F gpser clases €- closure af a stele 4's dedorech ceeugsively . glles, _ 1) state Y IS Er closue (4): iy if sate BP isin e-closuvely) acd there is 4 lyassition for sladle p ty state v babollel ¢,, thon ¥ 1S in E-closuve(YV) - je sh pis yo gelosure CV) ay then e-closuve(y) also contains all glales im £(Pé) tye. Hantton sue of states %, are fey sven beloro - diggeawe C= ' q rine ee ele en E G ale “g-clesur€%) = fall slates yeachable Soon Jo stregheUi¥f ~ gu Loies 2 £%,%3 five vi fosoegbe | v $4, 4 é-closuve (%) = jail ce wooo hable = F345 - 543 - — =Fr yy we _ ae ee Hees oo w a6 » b6 Der. = 2%, % %3 6 -tlosuxe C%) = £%,%2 § ee Q) Fok & closure o& 1, 2,4 gleter br Mansthoo deg que tre loro j LOO Q oa ENS® Salo E-closuxe(r) S 3 Ly B4 64 E 16 & ~clasuxe (2) 2 32 363 ines closuveCa J = £43 4Close. Prep oh eS levy uted 2 vegrlon laoguege* 19 wept, ov languages then 1. closure 0 The: Usb of if Teo eget es Loe Closure Linelev polevsce te .° he ptersectton of & wagalow larguoges is. wegulen : Oo ve l ne | Proxies. : rh Land Mare egelen lang age. . soil Y Close eoneler | cernplennersah oe Gnplesent vada wegula language 1s ue dow language ove alphalkete, 8) ee fc x eae ag Soo) eres bars ‘also a vegulee language : nndley Uflevence 4) clesuve te Mews Op —s eee 1s ate lo TI Land Mate RLS, thes sou’ LM S) cleseve Cee (ee 7 a Rbiw vegeta a Lisa Qe, oe7 6 Clesux< the. closuve Ck opevetion ) efaRie wv veg lon Tl LisaRe, Sours i J. clesure Crelew Concecleryet0od * ‘eyca tesco aa Pls 15 Regeln Th Land NY are RLs thes So 18 LM) &. clesuxe. unelex Lorsome/ phi sms: A henrersorpoisre Csukstittion of sivegs by cyrnbele) of a A aerapale gh Lisa Re avev alphabet, ede pero wpe7plosyo, on E, then hdL) is Noe Suppose S anol [He alphabets, Thes ae h: Teor] oo callesl owsorxposs ~ — 4. Closuxe naley mvese laecroornciphiires Foe ev S harnbesorplesen et a low language mera, Recnesepintns of 8 wep eet 1% | Shealecs® aa4 b 18a “hermorsexphi bo Bows alphabet Ke alphabet Ts anel L 1S vegelinw bergnage over T, Neos h UL) is also @ RL:| | | uty 1p Graney andl Languages wrevGis saudde be anshiguous wo GLC) that hay atleast 2 jes bees cme cushy tophies the exstence of 2 Q Sy nghticest deswetions. : ee] 4 : AVE tyees sting aakbb bet 2 alerwvete> ae Ss = x alble Ee = “Ts. MN OL |Mybill_ Nereel e Tbe Bllocora Thea 4 Stale macds eve equ valer} 1) The set [ost a. aceepleal by ee A Wee oe 1k v classes cle weg hd MVaw iar + Cquanleace ee of finite. inder. li) Let ecqpivalence velaton R he debincel by xR 4 shee EC Ee all a, ee oe exactly wher yz iS In Le Then oe 2f faite index. Nisirsi ates el DEA ~ Table Filling metyed sor 1a (My beill- Alewocle “Theos ) nvi of adoler CRQ) ) Draw a fable Le all part o af and AEF Nowe all pans hee P Rd 2) Ma aa rsavkeel pairs CPS) sca] is maskeel raped gy bol f uv ay zp there AVE GO4 euch thet DACP), then mavk CP cl uct! 3 ' obee = > a no mot mravking 4) Repack step 4 Ga he mracle = lithe \ Corsbioe 4 le state te ee Li then a single > parparkeel paivs anel wate1) Now delevirsinighe PDA CAPpa) | PPA @r be classitieh ink | 2). Delevrainishe BDA CPP Da) | Je" FT | WP Theve 15 0 longew 40 ayivalesce behoeon t, NPDA anel DPDA i N PDA vecogeia eS all cantext Bee la ea DPDA « veeegnizet a new Beosily ot languages : ¢ g callecl deleverinistic. Context Ree Languages, thch ps a propey subset of Content Free. baomages. Nonaelermorte Pasheloon Adénala CNPDA) | Nd eat ap ponseey bode am A NPDA 1s defines a Sept ple M=(Q,2,7, §%. 