() method returns a Boolean values for each row:

Example
Returns True for every row that is a duplicate, otherwise False:

print(df.duplicated())
What is Matplotlib?
Matplotlib is a low level graph plotting library in python that serves as a
visualization utility.

Matplotlib was created by John D. Hunter.

Matplotlib is open source and we can use it freely.

Matplotlib is mostly written in python, a few segments are written in C, Objective-C

and Javascript for Platform compatibility.

Where is the Matplotlib Codebase?

The source code for Matplotlib is located at this github
repository https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib

Matplotlib Getting Started

Installation of Matplotlib
If you have Python and PIP already installed on a system, then installation of
Matplotlib is very easy.

Install it using this command:

C:\Users\Your Name>pip install matplotlib

If this command fails, then use a python distribution that already has Matplotlib
installed, like Anaconda, Spyder etc.

Import Matplotlib
Once Matplotlib is installed, import it in your applications by adding
the import module statement:

import matplotlib

Now Matplotlib is imported and ready to use:

Checking Matplotlib Version

The version string is stored under __version__ attribute.
Example
import matplotlib

print(matplotlib.__version__)

Note: two underscore characters are used in __version__.

Matplotlib Pyplot
Pyplot
Most of the Matplotlib utilities lies under the pyplot submodule, and are usually
imported under the plt alias:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Now the Pyplot package can be referred to as plt.

Example
Draw a line in a diagram from position (0,0) to position (6,250):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

xpoints = np.array([0, 6])

ypoints = np.array([0, 250])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()

Matplotlib Plotting
Plotting x and y points
The plot() function is used to draw points (markers) in a diagram.

By default, the plot() function draws a line from point to point.

The function takes parameters for specifying points in the diagram.

Parameter 1 is an array containing the points on the x-axis.

Parameter 2 is an array containing the points on the y-axis.

If we need to plot a line from (1, 3) to (8, 10), we have to pass two arrays [1, 8]
and [3, 10] to the plot function.

ExampleGet
Draw a line in a diagram from position (1, 3) to position (8, 10):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
xpoints = np.array([1, 8])
ypoints = np.array([3, 10])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()

Result:

The x-axis is the horizontal axis.

The y-axis is the vertical axis.

Plotting Without Line

To plot only the markers, you can use shortcut string notation parameter 'o', which
means 'rings'.

Example
Draw two points in the diagram, one at position (1, 3) and one in position (8, 10):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

xpoints = np.array([1, 8])

ypoints = np.array([3, 10])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints, 'o')

plt.show()

Result:
You will learn more about markers in the next chapter.

Multiple Points
You can plot as many points as you like, just make sure you have the same
number of points in both axis.

Example
Draw a line in a diagram from position (1, 3) to (2, 8) then to (6, 1) and finally to
position (8, 10):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

xpoints = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()

Result:
Default X-Points
If we do not specify the points on the x-axis, they will get the default values 0, 1,
2, 3 etc., depending on the length of the y-points.

So, if we take the same example as above, and leave out the x-points, the
diagram will look like this:

Example
Plotting without x-points:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10, 5, 7])

plt.plot(ypoints)
plt.show()

Result:

The x-points in the example above are [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

Matplotlib Markers
Markers
You can use the keyword argument marker to emphasize each point with a specified marker:

Example
Mark each point with a circle:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o')

plt.show()

Result:

Example
Mark each point with a star:

...
plt.plot(ypoints, marker = '*')
...

Result:
Marker Reference
You can choose any of these markers:

Marker Description

'o' Circle

'*' Star

'.' Point

',' Pixel

'x' X

'X' X (filled)

'+' Plus

'P' Plus (filled)

's' Square

'D' Diamond

'd' Diamond (thin)

'p' Pentagon

'H' Hexagon

'h' Hexagon

'v' Triangle Down

'^' Triangle Up

'<' Triangle Left

'>' Triangle Right

'1' Tri Down

'2' Tri Up

'3' Tri Left

'4' Tri Right

 '|' Vline

'_' Hline

Format Strings fmt

You can also use the shortcut string notation parameter to specify the marker.

