Past Paper Questions and Answers

Hardware

1. Storage can be described as being magnetic, solid-state or optical.

(a) Give two features of magnetic storage.

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 o Data is stored on platters
o Platters are divided into tracks and sectors and these platters are
continuously rotated.
o Data is read/written using a read/write arm
o Uses electromagnets to read and write the data
o Magnetic field determines the binary value
o It is non-volatile

(b) Give three features of solid-state storage.

− Flashes data onto chips, uses transistors

− Uses NAND/NOR technology and control gates to controls the flow of electrons
− It can be volatile or non-volatile

(c) Give one example of each type of storage.

− Magnetic HDD, Magnetic Tape

− Solid-state SSD, USB drive
− Optical CD, DVD, Blu-ray

2. A user’s computer has a central processing unit (CPU) that has a clock
speed of 2 GHz. She wants to change it to a CPU that has a clock speed of
3 GHz.

(a) (i) State what is meant by clock speed.

Represents the maximum number of FDE cycles or instructions that a CPU can
perform in a second

(ii) Explain the effect this change will have on the performance of the CPU.

Increases the performance of the CPU

More instructions can be processed in a second

(b) The CPU contains a memory address register (MAR).

Describe the role of the MAR in the fetch–decode–execute cycle.

Used to store the addresses of data that is written to/read from RAM temporarily.

(c) The CPU has a list of all the machine code commands it can process.

State the name of this list of commands.

Instruction set

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3. A train station has a ticket inspector who checks each customer’s ticket
before they are allowed to get on the train. The train station wants a system
that will allow the tickets to be automatically checked.

(a) Identify two suitable input devices that can be used to automatically
read the tickets.

Barcode scanner, QR code scanner

(b) The train driver pushes a button to close the train door when all
passengers have boarded the train. The train door will only close when
there are no passengers in the doorway. The system to check there are no
passengers in the doorway uses a sensor and a microprocessor.

Explain how the sensor and the microprocessor are used to check whether
the train door can be closed.

Uses the Proximity/infrared sensor. When driver pushes button, sensor sends
data to the microprocessor. Microprocessor compares data to stored data. If in
range, microprocessor sends signal to allow the door to be closed. If not in
range, door will not close. Actuator used to close door

4. Storage and memory are important components of a computer system.

(a) Primary storage is one type of storage in a computer system.

(i) Tick ( ) one box to show which is an example of primary storage.

A compact disk (CD)

B hard disk drive (HDD)
C random access memory (RAM)
D solid-state drive (SSD)

(ii) Give one characteristic of primary storage.

Directly accessed by the CPU

(b) Virtual memory can be created in a computer system.

Complete the description about virtual memory.

Use the terms from the list.
Some of the terms in the list will not be used. Some terms may be used
more than once.

binary hard disk drive (HDD) hexadecimal operating

system pages random access memory (RAM) read
only memory (ROM) sectors software tracks
virtual memory

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Virtual memory is used when the random access memory (RAM) is full. It is created
by partitioning the hard disk drive (HDD) Data is divided into pages that can be sent
from random access memory (RAM) to the virtual memory to be temporarily stored
until they are required.

5. A computer has a central processing unit (CPU).

(a) Circle three components that are built into the CPU.

accumulator (ACC) control unit (CU) graphics card

hard disk drive (HDD) motherboard program counter (PC)
random access memory (RAM) read only memory (ROM)

(b) The CPU has cache. Explain the purpose of the cache.

It is a type of data storage that stores frequently used data and instructions.
To increase the access speed by storing frequently used data and instructions

(c) The CPU has a component that regulates the number of fetch–
decode–execute cycles the CPU can perform in a second.

State the name of this component.

Clock

(d) The CPU has a component that carries out all calculations and
logical operations.

State the name of this component.

ALU

6. A company uses cloud storage to store its data.

(a) Tick ( ) one box to show which is not a characteristic of cloud
storage.

A Data is accessed through a network

B Data is stored locally
C Data is stored remotely
D Physical servers are used to store the data

(c) Explain two advantages for the owners of the company of storing its
data in cloud storage

 The data can be accessed from any location means that employees can work
from anywhere with a connection
 No need to buy and maintain the hardware because these are owned and
maintained by a third party.
 No need to allocate the space to keep the hardware.

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 (d) Explain one disadvantage to employees of the company storing data
in the cloud.

o Data cannot be accessed without Internet connection.

o Employees could be pressured to work outside of hours as they can
access the data from any location

7. A computer has secondary storage.

(a) The table contains statements about secondary storage. Complete the table by
writing the type of secondary storage that applies to each statement.
Some types of secondary storage may apply to more than one statement.

(d) Explain two differences between primary storage and secondary

storage.

o Primary storage is directly accessible by the CPU whereas secondary

storage is not directly accessible by the CPU.
o Primary storage stores the data that is currently in use/for booting the
system whereas secondary storage stores data permanently for the user
o Primary storage normally has a small capacity whereas secondary storage
normally has a larger capacity
o Some parts of primary storage are volatile whereas all secondary storage
is non volatile

8. A component in the CPU sends signals to manage the fetch-decode-execute

cycle.
State the name of this component.

Control Unit

9. The CPU has a clock speed of 2.4 Ghz.

Describe what is meant by a 2.4 Ghz clock speed.

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The CPU completes 2.4 billion cycles/clock pulses per second.

The CPU contains registers including the memory data register (MDR).

(i) Describe the role of the MDR in the fetch-decode-execute cycle.

Stores the data that is read from/written to RAM from the address in the
MAR
which is passed to CIR

10. When a customer is leaving the car park they arrive at a barrier. The customer
needs to insert their ticket into a system at the barrier. This system reads the
ticket number then checks whether the parking cost has been paid for the car.
The barrier is raised if it has been paid. The system uses a microprocessor.

Describe the role of the microprocessor in the system and how it checks whether
the parking cost has been paid.

Compares the ticket number that is scanned with the stored data that is a database of
ticket numbers. It checks the ticket number listed as paid or not. If it is paid it sends a
signal to raise the barrier. If it is not paid, the barrier remains down

The table contains four descriptions about a computer system.

Complete the table by writing the correct term for each description.

11. In a Von Neumann model for a computer system, a Central Processing Unit
(CPU) contains a number of different components.

The table contains the name of a component or a description of their role in the
fetch-execute cycle.

Complete the table with the missing component names and descriptions.

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12. A shopping mall has an information point. Visitors can use it to find out which
shops are in the mall and where they are located.

(a) Identify one input device that could be built into the information
point.

Give an example of how that device would be used.

Keyboard - to type the shop name

Touchscreen - to select the shop
Microphone – to speak the shop name as a voice command

(b) Identify one output device that could be built into the information
point. Give an example of how that device would be used.

Speaker // headphones - to hear where a shop is located

Printer - to get a hard copy of shop information

(c) Identify one example of primary storage that could be built into the
information point. State what would be stored in your example of primary
storage.

Random access memory // RAM - to store data the is currently being processed
Read only memory // ROM - to store the start-up instructions

13. Phil has a computer that is designed using the Von Neumann model. The
computer has a central processing unit (CPU).

(a) One type of component within the CPU is an address bus.

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 Identify two other types of bus and state what each is responsible for
transmitting in the CPU.

Data bus - responsible for transmitting data/instructions

Control bus - responsible for transmitting control signals

(b) The CPU performs a cycle that has three stages. One of these stages
is execute.
Identify one other stage of the cycle that is performed by the CPU.

Fetch and Decode

(c) Identify the component within the CPU that the accumulator is built
into and describe the purpose of the accumulator.

To temporarily store data that are used for calculations

14. A bus station has a ticket machine.

A customer can use the ticket machine to select and pay for their ticket.
One input device built into the ticket machine is a touch screen.

(a) Identify two other input devices that could be built into the ticket
machine.

Barcode/QR scanner/reader or Microphone

(b) The ticket machine has a help icon that a user can touch to contact
customer support.

The ticket machine has an output device that allows the user to hear the
customer support person. Identify an output device that would be used
for this purpose.

Speaker or Headphone

(c) The touch screen for the ticket machine uses resistive technology.

(i) Describe how resistive touch screen technology operates to

recognise a user’s touch.

The screen is made up of layers. Once the user pushes the top layer into
the bottom layer. The layers create a circuit and causing electricity
to flow.

That allows the co-ordinates/location of the users touch to be

calculated

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 (ii) Give two benefits of using resistive touch screen technology for the
ticket machine.

Low power consumption and supports multitouch and Cheap to

manufacture
(iii) Give two drawbacks of using resistive touch screen technology for
the ticket machine.

Prone to scratches, Lower resolution and Lower response time.