20) where, : Qisa Ane sed of iwlexnal slates oP Stel Garb FE rs he ip alphabet Be fle ee ayrbel aallecl the slack alphabet Q £: Ax ses) xP —> finite subse of QX ro is the tancthon function NWEQ iste jorhal stele. ‘al ake aorrhol Uryrd Ber us the slack Slert Spool ‘ain FEQ 1s Scere tae e foal sthdtesfo OTA Deterministic Rishtow? Aus =. accept” (A pea) y doOr hat @ choc, ush i shat ” CUEN A deter ashe a pushalowo audoreatod In ibs wpove~ A PDA P= (Qe hye us tions ave ets freoll sao fo he delan, ifC > cone - F(4aX) has ab rest o0¢ woers bev’, by any VER, ae US sh acl KET 2.78 4a, non esply |, RY Some AGE then §(YE,X) rout he ‘ors q A delewrgyishe PDA areeaiing for look 2,0l00 Z0( 025 ae®a Noersal Toros a ave elas sarod umes of cordt ton i the sroplibieol CFG. Recause F thei Loiele | cehlness , two of then have heen Sheba —_—- + chords Noa fs En) AGG wis Chowseky Nee ae precluchons, ave, af “Ihe Ly - =? A—> Be A —>4 Were A Bc 2. a aa G- S—PAs|, A —>sA[k Mea, Any Ct d F4,6-Cut sp) sat EXLG) haw eqpivalent Geen, A ( ereer 4-(Y# SA) to ONEOnl Convent feller Granme te NF S—>ABa DES BEG B—> Ae Solas Suoplfy ‘the Ce Grammer tp veo eo pehucten, ust productions ancl useless productan- ee ars deerrsimvalle “Theo revecluce new vamrables * as coqusceok- S—7ABB, A> 8B, R>AB By Bt B+ Bowe Tahoduce alate all variables te ovat to newmal Gn, Sony OD, ad BBa A> BR D> Ba & Bg >AR B44 Bos SS ce oeFov-cal Definition A “Texing roachine M 1s detwea by y M=(@¥,5 5 % OF) where Q isthe se} of intenal Es the cteol input alphehet, S&T faz the Roiteset of sgobels calle! fap] alphebef. chides Gots the facsthon Racker , cleflioed! ay §1Gxr = ae Le Ive Ae EL ue a Ty STH s-o special syrvbel calleel the Mask WwWEQ wthe inihal state F2ZQ wthe sef of Rnal etetes- Fran citer hechoo of TM S: ONT SQ xX §L RY Atvansrhon 12 a THA is vepreeofecl othe Bro S(a,*) = CP g,D) Eg sede on reads the tape syrobol Be at the state Y, it replaces 2 by sywbol 4 and Gre coatrel watt Chante For slate Y © ste PS anol alse he ead wrde heal move (> dvectooD CDE FL RE)ple oo Tey Nacbise Ts 4 ey ETE A® aitoraeton whose tempore oro ma dope This tape 1s aliviclec iste celle, ee heloliog ene symbol whatever Input anel otwed is recensay 18 a pn woachine!s. Jepe Assocuateck tba the tape Vs vead-emle head thet con towel syeht ov left on the tape anel that car veacl anol ute a siagle. syrobel on cach roove~ ‘Ins Tepe. exlenals ineledinrdely 1 both elwechons and capelsle of heleliog om arzount of | Taihally, the kepe Conlaos only toe t/a aiing and all other cells ave blank. CLIT Lib Reasl-vonte beak | | | |’ fk jar dpble language pe lrsVE language WW Also known ar tum “t pe probler “ “sacl: to be: decrdahle pt haa, pe expecsteel OL A Webi give langue ia: Rees IVE SI Qve Subiel of Recuns ively gous evable Rawgnag es ? Dibleverste Iedween Recunsive anel RE hanguapes ——— OS Recursive oa \pus satel to he. vecew sive AP theve exists q wember— ship algovitons fy it ") Recie we ager ave lengwn as Tyr deciela ble a ii) A problew, hae | IS ecutive. 16 Saud tp be: clecidarsle - Me \svecunsive (PR there a TM) tat deateles & Recuvanvely Brit Neratle Lis vegudively enumeable rf Theve exub (a TM that accepts L» RE ta, es ave alto calleol “Tong acceptable rerpecnics co | A problers where Ks | IS owwsively exsbemsewals is Sate fo bes ssemideichble ov cenolectolable J. de BE rff there ni q qm thot sewsirclecioles 2.vy) Every eae Ey RE fang “ate. ce ts ee Enurnerable mot MeL VE iethota REC ipa suhset oP RE | RE ts the superset ot Retwrs lve languages, Reopevhes of Recursive Aanel Recwatsivety Eramecable Legge D) Uniwo of 2 vewusive languages ts alto secur SiVe + +c Rees