REAL TEST 11

SECTION 1- MODULE 1: READING AND WRITING

Question 1

The following text is adapted from Mary Seacole's 1857 autobiography Wonderful Adventures
of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands.

That journey across the Isthmus [of Panama], insignificant in distance as it was, was by no
means an easy one. It seemed as if nature had determined to throw every conceivable obstacle in
the way of those who should seek to join the two great oceans of the world.

As used in the text, what does the word "conceivable" most nearly mean?

A. persuasive
B. permanent
C. obvious
D. imaginable

Question 2

Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Louis XII or Louis IV was historically
consequential or relatively uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and
therefore cannot be understood without a corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the
monarch to ____________ his right to hold the throne successfully.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. assert
B. annotate
C. reciprocate
D. disengage

Question 3

Any effort to raise the toll that drivers must pay to use the Ogdensburg-Prescott Bridge, which
spans the Saint Lawrence River to connect New York State and Ontario, Canada, should explain
why a higher toll is necessary; no amount of justification, however, is likely to persuade some
drivers who believe the current toll is ________.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. contentious
B. equivocal
C. exorbitant
D. warranted

Question 4

Often, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given to a single person, such as Frederick Sanger in
1958. But sometimes the Nobel Committee wants to reward work attributed to two or three
individuals, in which case, the award is given________. For instance, in 2008, Roger Y. Tsien
was among those awarded for "the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein,
GFP."

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. ceremoniously
B. reluctantly
C. jointly
D. retroactively

Question 5

The lion can run very fast-up to 81 kilometers per hour (km/hr)—but it is significantly slower
than the white-throated needletail swift, which can fly at speeds up to 169 km/hr. The difference
between these speeds is largely ________ of the fact that the features that make flight possible
do less to limit top speeds than the features suitable for running on land.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. a repudiation
B. an explanation
C. an objective
 D. a consequence

Question 6

The following text is adapted from John Matheu’s 1926 short story, “Mr.Bradford Teaches
Sunday School.” Mr.Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.

The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen of the
silver and hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the mourning of the dead.
The pine green was resplendent. The bald cypresses spread themselves along the water courses
while the willows wept as they always did. Mr.Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display
of nature.

As used in the text, what does the word “display” most nearly mean?

A. disguise
B. similarity
C. exhibition
D. pretentiousness

Question 7

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science
enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can
allow people to assist with conservation efforts, build youth confidence in the sciences, and
increase the amount of data researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of
a study by biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how butterfly color relates to flower
choice, which included findings from hundreds of students and community members in
northwestern Arkansas.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It describes the development of a type of scientific collaboration, shows how that type of
collaboration has been used in a particular field of study, and then suggests future
collaborative projects.
B. It identifies a particular approach to research, lists some benefits of that approach, and
then mentions a study in which that approach was used.
 C. It introduces the topic of a scientific study, describes the study's importance, and then
presents the study's results.
D. It argues for a new approach to scientific research, comments on the public's opinion
about the approach, and then describes how that approach was applied in a certain study.

Question 8

Though John Crowley, author of Flint and Mirror, is perhaps not as well known as the most
commercially successful American writers of the past fifty years, influential figures have
championed his work, including the poet John Hollander and the literary critic Harold Bloom. In
his afterword to Crowley's book Little, Big, Bloom praises the novel's adroit blend of what
playwright Friedrich Schiller termed the naive and sentimental modes - while Schiller thought
works could be classified as either naive (seeking to describe reality) or sentimental (seeking to
develop ideas), Little, Big demonstrates that a work can be both.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To compare the work of a writer with the work of a poet who admired him
B. To present a reason why a literary critic is impressed by a certain novel
C. To argue that all writing must be classified as belonging to one of two categories
D. To explain what inspired an author to write a particular work