(iv) Identify one other touch screen technology that could have been
used.

Capacitive and Infrared.

(d) The computer in the ticket machine uses the stored program
concept.

Describe the stored program concept.

Data and instructions are stored in the same memory and it can be fetched one
at a time

15. An automated water tap system uses a sensor and a microprocessor to

operate. Water flows from the tap when a person’s hands are placed underneath
the tap. Water stops flowing when the person’s hands are removed from
underneath the tap.

(a) Explain how the water tap system uses a sensor and a
microprocessor to operate.

Motion/proximity/infra-red sensor is used, this Sensor sends data to

microprocessor through analogue to digital (using ADC).

Measured Data is compared with stored/set value(s) If data is inside range,

signal is sent to turn water tap on.

If data is outside range tap remains off / signal is sent to turn water tap off

Actuator is used to turn the tap off/on and the whole process is continuous.

(b) Three descriptions are shown of different systems. Identify the most
suitable sensor that could be used in each system.

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16. Five statements are shown about Random Access Memory (RAM), an internal
Solid State Drive (SSD) and a USB flash memory drive.

Tick (✓) to show which statements apply to each component. Some statements
may apply to more than one component.

17. Five components are shown.

Tick (✓) to show whether each component is an example of input, output or
storage.

18. A company wants to manufacture a mobile phone.

(a) The company needs to decide which touch screen technology to
use.

State one type of touch screen technology that you recommend the
company use.

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 Justify your choice.

Resistive (lower power consumption, cheap to manufacture/buy)

Capacitive (supports multitouch, faster response times )
Infrared ( good visibility in sunlight , high quality image/screen )

(b) The mobile phone uses Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read
Only Memory (ROM). RAM and ROM are both examples of the same type of
storage.

Identify this type of storage and justify your answer.

Primary storage both directly accessed by the CPU

(c) When a user is reading a text on the mobile phone, they may also get
a telephone call on the mobile phone. An interrupt signal is generated that
results in an output to inform the user that a person is calling them.

Describe how the interrupt signal is processed to inform the user that a
person is calling them.

o The interrupt signal is sent to the CPU/processor, the CPU stops the
task it is currently processing to service the interrupt.

o An interrupt service routine is used to service the interrupt and Once the
interrupt is serviced, a message is displayed to notify the user of the call

19. A museum has Quick Response (QR) codes that allow visitors to view videos
for extra information about items in the museum.
The visitor is given a portable device with a display screen, that they can use to
read each QRcode.

(a) Describe how the QR code is read and processed to display the
video for the visitor.

The device shines a light onto the QR code, the corners of code are used to
determine position/orientation.
Black and white sections of code reflect light differently
The device captures the light that is reflected back using sensors
The light reflections are converted to binary

(d) The portable device has a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) display screen
to allow the visitor to watch a video.

Describe how the LED screen operates to display the video.

Display made up of pixels that are arranged in a matrix

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 LEDs are behind the screen and the light shone at pixels
Can have diffuser is used to distribute light evenly RGB filters used and are
mixed to create different colors

20. The paragraph explains how an instruction is processed by the Central

Processing Unit (CPU).

Complete the paragraph using the list of terms. Not all terms in the list need to be
used.

• address bus calculations data bus

• decoded execute fetched interrupt
• Memory Address Register (MAR) Memory Data Register (MDR)
• Program Counter (PC) protocol
• ROM stored

An instruction is fetched from RAM into the CPU, where it is temporarily stored in the
Memory Data Register (MDR). The instruction is then sent along the data bus to the
Control Unit (CU) to be decoded. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) will then perform
any calculations and logic operations that are required to execute the instruction.

21. Georgia uses a digital camera. The digital camera takes a photograph that is
then converted into a digital image.

Complete the paragraph about the operation of a digital camera, using the most
appropriate terms from the list. Not all terms in the list need to be used.

• analogue-to-digital • binary • charge-coupled • digital-to-

analogue
• lens • light • mirror • pixel
• reflection • sensor • storage

When Georgia pushes the button to take a photograph, an aperture opens at the
front of the camera to allow Light to stream in through Lens the. This is captured
by a sensor called Charge-coupled a device. The Analogue to digital converter
then converts each pixel into a digital value.

22. Six statements are given about the role of components in the Central
Processing Unit (CPU).

(a) Tick (3) to show whether each statement applies to the Memory
Address Register (MAR), Memory Data Register (MDR) or Program Counter
(PC).

Some statements may apply to more than one component.

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(b) Identify the component in the CPU that carries out calculations.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

23. Tick ( ) one box to identify if an internal Solid State Drive (SSD) is an example
of primary, secondary or off-line storage. Justify your choice.

Primary
Secondary
Off-line

Because it is not directly accessed by the CPU.

(b) Describe the operation of an SSD and how it stores data.

It Uses flash memory and the data is flashed onto (silicon) chips
It Uses NAND/NOR technology
Using transistors/control gates/floating gates flow of electrons will be controlled.
It is a type of EEPROM technology and when data is stored the transistor is
converted from 1 to 0 / 0 to 1
Writes (and reads) sequentially

24. A washing machine uses sensors and a microprocessor to control the

washing cycle of clothes.
(a) A sensor is used in each of the given tasks.

Identify one suitable sensor that would be used for each task.
Each sensor given must be different.

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 (b) Describe how the sensor and the microprocessor are used to make
sure the water remains at 30 °C.

Sensor measures and sends the data to microprocessor through analogue to

digital converter.
Measured data is compared to stored value (of 30) and if data is below 30 then a
microprocessor sends signal is turn on the heater to heat the water.
if data is above 30 then a microprocessor sends signal is sent to turn the
heater off to allow the water to cool down/add cold water
Actuator used to turn headset on/off // Actuator used to add water
If data is 30 then no action is taken and this process is continued.

25. A train company wants to install a self-service ticket machine system for its
train stations. When the customer has purchased their tickets, the machine will
provide a paper ticket.

(a) One output device that is used in the ticket machine is a display
screen.
Identify one other output device that is used in the ticket machine system.

Printer, Speaker or LED Screen

(b) The train company does not want users to use a keyboard or a
mouse to enter their data, when buying a ticket. The company is worried
that they may be stolen or get too dirty.

Identify one other input device that would be suitable for use in the ticket
machine system, to allow users to enter their data.

Touchscreen Trackpad / touchpad Microphone QR

code reader Barcode reader Magnetic strip reader

The paragraph explains the operation of different touch screen technologies.

Complete the paragraph using the list of terms. Not all terms in the list need to be
used.

• capacitive • change • circuit • conductive

• coordinates • grid • heat • infra-red
• insulating • light • manufacture • pressure
• resistive

In Capacitive touch screen technology, an electrostatic field is present on the surface of

the touch screen. The Conductive properties of a user cause a Change in the field.
The Coordinates of the user’s touch can be calculated.

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In Resistive touch screen technology, a user pushes the top layer of the screen and
makes it connect with the bottom layer to complete a Circuit. This type of touch screen
is cheaper to manufacture.

26. Five statements are given about devices.

Tick (✓) to show if each statement applies to a 3D scanner, barcode reader or a

Quick Response (QR) code reader. Some statements may apply to more than one
type of device.

27. Padma opens an application on her computer.

An interrupt is generated to inform the Central Processing Unit (CPU) that the
application has been opened.

State what would happen if interrupt signals were not used in a computer

− The computer would only start a new task when it had finished processing the
current task
− Computer will not be able to multitask
− Computer would become impossible to use

28. Magda has a mobile telephone.

She uses the touch screen on her telephone to send emails to her customers. The
touch screen breaks, stopping Magda from using it to type her emails.

(a) Identify one other input device that would be built into the mobile
telephone that Magda could use to send an email to her customers.

Mircrophone

(b) The touch screen operates by using the conductive properties of the
object that is used to touch the screen.

State whether the touch screen is a resistive, capacitive or infra-red touch

screen.

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 Capacitive

(c) Magda is listening to music on her mobile telephone when she

receives a telephone call. A signal is sent within the telephone to stop the
music and output that a call has been received.

Give the name of this type of signal.

Interrupt.

29. A computer has pages A, B and C that are stored in RAM. Page D needs to be
sent to the RAM but the RAM is full. Page B is not needed immediately.

Explain how virtual memory can be used in this scenario.

The secondary storage / hard drive can be partitioned to create the virtual memory and
page B sent to the virtual memory which makes space for page D in RAM. Once page A
/ C / D / another page is not required / has been processed page B can be sent from the
virtual memory back to RAM when it is required.

30. A library has a self-checkout system that allows customers to register books
that they want to borrow.

The self-checkout system has a central processing unit (CPU).

The CPU has two cores.

(a) State the purpose of a core in the CPU.

