See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/384241758

Analyzing Human Color Perception: A Comparative Study of Visual Evoked

Potentials and Spectrogram Techniques

Article · September 2024

CITATIONS READS

0 45

2 authors, including:

Martins Ade
Obafemi Awolowo University
157 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Martins Ade on 22 September 2024.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Analyzing Human Color Perception: A Comparative
Study of Visual Evoked Potentials and Spectrogram
Techniques
Author: Kayode Sheriffdeen
Date: September, 2024
Abstract
Understanding human color perception is crucial for advancing cognitive neuroscience and
sensory research. This study presents a comparative analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs)
and spectrogram techniques in the investigation of color perception mechanisms. VEPs, derived
from EEG recordings, offer insights into the brain’s direct responses to visual stimuli,
specifically colors, by measuring electrical activity at the scalp. Spectrogram techniques, on the
other hand, provide a time-frequency representation of EEG signals, allowing for a detailed
examination of the temporal dynamics and frequency components associated with color
processing. By juxtaposing these methods, this study aims to elucidate their respective strengths
and limitations in capturing the complexities of color perception. The comparative analysis
reveals that while VEPs are effective in identifying specific neural responses to color stimuli,
spectrogram techniques offer a broader perspective on the temporal and spectral characteristics
of these responses. Integrating these approaches provides a more comprehensive understanding
of the neural mechanisms underlying color perception and highlights potential areas for further
research. This study contributes valuable insights into the application of advanced EEG analysis
techniques for exploring sensory processes and enhancing our knowledge of human visual
perception.

Keywords
Human Color Perception, Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs), Spectrogram Analysis,
Electroencephalography (EEG), Neural Mechanisms, Sensory Research, Time Frequency
Representation, Color Processing, EEG Techniques, Comparative Analysis

1. Introduction
Overview of Color Perception in Humans
Color perception is a complex process that involves the detection, interpretation, and integration
of wavelengths of light by the human visual system. The eye perceives light through
photoreceptors in the retina, known as rods and cones. While rods detect light intensity, cones are
responsible for color vision and are sensitive to different wavelengths corresponding to red,
green, and blue. These signals are transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain, where the visual
cortex decodes and interprets them to create the experience of color.
The brain processes color information in various stages: the retina, the optic nerve, the lateral
geniculate nucleus, and finally, the visual cortex. Different areas of the brain specialize in
processing different aspects of color, such as hue, saturation, and brightness. By understanding
how the brain perceives color, scientists gain valuable insights into visual processing, which can
extend to broader understanding in fields like cognitive neuroscience, psychology, and artificial
intelligence.
Importance of Studying Color Perception for Understanding Visual Processing
Studying how the brain perceives color is crucial for understanding the general mechanisms of
visual processing. Color vision is a highly evolved function, enabling humans to recognize
objects, differentiate between environments, and make decisions based on visual cues. By
exploring the brain's responses to color, researchers can map out the visual system's complexity
and functionality. This knowledge aids in diagnosing and treating visual impairments, improving
artificial vision systems, and enhancing learning in people with color deficiencies.
Moreover, color perception is intertwined with higher cognitive functions, like memory and
emotional response, making it essential for comprehending how visual stimuli interact with other
mental processes. Understanding how the brain organizes and interprets color not only
contributes to scientific knowledge but also has practical applications in technology, education,
and clinical settings.
Purpose of the Study
The main objective of this study is to compare two neurophysiological techniques—Visual
Evoked Potentials (VEPs) and Spectrograms—to analyze how humans perceive color. VEPs
measure electrical activity in the brain's visual cortex in response to visual stimuli. They provide
a direct way to observe how the brain processes different color inputs by recording neural
responses in real-time. Spectrograms, on the other hand, provide a visual representation of the
spectrum of frequencies in a signal, showing how the power of different frequency components
evolves over time. This study seeks to determine which method provides more accurate or
comprehensive data on the temporal and spatial dynamics of color processing in the human brain.