Question 9

Reported Animal Travel Distances in Four Studies of Migrating Animal Populations

Measurement
Species Continent Distance (km)
method

Mongolian gazelle Asia 600 RTD

Khulan Asia 5067 GPS

Caribou North America 1350 RTD

Plains zebra Africa 2356 GPS

Some studies of migrating animals measure how far the animals travel in a year by finding
individuals with GPS tracking collars. Other studies track annual round–trip distance (RTD),
which is equal to double the distance separating the two habitats a population migrates between
each year. A researcher argues that since GPS records all of an animal’s movements, using the
GPS method to track a population would result in significantly higher recorded travel distances
than using the RTD method would. For example, it’s very likely that the distance reported for
the______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A. Mongolian gazelle would be greater than 5067 km if the GPS method had been used.
B. Khulan would be greater than 2356 km if the RTD method had been used.
C. Mongolian gazelle would be less than 600 km if the GPS method had been used.
D. Khulan would be less than 5067 km if the RTD method had been used.
Question 10

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Quito, Ecuador,
and Lima, Peru, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 618 respondents from Quito,
82.9% indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 663 respondents from Lima, 72.7%
indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Quito respondents who reported having
access to other desired amenities near parks was much lower than that reported by Lima
respondents, the difference in park use can't be explained by Quito residents having more access
to desired nonpark amenities near parks.

Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?

A. Even though the study found that parks in Lima are more likely to be close to other
amenities than parks in Quito are, Quito has more amenities overall than Lima does.
B. The study's findings suggest that an increase in the number of amenities near city parks
would likely increase park use in Quito but not in Lima.
C. The study's finding that a greater proportion of residents use parks in Quito than in Lima
is partly due to the greater prevalence of parks in Quito.
D. Although the study found that a greater proportion of residents use parks in Quito than in
Lima, that difference isn't due to greater access to amenities near parks in Quito.
Question 11

Defensive Behavior and Reproductive Traits of Select Bird Species

Scientific Common Performs Length of Incubation Maximum

Name name broken-wing incubation duty number of
display? (days) broods per
year

Setophaga Black- Yes 13 1 parent 3

caerulescens throated blue
warber

Spatular Cinnamon No 25 1 parent 1

cyanoptera teal

Haematopus Eurasian No 28 2 parents 1

ostralegus oystercatcher

Zenaida Mourning Yes 15 2 parents 7

macroura dove

In an extensive review of existing literature, Léna de Framond and team cataloged the prevalence
of broken-wing display-a defensive behavior observed in Charadrius semipalmatus
(semipalmated plover) and many other species-throughout the Aves class. Documentation of the
display in 285 species across 52 families suggests the behavior likely evolved independently
multiple times, prompting the team to consider ecological and life- history characteristics with
hypothesized associations to the behavior's emergence, including traits related to reproduction
investment and future reproduction potential.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the conclusion?

A. Incubation duration and capacity for multiple broods are more strongly associated with
the use of broken-wing display than the number of parental incubators is.
 B. Among species with more than one parental incubator, the use of broken-wing display is
associated with greater incubation duration.
C. Capacity for multiple broods, number of parental incubators, and incubation duration are
equally associated with the use of broken-wing display.
D. Broken-wing display is most often observed in species with less opportunity to reproduce
in a year due to longer incubation periods.

Question 12

Many contemporary Indigenous painters practice a specifically Indigenous mode of abstraction;

for example, Linda Lomahaftewa often assembles compositions out of motifs common in the
ceramics and other traditional arts of the Hopi Tribe. In contrast, the prominent Indigenous
practitioners of abstract painting during the mid-twentieth century, such as the Kiowa artist T.C.
Cannon, typically aligned their compositional strategies with Abstract Expressionism-a school of
painting dominated by European American artists- instead of with traditionally
nonrepresentational forms of Indigenous art. Thus, in the case of Cannon's generation, the
identification of an abstract painting as Indigenous art tends to ____________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. depend not on stylistic details but instead on an awareness of the artist’s identity
B. place a greater emphasis on the artist’s biography than on the aesthetic merit of the
painting.
C. obscure the Indigenous origins of certain motifs associated with Abstract Expressionism.
D. deny the extent to which cultural identity influences an artist’s work

Question 13

Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In one portion of the novel, Toomer establishes a contrast
between the narrator's attitude toward life and the attitude of the narrator's love interest, Avey,
writing, ____________

Which quotation from Cane most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. "[Avey would] smile appreciation, but it was an impersonal smile, never for me."
 B. "As time went on, [Avey's] indifference to things began to pique me; I was ambitious. I
left [our small hometown] earlier than she did."
C. "I like to feel that something deep in me responded to the trees, the young trees that
whinnied like colts impatient to be let free."
D. "Avey was as silent as those great trees whose tops we looked down upon. She has
always been like that. At least, to me."

