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SQL Window Functions

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Hanan Ali
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13 views

SQL Window Functions

Uploaded by

Hanan Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sai Kumar Bysani

Guide to SQL
Window
Functions

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1. Syntax Overview

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function_name: The aggregate, ranking,


or analytic function.
OVER: Specifies that a window function
is being used.
PARTITION BY: Divides the result set into
partitions, and the function is applied to
each partition separately.
ORDER BY: Orders the rows within each
partition.

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2. Common
WindowFunctions

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ROW_NUMBER()
Assigns a unique sequential integer to
rows within a partition, starting at 1 for
the first row in each partition.

This will assign a row number to each


employee in the same department
based on their salary.

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RANK()
Ranks rows within a partition, with
gaps in the ranking for ties. If two
values are the same, they will
receive the same rank, and the next
rank will skip a number.

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DENSE_RANK()
Similar to RANK(), but without gaps in the
ranking. Tied values will share the same
rank, and the next rank will continue
sequentially.

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NTILE()
Divides the result set into a specified
number of buckets and assigns a bucket
number to each row.

This example divides employees into 4


salary buckets within each department.

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LAG()
Provides access to a row at a specified
physical offset before the current row in the
result set.
This will return the salary from the previous
row for each employee.

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LEAD()
Similar to LAG(), but it accesses the next
row's data.

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3. Aggregate Functions
with
Window Functions

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SUM()
Calculates the running total or sum of
values within a partition.

This calculates the running total salary for


employees within each department.

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AVG()
Calculates the average of a set of values.

This calculates the average salary of


employees in each department.

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MIN() and MAX()


Finds the minimum or maximum value in a
partition.

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4. The OVER Clause:


Advanced Options

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ROWS/RANGE
Specifies the window frame to which the function is
applied.
ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND
CURRENT ROW: This window frame includes all rows
from the start of the partition up to the current row.
RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING:
This includes rows within a range of values relative to
the current row.

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5. Performance
Considerations

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Window functions can be computationally expensive,


especially when combined with large datasets or
complex partitions. Use them wisely, keeping in mind
performance-tuning strategies such as:

Indexing on PARTITION BY or ORDER BY columns


Minimizing the number of window functions used
simultaneously
Using the appropriate window frame (ROWS vs.
RANGE)

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