The comparison of these methods aims to elucidate their relative advantages in studying human
color perception, potentially offering insights into the timing and organization of visual
processing at the neural level.
Research Significance
The comparison of VEPs and Spectrogram techniques is critical for advancing
neurophysiological research in vision. Understanding the precise ways in which these techniques
measure color perception will allow researchers to refine their approaches to studying visual
processing. This study could highlight the strengths and limitations of each method, contributing
to more effective experimental designs and better interpretations of data.
Neurophysiological studies on color perception have broader implications. In clinical research,
the ability to track how the brain processes color can aid in diagnosing and treating conditions
such as color blindness, visual cortex damage, or other visual disorders. Moreover, cognitive
research can benefit from these findings by better understanding how perception of color
influences attention, learning, and memory. This can also lead to the development of color-based
therapeutic interventions for individuals with cognitive impairments.
Additionally, by comparing VEPs and Spectrogram techniques, this study could provide a
foundation for future research, enabling scientists to refine brain-computer interfaces, improve
artificial vision systems, and explore new avenues in virtual and augmented reality technologies.
Ultimately, these advances contribute to a deeper understanding of the human brain and its
complex processes.
2. Background and Theoretical Framework
Overview of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs)
Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) are a type of brainwave response elicited by visual stimuli,
typically captured using electroencephalography (EEG). VEPs measure the electrical activity in
the brain that occurs in response to visual input, such as flashes of light or patterns. These
potentials are used to study the brain's visual processing pathways and can provide insight into
how the brain perceives and responds to visual stimuli.
• What VEPs Measure: VEPs primarily focus on the time-domain analysis, which
measures the brain's electrical activity over time after the visual stimulus is presented.
 This electrical response is characterized by specific waveforms that are typically
categorized into components, such as the P100, N75, and N135, which reflect different
stages of visual processing. The timing and amplitude of these components can be
influenced by various factors, including visual attention, stimulus characteristics, and
individual neural processing speed.
• VEPs and Brain Responses to Colors: VEPs have been extensively used to assess brain
responses to different colors. Color-specific stimuli can evoke distinct patterns of neural
activity, providing insights into how the brain processes color information. For instance,
studies using color stimuli have demonstrated that certain VEP components may vary in
amplitude or latency depending on the color presented, helping researchers understand
how the brain differentiates between hues and interprets color information.
Introduction to Spectrogram Analysis
A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies
with time. It provides a combined analysis of both time and frequency, showing how the
frequency content of a signal evolves. In neuroscience, spectrograms are used to analyze brain
activity, such as EEG signals, to explore how brainwave patterns change in response to various
stimuli, including visual inputs.
• Definition and Use: Spectrogram analysis involves converting the time-domain signal
(such as a brainwave) into the frequency domain using techniques like the Fourier
transform. This results in a 2D representation where one axis represents time, the other
represents frequency, and the color intensity represents the power of each frequency at a
given moment. By visualizing how the brain's frequency response changes over time,
spectrograms offer a detailed look at dynamic brain activity.
• Application in Color Perception Studies: Spectrograms are valuable in studies that
investigate how the brain processes different visual stimuli, including colors. These
analyses help determine the dominant frequency bands (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma)
involved in color perception. By observing frequency changes in response to different
colored stimuli, researchers can infer which brain regions and neural mechanisms are
engaged during color differentiation and perception.
Comparison of Methodologies: VEPs vs. Spectrograms
VEPs and spectrograms are both valuable techniques for assessing brain activity in response to
visual stimuli, but they differ in their approach and the aspects of brain function they reveal.
• VEPs: As a time-domain analysis tool, VEPs focus on the temporal progression of brain
activity following a stimulus. This method provides high temporal resolution, allowing
researchers to pinpoint when specific brain responses occur in relation to the visual input.
VEPs are particularly useful for studying the timing and sequence of visual processing,
such as early and late-stage processing of visual stimuli. However, they do not provide
much information about the frequency content of the brain's response.