Question 14

Honeybee hives consist mainly of hexagonal (six-sided) units called cells, in which queens lay
eggs. Hexagonal cells for eggs that develop into nonreproductive workers are smaller than those
for eggs that develop into reproductive drones, though the size difference varies by species.
Difference in cell size results in a construction problem-it's hard to neatly connect sections of
small cells to sections of large cells - that worsens as the difference increases. To fill in gaps
between the sections when building a hive, bees rely on cells that have more or fewer than six
sides. A student studying beehive structure consults data on three species, concluding that
___________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the student's conclusion?
 A. cells for worker eggs are probably closer in size to cells for drone eggs in the hives of the
western honeybee than in the hives of the dwarf honeybee and the black dwarf honeybee.
B. both the western honeybee and the black dwarf honeybee probably reserve eight-sided
cells for drone eggs, while the dwarf honeybee likely deposits drone eggs in seven-sided
cells.
C. the western honeybee probably relies on many more geometrical shapes when
constructing cells than either the dwarf honeybee or the black dwarf honeybee does.
D. the percentage of hexagonal cells is probably slightly lower in the hives of the western
honeybee than in the hives of the dwarf honeybee and the black dwarf honeybee.

Question 15

Pigments give paints and dyes their color. Ocher is a mineral-based pigment used to make
several colors, including red. Red ocher gets its color from iron oxide. Pigments can also be
plant-based; plant-based pigments contain a high level of carbon. In a 2023 study, archaeologists
tested the red pigment on decorated beads made by members of the Natufian culture
approximately 15,000 years ago. The test showed that the pigment found on several beads
contained no iron but had a high level of carbon. This finding led the researchers to conclude that
___________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. the Natufian beadmakers used plant-based pigments rather than ocher to decorate some of
the beads examined in the study.
B. the Natufian beadmakers preferred to use plant-based pigments because they are much
brighter than mineral-based pigments are.
C. the pigments used by the Natufian beadmakers likely came from plants because ocher
was difficult to find.
D. the Natufian beads examined in the study are the oldest surviving examples of the use of
plant-based pigments for decorating beads.

Question 16

Topographical prominence is a measure of a mountain's independence from other mountains.

Having 11,486 feet of prominence, _________________
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. geographers have ranked Mount Hayes, a peak in the United States, as the world's 51st
most prominent mountain.
B. Mount Hayes, a peak located in the United States, is ranked by geographers as the world's
51st most prominent mountain.
C. the list of mountains geographers rank as the world's most prominent includes Mount
Hayes, a peak located in the United States, at number 51.
D. the ranking given by geographers to Mount Hayes, a peak located in the United States, is
51st most prominent mountain in the world.

Question 17

Included in Half the Picture: A Feminist Look at the Collection, a 2018 group exhibition at the
Brooklyn Museum in New York City, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is best known
for her multimedia artworks that ______ images of African American women with text
fragments. Her work is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual photographic art, and
it challenges conventional notions of race, history and memory.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. juxtapose
B. juxtapose.
C. juxtapose:
D. juxtapose-

Question 18

Trade was vital to the Akkadian Empire, which reigned in Mesopotamia from around 2334 BCE
to 2154 BCE. Its people _____________ wool, grain, and clay to sell to neighboring societies.
In exchange, they received valuable items, such as wood, stone, and copper.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. produce
B. produced
C. will produce
 D. are producing

Question 19

The Globe Theatre in London is a reconstruction of the famed venue where many of
Shakespeare's plays were first performed. In 1613, a prop cannon ________ during a
performance and ignited the Globe's thatched roof. No one was hurt, but in two hours the
original Globe was gone.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. has malfunctioned
B. malfunctioned
C. malfunctions
D. will malfunction

Question 20

Many Farms Chapter, which covers 168,000 acres, is one of the 110 chapters of the Navajo
_________ Diné bizaad (the Navajo language), the chapter is called Dáák'eh Halání.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Nation, in
B. Nation. In
C. Nation and in
D. Nation in