we ira awe clocesl circle, LDIi6d The intertectes, of 2 veeusive oe ty also yecmsive + Pe Recursive oa — vindlon T Baal section 3 Coroplicerst ob a vecuvswe. l: Ou eis he wetun SAVE > 3 od 8 Recwi7s ve pea ave clecenl Unelew* Comsphews exrtin>y e viet Bet Dae 4). Rewrsvswe bain, ages ‘owe. clescal crneley *' read enalds ancl Ieleene closure. \ 1gequle Expression as hegre ExpxeSsion (RE). is a roay ele Aotoshing qulow Pangieger | RE ts 4 dec lawahye. Wey wee do Capvesss the vegulay language: pet & be aguen alphahel thes, ' 4 ia vegan law expression denohey the language ag Be. istia aw @ XPTESSOD denohag the. language LE) Leh bo! 3 hee Res Dy a isealRe denoting the ane Lia) = $a3- V3 avdaallesl prvoitive veqube OmPYESSIONS Also, Bk Y ancky, are peat bas ale a EVV. 18 4 RE devetcy lees ae LO4) anal Lf) je LG, Avy ae LO) ULC.) D4 1S ARE denehnalifce arntencton of RBacyt Liv ) ane L@2) ,-4e Lm") = LO, LOg) Tt Ysa Cis x : : 2 cteswre of Ley, \ aiG & & RE When Cad ons also @ RE , derotr4 eet ete le) = LO) the sanne. laren dee S tase efembons o> RE Uerors 20%) He) IH? ULC) Concaterration | LC%e) + LOWJtCr) , fst eles LOS = CO) Kleene’ sete Clesuxe ws ABecot asq set olall sWiegs tochebieg null (6) oblained fos alphabets af the sds, sods Aedetead by =" - aN * + . © 2°90) 13, 2 =FE, 0y1, 00,01, 1a M1, 008, 601,01 oe em 'B2 fol theoz= = 69, 00,000 -- -- ef } \ee SALT Geeibech Nowra! pons (GNP) a . naclo Nove af I, aot ry Ove “A CFG tk sarcl le he! lave Ihe Loves if all procluclisos oo. A> ak x where, AeT ane KEV - S—padp/bea [bs A=> af kB] 6 & — b- “Theeve~s For every CFG, G wb Ed LCG), theve cuerss 49 eguivalerst fone eC to Gretach Nowal ie 20 a a frrormey te ENT S—>abShlag Salw:- ee > aBsB/]aA A — Da B- 2hSE REN GETS: K { eene.’s theovers Regular enpressions ancl Forte autonata : yp t'Vo. Jerst v hetv be a vegels expresso Then there emist | Sorce fierte autonrada that accept Liv). Bosequentty L& i @ vegeclaw bngeape. Boot » basy a: - Govresponding fo a ve eX PTE OD vy theve ests a FAM seebthat L6) = Lim) woe. have fo Show Thad we cas be nA all —yepenboer €xpeios fsy prunes KPLEREIOMS WE hawe ” oe Le Oe ee, ie je Fa a fa oe >)-2.@ po ele ae 2? nla ao cepticg AN E [O- bo “© 6_ we arn have : LO tye) = ee Om : OSO) == “9 oe 3 een EHO : 2 LGyJ 20%) Te Pal ep 02 pO fo 4G cod kK haved ud) for da eM a PPP Brot 4 Rete Btomrela, Re mes Tov Every ; 4Accepla. 1 he. lagguage Acceptect by PPA (ae Lek MeCRS 16%, mF) bg an NPbA, Mis the set, ™ “The ben goge accepleal hy LCM) “jee es (%,2,20) eloed J PEF ep) N Ly wovelt, the bnguage accepteat by A) the set of all strings that an pet NN) toto a Ficel Stale at the enel of tre sails | The Kerel shes Content U ts wrelevant tothis TebecHor, of ACO eplasce Hewe, @ Shoe 4 mes ok ee accepleel by M, ft C20) te (PR 2,0) fe sense PEFanel nerThe lar Accepteel Acceptan i a AR ep teal beg. pl rot mace by) Let Me CE, ly, ba, Zo, Fr) ha an NPDA The langerge acceptest a nN Chg emply stack rnetheet) is the set ' + (4 LiM) Es lee x, s) \ t= and C%,+9, 20) in 1, 5,6) by some VER Here, a stung wes is sad to be accoplel by M #2 C%,,%, 20) +e (4,66) By sone GE : “heaven Ske Zz typ Af bnquage acceptah tleky ot PDAAlse wel Ete) Eno re [wg | >Cn-1); —® Fox © ant @ (b-tyl < { Keay Zz ni ie wvForcy ep _& 4 nat 4 CFL. +) ST s= Seceo s wo ee eet moet acrh Prost het™ se a? bg, " [al = tea: According to parsping bee Z= wwwx [Moxa n ve FE Leb 2 is olvicleol roto meng as Kllows a ia mee OS Jt a eo ee ~— a % Since kik 2Taking ¢22 . ~p-k p-d nin we hwe avewse?y = Of boa So Uvox'f &L 6 ois net 4 ere ———