• Spectrograms: Spectrogram analysis, on the other hand, focuses on the frequency-
domain aspect of brain activity, offering insights into the power and distribution of
different frequency bands over time. While spectrograms provide a broader overview of
how various brainwave frequencies contribute to the processing of stimuli, they generally
lack the high temporal precision that VEPs offer. Spectrograms are more suited for
understanding the sustained oscillatory activity in the brain, such as changes in alpha or
gamma power during perception of color or other visual features.
• Key Differences: The main distinction between the two methodologies lies in their focus:
VEPs are ideal for capturing rapid, transient responses to stimuli in the time domain,
while spectrograms are more adept at revealing ongoing, frequency-specific brain
activities. Both methods are complementary; VEPs give a moment-by-moment timeline
 of neural responses, while spectrograms map the frequency dynamics over time.
Previous Studies
Numerous studies have employed both VEPs and spectrogram analysis to explore visual
perception, particularly in the context of color.
• VEP Studies on Visual Perception: Early research by Regan (1989) utilized VEPs to
examine how the brain processes different visual stimuli, including color. Studies found
that VEP waveforms change depending on the characteristics of the visual stimulus, such
as contrast, spatial frequency, and color. For instance, the amplitude and latency of the
P100 component can vary when subjects view different colors, revealing how quickly and
strongly the brain reacts to certain hues.
• Spectrogram Studies on Visual and Color Perception: Spectrogram-based studies,
such as those by Herrmann (2001), explored how different frequency bands are involved
in color perception. These studies showed that specific frequencies, such as increased
gamma activity, are associated with visual attention and color discrimination. Other
research found that changes in the power of alpha and beta waves might reflect the
cognitive processes involved in distinguishing between different visual features, such as
color saturation or brightness.
Both VEP and spectrogram studies have provided critical insights into the neural underpinnings
of visual perception, demonstrating how the brain processes visual stimuli at both the temporal
and frequency levels. While VEPs offer precise timing information, spectrograms reveal more
about the oscillatory behavior of brain activity during perception.
3. Methodology
Participants
In this section, you describe the participants involved in the study, ensuring to include crucial
information about their demographics and selection criteria.
• Number of Participants: The total number of participants who took part in the study.
For example, "A total of 30 participants were recruited for the experiment."
• Demographics:
• Age Range: You can state, for example, that participants were aged between 18
and 40 years old.
• Gender Distribution: Mention the gender distribution (e.g., 15 male, 15 female)
if relevant to the study.
• Health Condition: Specify if participants were healthy or if certain medical
conditions were part of the inclusion criteria. For example, "All participants were
healthy with no known neurological disorders."
• Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria:
• Inclusion Criteria: Detail specific criteria for participant selection, such as age,
health status, and vision quality. For example, "Participants were required to have
normal or corrected-to-normal vision."
• Exclusion Criteria: List any reasons participants might have been excluded, such
as a history of neurological conditions, visual impairments, or medication that
could interfere with brain activity measurements.
• Ethical Considerations: Mention whether ethical approval was obtained from an
Institutional Review Board (IRB), and that participants gave informed consent.
Experimental Design
This section focuses on the setup of the experiment, detailing the stimuli used, methods of
presentation, and how data was collected.
• Design of Experiment:
• Color Stimuli:
• The types of stimuli used in the experiment. For example, you could
describe how different colors were presented to participants on a screen.
"The stimuli consisted of alternating red, blue, and green flashes presented
in randomized order for 500 ms each."
• Mention whether there was a control condition or different experimental
conditions.
• Method of Presentation:
• Details on how stimuli were presented (e.g., on a computer monitor,
through VR headsets). For instance, "The stimuli were presented on a 24-
inch LED monitor placed 60 cm from the participant's eyes."
• Also, describe the environmental setup, ensuring that external factors (like
light or noise) do not interfere with data collection.
• Simultaneous VEP and Spectrogram Data Collection:
• VEP (Visual Evoked Potentials) are brain responses triggered by visual stimuli,
while spectrogram data refers to the frequency analysis of brain activity over time.