Question 21

As a leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the late 1800s, Olympia Brown of
______________an important role in the campaign to secure voting rights for US women.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Connecticut played
B. Connecticut; played
C. Connecticut: played
D. Connecticut. Played
Question 22

Famous for its four-degree tilt, the leaning Garisenda Tower is a popular attraction in Bologna's
city center. However, measurements taken in 2023 showed that the tower was rotating in a
concerning way. ___________ city officials closed the area around the tower so experts could
explore solutions to stabilize the historical twelfth-century structure.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In comparison,
B. Similarly,
C. As a result,
D. For example,

Question 23

When languages are no longer spoken, they are considered extinct. ____ the Umbrian language
went extinct around the first century BCE, though it was once widely spoken in parts of central
Italy.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In conclusion,
B. Therefore,
C. Admittedly.
D. For example,

Question 24

Scientists studying asteroid deflection have focused on secondary objects such as S/2018 (2018
EB), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth asteroid 2018 EB. In 2022, NASA intentionally crashed a
probe into just such an object, the moonlet Dimorphos. ____________ Dimorphos's orbital
period around the near-Earth asteroid Didymos was permanently altered.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In addition,
B. Specifically,
 C. Consequently,
D. In comparison,

Question 25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at science museums all over the world.

● Many dinosaur fossil specimens are given nicknames.

● The Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Saskatchewan, Canada, houses a dinosaur fossil

specimen nicknamed Scotty.

● Scotty lived in the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than 65 million years ago.

● It is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.

The student wants to provide an example of a dinosaur fossil specimen's nickname. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. A Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more
than 65 million years ago, is housed at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum.
B. Nicknames are given to many dinosaur fossil specimens, including one housed at a
museum in Saskatchewan, Canada.
C. Scotty is the nickname of a Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen housed at the Royal
Saskatchewan Museum in Saskatchewan, Canada.
D. Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at museums all over the world, and many of
these specimens are given nicknames.

Question 26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given for "major contributions of lasting

importance to computing."
 ● Judea Pearl won the award in 2011 for developing a calculus for probabilistic reasoning.

● Butler W. Lampson won the award in 1992 for contributions to the development of

personal computing environments.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which Judea Pearl and Butler W. Lampson won
the A.M. Turing Award. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Butler W. Lampson won the A.M. Turing Award in 1992; Judea Pearl won it later, in
2011.
B. It was in 1992 that Butler W. Lampson won the A.M. Turing Award.
C. Judea Pearl and Butler W. Lampson both won the A.M. Turing Award, which is given for
"major contributions of lasting importance to computing."
D. In 2011, Judea Pearl won the A.M. Turing Award for developing a calculus for
probabilistic reasoning.

Question 27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at

night.

● Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.

● Elizabeth Riley was the lighthouse keeper at North Point Light in Maryland. • She held

this position from 1834 to 1857.

● Laura J. Hecox was the lighthouse keeper at Santa Cruz Light in California.

● She held this position from 1883 to 1917.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two lighthouse keepers began their
careers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A. Before automation, lighthouse keepers like Elizabeth Riley and Laura J. Hecox were
crucial to ensuring safe navigation for watercraft.
B. Laura J. Hecox began her career as a lighthouse keeper years after Elizabeth Riley did.
C. Elizabeth Riley's career as a lighthouse keeper ended in 1857, whereas Laura J. Hecox's
ended in 1917.
D. From 1834 to 1857, the nighttime waters of Maryland were more navigable thanks to
lighthouse keepers Laura J. Hecox and Elizabeth Riley.