This parameter is also called fmt, and is written with this syntax:

marker|line|color

Example
Mark each point with a circle:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, 'o:r')
plt.show()

Result:

The marker value can be anything from the Marker Reference above.

The line value can be one of the following:

Line Reference
Line Syntax Description
 '-' Solid line

':' Dotted line

'--' Dashed line

'-.' Dashed/dotted line

Note: If you leave out the line value in the fmt parameter, no line will be plotted.

The short color value can be one of the following:

Color Reference
Color Syntax

'r' Red

'g' Green

'b' Blue

'c' Cyan

'm' Magenta

'y' Yellow

'k' Black
 'w' White

Marker Size
You can use the keyword argument markersize or the shorter version, ms to set
the size of the markers:

Example
Set the size of the markers to 20:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o', ms = 20)

plt.show()

Result:

Marker Color
You can use the keyword argument markeredgecolor or the shorter mec to set
the color of the edge of the markers:

Example
Set the EDGE color to red:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o', ms = 20, mec = 'r')

plt.show()

Result:

You can use the keyword argument markerfacecolor or the shorter mfc to set
the color inside the edge of the markers:

Example
Set the FACE color to red:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o', ms = 20, mfc = 'r')

plt.show()

Result:
Use both the mec and mfc arguments to color the entire marker:

Example
Set the color of both the edge and the face to red:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o', ms = 20, mec = 'r', mfc = 'r')

plt.show()

Result:

You can also use Hexadecimal color values:

Example
Mark each point with a beautiful green color:

...
plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o', ms = 20, mec = '#4CAF50', mfc
= '#4CAF50')
...
Result:

Or any of the 140 supported color names.

Example
Mark each point with the color named "hotpink":

...
plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o', ms = 20, mec = 'hotpink', mfc
= 'hotpink')
...

Result:
Matplotlib Line
Linestyle
You can use the keyword argument linestyle, or shorter ls, to change the style of
the plotted line:

ExampleGet your own Python Server

Use a dotted line:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, linestyle = 'dotted')

plt.show()

Result:

Try it Yourself »

Example
Use a dashed line:

plt.plot(ypoints, linestyle = 'dashed')

Result:

Try it Yourself »

ADVERTISEMENT

Shorter Syntax
The line style can be written in a shorter syntax:

linestyle can be written as ls.

dotted can be written as :.

dashed can be written as --.

Example
Shorter syntax:
plt.plot(ypoints, ls = ':')

Result:

Line Styles
You can choose any of these styles:

Style Or

'solid' (default) '-'

'dotted' ':'

'dashed' '--'

'dashdot' '-.'

'None' '' or ' '

Line Color
You can use the keyword argument color or the shorter c to set the color of the
line:

Example
Set the line color to red:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, color = 'r')

plt.show()

Result:

You can also use Hexadecimal color values:

Example
Plot with a beautiful green line:
...
plt.plot(ypoints, c = '#4CAF50')
...

Result:

Or any of the 140 supported color names.

Example
Plot with the color named "hotpink":

...
plt.plot(ypoints, c = 'hotpink')
...

Result:
Line Width
You can use the keyword argument linewidth or the shorter lw to change the width
of the line.

The value is a floating number, in points:

Example
Plot with a 20.5pt wide line:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, linewidth = '20.5')

plt.show()

Result:
Multiple Lines
You can plot as many lines as you like by simply adding more plt.plot() functions:

Example
Draw two lines by specifying a plt.plot() function for each line:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y1 = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
y2 = np.array([6, 2, 7, 11])

plt.plot(y1)
plt.plot(y2)

plt.show()

Result:
You can also plot many lines by adding the points for the x- and y-axis for each
line in the same plt.plot() function.