To perform a fetch-decode-execute cycle or To process / execute an instruction

(b) The CPU is replaced with one that has four cores.

It may increase the performance because more instructions can be processed

simultaneously

Explain the effect this has on the performance of the self-checkout system.
(c) The CPU contains registers and buses.

(i) Describe the role of a register in the CPU.

To store / holds data / address / instruction temporarily

(ii) Identify one bus that can be found in the CPU and explain its purpose in
the fetch–decode–execute cycle.

Address bus – Used to Transmit addresses between components in the

CPU
Data bus – used to Transmit data between components in the CPU

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 Control bus – used to transmits control signals from the control unit to
other components in the CPU

(d) The self-checkout system allows the user to input their library membership
number.
Give two appropriate input devices that would allow the user to do this.

QR code scanner, Keyboard, Microphone

(e) The self-checkout system uses a monitor to display information about the
book.
Users who are blind also need to use the self-checkout system. Give an
appropriate output device that would allow a blind user to be given this
information.

Speakers

(g) The self-checkout system is linked to a stock control system that is updated
every time a book is borrowed from the library. A microprocessor is used in the
stock control system to update the stock.

Explain the role of the microprocessor in this system and how it is used to update
the stock when a book is borrowed.

Receives data from the self-checkout system and compares received data with stored
book data. (that is a database of stock). If the book is found it decrements the book
stock by 1 If the book is not found an error message is displayed

31. The photographs are also transmitted across a network to cloud storage. A
device on the network forwards the data towards its correct destination.

(i) State the name of this device.

Router

(ii) Describe what is meant by cloud storage.

A collection of servers that stores the data in a remote location and this data can
be accessed remotely using an internet connection.

Give one disadvantage of storing the photographs in cloud storage instead of

storing them locally.

May be less secure, May lose access to them if internet connection lost

32. Secondary storage devices are used to store data in a computer.

(a) Circle three components that are secondary storage devices.

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 central processing unit (CPU) compact disk (CD)
hard disk drive (HDD) random access memory (RAM)
read only memory (ROM) register sensor
solid-state drive (SSD)

(b) Tick ( ) one box to show which statement about secondary storage is correct.

33. A farm has an automated drinking system for its animals. The drinking system
has a water bowl that contains the water. When the water bowl is empty, it is
automatically refilled.

The system uses a sensor and a microprocessor.

(a) Identify the most appropriate sensor for this system.

Level, Pressure & Moisture

(b) Describe how the sensor and the microprocessor are used to automatically
refill
the water bowl.

Sensor continually sends digitised data to microprocessor

Microprocessor compares data to stored value(s)
If value is outside range or matches microprocessor sends signal to release
water to refill water bowl
 bowl filled by set amount // bowl filled for certain time
 Actuator used to release water
Whole process repeats until turned off/stopped

34. Harriet has a computer that is based on a Von Neumann model for a computer
system. The computer has a central processing unit (CPU).

(a) Explain the purpose of the CPU.

It processes data It processes/executes instructions It carries out calculations

Identify the three stages of the cycle performed by the CPU in your answer.

Fetch, Decode, Execute

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 (b) The memory address register (MAR) is one component built into the
CPU.

(i) Identify four other components that are built into the CPU.

Memory data register / MDR, Control unit / CU, Arithmetic logic unit / ALU
Program counter / PC, Current instruction register / Instruction register /
CIR / IR
Accumulator / ACC, Address bus, Data bus, Control bus

(c) Harriet’s computer has both primary and secondary storage.

(i) Explain what is meant by primary storage.

Storage devices that are directly accessible by the CPU and which is volatile
or non-volatile.

Give three examples of what is stored in primary storage in your answer.

BIOS, Start-up instructions, Programs that are currently in use, Data that
is currently in use, Parts of OS currently in use

(ii) The secondary storage in Harriet’s computer is damaged, so it is removed for

repair.
This means the computer will no longer work.

Explain why the secondary storage is needed for the computer to work.

Data that can be permanently stored so that that (application) software can be
loaded/retrieved or operating system can be loaded/retrieved or data/files can be
accessed/retrieved

35. Frida scans a text document into her computer so that she can store a digital
version. She uses a 2D scanner to do this. Describe how the text document is
scanned by the 2D scanner to create the digital version.

A light is shone onto the surface of the document and the light is moved
across/down/under the document, the reflected light is captured (using mirrors and
lenses) and the reflections are converted to binary

36. Explain the type of buses.

Address (bus):

 Carries / transports an address / location of the next item to be fetched. Data

travels one way (unidirectional)
Data (bus):

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  Carries / transports data / example of data that is currently being processed //
that will be / has been processed
 Data can travel in both directions (bidirectional)
Control (bus):

 Carries / transports signals

 Control / directs the actions of the CPU / processor
 Can be either Unidirectional or Bidirectional
(b) The seven stages in a von Neumann fetch-execute cycle are shown in the
table below. Put each stage in the correct sequence by writing the numbers 1 to 7
in the right -hand column.

The first one has been done for you.

37. Describe the purpose of an interrupt in a computer system.

− Used to attend to certain tasks/issues immediately

− The interrupt/signal tells the CPU/processor (that its attention is required)
− A signal that can be sent from a device or software that tells the CPU to stop the
execution of the current task and attend the software or hardware that generated
the interrupt.
− The OS/CPU/ISR will service/handle the interrupt
− They have different levels of priority
− After the interrupt is serviced, the (previous) process is continued
− It enables multi-tasking to be carried out on a computer
− A valid example of an interrupt e.g. ‘out of paper’ message for a printer

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38. The fetch-execute cycle make use of registers.

Program Counter (PC) - Holds address of next/current instruction to be

fetched/processed/executed

Memory Data Register (MDR) - Stores the data/instruction that is in use that is stored
from the address in MAR

39. Identify the component of the CPU that is responsible for decoding
instructions

Control unit

40. Several components are involved in processing an instruction in a Von

Neumann model for a computer system. Three of these components are the
arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit (CU) and random-access memory (RAM).

Six statements are given about the components.

Tick ( ) to show if each statement applies to the ALU, CU or the RAM. Some
statements may apply to more than one component.

41. Explain how an instruction is fetched in a Von Neumann model computer.

PC holds address of the instruction • The address held in PC is sent to MAR by using
address bus • MAR goes to location in memory where instruction is stored • Instruction
sent to MDR by using data bus • Instruction is sent to CIR • Control unit sends signals to
manage the process by using the control bus.

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42. Computer systems often use interrupts. Five statements are given about
interrupts.

Tick ( ) to show if each statement is True or False

43. Four statements about a Von Neumann model for a computer system are
shown.

Tick ( ) to show if each statement is True or False.

44. Vanessa writes a paragraph as an answer to an examination question about

the central processing unit (CPU).

Use the list given to complete Vanessa’s answer by inserting the correct six
missing terms. Not all terms will be used
.
• Components • Data • Decoded • Executed • Fetched • Instructions • RAM •
ROM
• Secondary storage

The CPU processes Data and Instructions. An instruction is Fetched from RAM into
the CPU where it is then Decoded. Once this has taken place the instruction is then
Executed.

45. Complete the paragraph by choosing six correct terms from the list.
• Optical• On-line• RAM• HDD• Primary• SSD• Secondary• ROM• Off-line

A computer has two different types of memory. Secondary memory is not directly
accessed by the CPU, but it allows a user to store data that can easily be accessed by

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applications. Two examples of this type of memory are SSD and HDD. The second type
of memory is Primary memory. This memory is directly accessed by the CPU. Two
examples of this memory are RAM and ROM.

46. Five storage devices are described in the table below.

In column 2, name the storage device being described.
In columns 3, 4, or 5, tick () to show the appropriate category of storage.

(a) Four examples of optical storage media are:

• DVD-RW• DVD-RAM• CD-ROM• Blu-ray disc

47. The table below shows four features of optical storage media.
Tick (✓) the appropriate boxes in the table to indicate which of the features apply
to each example of optical storage media.

(b) Solid state drives (SSD) are replacing hard disc drives (HDD) in some
computers.

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(i) Give three reasons why this is happening.

 don’t need to “get up to speed” to work properly/no latency

 lower/less power consumption/more energy efficient
 run cooler
 run quieter
 data access is faster
 occupies less physical space/more compact
 lighter, so more suitable for a portable computer/laptop
 no moving parts so more reliable/durable in a portable computer/laptop
(ii) Explain why many web servers still use hard disc drive (HDD) technology.