MODULE 1- SECTION 2: READING AND WRITING

Question 1

Text corpora such as the British National Corpus are large collections of electronically stored
texts that can be used to determine the frequency of ____________ words. Words used mainly in
specialized or academic publications, on the other hand, tend to be poorly represented. A corpus
could reveal, for example, that the word "world" is the eighth most commonly used noun in
standard English.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. trivial
B. conventional
C. profound
D. accidental

Question 2

Diadromous fish migrate between freshwater and marine biomes during their life cycle. The
migration's obligate nature is why diadromous fish can be _________those that are merely
euryhaline (able to tolerate high salinity): the euryhaline blackchin tilapia can survive high
salinity, but its life cycle does not involve relocation to a different biome, as does that of the
diadromous wild salmon.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. demarcated from
B. reconstituted as
C. derived from
D. conflated with

Question 3

In 2016, Gabriela Gonzàlez and team announced that a chirping sound captured by Laser
Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory antennas was direct evidence of gravitational
waves, which skeptics had argued would be too faint for detection. Detailed statistical analysis
helped preclude claims of the event's __________, confirming the signal at a confidence level of
over 99%.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. discretion
B. ambiguity
C. probability
D. inconspicuousness

Question 4

Though John Crowley, author of Endless Things, is not as well known as the most widely read
American writers of the past fifty years, his work has had several influential champions,
including the poet James Merrill and the literary critic Harold Bloom. In his afterword to
Crowley's book Little, Big, Bloom argues that the novel adroitly blends what playwright
Friedrich Schiller termed the naive and sentimental modes-while Schiller thought works could be
classified as either naive (seeking to describe reality) or sentimental (seeking to develop ideas),
Little, Big fuses both modes of writing.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It accounts for a writer's lack of popular appeal, cites a literary figure who appreciates
that writer, and summarizes the qualities that make the writer's work unique.
 B. It describes a writer's successful career, presents two literary figures who were supporters
of that writer's career, and explains why the writer was able to achieve what he did.
C. It mentions a writer whose work is not widely known, presents two people who hold a
positive opinion of that writer, and gives a reason why one of those people holds that
opinion.
D. It identifies a writer whose work is regarded as difficult to read, brings up two admirers
of that writer's work, and gives information that may make the writer's work more
accessible to new readers.

Question 5

Lisbon has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Lisbon associated with
walkability e.g., its high number of relatively short blocks-may be insufficient to induce
increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of
individuals' decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies
emphasize the role of neighborhood type, others the role of individual physical fitness, and so on,
but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs
inform individuals' choices.

Which choice best describes the function of the references to "neighborhood type" and
“individual physical fitness" in the text as a whole?

A. They are examples of factors that studies suggest are important in people's decision-
making about walking but that the text claims most people rarely consider when making
walking decisions.
B. They represent factors that have been identified as important influences on walking
decisions but that the text suggests are merely some of the many factors that may
contribute to people's decision-making about walking.
C. They illustrate factors that researchers believe people consider when making walking
decisions in most contexts but that the text argues are unique to walking decisions made
by people in Lisbon.
 D. They identify factors that Alfonzo argues have been overemphasized in studies of
decision-making about walking but that the text asserts are relevant to most people's
walking decisions.

Question 6

Text 1

Isaac Asimov, author of The Naked Sun and The Gods Themselves, is highly regarded despite
his mediocre writing style. His prose is workmanlike; his characters are flat and discuss ideas
rather than emotions. That his work is enjoyable despite this is a testament to his prodigious
imagination-even if people read his books only for the ideas, they will have plenty to consider.

Text 2

Asimov is critiqued for his style, but it is wrong to fault a writer for failing to do what he never
intended to do. For example, although most of his novel Foundation consists of people
discussing science and politics and we find out little about his characters' lives, Asimov wanted
to convey the vast sweep of human history over centuries, and one of his points is that at such a
timescale, individuals don't matter. Thus his lack of characterization is central to his thematic
aims.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 would most likely agree with the author of Text 2 on
which point?

A. The Naked Sun is more representative of Asimov's writing style than Foundation is.
B. Asimov's writing style is often unfairly criticized.
C. Asimov's characters can be concerned mainly with intellectual matters rather than
emotions.
D. Asimov was correct to suggest that individual humans have little influence over the
course of human history.

