Health Statistics-Lesson 7

Data Analysis and presentations

Dr Kirui, Nairobi campus

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Learning Objectives
At the end of this module unit , the learner should be able to:-
• Analyze and interpret data
• Present data graphically

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Data analysis
• Data analysis helps in the interpretation of data and help take a
decision or answer the research question. This can be done by using
various Data processing tools and Softwares.
• Presenting the data includes the pictorial representation of
the data by using graphs, charts, maps and other methods.

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Analysis of data
1. Manually
2. Electronically

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Data analysis and interpretation
a) Think about analysis EARLY
b) Start with a plan
c) Code, enter, clean
d) Analyze
e) Interpret
f) Reflect
What did we learn?
What conclusions can we draw?
What are our recommendations?
What are the limitations of our analysis?

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Why the analysis plan?.
a) To make sure the questions and your data collection instrument will
get the information you want.
b) To align your desired “report” with the results of analysis and
interpretation.
c) To improve reliability--consistent measures over time.

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Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
• Quantitative Data is
Presented in a numerical format
Collected in a standardized manner
e.g. surveys, closed-ended interviews, tests
Analyzed using statistical techniques

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Common descriptive statistics
• Count (frequencies)
• Percentage
• Mean
• Mode
• Median
• Range
• Standard deviation
• Variance
• Ranking
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Manual data analysis
Unstructured data is one of the most valuable sources of customer
feedback. Every Voice of the Customer programme should gather
unstructured data to listen to the customer voice.
There are two options when considering how to code your verbatim
data, either adopting an automated or manual approach. Automated
coding is completed using a data analysis software tool compared to
the more traditional approach of manual coding, which involves
someone reading the qualitative data and manually assigning a code.
Every programme is different and there is no one size fits all approach
that can be adopted. Here are four key factors which should be
explored when deciding between manual and automated:
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Manual data analysis(2)
1. Size of Data Set
Volume of data is usually the first, and arguably the most important, factor to consider when
deciding on the best approach. Manual coding involves a lot of man hours and time which
can be expensive for high volumes, but is likely to be more efficient and cheaper for a
small data set. For a very large data set, while the set-up may be lengthier, an automated
tool is a much faster and efficient solution.
2. Emergent codes
While you can begin with pre-set codes, new codes are likely to emerge from reading and
analysing the data during the coding process. The code frame often refines over time,
meaning you will add, collapse, expand and revise the coding categories. For example, a
code may be too vague and needs to be broken down into sub-codes to better organise the
data. The ability to identify emergent codes is one of the key benefits of a manual
approach.
The rule of thumb for coding is to make the codes fit the data, rather than trying to make
your data fit your codes.
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Manual data analysis(3)
3. Accuracy and Vocabulary Nuances
The accuracy of automated coding has improved significantly in recent years.
However, software is not always able to detect nuances of meaning of a text in
some cases where a person would be able to. It is also worth considering that with
all manual processes, there is always the small chance of human error. Having
numerous coders working on one project rather than a sole coder can minimise
this.
4. Management of data
Data analysis software tools are often embedded with tools to search and sort texts,
and include tools to help you organise your data and better project manage. This
includes reporting tools such as memos, annotations, imports and exports of data
and can be integrated with other software tools.
While there are pros and cons to each approach, it’s important to remember that
each project will have specific needs to consider on a case by case basis.

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Data cleaning
• One of the first steps in analyzing data is to “clean” it of any obvious
data entry errors:
• Outliers? (really high or low numbers)
Example: Age = 110 (really 10 or 11?)
• Value entered that doesn’t exist for variable?
Example: 2 entered where 1=male, 0=female
• Missing values?
Did the person not give an answer? Was answer accidentally not entered into
the database?

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Data cleaning Cont.
May be able to set defined limits when entering data
Prevents entering a 2 when only 1, 0, or missing are acceptable values
Limits can be set for continuous and nominal variables
Examples: Only allowing 3 digits for age, limiting words that can be entered, assigning field
types (e.g. formatting dates as mm/dd/yyyy or specifying numeric values or text)
Many data entry systems allow “double-entry” – ie., entering the data twice and then
comparing both entries for discrepancies
Univariate data analysis is a useful way to check the quality of the data

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Data entry by computer
• By Computer
• Excel (spreadsheet)
• Microsoft Access (database mngt)
• Quantitative analysis: SPSS (statistical software)
• Qualitative analysis: CDC data management and analysis program:

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 The End
Thank You

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