 HDD is cheaper for larger amounts of storage space

 HDD has greater longevity for read/write functions
 Expensive to change the technology
 No requirement for the increased speed of SSD
48. A remote-controlled model car contains RAM, ROM and a solid-state drive.
The car receives radio signals from its remote control. It can only receive
radio signals of a certain frequency. The manufacturer sets this frequency
and the owner cannot change it. The owner of the model car can input
their own sequence of movements from an interface underneath the car.

(a) Describe the purpose of each of the three types of memory supplied with the
car.
RAM – contains instructions/program/data currently in use

ROM any one from: – contains the start-up/bootstrap program – contains/stores

the setting for frequency (can’t be changed)

Solid state drive – stores the instructions/program/data (to operate the car)

(b) The owner needs to be able to enter their own sequence of movements for the
model car. Name a suitable input device. Give a reason for your choice of
device.

Device:
touch screen or key pad (NOT keyboard)

Reason:
Easy to use interface and has limited number of options.
small space/space is limited

49. Give two examples of primary, secondary and off-line storage.

Primary storage

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 • RAM

• ROM Secondary storage

Secondary storage

• hard disk drive (HDD)

• solid state drive (SSD)

Off-line storage

• CD

• DVD

• Blu-ray

• Flash memory // USB storage

50. Explain three ways that RAM is different to ROM.

RAM is volatile, whereas ROM is non-volatile

RAM is temporary whereas ROM is (semi) permanent

RAM normally has a larger capacity than ROM

RAM can be edited ROM cannot be edited

RAM holds files / instructions that are currently in use whereas ROM holds
instructions for boot up.

51. The supermarket uses secondary storage and off-line storage to store data
about its stock. Explain what is meant by secondary storage and off-line storage.

Secondary Storage – Storage devices that are not directly accessed by the CPU and its
non-volatile storage. Secondary is internal to the computer/device − An example of
secondary storage would be HDD/SSD

Off-line storage – Storage devices that is non-volatile storage and it is removable from a
computer/device. An example of off-line storage would be CD/DVD/USB stick/SD
card/magnetic tape/ external HDD/SSD

52. A computer uses RAM and ROM to store data.

The table contains three statements about RAM or ROM.
Tick (✓) to show whether each statement describes RAM or ROM.

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53. Explain the difference between a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
file and a MP3 file.

MP3

 Digital recording of sound and it is produced by recording software / microphone

 Used when distributing sound files Compressed file format
MIDI

 Instructions of how to make sound

 Non-audio recording
 File created using digital musical instruments
 Produced by synthesizer
 Used when composing music
 Individual notes/instruments can be changed

54.a) A law company wants to purchase a new file server.

The company can purchase a server with either solid state storage or magnetic
storage. After discussion, it decides to purchase a file server with magnetic
storage.

Explain why the company chose magnetic storage rather than solid state storage.

− Supports more read/write cycles (over its lifetime) means greater longevity
− Read/write speed is sufficient even though it is slower than solid-state
− Cheaper per unit of data stored so it is better value for the company to purchase
− No requirement for portability as a server, it does not need to be moved
− Trusted technology it has been traditionally used for many years

55. Marley wants to store a video he has created for his school project. He
considers using a DVD or a Blu-ray to store the video. Explain two differences
between a DVD and a Blu-ray.

 DVD uses red laser/light whereas blu-ray uses blue/violet laser/light

 DVD has a smaller (storage) capacity // Blu-ray has a larger (storage) capacity
 DVD has two layers (of polycarbonate) whereas Blu-ray disks have a single
layer (of polycarbonate)

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  DVD has a slower transfer rate (of approximately 10 mbps) whereas Blu-ray has
a faster transfer rate (of approximately 36 mbps)
56. (a) Six statements are given about storage devices.

Tick ( ) to show if the statement applies to hard disk drive (HDD) storage or solid
state drive (SSD) storage. Some statements can apply to both.

57. Six hardware devices are shown. Tick (✓) to show if each hardware device is
an Input, Output or Storage device

(b) Genevieve writes a paragraph about a barcode reader. Using the list given,
complete the paragraph. Not all terms in the list need to be used.

• actuators • binary • black • input • microprocessors • output • sensors • storage •

white

A barcode reader is an input device. It shines a light at the barcode and the light is
reflected back. The Black bars in the barcode reflect less light than the white bars.
sensors are used to capture the amount of reflected light and the different reflections
are converted to binary values.

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58. Six statements are shown about HDDs, SSDs and USB flash memory drives.
Tick (✓) to show which statements apply to each type of storage. Some
statements can apply to more than one type of storage.

59. Data storage can be magnetic, solid state or optical.

(a) Six statements are given about data storage.

Tick ( ) to show if the statement applies to magnetic, solid state or optical

storage. Some statements may apply to more than one type of storage.

(iii) Identify which type of storage would be the most suitable for use in a web
server and justify your choice.

Magnetic // HDD − (Web server) because webserver is likely to receive many requests a
day and it stores a lot of data and magnetic is high capacity − Magnetic is cheaper to
buy for storage per unit than solid state − Magnetic is capable of more of read/write
requests over time // has more longevity // SSD has more limited number of read/write
requests (before it is no longer usable) − No requirement for it to be portable, so moving
parts does not matter –

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Solid-state // SSD − (Web server) is likely to receive many requests a day − (Web
server) will likely need to store a lot of data and solid-state is high capacity − Solid-state
is more energy efficient − Solid-state runs cooler so will not overheat − Solid state has
faster read/write speeds to handle volume of traffic

60. Greta stores data on several off-line storage devices, including an external
hard disk drive (HDD), a USB flash memory drive and a compact disc (CD).

Describe the operation of a HDD and how it stores data.

It has platters and platters/disk divided into tracks. Platter/disk are rotated at constant
speed. It has a read/write arm that moves across storage media . Read/writes data
using electromagnets − Uses magnetic fields to control magnetic dots of data −
Magnetic field determines binary value

61. Alessandro uses an SSD to store his data. Describe what is meant by an SSD
and how it operates to store data.

Solid state drive is a non-volatile secondary storage that has no mechanical/moving

parts. It uses transistors and cells that are laid out in a grid. Uses control gates and
floating gates. Can be NAND/NOR (technology) − Use EEPROM technology

Stores data by flashing it onto the chips. Data is stored by controlling the flow of
electrons through by using transistors/chips/gates − The electric current reaches the
control gate and flows through to the floating gate to be stored − When data is stored
the transistor is converted from 1 to 0

62. Alessandro also uses off-line storage to store his data.

Three examples of off-line storage are Blu-ray, CD and DVD. Six statements are
given about off-line storage. Tick (✓) to show if each statement applies to Blu-ray,
CD, or DVD.

Some statements apply to more than one example of off-line storage.

63. Similarity between CD and DVD.

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Both need a red laser to read/write data − Both are rotated to be read − Both use spiral
tracks for data − Both are optical storage − Both are off-line storage // both non-volatile
− Both use pits and lands to store data.

64. Difference between CD and DVD.

DVD can be dual layer, but CD can only be single − DVD has higher storage capacity −
DVD has a shorter wavelength laser − DVD are spun faster − DVDs have a higher data
transfer rate

65. Identify three sensors that could be used in the washing machine.State what
each sensor could be used for.

− Temperature (sensor) – To monitor the temperature of the water

− Pressure (sensor) – To monitor the level of water in the washing machine
− Motion (sensor) – To monitor whether the drum is still in motion
− pH (sensor) – To monitor the level of water hardness/detergent present in the
water

66. The LCD (liquid crystal display) on the clock face is back-lit using blue LEDs
(light emitting diodes). The brightness of the clock face is determined by the level
of light in the room. The amount of light given out by the LEDs is controlled by a
control circuit.

Describe how the sensor, microprocessor and LEDs are used to maintain the
correct brightness of the clock face.

Uses a light sensor and it sends signal/data back to microprocessor through

ADC.
Measured value compared by microprocessor with pre-set/stored value
If measured value < stored value, signal sent by microprocessor to the voltage
supply (unit) and “value” of signal determines voltage supplied/brightness of LED

Advantages of LED

 no need to warm up
 whiter tint/more vivid colours/brighter image
 higher resolution
 much thinner monitors possible/lighter weight
 more reliable technology/longer lasting
 uses much less power/more efficient

67. Name three different sensors (other than light and pH) and describe an
application for each of these sensors.

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A different application is needed for each sensor.

68. Automatic doors in a building are controlled by the use of infrared sensors
and a microprocessor. Describe how the sensors and the microprocessor are
used to automatically open a door as a person approaches.