Question 7

The following text is from George Eliot's 1857 short story "The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos
Barton." In the text, the narrator addresses the reader directly and alludes to a discussion among
Rev. Amos Barton's neighbors.
It was happy for the Rev. Amos Barton that he did not, like us, overhear the conversation
recorded in the last chapter. Indeed, what mortal is there of us, who would find his satisfaction
enhanced by an opportunity of comparing the picture he presents to himself of his own doings,
with the picture they make on the mental retina of his neighbours? We are poor plants buoyed up
by the air-vessels of our own conceit: alas for us, if we get a few pinches that empty us of that
windy self-subsistence! The very capacity for good would go out of us.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Although people seek to be viewed as virtuous, the most insignificant setbacks will often
inhibit them from being so.
B. People tend to fixate more often than they should on whether their acquaintances think
highly of them.
C. People are better off not knowing about the discrepancy between their own self-image
and what others think of them.
D. Although people appreciate the value of being truthful, they are generally unwilling to
point out others' failings.

Question 8

Some researchers have characterized the flora and fauna of the South Pacific island of Grande
Terre as members of clades that inhabited nearby islands before Grande Terre completely
emerged 37 million years ago. Thomas R. Buckley et al. found that the crown age (the age of the
most recent common ancestor of all living and extinct species in the clade) of the clade of stick
insects on Grande Terre is approximately 41.1 million years, while Jesús Gómez-Zurita et al.
found that the crown age of the clade of flea beetles on Grande Terre is approximately 12.8
million years.

Which statement about the view put forward by "some researchers" is best supported by
information in the text?

A. The view could be true of Grande Terre's stick insects but is not true of the island's flea
beetles.
B. The view has some empirical support but is weakened by the findings of Buckley et al.
 C. The view suggests that Grande Terre may have emerged as early as 41.1 million years
ago.
D. The view depends on inaccurate assumptions about the crown ages of the clades of stick
insects and flea beetles on Grande Terre.

Question 9

Poetry in Classical Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec Empire, relies on difrasismo, or a parallel
noun construction that conventionally operates as a single metaphor. For example, the common
difrasismo in cuauhtli in ocelotl (literally, "the eagle, the jaguar") signifies "warrior." The
device's function is both formal - providing structure to lines of verse - and ritual: semantic
relations among the two nouns and the concept they signify can be tenuous, as in the previous
example, such that difrasismos are often only intelligible according to the conceptual
associations observed in Aztec ceremonial culture.

Which statement about the difrasismo in cuauhtli in ocelotl is most strongly supported by the
text?

A. Its frequency in Classical Nahuatl poetry confirms its intelligibility to the Aztec audience.
B. Its unintelligibility may cause its formal function within a line of verse to go unnoticed
by present-day readers.
C. Its apparent obscurity can be resolved when considered in the proper cultural context.
D. Its metaphorical significance derives from the semantic equivalence of the two nouns
constituting the difrasismo.

Question 10

Vancouver, Canada, has installed engineered structures along 75% of its shoreline to protect
infrastructure from storm surges and other hazards, a practice known as shoreline hardening. To
evaluate the responses of waterbirds to two types of hardening structures riprap and bulkheads-
Diann Prosser et al. surveyed waterbird communities consisting of the mallard, the common
loon, and 62 other species at different sites in the Chesapeake Bay on the US East Coast.
Utilizing the Index of Waterbird Community Integrity (IWCI), on which a high score
corresponds to high community integrity, the researchers found that bulkheads are more strongly
negatively correlated with waterbird community integrity than is riprap.
Which finding, if true, would most directly illustrate the researchers' finding?

A. Waterbird communities at Curtis, a site with a high percentage of shoreline consisting of

bulkheads and riprap, had lower average IWCI scores than did waterbird communities at
Onancock, a site with a low percentage of shoreline consisting of bulkheads and riprap.
B. The difference in average IWCI scores for waterbird communities at Stony and Old
Road, two sites with a higher percentage of shoreline consisting of bulkheads than of
riprap, was statistically insignificant.
C. Waterbird communities at Old Road, a site with a relatively high percentage of shoreline
consisting of bulkheads, had lower average IWCI scores than did waterbird communities
at Miles, a site with a relatively high percentage of shoreline consisting of riprap.
D. Waterbird communities at Curtis, a site with equal percentages of shoreline consisting of
bulkheads and riprap, had higher average IWCI scores than did waterbird communities at
Miles, a site with different percentages of shoreline consisting of bulkheads and riprap.

