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Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Join Course for Free (https://edurev.in/co

Context Class 12 Geography Download as PDF

Table of contents Up Next

Introduction
Chapter
Notes -…
Target Area Planning Doc | 10 pages

Hill Area Development Programme (https://edurev.in/t/74460/Chapter-

Notes-Geographical-Perspective-on-
Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) Selected-Issues-Problems)

Sustainable Development
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 Case Study: Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area Explore Courses
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Introduction (/explore/158/CTET-State-TET)

Planning involves the process of thinking, formulating a scheme or program, and implementing a
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set of actions to achieve a goal. It is a deliberate method used for preparation, such as for exams or
State TET
travel. In the context of economic development, planning differs from traditional hit-and-miss
methods and includes structured approaches to reforms and reconstruction.
Child
Developmen…

(https://edurev.in/courses/14661_C
TET-Preparation-Child-
Development-and-Pedagogy)

NCERT
Textbooks…

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CERT-Textbooks-Class-6-to-Class-
12)
There are two main approaches to planning:

Sectoral Planning:
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 Focuses on the development of specific sectors within the economy.
CTET (Central
Examples include agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing, power, construction, transport, Teacher…

communication, social infrastructure, and services. (https://edurev.in/courses/17001_C

TET-Mock-Test-Series)

Regional Planning:
Mathematics
Addresses the uneven economic development across different areas within a country. & Pedagogy…
Aims to reduce regional imbalances by taking a spatial perspective and creating plans to (https://edurev.in/courses/40872_M
develop less developed areas. athematics-Pedagogy-1-8-)

Target Area Planning Science &

Pedagogy…
The main objective of the planning process is to promote the development of economically
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disadvantaged areas. It is crucial to have access to resources, technology, and investment to ience-Pedagogy)

ensure proper economic development in a region. However, even resource-rich regions may
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remain underdeveloped.
Despite more than a decade of planning experience, there are still significant regional
imbalances in economic development. To address both regional and social disparities, the Signup for Free!
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 Some of the programmes which are directed towards the development of these two
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approaches are as follows:
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Target Area Programmes

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The "Target Area" approach to planning includes specific programs aimed at promoting
Objective type Questions, Planning
development in certain areas.
and Sustainable Development in Indi
The Command Area Development Program targets development in specific regions. an Context Class 12 Geography, ppt,
The Drought Prone Area Development Program focuses on areas susceptible to drought. pdf , past year papers, Exam, Plannin
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The Desert Development Program is designed for regions classified as deserts.
dian Context Class 12 Geography, Fr
The Hill Area Development Program concentrates on development initiatives in hilly regions. ee, video lectures, Extra Questions,
MCQs, Sample Paper, Important que
Target Group Programmes stions, Planning and Sustainable Dev
elopment in Indian Context Class 12
The "Target Group" approach to planning includes programs designed to support specific
Geography, shortcuts and tricks, Viv
groups, such as the Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) and the Marginal Farmers a Questions, Summary, study materi

Development Agency (MFDA). al, mock tests for examination, Previ

ous Year Questions with Solutions, p
In the Eighth Five Year Plan, special area programs were implemented to focus on the
ractice quizzes, Semester Notes;
development of hill areas, North-Eastern states, tribal areas, and other backward regions.

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 Question for Chapter Notes - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Try yourself: Which approach to planning focuses on the development of specific sectors
within the economy?

a. Regional Planning

b. Sectoral Planning

c. Target Area Planning

d. Target Group Planning

View Solution

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 Hill Area Development Programme
The Fifth Five Year Plan identified 15 districts that include all hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh
(now Uttarakhand), Mikir hill, and North Cachar hills of Assam, Darjeeling district of West
Bengal, and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu for development.
In 1981, the National Committee on the Development of Backward Areas recommended that
hill areas above 600m and not included in the tribal sub-plan be recognized as backward hill
areas.
The main objectives of the program were to promote the development of horticulture,
plantation agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry, forestry, and small-scale and village
industries to enable the utilization of local resources.
The plans were developed in accordance with the topographical, ecological, economic, and
social conditions of the hill areas.

Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)

Programme initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan to provide employment and create
productive assets in drought-prone areas.
Initially focused on labor-intensive civil works, later expanded to include irrigation projects,
land development, afforestation, grassland development, and basic rural infrastructure
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(electricity, roads, markets, credit, and services).
 Reviewed by the National Committee on Development of Backward Areas, noting its focus
on agriculture and ecological balance restoration.
Emphasis on creating alternative employment opportunities due to ecological degradation
from marginal land use, using integrated watershed development.
Planning Commission (1967) identified 67 drought-prone districts, with areas demarcated
based on 30% irrigated land criterion by the Irrigation Commission (1972).
Drought-prone areas include parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Madhya Pradesh,
Marathwada, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu; Punjab, Haryana, and north-
Rajasthan are protected by irrigation.
Bharmaur tribal area (Himachal Pradesh) inhabited by Gaddi community, facing harsh
climate, low resources, and socio-economic deprivation.
Development began in the 1970s with inclusion in 'scheduled tribes' and designation as an
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) under the Fifth Five Year Plan.
Focused on improving quality of life through transport, communication, agriculture, and
social services; significant infrastructure development mainly in Holi and Khani areas.
ITDP led to increased literacy rates, improved sex ratio, and reduced child marriage; female
literacy rose from 1.88% (1971) to 65% (2011).
Shift from subsistence agriculture to pulses and cash crops cultivation, though traditional
methods
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 transhumance; many Gaddis migrate for wage labor during winter.