Sensors send signals to microprocessor through ADC and Microprocessor

compares value to stored value
If out of range / matches stored values then signal sent to alert workers (e.g. sound
alarm)
microprocessor send signal to cause an action to occur e.g. cool a process down,
heat a process up, add a chemical
No actions will be taken if no difference in reading.
Output/record readings
Monitoring is continuous

69. A security system uses sensors, a camera and a microprocessor to capture

images of each person entering a large shopping mall.
(a) Describe how the sensors, camera and microprocessor interact to identify
certain people entering the mall.

 infra-red, pressure, motion sensors, send signal/data to microprocessor through

ADC
 microprocessor instructs/send signals to camera to capture image/video
 captured image/video data sent to microprocessor, microprocessor compares the
image/video with stored images/video and if person detected = stored image then
 alert given to signal a person has been identified

70. Each image taken requires 1 MB of storage. If the camera captures an image
every 5 seconds over a 24-hour period, how much storage is required?

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Give your answer in gigabytes and show all your working.

number of photos = 12 × 60 × 24 = 17280

memory requirement = 17 GB

280/1024 = 16.9 (16.875)– (17280/1000 = 17.28/17.3 is acceptable)

71. The flowchart on the opposite page shows how a light sensor and
microprocessor are used to switch a street lamp on or off. When the sensor
reading is <= 50 light units, the lamp is turned on automatically. Several of the
instructions have been omitted from the flowchart. Using item numbers only from
the list below, complete the flowchart:

72. Sensors and a microprocessor monitor a car exhaust for high temperature
and high carbon monoxide (CO) levels.

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 (a) Describe how the sensors and microprocessor are used to monitor the
temperature and CO levels and warn the driver if either is out of range.

sensors send signals/data to microprocessor through ADC

microprocessor compares temperature /carbon monoxide level/value with stored
level /value – if CO level > stored value, microprocessor sends signal… – if
temperature > stored value, microprocessor sends signal to light warning bulb on
dashboard / sounds alarm

73. A security light is controlled by sensors and a microprocessor.

Describe how the sensors and microprocessor interact to switch on the security
light when an intruder is detected.

infrared / motion / pressure (sensor) // sensor detects movement/pressure –

signals/data sent (continuously) to microprocessor through ADC

microprocessor compares value with those stored in memory – if sensor value does not
match the stored value(s) signal sent to switch on the light or switch on the light it
remains on for a period of time (30 seconds)

if sensor value matches the stored value(s) then light will remain off and will turn off
after period of time (30 seconds). This works in a continues loop

74. Anna has a farm that grows fruit. She has a system that monitors the
conditions for growing the fruit. Sensors are used in this system.

(a) Explain what is meant by the term sensor.

It is an input device that measures/takes (physical) readings of the surrounding

environment / environment by example / physical properties

(b) State two sensors that could be used in this system and describe how they
could be used.

Moisture (sensor) - To measure the water content of the soil

To alert when the soil is too dry or too wet/needs watering

pH (sensor) - To measure how acidic/alkaline the soil is

To alert when there may be something polluting the soil

Light (sensor) - To measure the brightness of the environment

To alert when the fruit has too little/too much light

Temperature (sensor) - To measure the temperature of the environment

To alert when it is too hot/too cold for the fruit to grow

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75.A system uses pH sensors and a microprocessor to help monitor pollution in a
river. The pH of the water should be between 6 and 8. The system outputs an alert
if the pH of the water is not in this range.

Explain how the system uses the pH sensors and the microprocessor to help
monitor the pollution.

The sensor sends data to the microprocessor through ADC

The microprocessor compares the reading to the set range/stored values/stored data (6
to 8) . If the reading is >8 or <6 / outside range then the microprocessor sends a signal
to output the alert. The process is continuous/repeated

76. An elevator (lift) has a maximum weight limit of 2400 kg. The weight carried is
monitored by a sensor and a microprocessor. Describe how the sensor and the
microprocessor are used to make sure the maximum weight limit is not exceeded.

A pressure sensor is used it sends data/signals to the microprocessor through ADC

Microprocessor compares data value against set value and If value <= 2400 Kg/under
weight limit lift is permitted to operate

If value > 2400 Kg/over weight limit signal is sent from the microprocessor to deliver
warning message to passengers

If value > 2400 Kg signal is sent from the microprocessor to lift mechanism to stop lift
operating . Weight continuously monitored

77. An underground car park has a system that checks the height of vehicles. A
vehicle can be no higher than 1.8 metres to enter the car park. The system also
counts the number of vehicles that have entered the car park, so that it can
display how many parking spaces are still available.

Each parking space has a red and a green light above it. If a car is parked in the
parking space only the red light is on, otherwise only the green light is on.

Sensors and a microprocessor are used to control the system.

(a) Complete the table to identify a suitable sensor for each part of the system.

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(b) Describe how the sensor and the microprocessor are used to display the red
or green light above the parking space.

Sensor sends data to microprocessor − Data is converted from analogue to digital

(using ADC) − Data is compared to stored value … − … If data is greater than stored
value microprocessor sends signal to turn red light on and the green light off − … If data
is less than stored value microprocessor sends signal to turn green light on the red light
off − … If data still within range, no action taken/existing light remains on − Lights turned
on/off using actuator − Process is continuous

78. The data from a sensor must be converted from analogue to digital to be
processed by a computer.

(a) State what is meant by analogue data.

Represents continuous data. By example, e.g. data such as a sound wave

(b) State what is meant by digital data.

Discrete data that has only two values • By example, e.g. binary data / 1’s and 0’s

79. Modern LCD monitors and televisions use LED back-lit technology.

Give two advantages of using this new technology compared to the older cold
cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) method.

State one suitable application for each printer below. A different application must
be given for each printer.

inkjet printer – (small quantities of) documents – photographs

3D printer – (physical) prototype (from CAD) – (physical) model (from a blueprint)

Name another type of printer and describe one way in which it is different from
the printers named in part (a).

Laser printer - uses toner/powder ink uses (positive and negative) charged drums //
rotating drum and uses static charge. It has no moving head. Supports faster at printing

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high volume output/high speed producing flyers/leaflets/magazines

80. The steps to print a document using a laser printer are shown in the table
below.
Put each step in the correct order. The first step has been done for you.

81. Modern Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors use Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
backlit technology.

Give four benefits of using LED technology.

Reaches maximum brightness quickly, colours are vivid, good colour definition/contrast
can be achieved and screens can be thinner/thin , more reliable as LED’s are long
lasting

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consume very little/less energy

82. Karina correctly answers another examination question about some more
output devices. Five different terms have been removed from her answer.

Complete the sentences in Karina’s answer, using the list given. Not all terms in
the list need to be used.

• 3D • digital light projector • inkjet • interactive whiteboard • • rotating • scanning •

sliding • speaker • thermal bubble

An interactive whiteboard allows a user to write on a surface using a pen, the text and
drawings can then be captured and stored for later use. An inkjet printer produces a
hardcopy of a document using thermal bubble and piezoelectric technology. A laser
printer uses a rotating drum, and positive and negative charges, to produce a hard
copy of a document.

83. There are six output devices and six descriptions shown.
Draw a line to connect each output device to the most appropriate description.

84. Marley prints the images for his project using an inkjet printer.

Describe how the inkjet printer prints an image.

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Rollers are used to move the paper through the printer and Nozzles spray/drop/jet ink
onto the paper. Ink jets/print head/nozzles are moved across the paper (to distribute the
ink). Different colour inks are mixed to create required colours.

Technology could be piezoelectric or thermal bubble

In thermal bubble Ink is heated and expands/evaporates into a bubble. Bubble is

pushed through the nozzle on to the paper and then the bubble collapses.

In piezoelectric Electrical current is applied to a crystal which makes it vibrate so it

forces a droplet of ink through the nozzle.

85. Six statements are given about printers.

Tick (✓) to show whether the statement applies to a 3D printer, an Inkjet printer or
a Laser printer. Some statements apply to more than one printer

86. Andrew wants to produce advertising material for his company. (a) Andrew
can use an Inkjet printer or a Laser printer.

Draw lines to connect each printer to a correct statement. More than one line may
be used to connect to each printer or statement.

87. Andrew wants to print a single page A4 leaflet. He wants to print 10000
copies. State whether he should use an inkjet or a laser printer.

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 Laser

88. Explain how a 3D cutter could be used to produce the models.

Design is created on the computer and Material is loaded to cutter • Different types of
material can be used • Uses lasers to cut material « • « that use infra-red • « that
produces extreme heat • « that is focussed using a special lens • Can work on both the
x,y and z axis.

89. The library often holds events that introduce new authors. At the events, the
library has a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen that displays data, including an
image and information about the author.

Describe how an LCD screen operates to display this data.

The display is made up of pixels that are arranged together as a matrix • Each pixel has
three filters, red, blue and green • Shades of colour are achieved by mixing red, blue
and green • The screen is backlit • Light is shone through the liquid crystals • The liquid
crystals can be made to turn solid or transparent/on or off by changing the shape of the
crystal.