(In the examples above we only specified the points on the y-axis, meaning that
the points on the x-axis got the the default values (0, 1, 2, 3).)

The x- and y- values come in pairs:

Example
Draw two lines by specifiyng the x- and y-point values for both lines:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x1 = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y1 = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
x2 = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y2 = np.array([6, 2, 7, 11])

plt.plot(x1, y1, x2, y2)

plt.show()

Result:
Matplotlib Labels and Title
Create Labels for a Plot
With Pyplot, you can use the xlabel() and ylabel() functions to set a label for the
x- and y-axis.

Example
Add labels to the x- and y-axis:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")

plt.show()

Result:
Create a Title for a Plot
With Pyplot, you can use the title() function to set a title for the plot.

Example
Add a plot title and labels for the x- and y-axis:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.title("Sports Watch Data")

plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")

plt.show()

Result:
Set Font Properties for Title and
Labels
You can use the fontdict parameter in xlabel(), ylabel(), and title() to set font
properties for the title and labels.

Example
Set font properties for the title and labels:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

font1 = {'family':'serif','color':'blue','size':20}
font2 = {'family':'serif','color':'darkred','size':15}

plt.title("Sports Watch Data", fontdict = font1)

plt.xlabel("Average Pulse", fontdict = font2)
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage", fontdict = font2)

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

Result:
Position the Title
You can use the loc parameter in title() to position the title.

Legal values are: 'left', 'right', and 'center'. Default value is 'center'.

Example
Position the title to the left:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

plt.title("Sports Watch Data", loc = 'left')

plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

Result:
Matplotlib Adding Grid
Lines
Add Grid Lines to a Plot
With Pyplot, you can use the grid() function to add grid lines to the plot.

Example Add grid lines to the plot:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])
plt.title("Sports Watch Data")
plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.grid()

plt.show()
Specify Which Grid Lines to Display
You can use the axis parameter in the grid() function to specify which grid lines to
display.Legal values are: 'x', 'y', and 'both'. Default value is 'both'.

Display only grid lines for the x-axis:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

plt.title("Sports Watch Data")

plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.grid(axis = 'x')

plt.show()

Result:
Example
Display only grid lines for the y-axis:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

plt.title("Sports Watch Data")

plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.grid(axis = 'y')

plt.show()

Result:
Set Line Properties for the Grid
You can also set the line properties of the grid, like this: grid(color = 'color',
linestyle = 'linestyle', linewidth = number).

Example
Set the line properties of the grid:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])

plt.title("Sports Watch Data")

plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.grid(color = 'green', linestyle = '--', linewidth = 0.5)

plt.show()

Result:

Matplotlib Subplot

Display Multiple Plots

With the subplot() function you can draw multiple plots in one figure:
ExampleGet your own Python Server
Draw 2 plots:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)

#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)

plt.show()

Result:

The subplot() Function

The subplot() function takes three arguments that describes the layout of the
figure.
The layout is organized in rows and columns, which are represented by
the first and second argument.

The third argument represents the index of the current plot.

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
#the figure has 1 row, 2 columns, and this plot is the first plot.

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
#the figure has 1 row, 2 columns, and this plot is the second plot.

So, if we want a figure with 2 rows an 1 column (meaning that the two plots will be
displayed on top of each other instead of side-by-side), we can write the syntax
like this:

Example
Draw 2 plots on top of each other:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)

#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)

plt.show()

Result:
You can draw as many plots you like on one figure, just describe the number of
rows, columns, and the index of the plot.

Example
Draw 6 plots:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 3)
plt.plot(x,y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 4)
plt.plot(x,y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 5)
plt.plot(x,y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 6)
plt.plot(x,y)

plt.show()

Result:
Title
You can add a title to each plot with the title() function:

2 plots, with titles:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title("SALES")

#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title("INCOME")

plt.show()

Result:
Super Title
You can add a title to the entire figure with the suptitle() function:

Example
Add a title for the entire figure:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title("SALES")

#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title("INCOME")

plt.suptitle("MY SHOP")
plt.show()

Result:
Matplotlib Scatter
Creating Scatter Plots
With Pyplot, you can use the scatter() function to draw a scatter plot.