Question for Chapter Notes - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Try yourself: Which program was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan to provide
employment and create productive assets in drought-prone areas?

a. Hill Area Development Programme

b. Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)

c. Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)

d. National Committee on the Development of Backward Areas

View Solution

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 Sustainable Development
Development describes the state of societies and the process of changes they experience,
determined by interaction between human societies and bio-physical environment,
technology, and institutions.
Post World War II, development was synonymous with economic growth measured by GNP
and per capita income, but led to increased poverty due to unequal distribution.
1970s: Redefined to include redistribution with growth, well-being, living standards, health,
education, equality of opportunity, political and civil rights.
1980s: Development included social and material well-being for all in society.
Sustainable development emerged from environmental awareness in the late 1960s,
influenced by publications like ‘The Population Bomb’ (1968) and ‘The Limits to Growth’
(1972).
Brundtland Report (1987) defines sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the
present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs."
Focuses on ecological, social, and economic aspects, and conservation of resources for future
generations, aiming for the development of humankind with a common future.

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 Download the notes

Chapter Notes - Planning and Sustainable Download as PDF

Development in Indian Context

Case Study: Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area

Indira Gandhi Canal, previously known as the Rajasthan Canal, was conceived by Kanwar
Sain in 1948 and launched on 31 March, 1958.
It originates at Harike barrage in Punjab and runs parallel to the Pakistan border in the Thar
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Desert (Marusthali) of Rajasthan.
 The total planned length of the canal system is 9,060 km, serving the irrigation needs of
19.63 lakh hectares of cultivable land.
About 70% of the area is irrigated by a flow system and 30% by a lift system.
The construction of the canal system was carried out in two stages. Stage-I covers
Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, and the northern part of Bikaner districts, with a cultivable
command area of 5.53 lakh hectares.
Stage-II covers Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, and Churu districts, with a
cultivable command area of 14.10 lakh hectares.
Lift canals originate at the left bank of the main canal, while flow channels are located on the
right bank.
Irrigation in the Stage-I command area was introduced in the early 1960s, while Stage-II
began receiving irrigation in the mid-1980s.
The introduction of canal irrigation in this dry land transformed its ecology, economy, and
society.
The availability of soil moisture for a longer period and various afforestation and pasture
development programs under CAD have greened the land, reducing wind erosion and
siltation.
Canal irrigation has transformed the agricultural economy of the region.

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 Soil moisture, previously a limiting factor, now supports a greater cultivated area and
increased cropping intensity.
Traditional crops like gram, bajra, and jowar have been replaced by wheat, cotton,
groundnut, and rice, resulting in a tremendous increase in agricultural and livestock
productivity.

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 Question for Chapter Notes - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Try yourself: Which of the following best defines sustainable development?

a. Sustainable development focuses solely on economic growth.

b. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

c. Sustainable development emphasizes rapid industrialization at the expense of

environmental conservation.

d. Sustainable development does not consider social aspects and equality.

View Solution

Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development

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 The ecological sustainability of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project has been questioned due
to the environmental degradation observed over the past four decades.
Achieving sustainable development in the command area requires a strong focus on
ecological measures.

Measures

Strict Implementation of Water Management Policy:

The canal project envisages protective irrigation in Stage-I and extensive irrigation of
crops and pasture development in Stage-II.
This involves carefully controlling water distribution to ensure efficient use and prevent
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wastage.
 Appropriate Cropping Pattern:

The cropping pattern should avoid water-intensive crops to conserve water.

Encourage the cultivation of plantation crops such as citrus fruits, which require less water.

Effective Implementation of CAD Programmes:

Programmes like lining of water courses, land development and levelling, and the
warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water) should be effectively implemented.
These measures reduce water conveyance loss and ensure that water reaches the intended
areas efficiently.

Reclaiming Affected Areas:

Areas affected by water logging and soil salinity should be reclaimed.

This involves taking measures to restore the productivity of these lands and prevent further
degradation.

Eco-Development Initiatives:

Promote afforestation, shelterbelt plantation, and pasture development, especially in the

fragile environment of Stage-II.

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 These initiatives help in greening the land, reducing wind erosion, and improving the overall
environmental quality.

Social Sustainability Support:

Provide adequate financial and institutional support to land allottees from poor economic
backgrounds for land cultivation.
This helps them sustain their livelihoods and ensures that the benefits of the canal project are
equitably distributed.

Economic Diversification:

Economic sustainability in the region requires the development of not only agriculture and
animal husbandry but also other sectors.
Promote the diversification of the economic base and establish functional linkages between
basic villages, agro-service centres, and market centres to create a robust and resilient
local economy.

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 Question for Chapter Notes - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Try yourself: Which measure is essential for achieving ecological sustainability in the
command area of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project?

a. Strict implementation of water management policy

b. Encouraging water-intensive crops

c. Neglecting areas affected by water logging and soil salinity

d. Ignoring eco-development initiatives

View Solution

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 Take a Practice Test
Practice Now
Test yourself on topics from CTET & State TET exam

Conclusion
Planning is essential for achieving goals through strategic actions. Unlike traditional trial-and-
error methods, planning employs structured approaches to tackle economic development,
focusing on specific sectors and regions. Sustainable development balances economic growth
with ecological and social needs, ensuring we meet present needs without compromising future
generations.

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Chapter Notes - Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues & Problems

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FAQs on Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context Class 12

Geography

1. What are the different approaches of planning?

Ans. There are different approaches of planning, such as top-down approach, bottom-up approach,
and participatory approach. The top-down approach is a centralized planning process, where
decisions are made by a higher authority and implemented at a lower level. The bottom-up approach
is a decentralized planning process, where decisions are made at the local level and implemented at a
higher level. The participatory approach involves the active involvement of local people,
stakeholders, and experts in the planning process.
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 2. What is Target Area Planning?

3. What is Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)?

4. What is Sustainable Development?

5. What are the benefits of planning and sustainable development?

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