90. Matthew is buying a new television with a display that uses LED technology.

(a) Explain what is meant by LED technology.

Light emitting diodes (technology) − The display is made up of pixels that are arranged
together as a matrix and pixel is formed of three LEDs/filters. Shades of colour are
achieved by mixing red, blue and green.The screen can be back-lit/edge-lit

(b) State three benefits of LED technology

Energy efficient // low power consumption − Long lasting // longevity − Focussed

beam // less light strays from beam − Brighter/vivid colours − High resolution − No
flicker − Display is thinner − Mercury free technology // environmentally friendly − Fewer
pixel failure − Increased viewing in sunlight

(c) Identify one other technology that could have been used for the display

LCD

91. Tammy is buying a new computer that has an LED display.

(a) Five statements about LED displays are given.

Tick (✓) to show if each statement is True or False.

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92. Edith is buying a new computer monitor that displays images using LCD
technology.

(a) Explain what is meant by LCD technology.

Liquid crystal display − The display is made of pixels and it is arranged in matrix − Uses
a flat panel display that . Backlit display with CCFLs/LEDs. Uses light-modulating
properties of liquid crystals − Crystals can be turned between opaque and transparent
(to allow light to pass) − Colours created using RGB

(b) State three benefits of LCD technology.

Low power consumption − Runs at cool temperature − Do not suffer image burn − Do
not suffer flicker issues − Bright image/colours − High resolution image − Cheaper to
purchase than e.g. LED screen

93. Four computer terms and eight descriptions are shown below.
Draw lines to connect each computer term to the correct description(s).

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94. Six components of the Von Neumann model for a computer system and six
descriptions are given.
Draw a line to match each component to the most suitable description.

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95.Kelvin correctly answers an examination question about the Von Neumann
model. Eight different terms have been removed from his answer. Complete the
sentences in Kelvin’s answer, using the list given.
Not all items in the list need to be used.

• accumulator (ACC) • address bus • arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • control unit (CU)
• data bus • executed • fetches • immediate access store (IAS) • memory address
register (MAR) • memory data register (MDR) • program counter (PC) • saved
• transmits

The central processing unit (CPU) fetches the data and instructions needed and stores
them in the immediate access store (IAS) to wait to be processed. The program
counter holds the address of the next instruction. This address is sent to the memory
address register. The data from this address is sent to the memory data register. The
instruction can then be decoded and executed. Any calculations that are carried out
on the data are done by the arithmetic logic unit.

96. The majority of mobile phones use touch screens. Three common
technologies are used by different mobile phone manufacturers. Choose one of
the following mobile phone technologies:
• resistive
• capacitive
• infrared
Chosen technology

(i) Describe how your chosen technology works to allow a user to make
selections by touching the screen.
resistive
 uses multiple layers of material that transmit electric currents
 when the top layer/screen is pushed/touched into the lower/bottom layer the
electric current changes and location of “touch” is found
capacitive
 current sent/flows out from all 4 corners of the screen when finger/stylus
touches screen, the current changes and the location of “touch” is calculated
infra-red
 an “invisible” grid on the screen (pattern of infra-red LED beams) sensors
detect where the screen has been touched through a break in an infrared
beam(s) the position where the screen touched is calculated

(ii) Give one benefit and one drawback of your chosen technology when used on
mobile phone touch screens.
Resistive benefits:

 inexpensive/cheap to manufacture

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  can use stylus/finger/gloved finger/pen
drawbacks:

 poor visibility in sunlight

 vulnerable to scratching
 wears through time
 does not allow multi-touch facility
capacitive

benefits:

 good visibility in sunlight

 (very) durable surface
 allows multi-touch facility
drawbacks:

 screen (glass) will shatter/break/crack (on impact) –

 cannot use when wearing (standard) gloves i
infra-red

benefits:

 good durability
 allows multi-touch facility
 can use stylus/finger/gloved finger/pen
drawbacks:

 expensive to manufacture
 screen (glass) will shatter/break/crack (on impact)
 sensitive to dust/dirt
97. Four input devices, four descriptions and four applications are shown below.
Draw a line to connect each input device to its correct description. Then connect
each description to its correct application.

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98. a) Name the following type of barcode:

An airport uses the type of barcode shown in part (a) to advertise local places of
interest.

Describe how a visitor landing at the airport could use these barcodes to help
plan their visit.

QR (quick response) Code

visitor scans the QR code with (the camera on) the mobile device and the app is
used to read/interpret the QR code that links to a website/opens a document and
it is used to access local tourist information.

They can store the QR code to refer to again for the information

99. The Henslows Diner is a local restaurant.

(a) Staff currently use a keyboard to input a customer food order into a computer.
The food order is then sent to the kitchen.
State two disadvantages of using a keyboard to input a customer food order.

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Easy to make a mistake and can be slow if not trained. Sometime Dirt/food can get into
keys.

(b) A concept keyboard has a flat surface that is overlaid with images of food
items available from the restaurant menu. Staff can click on an image to add the
food item to a customer food order.
The Henslows Diner wants to change to a concept keyboard to input customer
food orders.

Explain two benefits of making this change.

Fewer typing errors may be made because one button is pressed to order an item

Speed up the time to enter an order because fewer buttons are pressed to complete the
order

May require less training because it is easier to identify an order item from its image
rather than typing it

100. A supermarket has a system that allows customers to check out their own
shopping. Identify and describe the purpose of two input devices and one output
device used in this system.

input devices Two from:

 Keypad / Keyboard - allows customer to input the quantity of an item

 Touchscreen - allows a customer to select a payment method
 Barcode scanner / Barcode reader - allows customer to scan in their shopping
 Card reader // Cash deposit / intake - allows a customer to pay for their
shopping

Output devices One from:

Display / Touchscreen - allows a customer to see the running total of their shopping
Speaker - to give audio instructions to a customer about how to use the self-checkout
Printer - to print a receipt for the customer

101. Airline boarding passes can be read from a smartphone instead of a printout.
Identify what type of barcode A is an example of.

Explain how the data stored in this type of barcode is read.

Barcode is captured / scanned / imaged, by a camera / scanner / by using barcode

reader or QR code reader. It is Processed by an app.
Light is reflected back where Black squares reflect less light than white squares
Modules are used for orientation / alignment

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Squares / data are decoded

102. Describe the operation of a 2D scanner and a 3D scanner.

2D – (Scanner)

Shines a light onto the surface of a document // Light moves across document and
Reflected light is captured

It Uses mirrors and lenses and Captured image is converted into a digital file that
Produces a 2D digital image

3D – Scanners

shines a laser (or light) over the surface of a 3D object that records measurements of
the geometry/dimensions of the object

Measurements are converted to digital file that Produces a 3D digital model

103. A supermarket uses a barcode scanner to read the barcodes on its products.
(a) Describe how the barcode scanner reads the barcode.

Shines light / (red) laser at barcode and Light is reflected back // White lines reflect
light // Black lines reflect less light/absorbs light
Sensors / photoelectric cells detect the light
Different reflections / bars will give different binary values / digital values // pattern
converted to digital values
A microprocessor interprets the data

(b) Explain how the barcode system could help the supermarket manage its
stock.

barcode identifies a (unique) product and barcode can be used to look up product (in a
database).
stock can be automatically deducted from the system
can check stock is below a certain level // check stock level
automatic re-order // Alerts when stock is low
automatically update new stock level
to locate if an item of stock is available in another location

(b) An infrared touch screen is used to view and navigate the supermarket
stock system. Explain how the infrared touch screen detects a user’s
touch.

(Infrared) rays are sent across screen (from the edges)

− Has sensors around edge // Sensors capture beams
− (Infrared) rays form a grid across the screen
− (Infrared) ray is broken (by a finger blocking a beam)
− Calculation is made (on where beam is broken) to locate the ‘touch’ // Co-ordinates
are used to locate the touch

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104. Nancy has captured images of her holiday with her camera. The captured
images are stored as digital photo files on her camera.
Explain how the captured images are converted to digital photo files.

Image is converted from analogue to digital (using ADC) then this image is turned into
pixels and each pixel is given a binary value. All pixels together form a grid (to create
the image). Each pixel has a colour and these pixels are stored in sequence (in a file).

Meta data is stored (to describe the dimensions/resolution of the image) // It stores the
dimensions/colour depth .etc.

An example of a suitable photo file format e.g. JPEG

105. An advertisement in a magazine displays this barcode:

(a) Identify this type of barcode.

(b) Explain how the data stored in this barcode is read.