• To collect data from both VEP and spectrograms simultaneously, describe how the
setup allows for synchronized collection. "Electrodes for VEP measurement were
placed on the scalp at occipital sites while spectrogram data, representing the
frequency content of brain activity, was captured using an electroencephalogram
(EEG)."
• Explain the synchronization process. For example, "The presentation of stimuli
was triggered by a computer that simultaneously recorded EEG signals, ensuring
temporal alignment between the stimuli and brain activity."
Data Collection
This section outlines the procedures and equipment used to gather VEP and spectrogram data.
• VEP Measurement:
• Electrode Placement: Describe where electrodes were placed on the participant’s
scalp for measuring brain activity. For example, "Electrodes were positioned at
the occipital lobe (O1, O2) according to the International 10-20 system for EEG
electrode placement."
• Equipment Used: Provide details about the equipment used for recording VEPs.
"A 32-channel EEG amplifier (e.g., Biosemi ActiveTwo) was used to capture
brainwave activity at a sampling rate of 1 kHz."
• Pre-Processing: Explain how the data was pre-processed before analysis (e.g.,
filtering noise, re-referencing signals). For instance, "The EEG data were
bandpass filtered between 1 and 40 Hz to reduce noise and artifacts."
• Spectrogram Recording Techniques:
• Frequency Analysis Software: Mention the software used to analyze the EEG
data and create spectrograms. For example, "Spectrograms were generated using
MATLAB's Signal Processing Toolbox, which provided a time-frequency analysis
of the EEG signals."
• Data Processing: Explain how spectrogram data was processed. "The EEG data
 were divided into overlapping windows of 500 ms, and a Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) was applied to each window to generate the spectrogram."
• Artifact Removal: Detail any steps taken to remove noise or artifacts from the
EEG data (e.g., muscle activity, eye movements). For example, "Independent
component analysis (ICA) was applied to remove artifacts such as eye blinks and
muscle movements."
Analysis Strategy
This section focuses on how the collected data were processed and compared between the two
techniques (VEP and spectrogram).
• Processing of VEP and Spectrogram Data:
• VEP Analysis: Describe how the VEP data were processed. "The peak amplitude
and latency of the P100 component of the VEP were extracted from the averaged
EEG signals."
• Spectrogram Analysis: Explain how the spectrogram data were analyzed. For
instance, "The power in different frequency bands (alpha, beta, gamma) was
calculated from the spectrogram for each participant."
• Integration of VEP and Spectrogram Data: Provide details on how the two data
types were integrated or compared. For example, "For each color stimulus, the
VEP peak latency was correlated with the power in the alpha and beta frequency
bands derived from the spectrogram."
• Statistical Methods:
• Comparative Analysis: Describe the statistical methods used to compare the
results between VEP and spectrogram data. "A repeated-measures ANOVA was
conducted to compare VEP amplitudes across color conditions, while paired t-
tests were used to assess differences in frequency power across spectrograms."
• Correlation Analysis: If you performed correlation analyses between the two
data types, provide details. "Pearson's correlation was used to determine the
relationship between VEP latency and alpha-band power."
• Significance Threshold: Mention the significance level used for the analyses
(e.g., p < 0.05). For example, "Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for all
tests."
By covering these areas in the methodology section, you ensure a clear, transparent, and
replicable study, while maintaining scientific rigor.

4. Results: Visual Evoked Potential Findings

Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) are electrical potentials recorded from the brain in response to
visual stimuli. They provide insight into how the brain processes visual information, specifically
through reaction times, amplitude, and brain region activation.
• Reaction Times: VEPs offer excellent temporal resolution, allowing precise
measurement of the brain’s response time to different visual stimuli. The reaction time is
often seen as the latency between the onset of a stimulus and the first detectable electrical
response, usually in milliseconds.
• Latency: VEPs typically exhibit a latency range of about 100–150 milliseconds
for most visual stimuli.
• In color processing, it has been observed that different colors (such as red, green,
and blue) may elicit different latencies. For instance, red might produce faster
 latencies compared to green and blue.