Question 11

In a study of urban physical expansion, Richa Mahtta et al. conducted a meta-analysis of more
than 300 cities worldwide to determine whether urban land expansion (ULE) was more strongly
influenced by urban population growth or by growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita,
a measure of economic activity. Because efficient national government is necessary to provide
urban services and infrastructure that attract economic investment, Mahtta et al. propose that
absent other factors, the importance of GDP per capita growth to ULE would likely increase
relative to the importance of population growth as governments become more efficient. If true,
this suggests the possibility that _________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A. countries in Region 1 experienced a slower rate of economic growth in the period from
2000 to 2014 than countries in Region 2 did, despite increasing national government
efficiency in Region 1.
B. national governments of countries in Region 1 experienced declines in efficiency in the
period from 2000 to 2014, relative to the period from 1970 to 2000.
C. national governments of countries in Region 1 and in Region 2 generally became more
efficient in the period from 2000 to 2014 than they had been in the period from 1970 to
2000, but at different rates.
D. national governments of most countries in Region 2 became more efficient in the period
from 2000 to 2014 than they had been in the period from 1970 to 2000, but those of
several countries in this region did not.

Question 12

Designed by Young Projects, Six Square House demonstrates the increasing focus among
architects on developing eco-conscious and sustainable buildings. One way to accomplish this
goal is through biophilic design, which incorporates elements that establish a coherent physical
and emotional relationship among nature, human biology, and the building. Architects dedicated
to this approach carefully contemplate every aspect of their projects from location characteristics
and initial materials selection to ultimate interior design choices and building installation. Thus,
_________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. biophilic design considerations are exercised during both the conception and execution of
a new project.
 B. architecture firms like Young Projects typically work with large crews in order to
expedite the time it takes to build a new project.
C. architecture firms like Young Projects aim to use unique building materials for each
project that they design.
D. biophilic design prioritizes the emotional effects on inhabitants rather than the physical
state of the natural surroundings.

Question 13

Included in Graphic Witness, a 2017 group exhibition at the Drawing Room in London, United
Kingdom, was the work of multimedia artist Lorna Simpson. The impact of Simpson's work is
________ the horizons of conceptual photographic art, challenging conventional notions of race,
gender, history, and memory, and shedding light on the experience of African American women
in contemporary society.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. threefold. Expanding
B. threefold: expanding
C. threefold; expanding
D. threefold expanding

Question 14

As computer engineer Sanaz Bahargam can explain, deep learning (DL) and trustworthy
machine learning (TML) take divergent approaches in the development of AI technologies. DL
pertains to the training of computers to process data in the same way a human brain would, and
TML ______________ to the training of computer algorithms to be accurate, safe, and fair.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. are pertaining
B. pertains
C. have pertained
D. pertain
Question 15

Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, has a population of 556,723, which accounts for 18.83 percent
of the country's total population. Having proportionally large populations __________ common
for national capitals.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. are
B. is
C. were
D. have been

Question 16

The Proto-Uralic language, common ancestor of thirty-seven Eurasian languages with similar
linguistic properties, _________ like all protolanguages, hypothetical: there's no direct evidence
these ancestral languages actually existed.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. are,
B. were,
C. have been,
D. is,

Question 17

Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass first appeared in 1855 as a slim collection of twelve poems, but
Whitman would revise and expand it substantially over the next four decades. These extensive
__________ the addition of hundreds of new poems, the removal of some existing ones, and the
insertion of prefatory material, reflected the poet's evolving literary perspective and experience
of the US Civil War.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. changes would include

B. changes, include
 C. changes included
D. changes, including

Question 18

Though he's performed on many respected albums, including While the Gate Is Open by Gary
Thomas, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the
hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's classic song "Rapper's
Delight," ____________ joined the label after the song's release.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. however. He
B. however and he
C. however, he
D. however he

Question 19

With the development of new technologies that use natural resources more efficiently, the overall
consumption of those resources might be expected to decrease. Economists have observed that
improvements in efficiency often correlate negatively with resource _________ efficiency gains,
lowering the cost of use, may increase demand to the extent that resource consumption
ultimately rises.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. conservation; though
B. conservation, though,
C. conservation, though
D. conservation, though;