Data is read or scanned using an app (on mobile device)
The three large squares are used to define the alignment // uses alignment
targets/modules.
Black squares reflect less light // white squares reflect more light
The app/device processes the image
Each small square/pixel is converted to a binary value

106.Five descriptions of different input or output devices are given in the table.
Complete the table by stating the name of each input or output device.

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107. Input and output devices are often connected to a personal computer.

(a) Identify three input devices that can be connected to a personal computer.

Three from e.g.:

 Keyboard Mouse Microphone 2D scanner 3D scanner

 Touchscreen, Webcam // digital camera

108. Six statements are given about touch screen technology.

Tick ( ) to show if the statement applies to Capacitive or Resistive touch screen

technology.

109. (a) A clothing shop uses a barcode reader at the checkout.

The checkout is linked to a stock control system. The system monitors stock
levels and automatically keeps them above a minimum level.

Explain how the stock control system automatically keeps the stock levels above
a minimum level.

Stock control system has a database of stock items. Each product has a (unique)
barcode Once the barcode is scanned the corresponding productid is looked up in
database and stock levels for that product are reduced (by 1). Remaining stock is
checked against minimum level. If stock at/below minimum level, then an order is
placed. When stock is re-ordered flag is reset

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110. A keyboard is a type of input device that can be used to enter data into a
computer. Complete the paragraph that describes one method of operation for a
keyboard, using the most appropriate terms from the given list.

Not all terms in the list need to be used.

• Binary • Breaks • Calculated • Character • Circuit • Current • Information • Network •

Press • Processor • Signal • Switch

A keyboard has a key matrix underneath the keys. When a key is pressed, it presses a
Switch that completes a Circuit This allows Current to flow. The location of the key
pressed is Calculated The location of the key pressed is compared to a Character map
to find the. Binary value for the key that has been pressed.

111. An optical mouse is a type of input device that can be used to input data into
a computer system.

(a) Complete the paragraph about the operation of an optical mouse, using the
most appropriate terms from the given list.

Not all terms need to be used.

• Ball • Battery • LCD • LED • Lens • Magnifies • Matrix • Microswitch • Photoelectric •

Photographic • Reduces • USB

An optical mouse shines an LED from the bottom of the mouse onto a surface. Light
bounces straight back from the surface into a Photoelectric cell. This has Lens that
Magnifies the reflected light to allow detection of smaller movements. When a button
on the mouse is clicked, a Microswitch is pressed. A USB connection is used to carry
the data to the computer.

112. A zoo has an information point. • Visitors use a menu to select information
about animals. The menu includes 500 different animals.

• The information is provided only using high-definition video with an audio track.

(a) State one input device that could be used for the information point.

Touch screen • Keyboard • Microphone • Mouse

(b) The output is shown on a monitor. State one other output device that could be
used for the information point.

Headphones • Speakers • Printer • Light / LED

(c) The video files are stored at the information point. State one secondary
storage device that could be used.

HDD • SSD • USB drive

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(d) The zoo decides to introduce Quick Response codes in different places in the
zoo. These provide further information about the animals.

Describe how customers obtain the information from the Quick Response codes.

QR code is scanned using a camera on a mobile device and read / decoded using an
application / software.Squares reflect light differently • Corners of code are used for
orientation • Opens document with information // Directs to website with information •
QR code can be saved for future reference

113. Touch screen technologies can be described as resistive or capacitive. Six

statements are given about resistive and capacitive technology.

Tick (✓) to show if the statement applies to Resistive or Capacitive technology.

114. Gerald uses a keyboard to enter a website address into the address bar of
his browser.

(a) Describe how Gerald’s key presses on his keyboard are processed by the
computer.

Membrane / matrix / circuit board present at base of keys. Once a key is pressed that
presses a switch. When a key is pressed it completes a circuit or changes the current
in a circuit • The location of the keypress is calculated • An index of characters is
searched to find the corresponding keypress • Each character has an ASCII / Unicode
value • The ASCII / Unicode value has a binary value • Keypress generates an interrupt
• Each character / keypress is added to a buffer to wait to be processed • The binary
can then be processed by the CPU to action the key press.

115. Six devices are shown. Tick (3) to show if each device is an Input, Output or
Storage device.

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116. Each ticket also has a QR code. The QR code is scanned at the entrance to
the venue. A person can only enter the venue with a valid QR code that allows
entry.

When a person enters, a count is incremented to show how many people have
entered the venue.

Explain how the system scans the QR code, checks if a person can enter and
counts how many people have entered.

Camera captures code // Laser/light shone on code − Black squares reflect different
light to white − Corner squares are used for alignment − Pattern converted to digital
data // by example − (Digital) data sent to microprocessor − There is a database of valid
QR codes − Data compared to stored values/valid QR codes … − … If data matches
entry is granted is raised − … If data matches count is incremented − … If data does not
match, entry is denied

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117. Karina is taking her Computer Science examination. She has three questions
to answer about output devices.
(i) For the first question she writes the answer:

“It is a high powered laser that cuts materials such as thin metals or wood.” – 3D Cutter

“The screen is made up of blocks of red, green and blue pixels. The screen uses layers
of different types of liquid.” Liquid Crystal Display

“It is responsible for powering and moving a motor in machinery, such as a robot arm in
a factory.” Actuator

118. Three types of storage media are magnetic, optical and solid state.
(a) One example of solid-state storage is a Solid-State Drive (SSD).

Identify one other example of solid-state storage.

USB flash memory drive, SD card

(b) Optical storage uses a laser to store and read data from a disk.

Explain how the laser is used to store and read data from the disk.

o Laser is shone at the disk, an (arm/head) moves the laser across the surface of
the disk
o The laser burns pits onto the surface of the disk and the laser is used to read
the pits and lands on the surface of the disk
o The reflected light from the laser shining on the disk is captured (by a sensor)

Identify two examples of software that can be stored on the SSD.

Operating system, Application software

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119. The paragraph describes the process of printing a document using an inkjet
printer. Complete the paragraph using the most appropriate terms from the list.
Not all of the terms in the list need to be used.

• binary • buffer • drum • information •

• laser • liquid • nozzles • operating system • powder
• thermal bubble • toner

Data is sent from the computer to the printer. The data is held in a print buffer that is
temporary storage until the data is processed to be printed. Inkjet printers operate by
having a print head that moves nozzles side to side across the page. These spray
liquid ink droplets onto the page. These ink droplets can be created using piezoelectric
or thermal bubble technology. If the paper jams in the printing process, the printing
stops and an interrupt is sent to the computer.

120. Six statements are given about the operation of three different types of
storage. Tick ( ) to show which statements apply to each type of storage. Some
statements may apply to more than one type of storage.

121. A business wants to use a biometric security system to control entry to the office. The
system will use a biometric device and a microprocessor. Explain how the biometric
security system will make use of the biometric device and the microprocessor to control
entry to the office.

Suitable biometric device, such as fingerprint scanner/retina/eye/iris scanner/face

recognition/voice recognition/palm scanner // description of use e.g. use fingerprint on device

Sensor (in biometric device) captures/takes data/readings (of user) and sent to the microprocessor
through ADC.
Measured Data/readings is compared to stored values/data.
if data/readings matches then user can enter
if data/readings do not match user is declined entry // user asked to try again or alert may be sent
to security // alarm may sound.

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122.Name three different sensors.

Light, Temperature, Gas, Magnetic field, PH, Pressure

123. Describe the differences between a barcode and a Quick Response (QR) code.

 Barcode is 1D whereas QR code 2D

 Barcodes contain vertical lines whereas QR codes contain ‘squares’
 QR code can hold more data than a barcode
 QR code can be read from any angle, some barcode readers have to be lined up
 with the barcode
 QR codes are more error tolerant / faster to scan than barcodes
 Barcodes are frequently used at checkouts or libraries whereas QR codes are used for
advertising

124. Explain what is meant by primary, secondary and off-line storage. Give an example
of each.

Primary storage – It is a main memory inside a computer or directly accessed by CPU

Example – ROM / RAM

Secondary storage – non-volatile/persistent memory that is accessed by a device that is part of

a computer system / not directly accessed by the CPU
Example – HDD / SSD

Off-line storage – non-volatile memory that can be removed from a computer system
Example – DVD/ Blu-ray / CD / USB flash memory / removable or external HDD or SSD

125. Primary, secondary and off-line are types of storage. Give an example of each type
of storage.

For each example state how it is used.

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Primary storage – RAM (stores OS when running / data currently in use / instructions
currently in use) ROM (stores boot instructions / BIOS) and Cache (stores frequently used
instructions)

Secondary storage - HDD / SSD (stores files / applications)

Off-line storage - CD/DVD/Blu-ray/Flash Memory (stores files / applications)

126. The table shows a segment of primary memory from a Von Neumann model
computer.

The program counter contains the data 10010.