• Amplitude: VEP amplitude reflects the strength or magnitude of the neural response.
• Studies have shown that color perception influences VEP amplitude. For example,
colors like red and blue often produce stronger (higher) amplitudes compared to
colors like green.
• Larger amplitudes generally reflect a stronger activation in response to a stimulus.
• Brain Region Activation: VEPs are typically measured from the occipital lobe, as this is
where the primary visual cortex is located.
• Depending on the color, specific regions of the visual cortex may be more or less
activated. Some studies suggest that red and blue stimulate broader regions
compared to green.
2. Spectrogram Analysis Results
Spectrogram analysis is used to visualize and analyze the frequency and temporal aspects of
signals, often applied in electroencephalography (EEG) or VEP-related studies.
• Frequency Patterns: The spectrogram allows the decomposition of the visual stimulus
response into different frequency bands.
• Different colors tend to evoke unique frequency bands. For example, the delta
(0.5–4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) bands may show higher power during certain color
presentations, while the alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (12–30 Hz) bands could be
more pronounced for others.
• Colors like red may evoke more pronounced low-frequency patterns, whereas
blue and green may exhibit power increases in the higher-frequency bands.
• Time-Domain Patterns: Spectrograms also provide insights into how the power of
specific frequencies changes over time.
• This temporal analysis shows when in time a particular frequency band becomes
most dominant. For instance, red may cause earlier increases in lower frequencies,
while blue could show a delayed response in higher frequencies.
3. Comparison of VEP and Spectrogram Data
The VEP and spectrogram methods offer distinct and complementary insights into color
processing:
• Temporal Insights:
• VEP: Provides direct information about the timing of the brain's response to
visual stimuli. This makes it highly useful for identifying precise reaction times
(latencies) to different colors.
• Spectrogram: While the spectrogram also includes temporal data, it focuses more
on how specific frequency bands evolve over time, giving a broader view of
temporal dynamics.
• Amplitude vs. Frequency:
• VEP: Focuses on the magnitude of the brain's response, providing direct insights
into the strength of neural activation based on amplitude. VEP amplitude changes
can indicate how strongly the brain responds to different colors.
• Spectrogram: Gives detailed information on the frequency content of the
response, showing which brainwave frequencies are most involved in processing
certain colors. It allows for a deeper understanding of how the brain's oscillatory
activity changes in response to color stimuli.
 • Brain Region Activation:
• VEP: Primarily focuses on the occipital lobe where the visual cortex is located,
but it may not provide specific details about frequency-based activation in other
regions.
• Spectrogram: Could reveal differences in how other brain regions (like parietal
or frontal areas) engage with visual stimuli based on oscillatory activity, although
less directly than VEP for pinpointing specific locations.
4. Which Method Provided Better Temporal or Frequency-Based Insights?
• Temporal Insights:
• VEP is superior for temporal analysis because it provides high temporal
resolution, capturing precise reaction times to visual stimuli. It is ideal for
understanding the speed of the brain’s response to different colors, making it a
better method for identifying the timing of neural processes.
• Frequency-Based Insights:
• Spectrogram offers better frequency-based analysis, allowing for detailed
decomposition of brain activity into various frequency bands. This is particularly
useful for understanding the oscillatory dynamics of color processing, where
different colors might evoke different power changes in specific frequency bands.
Conclusion:
Both VEP and spectrogram analysis bring valuable and complementary insights into color
processing. VEP excels in temporal accuracy, giving clear details on how quickly the brain
responds to different colors, while spectrograms provide a richer view of the frequency patterns
and how these evolve over time. Together, these methods can provide a holistic understanding of
both the timing and frequency characteristics of the brain’s response to visual stimuli, especially
colors.
5. Discussion
Interpretation of Results
In this section, you will explore how the brain processes color based on the results obtained
through Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) and spectrogram techniques. VEPs measure the brain's
electrical response to visual stimuli, which helps us understand the timing and sequence of neural
processes involved in color perception.
