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Question 1: HVAC Services
(i) Centrifugal chillers of 2500 TR
Comment on whether these units will have air-cooled or water-cooled condensers.
Justify your answer.
● Answer: Centrifugal chillers of such high capacity (2500 TR each) typically use
water-cooled condensers.
Justification:
○ Efficiency: Water-cooled systems are more efficient for high-capacity
systems as water has a higher specific heat capacity compared to air,
allowing better heat transfer.
○ Operational Cost: Water-cooled systems reduce power consumption and
operational costs in large HVAC systems like the Mumbai International
Terminal T2.
○ Space: Air-cooled systems would require a significantly larger area for heat
dissipation.
○ Load Handling: The total cooling capacity of 15000 TR requires a robust
cooling mechanism, achievable efficiently through water-cooled condensers.
(ii) Draw a layout of AHU circuit and explain the function of any one component.
● Layout:
○ The Air Handling Unit (AHU) includes:
■ Intake of fresh air
■ Filters for dust/particles
■ Heating/Cooling coils
■ Humidifier/Dehumidifier
■ Blower fans
■ Outlet ducts for distribution
● Component Explanation: Cooling Coil:
○ Function: Removes heat from the air by exchanging heat with chilled water
or refrigerant.
○ Significance: Ensures that air is cooled to the desired temperature before
being circulated to different zones.
(iii) Centralized air conditioning vs. unitary air conditioning
Can we use unitary air conditioning units? Justify.
● Answer: No, unitary air conditioning units are not suitable for this case.
Justification:
○ Scale: The scale of operation (15000 TR capacity) necessitates centralized
systems for energy efficiency and management.
○ Integration: Centralized systems integrate easily with BMS (Building
Management Systems) for operational control.
○ Energy Consumption: Unitary systems would lead to higher energy
consumption and maintenance costs.
○ Space Constraints: Installation of multiple unitary systems for such a large
capacity would occupy significantly more space.
(iv) Importance of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) measurement
Do you think IAQ measurement is needed in the above case? Justify.
● Answer: Yes, IAQ measurement is essential.
Justification:
○ Passenger Health: Terminal T2 caters to a large number of passengers;
good air quality prevents health issues like respiratory problems.
○ Efficiency: Monitoring IAQ ensures that ventilation systems function
optimally, maintaining desired CO₂ and pollutant levels.
○ Energy Savings: Proper IAQ management reduces energy wastage by
optimizing HVAC performance.
○ Regulatory Compliance: IAQ monitoring is necessary to adhere to global
health and safety standards in airports.
Question 2: Solve any six questions (5 marks each)
(i) Schematic diagram of the vapor compression cycle
● Components: Compressor, Condenser, Expansion Valve, and Evaporator.
● Function of a Component: Compressor:
○ Role: Increases refrigerant pressure and temperature.
○ Significance: Enables heat transfer to the condenser.
(ii) Function of a 'trap' in plumbing service
● Function:
○ Prevents sewer gases from entering the building.
○ Maintains a water seal to block odors and gases.
● Types of traps:
○ P-Trap
○ S-Trap
○ Bottle Trap
(iii) Difference between Air Conditioner and Heat Pump
● Air Conditioner: Cools indoor spaces by extracting heat and releasing it outdoors.
● Heat Pump: Works as both a cooler and heater by reversing the refrigerant flow.
● Key Difference: Heat pumps can heat spaces; air conditioners cannot.
(iv) Difference between 5-star and 3-star AC
● Efficiency: 5-star AC consumes less power than 3-star AC.
● Preference: 5-star AC is preferred for long-term energy savings.
(v) Facilities Management Principles
● Two Principles:
○ Effective resource utilization.
○ Ensuring health and safety compliance.
(vi) Human Comfort Factors
● Four Factors:
○ Temperature
○ Humidity
○ Air Quality
○ Noise Levels
(vii) Drainage System Types
● Types:
○ Blackwater: Contains sewage waste.
○ Greywater: Contains non-sewage wastewater (e.g., from sinks/showers).
● Difference: Blackwater is more contaminated than greywater.
Question 3: Solve any one question (10 marks)
(i) Function of Transformer and Distribution Panel
● Function:
○ Transformer: Steps up or steps down voltage levels to meet building
requirements.
○ Distribution Panel: Distributes electrical power to various circuits and loads.
● Energy Efficiency Measures:
○ Use of energy-efficient transformers.
○ Load balancing to reduce energy wastage.
○ Installation of smart meters for real-time monitoring.
(ii) Classes of Fire with Application
● Classes:
○ Class A: Fires involving solid materials (wood, paper).
○ Class B: Fires involving flammable liquids (petrol, oil).
○ Class C: Fires involving gases (methane, propane).
○ Class D: Fires involving metals (magnesium, aluminum).
○ Class E: Electrical fires.
● Energy Efficiency Measures:
○ Use of fire-resistant materials.
○ Automatic fire suppression systems to reduce energy-intensive manual
efforts.
