Fairfield Institute of Management and Technology

Subject Name:
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB
Subject Code: BBA (213)

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Dr. Suman Yadav Name: Ayush Singh Rawat
Enroll. No.: 00651401722
Course: BBA(G)
Semester: 3rd semester
Section: B

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 INDEX

S.no. Particulars Page no.

1 How to install Data Analysis Tool Pak 4-6

2 Mean, Median & Mode 7-10

3 How to make Histogram in Excel 11-12

4 t-Test with null hypothesis 13-17

5 t-Test with alternative hypothesis 18-21

6 z-Test with null hypothesis 22-26

7 Anova 27-30

8 Chi-Square 31-34

9 Questionnaire 35-40

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 BUSINESS
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
LAB

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 How to install Data Analysis Tool Pak

What is a Tool Pak?

Data Analysis is a function that can be used on only one worksheet at a

time. When you perform data analysis on grouped worksheet, results will
appear on the first worksheet and empty formatted tables will appear on the
remaining worksheet.
Step 1: Go to “File” tab on Excel.

Step 2: Click on “Options”.

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Step 3: Select “Add-ins”.

Step 4: Select “Analysis Tool Pak”.

Step 5: Click “Go” button at the bottom.

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Step 6: Select “Analysis Tool Pak” then click “OK”.

RESULT

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 Mean, Median, & Mode

What is Mean?
The arithmetic mean of a set of observation is equal to the sum of all the observation
divided by the total number of observations.

What is Median?
The number of a set of observation arranged in an ascending or descending order of
magnitude is defined as the middle value or the arithmetic mean of two middle values
according to the number of observations is odd or even respectively.

What is Mode?
The mode of a set of observation is that value which appears most frequently or with the
greatest frequency. If two or more values appear with the same greatest frequency, each
is a mode. If no value is repeated, there is no mode.

What is Descriptive Statistics?

A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a summary statistic that quantitatively
describes or summarizes features from a collection of information, while descriptive
statistics (in the mass noun sense) is the process of using and analysing those statistics.

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Step 1: First create a data table (for example; two tables class A & B so
that you could compare them at the last)

Step 2: Go to “Data” tab and select “Data Analysis”.

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Step 3: Select “Descriptive Statistics”.

Step 4: Select ‘input range’ and then select ‘all the marks of class A
students’ in “Input Range”. Select ‘output range’ and then select the cells
you want your output on and click “Summary Statistics” then click
“OK.”

Do the same thing with “Class B” student marks.

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RESULT

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 How to make Histogram in Excel

What is Histogram?
A histogram is a graphical representation that organizes a group of data points into user
specified ranges. Similar in appearance to a bar graph, the histogram condenses a data
series into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them
into logical ranges or bins.

Step 1: Create a table [for example; class interval, frequency and bin
(upper limit)]

Step 2: Go to “Data” tab and select “Data Analysis”.

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Step 3: Select “Histogram”.

Step 4: Go to “Input Range” and select all the data in ‘frequencies’

column. Go to “Bin Range” and select all the data in ‘bin’ column and
click on “Labels.” Select “Output Range” and select the cells where you
want the output and click on “Chart Output.” Finally click “OK.”

RESULT

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 T-TEST

A T-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant

difference between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features. It
is mostly used when the data sets, like the data set recorded as the outcome from flipping
a coin 100 times, would follow a normal distribution and may have unknown variances.
A T-test is used as a hypothesis testing tool, which allows testing of an assumption
applicable to a population.

A T-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant

difference between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features.

The T-test is one of many tests used for the purpose of hypothesis testing in statistics.
 The equal variance T-test is used when the number of samples in each group is
the same, or the variance of the two data sets is similar.
 The unequal variance T-test is used when the number of samples in each group is
different, and the variance of the two data sets is also different. This test is also
called the Welch’s T-test.

This test is done when the sample size is less than 30 or equal to 30.

T-tests need three important data values: the standard deviation from each population
group, the amount of data values from each group, and the mean difference between the
values of the data sets.

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 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Step 1: First create a data table (for example; create two tables class A &
B to compare them in the last) and give them marks out of 100 to 30
students.

Step 2: Go to “Data” tab and select “Data Analysis”.

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Step 3: Select “t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means”.

Step 4: Go to ‘variable 1 range’ and then select all the student marks data
in “Class A” column, then do the same for ‘variable 2 range’ from
“Class B” column. Enter “0” for “Hypothesis Mean Difference” then
click on “Labels” and keep the “Alpha=0.05”. Select “Output Range”
and select the cells you want the output on, after that click “OK.”