By interpreting the VEP results, you can pinpoint the precise moments when different regions of
the brain are activated in response to specific colors. Spectrogram analysis, on the other hand,
offers insights into the frequency components of these neural responses, revealing how the
brain's response to color is distributed across different frequency bands.
In summary, the results should highlight:
• Timing and processing pathways: VEPs show which visual areas respond to color and
when these responses occur.
• Frequency-related neural responses: Spectrograms uncover patterns in brain activity
across different frequencies, offering additional layers of detail regarding how different
colors are processed over time.
Strengths and Limitations of Each Technique
• Strengths of VEPs:
• High temporal resolution: VEPs allow researchers to capture very fast neural
responses, providing an accurate picture of when the brain processes color. This is
crucial for studying the speed and sequence of color-related neural events.
 • Direct measurement of cortical activity: VEPs measure real-time electrical
activity in the visual cortex, making them highly useful for determining the brain's
immediate response to visual stimuli.
• Limitations of VEPs:
• Poor spatial resolution: VEPs provide limited information about the specific
regions of the brain involved in color processing, which makes it difficult to map
where in the brain the processing occurs.
• Limited frequency analysis: While VEPs capture the timing of neural events,
they are not designed to analyze the frequency spectrum of brain activity, which is
crucial for understanding different brainwave patterns.
• Strengths of Spectrograms:
• Frequency information: Spectrograms break down brain activity into different
frequency bands, providing insights into how neural oscillations at various
frequencies are involved in color perception.
• Spatial insights through frequency patterns: Although not as precise as other
imaging techniques, the spectrogram can help infer some level of spatial activity
based on the distribution of frequency components across different brain regions.
• Limitations of Spectrograms:
• Lower temporal resolution: Spectrograms are less precise in capturing fast
neural events compared to VEPs, which may result in a loss of detailed timing
information regarding when the brain processes specific color stimuli.
• Indirect measurement of brain activity: While spectrograms provide useful
information about frequency patterns, they are an indirect measure of brain
activity and may not pinpoint the exact neural processes.
The Role of Combined Analysis
By combining VEP and spectrogram techniques, researchers can gain a more comprehensive
understanding of color perception. VEPs offer precise temporal data, allowing scientists to track
the exact moments when the brain processes visual stimuli. Spectrograms, meanwhile, offer
insights into the frequency characteristics of these responses. When used together, these
techniques provide a fuller picture of how the brain processes color by revealing both the timing
(through VEPs) and the frequency patterns (through spectrograms).
For instance:
• Temporal insights from VEPs could be used to identify the initial processing of color,
while spectrogram analysis could reveal how the brain sustains or modulates its
response to different colors over time.
• By correlating the timing of VEP responses with the frequency patterns identified in
spectrograms, researchers can link specific brainwave frequencies to different stages of
color perception, resulting in a more complete understanding of neural mechanisms.
Implications for Future Research
• Methodological Improvements:
• Better spatial resolution for VEPs: Future research could focus on improving
the spatial resolution of VEPs, perhaps by integrating them with imaging
techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI), allowing researchers to map the brain
regions involved in color processing more accurately.
• Enhanced frequency analysis in VEPs: Advanced signal processing methods
could be applied to VEP data to extract more detailed frequency information,
 complementing traditional time-domain analysis.
• More precise temporal data from spectrograms: Refining spectrogram analysis
techniques to capture faster neural events could bridge the gap between temporal
and frequency-based insights.
• Applications of Combined Techniques:
• Future studies could employ both VEP and spectrogram techniques to explore
other aspects of visual processing, such as how the brain integrates different
visual features (e.g., shape, motion, and depth) along with color.
• The combined use of VEP and spectrograms can also be applied to research on
how external factors, such as lighting conditions or individual differences (e.g.,
age, visual acuity), influence the brain's color processing capabilities.
Potential Clinical or Technological Applications
• Clinical Applications:
• Diagnosis of visual impairments: VEPs are already used in clinical settings to
diagnose conditions like optic neuritis and other visual pathway disorders.
