What is Data?

Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of

information. It can be used in a variety of forms like
text, numbers, media, bytes, etc. it can be stored in
pieces of paper or electronic memory, etc.
Word 'Data' is originated from the word 'datum' that
means 'single piece of information.' It is plural of
the word datum.
In computing, Data is information that can be
translated into a form for efficient movement and
processing. Data is interchangeable.
What is Database

 The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used

to retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. It is also used
to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and
reports, etc.
 For example: The college Database organizes the data about
the admin, staff, students and faculty etc.
 Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert, and
delete the information.
Database Management System

•Database management system is a software which is used to manage

the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular
commercial database which is used in different applications.
•DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like
database creation, storing data in it, updating data, creating a
table in the database and a lot more.
•It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of
multiple users, it also maintains data consistency.
DBMS allows users the
following tasks:
• Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and
removal of definition that defines the organization of data
in the database.
• Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification,
and deletion of the actual data in the database.
• Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the
database which can be used by applications for various
purposes.
• User Administration: It is used for registering and
monitoring users, maintain data integrity, enforcing data
security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring
performance and recovering information corrupted by
unexpected failure.
Characteristics of DBMS

• It uses a digital repository established on a server to store

and manage the information.
• It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that
manipulates data.
• DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
• It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy
state in case of failure.
• It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
• It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
• It is used to provide security of data.
• It can view the database from different viewpoints according
to the requirements of the user.
Advantages of DBMS

• Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy

because it stores all the data in one single database file and
that recorded data is placed in the database.
• Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization
can share the data among multiple users.
• Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the
centralized nature of the database system.
• Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
• Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which
create automatic backup of data
from hardware and software failures and restores the data if
required.
• multiple user interface: It provides different types of user
interfaces like graphical user interfaces, application program
interfaces
Disadvantages of DBMS

• Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of

data processor and large memory size to run DBMS software.
• Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory
to run them efficiently.
• Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity
and requirements.
• Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the
database because in most of the organization, all the data
stored in a single database and if the database is damaged
due to electric failure or database corruption then the
data may be lost forever.
What is Database?

 A database is an organized collection of data, so that it

can be easily accessed and managed.

 There are many databases available like MySQL, Sybase,

Oracle, MongoDB, Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc.
Below diagram represents
Hierarchical Data Model.
Types of Databases
 Centralized Database

 It is the type of database that stores data at a

centralized database system. It comforts the users to
access the stored data from different locations through
several applications. These applications contain the
authentication process to let users access data securely.
An example of a Centralized database can be Central Library
that carries a central database of each library in a
college/university.
Advantages of Centralized
Database
• It has decreased the risk of data management, i.e.,
manipulation of data will not affect the core data.
• Data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a
central repository.
• It provides better data quality, which enables
organizations to establish data standards.
• It is less costly because fewer vendors are required to
handle the data sets.
Disadvantages of Centralized
Database

• he size of the centralized database is large, which

increases the response time for fetching the data.
• It is not easy to update such an extensive database system.
• If any server failure occurs, entire data will be lost,
which could be a huge loss.
Distributed Database

 Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed

systems, data is distributed among different database
systems of an organization. These database systems are
connected via communication links. Such links help the end-
users to access the data easily. Examples of the
Distributed database are Apache Cassandra, HBase, Ignite,
etc.
 We can further divide a distributed database system into
Homogeneous DDB

 hose database systems which execute on the same operating

system and use the same application process and carry the
same hardware devices.
Heterogeneous DDB

 Those database systems which execute on different operating

systems under different application procedures, and carries
different hardware devices.
https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-
databases