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 Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0 that is null
hypothesis where we will assume that there is no significant difference between
both the samples and second is H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will
assume that there is a significant difference between both the samples. And we
will choose which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.

 If P value>0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and reject the H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no significant difference
between both the samples.
 If P value<0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and will accept the
alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there is significant difference
between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance that our
result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller scale and results can vary
when done on large scale.

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 RESULT

 As we can see in the above table that the P value is more than 0.05 which means
that there is no significant difference between the marks in both class A & B. So,
we will reject the alternative hypothesis which is our H1 and accept the null
hypothesis which is our H0.

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 t-Test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Step 1: First create a data table (for example; two tables “BEFORE
TRAINING” and “AFTER TRAINING” to compare them in the
last)

Step 2: Go to “Data” tab and select “Data Analysis”.

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Step 3: Select “t-Test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal Variances”.

Step 4: Select “Variable 1 Range” and select the data in the “Before
Training” column, do the same with “Variable 2 Range” on “After
Training” column. Click on “Labels” and keep the “Alpha=0.05” and
then select “Output Range” and select the cells in which you want your
output.

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 Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0 that is null
hypothesis where we will assume that there is no significant difference between
both the samples and second is H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will
assume that there is a significant difference between both the samples. And we
will choose which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.

 If P value>0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and reject the H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no significant difference
between both the samples.
 If P value<0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and will accept the
alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there is significant difference
between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance that our
result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller scale and results can vary
when done on large scale.

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 RESULT

 As we can see in the above that the P value is more than 0.05 which means that
there is no significant difference between the heart rate before and after training.
So, we will reject the alternative hypothesis which is our H1 and accept the null
hypothesis which is our H0.

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 Z-TEST

Z-test is a statistical tool used for the comparison or determination of the significance of
several statistical measures, particularly the mean in a sample from a normally disturbed
population or between two independent samples.

 Like t-Tests, z-tests are also based on normal probability distribution.

 Z-test is the most used statistical tool in research methodology, with it being used
for studies where the sample size is large (n>30).
 In the case of z-test, the variance is usually known.
 Z-test is more convenient than t-test as the critical value at each significance level
in the confidence interval is the sample for all sample sizes.
 A z-score is a number indicating how many standard deviations above or below
the mean of the population is.
 A z-statistic, or z-score, is a number representing the result from the z-test.
 Z-tests are closely related to t-tests, but t-tests are best performed when an
experiment has a small sample size.

Step 1: First create a data table (for example; two tables “BEFORE
TRAINING” and “AFTER TRAINING” to compare them in the last)

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Step 2: Go to “FORMULAS” and click on “More Functions” then
choose “Statistical” and then select “VARA” for variance.

Step 3: Go to “Value 1” and then select the data of “Before Training” in

“Value 1” and lastly click on “OK”.
OR
=VARA(select column)

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 Do the same process with “After Training”

Step 4: Go to “Data” tab and select “Data Analysis”.

Step 5: Select “z-Test: Two Samples for Means” and click “OK”.

Step 6: Go to “Variable 1 Range” and then select all the data of

“BEFORE TRAINING” in “Variable 1 Range”, do the same process
with “AFTER TRAINING” in “Variable 2 Range”. Enter ‘0’ for
“Hypothesis Mean Difference”, click on ‘Labels’ and keep the
“Alpha=0.05”. Put both the ‘Result Variance’ of “BEFORE
TRAINING” and “AFTER TRAINING” in both ‘Variable 1 & 2
Variance (known)’. Click on “Output Range” and select the cells where
you want the output to be in.

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 Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0 that is null
hypothesis where we will assume that there is no significant difference between
both the samples and second is H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will
assume that there is a significant difference between both the samples. And we
will choose which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.

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 If P value>0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and reject the H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no significant difference
between both the samples.
 If P value<0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and will accept the
alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there is significant difference
between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance that our
result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller scale and results can vary
when done on large scale.

RESULT

 As we can see that in the above table that the P value is more than 0.05 which
means that there is no significant between the heart rate before and after training.
So, we will reject the alternative hypothesis which is our H1 and accept the null
hypothesis which is our H0.

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 ANOVA

What is ANOVA?

Developed by Ronald Fisher, ANOVA stands for Analysis of Variance. One-Way

Analysis of Variance tells you if there are any statistical differences between the means of
three or more independent groups.