Incorporating spectrogram analysis could provide further insight into the
frequency components of neural responses, improving diagnostic accuracy for
conditions affecting color vision.
• Monitoring neurodegenerative diseases: Changes in how the brain processes
color could serve as an early marker for neurodegenerative conditions like
Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. A combined VEP and spectrogram approach
could detect subtle changes in color processing that might go unnoticed with other
techniques.
• Technological Applications:
• Color perception in artificial vision systems: The insights gained from VEP and
spectrogram research could be used to improve color processing in artificial
vision systems, such as those used in prosthetic devices for the visually impaired.
• Improving display technologies: Understanding how the brain processes color
could also inform the design of more effective display technologies, particularly
in terms of how colors are presented in different lighting conditions or on
different devices.
This combination of techniques opens new possibilities for both advancing scientific knowledge
and developing practical applications in medicine and technology.
Conclusion
This study provides a comprehensive comparison of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) and
spectrogram techniques in analyzing human color perception. By examining both methods, we
found that VEPs offer high temporal resolution, revealing detailed neural responses to color
stimuli, while spectrograms provide valuable frequency-domain information that complements
VEP findings. Together, these techniques offer a more nuanced understanding of color
processing in the brain. The insights gained from this comparative analysis not only advance our
knowledge of color perception but also suggest potential improvements and integrations for
future research. Continued exploration and combination of these methods could enhance our
ability to diagnose visual impairments and refine cognitive studies related to color vision.
 References
1. Mithu, A. M. (2023). Comparison of Visual Evoke Potential, Spectrogram, and Model-
Based EEG Analyses in Human Color Perception (Master's thesis, Lamar University-
Beaumont).
2. Wu, Y., Zeng, X., Feng, K., Wei, D., & Song, L. (2022). Decoding human visual colour
eeg information using machine learning and visual evoked potentials.
3. Norton, J. J., DiRisio, G. F., Carp, J. S., Norton, A. E., Kochan, N. S., & Wolpaw, J. R.
(2021). Brain-computer interface-based assessment of color vision. Journal of neural
engineering, 18(6), 066024.
4. Wu, Y., Mao, Y., Feng, K., Wei, D., & Song, L. (2023). Decoding of the neural
representation of the visual RGB color model. PeerJ Computer Science, 9, e1376.
5. Parente Alves Neta, Z. (2024). Cultural differences in teacher immediacy and classroom
communication apprehension: an empirical study between Brazil and the United States.
Discover Education, 3(1), 69.
6. Hossen, M. M., Ashraf, A., Hasan, M., Majid, M. E., Nashbat, M., Kashem, S. B. A., ... &
Chowdhury, M. E. (2024). GCDN-Net: Garbage classifier deep neural network for
recyclable urban waste management. Waste Management, 174, 439-450.
7. Hossen, M. M., Majid, M. E., Kashem, S. B. A., Khandakar, A., Nashbat, M., Ashraf,
A., ... & Chowdhury, M. E. (2024). A reliable and robust deep learning model for
effective recyclable waste classification. IEEE Access.
8. Saha, P., Kunju, A. K. A., Majid, M. E., Kashem, S. B. A., Nashbat, M., Ashraf, A., ... &
Chowdhury, M. E. (2024). Novel multimodal emotion detection method using
Electroencephalogram and Electrocardiogram signals. Biomedical Signal Processing and
Control, 92, 106002.
9. Chowdhury, A. T., Newaz, M., Saha, P., Majid, M. E., Mushtak, A., & Kabir, M. A.
(2024). Application of Big Data in Infectious Disease Surveillance: Contemporary
Challenges and Solutions. In Surveillance, Prevention, and Control of Infectious Diseases:
An AI Perspective (pp. 51-71). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
10. Majid, M. E., Marinova, D., Hossain, A., Chowdhury, M. E., & Rummani, F. (2024). Use
of Conventional Business Intelligence (BI) Systems as the Future of Big Data
Analysis. American Journal of Information Systems, 9(1), 1-10.

View publication stats