The scatter() function plots one dot for each observation. It needs two arrays of
the same length, one for the values of the x-axis, and one for values on the y-axis:

A simple scatter plot:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])

plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()

Result:
The observation in the example above is the result of 13 cars passing by.

The X-axis shows how old the car is.

The Y-axis shows the speed of the car when it passes.

Are there any relationships between the observations?

It seems that the newer the car, the faster it drives, but that could be a
coincidence, after all we only registered 13 cars.

Compare Plots
In the example above, there seems to be a relationship between speed and age,
but what if we plot the observations from another day as well? Will the scatter plot
tell us something else?

Example
Draw two plots on the same figure:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

#day one, the age and speed of 13 cars:

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
plt.scatter(x, y)
#day two, the age and speed of 15 cars:
x = np.array([2,2,8,1,15,8,12,9,7,3,11,4,7,14,12])
y = np.array([100,105,84,105,90,99,90,95,94,100,79,112,91,80,85])
plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.show()

Result:

Note: The two plots are plotted with two different colors, by default blue and
orange, you will learn how to change colors later in this chapter.

By comparing the two plots, I think it is safe to say that they both gives us the
same conclusion: the newer the car, the faster it drives.

Colors
You can set your own color for each scatter plot with the color or the c argument:

Example
Set your own color of the markers:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
plt.scatter(x, y, color = 'hotpink')

x = np.array([2,2,8,1,15,8,12,9,7,3,11,4,7,14,12])
y = np.array([100,105,84,105,90,99,90,95,94,100,79,112,91,80,85])
plt.scatter(x, y, color = '#88c999')

plt.show()

Result:

Color Each Dot

You can even set a specific color for each dot by using an array of colors as value
for the c argument:

Note: You cannot use the color argument for this, only the c argument.

Example
Set your own color of the markers:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
colors =
np.array(["red","green","blue","yellow","pink","black","orange","purp
le","beige","brown","gray","cyan","magenta"])

plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors)

plt.show()

Result:
ColorMap
The Matplotlib module has a number of available colormaps.

A colormap is like a list of colors, where each color has a value that ranges from 0
to 100.

Here is an example of a colormap:

This colormap is called 'viridis' and as you can see it ranges from 0, which is a
purple color, up to 100, which is a yellow color.

How to Use the ColorMap

You can specify the colormap with the keyword argument cmap with the value of
the colormap, in this case 'viridis' which is one of the built-in colormaps
available in Matplotlib.

In addition you have to create an array with values (from 0 to 100), one value for
each point in the scatter plot:

Example
Create a color array, and specify a colormap in the scatter plot:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
colors =
np.array([0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])

plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, cmap='viridis')

plt.show()

Result:

You can include the colormap in the drawing by including

the plt.colorbar() statement:

Example
Include the actual colormap:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
colors =
np.array([0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])

plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, cmap='viridis')

plt.colorbar()

plt.show()

Result:

Available ColorMaps
You can choose any of the built-in colormaps:

Name Reverse

Accent Accent_r

Blues Blues_r
BrBG BrBG_r

BuGn BuGn_r

BuPu BuPu_r

CMRmap CMRmap_r

Dark2 Dark2_r

GnBu GnBu_r

Greens Greens_r

Greys Greys_r

OrRd OrRd_r

Oranges Oranges_r

PRGn PRGn_r

Paired Paired_r

Pastel1 Pastel1_r

Pastel2 Pastel2_r

PiYG PiYG_r
PuBu PuBu_r

PuBuGn PuBuGn_r

PuOr PuOr_r

PuRd PuRd_r

Purples Purples_r

RdBu RdBu_r

RdGy RdGy_r

RdPu RdPu_r

RdYlBu RdYlBu_r

RdYlGn RdYlGn_r

Reds Reds_r

Set1 Set1_r

Set2 Set2_r

Set3 Set3_r
Spectral Spectral_r

Wistia Wistia_r

YlGn YlGn_r

YlGnBu YlGnBu_r

YlOrBr YlOrBr_r

YlOrRd YlOrRd_r

afmhot afmhot_r

autumn autumn_r

binary binary_r

bone bone_r

brg brg_r

bwr bwr_r

cividis cividis_r

cool cool_r

coolwarm coolwarm_r
copper copper_r

cubehelix cubehelix_r

flag flag_r

gist_earth gist_earth_r

gist_gray gist_gray_r

gist_heat gist_heat_r

gist_ncar gist_ncar_r

gist_rainbow gist_rainbow_r

gist_stern gist_stern_r

gist_yarg gist_yarg_r

gnuplot gnuplot_r

gnuplot2 gnuplot2_r

gray gray_r

hot hot_r
hsv hsv_r

inferno inferno_r

jet jet_r

magma magma_r

nipy_spectral nipy_spectral_r

ocean ocean_r

pink pink_r

plasma plasma_r

prism prism_r

rainbow rainbow_r

seismic seismic_r

spring spring_r

summer summer_r

tab10 tab10_r
 tab20 tab20_r

tab20b tab20b_r

tab20c tab20c_r

terrain terrain_r

twilight twilight_r

twilight_shifted twilight_shifted_r

viridis viridis_r

winter winter_r

Size
You can change the size of the dots with the s argument.

Just like colors, make sure the array for sizes has the same length as the arrays for
the x- and y-axis:

Example
Set your own size for the markers:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
sizes = np.array([20,50,100,200,500,1000,60,90,10,300,600,800,75])

plt.scatter(x, y, s=sizes)

plt.show()

Result:
Alpha
You can adjust the transparency of the dots with the alpha argument.

Just like colors, make sure the array for sizes has the same length as the arrays for
the x- and y-axis:

Example
Set your own size for the markers:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
sizes = np.array([20,50,100,200,500,1000,60,90,10,300,600,800,75])

plt.scatter(x, y, s=sizes, alpha=0.5)

plt.show()

Result:
Combine Color Size and Alpha
You can combine a colormap with different sizes of the dots. This is best visualized
if the dots are transparent:

Example
Create random arrays with 100 values for x-points, y-points, colors and sizes:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.random.randint(100, size=(100))
y = np.random.randint(100, size=(100))
colors = np.random.randint(100, size=(100))
sizes = 10 * np.random.randint(100, size=(100))

plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, s=sizes, alpha=0.5, cmap='nipy_spectral')

plt.colorbar()

plt.show()

Result:
Matplotlib Bars
Creating Bars
With Pyplot, you can use the bar() function to draw bar graphs:

Example
Draw 4 bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x,y)
plt.show()

Result:
The bar() function takes arguments that describes the layout of the bars.

The categories and their values represented by the first and second argument as
arrays.

Example
x = ["APPLES", "BANANAS"]
y = [400, 350]
plt.bar(x, y)

Horizontal Bars
If you want the bars to be displayed horizontally instead of vertically, use
the barh() function:

Example
Draw 4 horizontal bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.barh(x, y)
plt.show()

Result:
Bar Color
The bar() and barh() take the keyword argument color to set the color of the bars:

Example
Draw 4 red bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, color = "red")

plt.show()

Result:

Color Names
You can use any of the 140 supported color names.

Example
Draw 4 "hot pink" bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, color = "hotpink")

plt.show()

Result:

Color Hex
Or you can use Hexadecimal color values:

Example
Draw 4 bars with a beautiful green color:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, color = "#4CAF50")

plt.show()

Result:
Bar Width
The bar() takes the keyword argument width to set the width of the bars:

Example
Draw 4 very thin bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, width = 0.1)

plt.show()

Result:
The default width value is 0.8

Note: For horizontal bars, use height instead of width.