Question 20

On September 18, 2006, American astronomers detected a supernova (the explosion of a massive
star) in the constellation Perseus, 240 million light-years from Earth. The powerful blast
__________ from the collapse of the star's core under the force of its own gravity ejected
particles at speeds of thousands of miles per second.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. results
B. resulting
C. had resulted
D. resulted

Question 21

The Madison is a type of line dance that involves neat rows of dancers performing a repeated
sequence of steps in unison. _______ many other dances are also defined by order, repetition,
and synchronicity, but the Madison is distinguished by its extreme uniformity; when an
auditorium full of dancers performs the Madison, one almost gets the impression of a military
march.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Of course,
B. However,
C. Specifically,
D. Moreover,

Question 22

On June 10, 1991, Gulf War veterans were recognized with a ticker-tape parade in New York
City. This was just one of a number of military-related parades over the years. __________
between 1886 and 2022, there were twenty-nine ticker-tape parades held in New York to honor
US war veterans.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Hence,
B. In other words,
C. Nevertheless,
 D. In sum,

Question 23

In 2015, geologist Peter Rogerson calculated that the geographic center of Georgia was a point
17.7 miles southeast of the municipality of Macon. Rogerson's calculation was more accurate
than the one from 1920 by the US Geological Survey. ________ this earlier calculation was
made using far more rudimentary equipment - only cardboard and string.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Of course,
B. Ultimately,
C. Likewise,
D. To that end,

Question 24

The Beatrice, an offshore wind farm located off the coast of Scotland, produces about 588
megawatts (MW) of electricity per year. _________ England's Hornsea Project One offshore
wind farm, which generates the most power of any single offshore farm, produces 1,218 MW of
electricity.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. For instance,
B. As a result,
C. That is,
D. By comparison,

Question 25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Generally, an object will heat up when twisted.

● The twisting of an object is known as torsion.

 ● A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional heating of

various fibers.

● When a sample of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber fiber was twisted,

its average surface temperature increased by 12°C.

● When a sample of single-ply nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire was twisted, its average surface

temperature increased by 21.3°C.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between EPDM rubber and single-ply NiTi wire
fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A. Both EPDM rubber and single-ply NiTi wire fibers heat up when twisted, according to a
2019 study.
B. Researchers determined that when the fibers were twisted, the average surface
temperature of single-ply NiTi wire increased more than that of EPDM rubber.
C. In 2019, two research teams observed the effects of torsional heating on various fibers,
including EPDM rubber and single-ply NiTi wire.
D. Twisting an object will generally cause its temperature to increase, a process known as
torsional heating.

Question 26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay),

India.

● She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.

● She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.

● Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in

Strange Evidence (1933).

 ● Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Jessica Warren in The Price of

Fear (1956).

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two films were released. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Merle Oberon was famous for her roles in films like Strange Evidence (1933) and The
Price of Fear (1956).
B. Strange Evidence (1933) was released early in Merle Oberon's career, whereas The Price
of Fear (1956) came out years later.
C. In Strange Evidence (1933), actress Merle Oberon played a nameless, uncredited role;
however, in The Price of Fear (1956), she played a credited role--that of Jessica Warren.
D. Early in her career, Merle Oberon wasn't listed in some film credits, such as the credits
for the film Strange Evidence, where she played a nameless, uncredited role.

Question 27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Sheepshead Bay is a 1935 color relief print by Japanese American artist Isami Doi.

● It features boats approaching a dock.

● Intaglio and relief are printmaking techniques in which an image is carved onto a printing

block, covered in ink, and stamped onto paper.

● In intaglio printing, ink is applied to the grooved, carved portions of the block.

● In relief printing, ink is applied to the raised, uncarved portions of the block.

The student wants to contrast intaglio and relief printing. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Relief printing is intaglio's reverse: the ink is applied not to the carved grooves of the
printing block but to its raised, uncarved portions.
B. Relief printing, rather than intaglio, is the technique Doi used to depict boats approaching
a dock in the 1935 work Sheepshead Bay.
C. In contrast to relief printing, in which ink is applied to the uncarved portions of the block,
intaglio printing uses the printing block to stamp the image onto paper.
D. In both relief printing and intaglio, an image is carved onto a printing block, leaving
grooves onto which ink is applied.