(a)(i) State the data that will be placed in the memory address register (MAR).

10010

(ii) State the data that will be placed in the memory data register (MDR).

11110001

(b)Describe the stored program concept when applied to the Von Neumann model.
o The program is stored on a secondary storage device
o Data and instructions are moved to memory / RAM
o Data and instructions are stored in the same memory / RAM
o Data and instructions are moved to registers to be executed
o Instructions are fetched one at a time

127. A hospital stores the results of medical tests on a computer system. Each patient is
given a wristband containing a unique barcode. The barcode is used every time the
patient has a medical test.

(a)Explain two benefits of using barcodes in this situation.

Quicker to scan - rather than type into a system

Fewer errors - no human input

(b)Describe how the barcode is read.

Uses a barcode reader / scanner -

Reader shines light / red laser at barcode

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 White lines reflect (more) light
Sensors / photoelectric cells detect light reflected back
Different reflections / bars will convert to different binary values

128. Many computer systems have an input device and an output device.
(a)(i) State what is meant by an input device.

A device that allows data to be entered into a computer system

(b)(i) State what is meant by an output device.

A device that allows the user to) view/hear the data (that has been entered into a
computer system

(b) Nadia’s printer uses powdered toner rather than liquid ink.
(i) State the type of printer Nadia has purchased.

Laser Printer

Nadia uses several types of computer storage for her homework and other projects.
(i) Five examples of computer storage are given.
Tick (3) to show if the computer storage is Primary, Secondary or Off-line.

(ii) Nadia is considering purchasing a magnetic storage device.

Describe how a magnetic storage device stores data.

 Storage device has platters and these platters/disk divided into tracks and sectors.
 These platters are continuously rotated at constant speed
 Has a read/write arm that moves across storage media and reading and writing
operations are done by using electromagnets
 Uses magnetic fields to control magnetic dots of data and Magnetic field determines
binary value.
129. The Von Neumann model for a computer system uses components,
such as registers and buses, in the fetch-execute cycle. Draw a line to

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130. Priya studies music at school. She is buying a new computer to
complete her school work at home. (a) Priya has a choice between an
internal Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and an internal Solid-State Drive (SSD) to
store data.

(i) Give one similarity between an HDD and an SSD.

They are both non-volatile

They are both secondary storage
Both not directly accessed by the CPU
They both have a high capacity of storage
Both have read and write abilities

(ii) Explain three differences between an HDD and an SSD.

 HDD has moving parts but SSD does not have moving parts
 HDD uses magnetic storage whereas SSD uses flash memory
 HDD is slower to access data than SSD // HDD has greater latency than SSD
 HDD will create noise/heat, whereas SSD runs quieter/cooler
 HDD has higher power consumption than SSD
 HDD have greater longevity/more read-write cycles whereas SDD has lower
longevity/limited number of read-write cycles
 HDD larger in physical size/heavier than SSD
 HDD is normally cheaper for the same capacity of storage as SSD
 HDD is available in a larger storage capacity than SSD

(b) Priya needs to transfer files between the school and her home
computer.
Identify one off-line storage device she could use to transport the files.

USB flash memory drive External HDD/SSD SD Card CD / DVD / Blu-ray

c) Priya is using sound editing software to record and edit different music
tracks.
(i) Identify two input devices she would use for this task.

Keyboard Mouse Microphone Touchscreen

(ii) Identify two output devices she would use for this task.

Monitor / Screen Speakers Headphones Printer

131. The given table shows the name or description of four devices. The
table is incomplete. Complete the missing device names and descriptions.

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132. A supermarket sells many products. Each product has a barcode.
(a)Explain how the barcode is read at the supermarket checkout and
how the price of the product is found.

Scanned using a barcode reader on which it shines (red) laser/light.

Light is reflected back where black lines reflect less light than white.
Sensors/photoelectric cells detect the light, Different reflections/bars give different
binary/digital values // (pattern) and these values are converted to binary/digital
values
Microprocessor interprets the data and compares with the database of stored
data/barcodes/products/prices
Barcode/value/key transmitted to database/system // Searches for barcode/value/key in
the database/system and price is returned/found.

133. Pradeep uses his personal computer to complete work at home.

(a) Pradeep uses a mouse and a keyboard to control the computer.

(i) Complete the descriptions of the principles of operation of a mouse and

a keyboard using the most appropriate terms from the list. Not all terms
in the list need to be used.
• absorbs • ball • biometric • circuit
• colour • digital • direction • Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) • reflects • speed
• switch • transparency

An optical mouse shines a red light from a Light-Emitting Diode//LED underneath the
mouse. The light reflects back from a surface through a lens in the mouse and is
converted to a value. This value is transmitted to the computer. The computer then
determines the direction and speed of the movement. When the user presses a key
on a keyboard, the key pushes the switch on the circuit board. This completes a
circuit. Signals are sent to the computer. The computer uses the data to calculate
which key was pressed.

(b) Pradeep uses a projector attached to the ceiling at his home to watch
high-definition (HD) films. The projector has broken. He wants to buy a
replacement. He needs to choose between an LCD projector and a Digital
Light Projector (DLP).

Explain why an LCD projector would be more appropriate for Pradeep.

More visible pixels // higher resolution Higher colour contrast (in ambient lighting) // more
vivid colours

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Colours are (often) more accurate Image (usually) appears brighter (with same
wattage)
Uses less power

Pradeep stores his collection of films and his work files on his personal
computer.
Pradeep wants to save a copy of all his films and files onto a single
storage device.
Identify and justify an appropriate storage device to store the copies.

hard disk / HDD / magnetic

Large capacity storage for videos/films that have large file sizes / require large storage space
Longevity // Can be read from/written to large number of times the copies will be accessible for
a long time // device will not break if accessed regularly.

SSD

Large capacity storage for videos/films that have large file sizes / require large storage space
No moving parts, it can be carried/moved to other locations with limited risk of damage
Fast access speed, videos are large files that will be stored/accessed in less time

2023

134. Random access memory (RAM) is an example of primary storage.

Give three examples of data that is commonly stored in RAM.

Describe the purpose of secondary storage.

 To store data that is not currently required by the CPU

 To store data to transfer it to another computer

135. The photographer decides to purchase a solid-state storage device to

back up their images. Complete the description of solid-state storage. Use
the terms from the list.
Some of the terms in the list will not be used. You should only use a term
once.

binary denary electrons grid neutrons

non-volatile RAM star transistors virtual
volatile

Solid-state storage is non-volatile. This means that the data is not lost when the
power is turned off. Solid-state storage is made of transistors that are laid out in a
grid Gates are used to control the flow of the electrons through the transistors.
This changes the data in the transistors from 1 to 0, or from 0 to 1.

136. A computer has a central processing unit (CPU).

The CPU includes the registers:

• Program counter (PC)
• Memory address register (MAR)

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• Memory data register (MDR)
• Accumulator (ACC)
• Current instruction register (CIR).

(a) The table contains five statements about the role of registers in the
fetch–decode–execute cycle of a CPU.

Two of the statements are not correct.

Identify the letter of each incorrect statement.Suggest a corrected
statement for each.

 Statement B…
 …MAR stores addresses and not instructions// MAR stores one address and not all
address

 Statement C…
 …Data is from bus not PC //Data is from address in MAR not PC

(b) The computer has a single core 3.5 GHz processor and an 8 kB cache.
(i) State what is meant by a 3.5 GHz processor.
CPU can run 3.5 billion FE cycles each second or it can execute 3.5 billion instructions each second

(ii) The CPU is changed to a dual-core 3.5 GHz processor. Explain how the
number of cores affects the performance of a CPU.

 1 core can run 1 FE cycle/instruction each second while 2 cores can run 2 FE
cycles/instructions simultaneously.
 More cores can run many instructions per second

(iii) The amount of cache is increased to 64 kB. Explain how the amount of
cache affects the performance of a computer.

 Cache stores frequently used instructions or cache stores instructions that may need
to be reused
 The more cache means the processor can access more data faster instead of having to
access the data from the slower-access RAM
 Cache is memory that is faster to access than RAM

(c) The computer has both primary and secondary storage. (i) Random
access memory (RAM) is one example of primary storage. Describe what is
meant by RAM.

 Volatile storage that are directly accessed by the CPU and it stores currently running
data and/or instructions

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(ii) Read only memory (ROM) is another example of primary storage. ROM
often stores the start-up instructions for a computer.
Identify one other item of data that is commonly stored in ROM.

 Firmware Parts of OS

iii) Some computers make use of virtual memory.

State the purpose of virtual memory.

 To run programs there is insufficient RAM to run

 To allow RAM to store more data when required

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