Bar Height
The barh() takes the keyword argument height to set the height of the bars:

Example
Draw 4 very thin bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.barh(x, y, height = 0.1)

plt.show()

Result:
The default height value is 0.8

Matplotlib Histograms
Histogram
A histogram is a graph showing frequency distributions.

It is a graph showing the number of observations within each given interval.

Example: Say you ask for the height of 250 people, you might end up with a
histogram like this:
You can read from the histogram that there are approximately:

2 people from 140 to 145cm

5 people from 145 to 150cm
15 people from 151 to 156cm
31 people from 157 to 162cm
46 people from 163 to 168cm
53 people from 168 to 173cm
45 people from 173 to 178cm
28 people from 179 to 184cm
21 people from 185 to 190cm
4 people from 190 to 195cm

Create Histogram
In Matplotlib, we use the hist() function to create histograms.

The hist() function will use an array of numbers to create a histogram, the array
is sent into the function as an argument.

For simplicity we use NumPy to randomly generate an array with 250 values,
where the values will concentrate around 170, and the standard deviation is 10.
Learn more about Normal Data Distribution in our Machine Learning Tutorial.

Example
A Normal Data Distribution by NumPy:

import numpy as np

x = np.random.normal(170, 10, 250)

print(x)

Result:
This will generate a random result, and could look like this:

[167.62255766 175.32495609 152.84661337 165.50264047 163.17457988

162.29867872 172.83638413 168.67303667 164.57361342 180.81120541
170.57782187 167.53075749 176.15356275 176.95378312 158.4125473
187.8842668 159.03730075 166.69284332 160.73882029 152.22378865
164.01255164 163.95288674 176.58146832 173.19849526 169.40206527
166.88861903 149.90348576 148.39039643 177.90349066 166.72462233
177.44776004 170.93335636 173.26312881 174.76534435 162.28791953
166.77301551 160.53785202 170.67972019 159.11594186 165.36992993
178.38979253 171.52158489 173.32636678 159.63894401 151.95735707
175.71274153 165.00458544 164.80607211 177.50988211 149.28106703
179.43586267 181.98365273 170.98196794 179.1093176 176.91855744
168.32092784 162.33939782 165.18364866 160.52300507 174.14316386
163.01947601 172.01767945 173.33491959 169.75842718 198.04834503
192.82490521 164.54557943 206.36247244 165.47748898 195.26377975
164.37569092 156.15175531 162.15564208 179.34100362 167.22138242
147.23667125 162.86940215 167.84986671 172.99302505 166.77279814
196.6137667 159.79012341 166.5840824 170.68645637 165.62204521
174.5559345 165.0079216 187.92545129 166.86186393 179.78383824
161.0973573 167.44890343 157.38075812 151.35412246 171.3107829
162.57149341 182.49985133 163.24700057 168.72639903 169.05309467
167.19232875 161.06405208 176.87667712 165.48750185 179.68799986
 158.7913483 170.22465411 182.66432721 173.5675715 176.85646836
157.31299754 174.88959677 183.78323508 174.36814558 182.55474697
180.03359793 180.53094948 161.09560099 172.29179934 161.22665588
171.88382477 159.04626132 169.43886536 163.75793589 157.73710983
174.68921523 176.19843414 167.39315397 181.17128255 174.2674597
186.05053154 177.06516302 171.78523683 166.14875436 163.31607668
174.01429569 194.98819875 169.75129209 164.25748789 180.25773528
170.44784934 157.81966006 171.33315907 174.71390637 160.55423274
163.92896899 177.29159542 168.30674234 165.42853878 176.46256226
162.61719142 166.60810831 165.83648812 184.83238352 188.99833856
161.3054697 175.30396693 175.28109026 171.54765201 162.08762813
164.53011089 189.86213299 170.83784593 163.25869004 198.68079225
166.95154328 152.03381334 152.25444225 149.75522816 161.79200594
162.13535052 183.37298831 165.40405341 155.59224806 172.68678385
179.35359654 174.19668349 163.46176882 168.26621173 162.97527574
192.80170974 151.29673582 178.65251432 163.17266558 165.11172588
183.11107905 169.69556831 166.35149789 178.74419135 166.28562032
169.96465166 178.24368042 175.3035525 170.16496554 158.80682882
187.10006553 178.90542991 171.65790645 183.19289193 168.17446717
155.84544031 177.96091745 186.28887898 187.89867406 163.26716924
169.71242393 152.9410412 158.68101969 171.12655559 178.1482624
187.45272185 173.02872935 163.8047623 169.95676819 179.36887054
157.01955088 185.58143864 170.19037101 157.221245 168.90639755
178.7045601 168.64074373 172.37416382 165.61890535 163.40873027
168.98683006 149.48186389 172.20815568 172.82947206 173.71584064
189.42642762 172.79575803 177.00005573 169.24498561 171.55576698
161.36400372 176.47928342 163.02642822 165.09656415 186.70951892
153.27990317 165.59289527 180.34566865 189.19506385 183.10723435
173.48070474 170.28701875 157.24642079 157.9096498 176.4248199 ]