When might you use ANOVA?

You might use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as a marketer, when you want to test a
particular hypothesis. You should use ANOVA to help you understand how your
different groups respond, with a null hypothesis for the test that means of the different
groups are equal. If there is a statistically significant result, then it means that the two
populations are unequal (or different).

How can ANOVA help?

The one-way ANOVA can help you know whether there are significant differences
between the means of your independent variables (such as the first example: age, sex,
income). When you understand how each independent variable’s mean is different from
the others, you can begin to understand which of them has a connection to your
dependent variable (landing page clicks), and begin to learn what is driving that
behaviour.

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Step 1: First create a data of student marks table (for example; five tables
“BBA”, “BJMC”, “B.COM”, “BA LLB”, & “BA ECO.” so that they
can be comparable in the last) and give them marks out of 100 to 11
students.

Step 2: Go to “Data” tab and select “Data Analysis”.

Step 3: Select “Anova: Single Factor” then select “OK”.

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Step 4: Go to “Input Range” then select all the data in “STUDENT
MARKS” in “Input Range”. Click on “Columns” and “Labels in first
row”, keep “Alpha=0.05”, and then click on “Output Range” and select
all the cells you want the output in, after that click on “OK”.

 Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0 that is null
hypothesis where we will assume that there is no significant difference between
both the samples and second is H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will
assume that there is a significant difference between all the samples. And we will
choose which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.

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 If P value>0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and reject the H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no significant difference
between all the samples.
 If P value<0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and will accept the
alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there is significant difference
between all the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance that our
result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller scale and results can vary
when done on large scale.

RESULT

 As we can see in the above table that the P value is more than 0.05 which means
that there is no significant difference between all the samples. So we will reject the
alternative hypothesis which is our H1 and accept the null hypothesis which is
our H0.

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 CHI-SQUARE

A Chi-square test is performed to determine if there is a difference between the

theoretical population parameter and the observed data.

 Chi-square test is a non-parametric test where the data is not assumed to be

normally distributed but is distributed in a chi-square fashion.
 It allows the researcher to test factors like a number of factors like the goodness of
fit, the significance of population variance, and the homogeneity or difference in
population variance.
 This test is commonly used to determine if a random sample is drawn from a
population with mean µ and the variance σ2 .

Chi-Square USES
Chi-square test is performed for various purposes, some of which are:

 This method is commonly used by researchers to determine the differences

between different categorial variables in a population.
 A Chi-square test can also be used as a test for goodness of fit. It enables us to
observe how well the theoretical distribution fits the observed distribution.
 It also works as a test of independence where it enables the researcher to
determine if two attributes of a population are associated or not.

Conditions for the Chi-Square TEST

For the chi-square test to be performed, the following conditions are to be satisfied:
 The observations are to be recorded and collected on a random basis.
 The items in the samples should all be independent.
 The frequencies of data in a group should not be less than 10. Under such
conditions, regrouping of items should be done by combining frequencies.
 The total number of individual items in the sample should also be reasonably
large, about 30 or more.
 The constraints in the frequencies should be linear and not containing squares or
higher powers.

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Step 1: First create a data of student’s population table (for example; a
“BBA GENERAL” table in which to compare with 5 subjects and how
many males and females studied out of 100).

Step 2: Calculate observation (O) and expectation (E) based on

population.

Step 3: Calculate Observation-Expectation (O-E) and (O-E)^2 on the

basis of population.

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 Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0 that is null
hypothesis where we will assume that there is no significant difference between
both the samples and second is H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will
assume that there is a significant difference both the samples. And we will choose
which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.

 If P value>0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and reject the H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no significant difference
between both the samples.

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  If P value<0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and will accept the
alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there is significant difference
between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance that our
result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller scale and results can vary
when done on large scale.

RESULT

As from the above table we can see that 43.60869565>0.05, so we will accept the null
hypothesis and will reject the alternative hypothesis.

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 QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire is a research tool featuring a series of questions used to collect useful

information from respondents. These instruments include either written or oral questions
and comprise an interview-style format. Questionnaires may be qualitative or
quantitative and can be conducted online, by phone, on paper or face-to-face, and
questions do not necessarily have to be administered with a researcher present.

Questionnaires feature either open or closed questions and sometimes employ a mixture
of both. Open-ended questions enable respondents to answer in their own words in as
much or as little detail as they desire. Closed questions provide respondents with a series
of pre-determined responses they can choose from.

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