The hist() function will read the array and produce a histogram:

Example
A simple histogram:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.random.normal(170, 10, 250)

plt.hist(x)
plt.show()

Result:

Matplotlib Pie Charts

Creating Pie Charts

With Pyplot, you can use the pie() function to draw pie charts:

ExampleGet your own Python Server

A simple pie chart:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

plt.pie(y)
plt.show()

Result:

As you can see the pie chart draws one piece (called a wedge) for each value in
the array (in this case [35, 25, 25, 15]).

By default the plotting of the first wedge starts from the x-axis and
moves counterclockwise:

Note: The size of each wedge is determined by comparing the value with all the
other values, by using this formula:

The value divided by the sum of all values: x/sum(x)

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Labels
Add labels to the pie chart with the labels parameter.

The labels parameter must be an array with one label for each wedge:

Example
A simple pie chart:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels)

plt.show()

Result:

Start Angle
As mentioned the default start angle is at the x-axis, but you can change the start
angle by specifying a startangle parameter.

The startangle parameter is defined with an angle in degrees, default angle is 0:

Example
Start the first wedge at 90 degrees:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels, startangle = 90)

plt.show()

Result:

Explode
Maybe you want one of the wedges to stand out? The explode parameter allows
you to do that.

The explode parameter, if specified, and not None, must be an array with one value
for each wedge.

Each value represents how far from the center each wedge is displayed:

Example
Pull the "Apples" wedge 0.2 from the center of the pie:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]
myexplode = [0.2, 0, 0, 0]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels, explode = myexplode)

plt.show()
Result:

Shadow
Add a shadow to the pie chart by setting the shadows parameter to True:

Example
Add a shadow:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]
myexplode = [0.2, 0, 0, 0]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels, explode = myexplode, shadow = True)

plt.show()

Result:
Colors
You can set the color of each wedge with the colors parameter.

The colors parameter, if specified, must be an array with one value for each
wedge:

Example
Specify a new color for each wedge:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]
mycolors = ["black", "hotpink", "b", "#4CAF50"]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels, colors = mycolors)

plt.show()

Result:

You can use Hexadecimal color values, any of the 140 supported color names, or
one of these shortcuts:

'r' - Red
'g' - Green
'b' - Blue
'c' - Cyan
'm' - Magenta
'y' - Yellow
'k' - Black
'w' - White

Legend
To add a list of explanation for each wedge, use the legend() function:
Example
Add a legend:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels)

plt.legend()
plt.show()

Result:

Legend With Header

To add a header to the legend, add the title parameter to the legend function.

Example
Add a legend with a header:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels)

plt.legend(title = "Four Fruits:")
plt.show()

Result: