June 2023 - 2024 FREE Solved Papers

Spring Season Publications

 Free Solved Paper

Positive Psychology
(June 2023 - 2024 Exam)

SPRING SEASON PUBLICATIONS

Navi Mumbai, INDIA
Free Solved Paper: Positive Psychology – June 2023 - 2024 Exam

© Dr. Vasant Kothari 2024

All Rights Reserved

First Published – 2023

Spring Season Publications

Kharghar Sec 10, Navi Mumbai, MS, INDIA, 410210
www.springseason.in

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Jun 23 Applied Positive Psychology

June 2023

Section – A (600 Words)

Q No 1. What is Positive Psychology? Discuss Positive Psychology in

relation to other areas of Psychology. 5+15 Marks
Answer: Positive Psychology

Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that looks into and works

to improve positive emotions, strengths, well-being, and optimal human
functioning. Positive psychology looks at what makes life worth living
and how people can thrive and flourish. This is different from traditional
psychology, which focuses on diagnosing and treating mental health
issues and disorders.

Positive psychology tries to make people happier and more fulfilled by

helping them live more worthwhile lives. It acknowledges that mental
health is more than just not having a mental illness. It also includes
having positive qualities and experiences. It gives people, therapist,
educators, and organisations useful information and tools to improve
well-being and thrive.

Positive Psychology in relation to other areas of Psychology

• Health Psychology and Positive Psychology

Positive psychology interventions can be applied in health psychology to

improve patients' overall quality of life, emotional well-being, and
coping skills.

Positive emotions and a strong sense of well-being can have a positive

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impact on physical health outcomes, such as immune function and

cardiovascular health.

Health psychologists may use positive psychology principles to

encourage healthy behaviors and motivate individuals to adopt healthier
lifestyles.

• Clinical Psychology and Positive Psychology

Positive psychology interventions can be applied within clinical

psychology to improve clients' overall quality of life, emotional well-
being, and coping skills.

Positive psychology principles can be integrated into therapeutic

approaches to help individuals with mental health disorders develop
resilience, optimism, and a sense of purpose.

The study of positive psychology can inform clinical psychologists about

factors that contribute to psychological well-being and how to foster
those factors in individuals with mental health challenges.

• Developmental Psychology and Positive Psychology

Developmental psychology can investigate and promote well-being and

positive development across the lifespan using positive psychology
ideas. For example, researchers may study how good emotions affect
child growth or how older persons find purpose.

Both areas value personal strengths. Strengths-based developmental

psychology can help people succeed.

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Positive psychology principles can help developmental psychologists

understand academic accomplishment, social competence, and emotional
resilience.

Using positive psychology, developmental psychologists may study how

life satisfaction and meaning improve over time.

• Personality Psychology and Positive Psychology

Researchers in both fields may study how personality qualities like

optimism and extraversion affect well-being outcomes like life
satisfaction and happiness.

Personal strengths are valued in both fields. Positive psychology

emphasises character qualities, while personality psychology examines
many traits.

Positive and personality psychology examine resilience and coping. They

may study how personality traits or talents affect resilience.

Researchers in both fields may study optimism and positive emotions in

personality development and well-being.

Positive psychology therapies can enhance psychological disorder

treatment in clinical psychology by highlighting strengths.

• Social Psychology and Positive Psychology

Researchers in both fields may investigate how social interactions,

relationships, and group dynamics contribute to an individual's well-
being and overall life satisfaction.

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Both fields recognize the importance of positive relationships and social

support in promoting well-being. They may study the factors that
contribute to healthy and fulfilling interpersonal connections.

Social psychology and positive psychology both study resilience and

coping mechanisms. They may explore how social factors and personal
strengths contribute to an individual's ability to adapt to adversity.

Researchers in both fields may examine the role of positive emotions,

such as gratitude and compassion, in promoting prosocial behavior and
cooperation in social situations.

Social psychologists may investigate how optimism and positive thinking

influence social influence processes, such as persuasion and conformity.

• The Psychology of Religion and Positive Psychology

Researchers may investigate how religious beliefs, practices, and

spiritual experiences are related to well-being, happiness, and life
satisfaction, drawing on principles from positive psychology.

The psychology of religion often examines how individuals use religious

coping strategies to deal with stress and adversity. Positive psychology
can provide insights into the role of optimism, resilience, and positive
emotions in religious coping.

Both fields are interested in exploring the concept of spiritual well-being

and its relationship to overall psychological well-being and life
satisfaction.

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Positive psychology emphasizes the importance of finding meaning and

purpose in life. Researchers in both fields may investigate how religious
and spiritual beliefs contribute to a sense of purpose and meaning.

Positive psychology interventions, such as gratitude exercises and

mindfulness practices, may be integrated into religious and spiritual
contexts to enhance well-being and personal growth. (707 Words)

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Q. No. 2. Describe various strategies for the management of stress.

20 Marks
Answer: Positive psychology offers a range of strategies for the
management of stress by promoting resilience, emotional well-being, and
overall mental health. These strategies focus on cultivating positive
emotions, building personal strengths, and fostering a positive outlook on
life. Here are some positive psychology-based strategies for managing
stress:

• Strategies Focusing on Physical Aspect and Breathing

Physical Exercise – Regular exercise improves mental and physical

health. Various exercises boost cardiac capacity, lower act-rest heart rate,
distract from work stress, and allow you to “let off steam.”

Relaxation Technique – The idea behind Jacobson Progressive Muscle

Relaxation (JPMR) is that stress and relaxation can't happen at the same
time because they are the opposite effects of the sympathetic nervous
system and parasympathetic nervous system, respectively.

Yoga – Yoga is a popular and effective practice for stress management.

It combines physical postures, breathing exercises, meditation, and

mindfulness techniques to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve
overall well-being.

Mediation – The goal of meditation is to relax the mind so that we can

become more spiritually aware and awake. It also improves health and
well-being and helps people deal with stress.

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• Strategies Focusing on Cognitive Processes

Cognitive Restructuring – Cognitive restructuring is a valuable skill

that can help in managing stress more effectively by changing the way
person think about and respond to stressors. By challenging and
replacing unhelpful thought patterns, one can reduce anxiety, improve
emotional well-being, and build resilience in the face of life's challenges.

Positive Attitude – Maintaining a positive attitude can be a powerful

tool for stress management. A positive attitude involves adopting a
constructive and optimistic mindset, even in the face of challenges and
adversity.

Expressing Gratitude – Expressing gratitude is a powerful practice that

can significantly contribute to stress management and overall well-being.
Gratitude involves acknowledging and appreciating the positive aspects
of life, even in the midst of challenges and stressors.

Coping Strategies – Coping strategies are essential for effectively

managing stress and maintaining overall well-being. These strategies
help individuals navigate the challenges and demands of life, reducing
the negative impact of stress on physical and mental health.

• Strategies Focusing on Affective Processes

Emotional Intelligence – Stress management greatly depends on our

ability to recognise and understand our own and other people's emotions.
We also need to be aware of the emotive aspect of stress in addition to
the cognitive aspect. Understanding emotions will enable us to modify

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our thoughts and actions to produce more adaptive behaviour. Therefore,

emotional intelligence—the ability to combine thought and emotion—is
necessary.

Positive Visualization – Positive visualization, also known as guided

imagery or mental rehearsal, is a stress management technique that
involves creating vivid mental images of positive and calming scenarios
or outcomes. This technique can help reduce stress by promoting
relaxation, reducing anxiety, and enhancing overall well-being.

• Strategies Focusing on Behaviour

Engaging in Leisure Activities – Leisure activities are those that we

engage in to relax, reduce our stress, and feel good about ourselves.
These are pleasurable activities done voluntarily such as playing games,
drawing, pursuing one’s hobbies, socializing, being with nature, and so
on.

Connecting with People – Connecting with people is an important tool

to reduce stress. When we connect and interact with others, it releases the
stress and anxiety within. It results in catharsis which reduces the stress
in the individual. Feeling connected with others helps one to get the
necessary social support, increases their confidence, and generates a
feeling of trust.

• Stress Management Strategies at the Organizational Level

Communicating Effectively – Communication helps in conveying

things clearly and avoids conflicts and misunderstanding. It can, thus,

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reduce stress and improve relationship.

Resolving Conflicts – By actively addressing conflicts in a constructive

manner, one can reduce stress and tension associated with unresolved
issues. Effective conflict resolution not only resolves the immediate
stress but also fosters healthier relationships and enhances the overall
well-being.

Problem Solving – Managing stress through problem-solving involves

identifying the sources of stress and actively working to address them by
finding practical solutions. This approach empowers to take control of
stressors and reduce their impact on well-being. (665 Words)

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Q. No. 3. Explain mindfulness. Discuss the mindfulness-based

interventions 8+12 Marks

Answer: Mindfulness

Mindfulness means paying attention in a particular way; on purpose, in

the present moment, and non-judgmentally.

It involves being fully present and engaged in the here and now, while
acknowledging and accepting one's thoughts, emotions, and bodily
sensations. Mindfulness originates from Buddhist meditation practices
but has been adapted and integrated into various secular contexts.

Mindful awareness has three key features:

• Purpose – Mindfulness involves intentionally and purposefully

directing your attention rather than letting it wander
• Presence – Mindfulness involves being fully engaged with and
attentive to the present moment. Thoughts about the past and
future that arise are recognized simply as thoughts occurring in
the present
• Acceptance – Mindfulness involves being non-judgemental
toward whatever arises in the moment. This means that
sensations, thoughts, and emotions are not judged as good or
bad, pleasant or unpleasant; they are simply noticed as
“happening,” and observed until they eventually pass.

Mindfulness Based Interventions

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are therapeutic approaches that

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incorporate mindfulness practices and principles to promote mental and

emotional well-being. These interventions have gained popularity in
psychology and mental health for their effectiveness in reducing stress,
anxiety, depression, and improving overall psychological health.

• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a structured and

evidence-based program developed by Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn in the late

1970s at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center.

MBSR was originally designed to help individuals with chronic pain

manage their symptoms, but it has since been adapted and widely used to
reduce stress and improve overall well-being.

The program combines mindfulness meditation practices with principles

of cognitive-behavioral therapy and yoga.

The core of MBSR is mindfulness meditation. Participants are taught

various mindfulness techniques, including breath awareness, body scan,
and sitting meditation. These practices help individuals become more
aware of their thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations in the present
moment.

MBSR also includes gentle yoga exercises and mindful movement to

promote physical relaxation, flexibility, and body awareness. These
practices complement seated meditation and help reduce physical
tension.

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MBSR has been extensively studied and has demonstrated effectiveness

in reducing stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression. It has also been
used as a complementary approach in the treatment of various medical
and psychological conditions.

• Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

MBCT combines training in mindfulness meditation practices with

principles from cognitive therapy. MBCT is different from cognitive
therapy as it involves non-judgemental acceptance of one’s thoughts and
emotions, instead of making an attempt to assess or modify the content
of thoughts. This concept of viewing the mind as a place of “being”
rather than “doing” reduces the stress and helps those who are prone to
depression in avoiding relapse.

The ultimate aim of the MBCT program is to help individuals make a

radical shift in their relationship to the thoughts, feelings and bodily
sensations that contribute to depressive relapse. It also aims to help
participants choose the most skillful response to any unpleasant thoughts,
feelings or situations they meet.

• Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was given by Marsha Linehan, as a

cognitive behavioural and mindfulness-based therapy for Borderline
Personality Disorder (BPD).

In DBT, mindfulness is learnt as a skill set with the help of systematic

exercises. These involve observing, comprehending and engaging in

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one’s present moment experience in a nonjudgmental, singular focus and

effective way.

DBT trains one in how to make use of the ‘wise mind’ – the latent ability
to have clear awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings.

DBT mindfulness can be beneficial for individuals with a range of

emotional and behavioral difficulties, not just those with borderline
personality disorder. It helps individuals develop greater emotional
regulation, reduce impulsive behaviors, and enhance their ability to cope
with distressing emotions.

• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a therapeutic approach

that combines elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with
mindfulness and acceptance strategies.

Developed by Dr. Steven C. Hayes, ACT focuses on helping individuals

accept what is beyond their control, commit to values-driven actions, and
develop psychological flexibility.

‘Psychological flexibility’ here means complete engagement with the

present moment having full consciousness and, based on what the
situation entails, modifying or persisting with the behavior aligning with
the person’s preferred values.

ACT has been used effectively to treat a wide range of mental health
conditions and promote well-being. (709 Words)

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Section – B (250 Words)

Q No 4. Distinguish between the Indian and Western psychological
perspectives, highlighting the key features. 10 Marks
Answer:
Indian View Western View
Anthropocentric and individual
Holistic-organic world view
centered world view
Coherence and natural order Belief in control over nature and
across all life forms humanly created order
A socially constituted/embedded Autonomous and bounded self
and relational concept of person with fixed and strong boundaries
Nonlinear growth in life Belief in progress and growth
The temporal and atemporal
Linear perspective on time
existence of human being
Belief in dualism and acceptance
Continuity across various life
of a dichotomy between subject
forms
and object
Liberal ontological individualism
Social individualism
and belief in freedom
Contextualized relationships Decontextualized, contractual and
depending upon time, place and open-ended nature of
person relationships
Self-interest, the pursuit of wants
Emphasis on self-discipline and preferences, and
consumerism as important values
The shared and relational notion
Personalized nature of control
of control
Knowledge (science) as amoral
Knowledge as moral and sacred
(value free) and secular
Functional belief in materialism
Functional belief in multiple
and a utilitarian view in the
worlds (material-transitory and
service of possessive and self-
spiritual- eternal)
contained individualism

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Indian View Western View

A moral code organized around
Dharma (duty) centered moral
the idea of right to self-fulfillment
code
and social contract
(192 words)

Maximum Syllabus will be covered

Recording & PPT will be available
in the app till June & Dec Exam
BEST ONLINE COURSE IN MAPC

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Q No 5. Explain the meaning of grit. Describe the psychological

characteristics and benefits of grit and determination 10 Marks

Answer: Grit is a psychological attribute that mixes passion with

persistence for long-term goals. It is the ability to keep going despite
setbacks and failures.

Grit is associated to success in education, athletics, career, and personal

development. It suggests that consistent effort and long-term goals are
more important than talent in predicting success.

Remember that grit can be created and strengthened. Grit can be

developed through creating goals, identifying passions, having a growth
attitude, and working hard.

Psychological Characteristics of Grit and Determination

1. Passion: Gritty and determined individuals have a strong passion

for their long-term goals. They are deeply committed to what
they are pursuing and are motivated by their enthusiasm for their
objectives.
2. Capacity to Practice: Interest alone is not enough. You need to
work at it and add to it over time. The people who are gritty are
always pushing themselves to do better at what they're doing. To
3. put it another way, they don't get lazy.
4. Purpose: Grit also drives those who want to help others. People
don't pursue interests only because they like them. They follow
their passions because they think they benefit society. They find

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purpose in their work. This keeps them motivated despite

challenges.
5. Hope: Gritty people hope their efforts will improve their future.
This is where growth mindset enters in. Instead of dwelling on
failure, embrace it as an opportunity to improve, improve, and
achieve a positive conclusion. Growth mentality encourages
positive self-talk.

Benefits of Grit and Determination

1. Achievement: Gritty and determined individuals are more likely

to achieve their long-term goals. Their unwavering commitment
and persistence enable them to make progress, even in the face
of difficulties.
2. Personal Growth: Grit fosters personal growth and
development. Through the process of overcoming challenges and
setbacks, individuals with grit gain valuable experience and
become more resilient and capable.
3. Resilience to Stress: Gritty individuals are better equipped to
handle stress and adversity. They have learned to cope with
setbacks and view them as opportunities for learning and
improvement, which reduces the negative impact of stress on
their well-being.
4. Career Success: In the professional context, grit is associated
with career advancement and success. Employers often value
employees who demonstrate commitment, perseverance, and the
ability to overcome obstacles. (376 Words)

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Q No 6. Describe the factors that can affect happiness 10 Marks

Answer: Happiness is a complex and multifaceted emotional state that

can be affected by numerous factors. These variables can vary between
individuals and interact in complex ways. Here are some of the most
influential factors on happiness:

• Some people are genetically predisposed to be happy or

unhappy. Genetics affect serotonin production and control in the
brain.
• Personality: Personalities affect happiness. Positive, outgoing,
and resilient people are happier. Neuroticism and pessimism
reduce happiness.
• Life circumstances: Income, employment, and living situations
affect happiness. These factors affect happiness, but after
fundamental requirements are addressed, they lessen.
• Relationships: Family, friends, and romantic relationships are
crucial to happiness. Positive social relationships can bring
affection, support, and belonging.
• Health: Physical and mental health greatly impact happiness.
Good health and regular exercise boost happiness, but chronic
illnesses, pain, and mental health disorders reduce it.
• Work and Career: Job satisfaction, purpose, and work-life
balance affect happiness. Meaningful job that matches one's
values and interests boost life satisfaction.

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• Money can boost happiness to a certain extent. Having enough

to meet basic necessities and enjoy certain pleasures can improve
well-being, but materialism may not bring enduring contentment.
• Aligning personal goals and ideals with daily life and decisions
might increase happiness. Pursuing real activities and goals
increases satisfaction.
• Life Transitions: Marriage, parenthood, retirement, and death
can affect happiness. Transitions sometimes involve changes that
may impair well-being.
• Community and Social Support: A supportive community or
network of friends can help with emotional and practical needs,
boosting happiness and resilience. (246 Words)

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Q No 7. Discuss the application of positive psychology in the family

context. 10 Marks

Answer: Positive psychology promotes well-being, strengths, and

positive relationships, making it useful in families. Positive psychology
can improve family ties in numerous ways:

1. Child Parent Relationship – Positive psychology can nurture

emotional well-being, resilience, and positive interactions in the
child-parent relationship. Parents may boost their child's
happiness and development by encouraging strengths, pleasant
emotions, and open communication.
2. Capitalization on a Positive Event – Capitalizing on positive
events in the family context helps create an environment of
positivity, support, and emotional connection. It reinforces the
idea that good things happen within the family, and it fosters
resilience and well-being for all family members. By celebrating
and sharing positive experiences, families can strengthen their
bonds and create lasting memories of happiness and
togetherness.
3. Positive interjections are simple yet powerful tools for
enhancing communication and emotional well-being within the
family. They create an atmosphere of positivity, empathy, and
celebration, contributing to stronger family bonds and a more
uplifting family culture.
4. Visualization techniques within the family context promote
positive thinking, strengthen relationships, and create a shared
sense of purpose and optimism. By incorporating these practices

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into your family's routine, you can harness the power of

imagination to enhance well-being and achieve your collective
goals.
5. Family rituals are a powerful way to apply positive psychology
principles in the family context. They create a sense of structure,
connection, and positivity, fostering well-being and resilience
within the family unit. By incorporating these rituals into your
family's life, you can strengthen relationships and create a
nurturing and fulfilling family culture.
6. Catching virtues within the family context not only fosters a
culture of appreciation but also helps family members develop
positive character strengths and values. It promotes self-
awareness, empathy, and a sense of unity within the family,
contributing to overall well-being and positive family dynamics.
7. Harnessing happiness and positive emotions within the family
context is a key aspect of positive psychology. By intentionally
cultivating positive emotions, families can enhance their well-
being, strengthen their bonds, and create a positive and
supportive family culture. (337 Words)

Q. No 8. Explain psychological capital 10 Marks

Answer: Positive psychology and organisational psychology define

psychological capital (PsyCap) as a set of psychological resources or
attributes that improve well-being, resilience, and performance. These
resources are crucial for personal and professional growth and life

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success. The acronym "HERO" represents four fundamental components

of psychological capital:

Hope: Hope is the belief that one can overcome difficulties and
disappointments to attain goals. Setting realistic goals, planning to
accomplish them, and being motivated are required. Hopeful people are
more positive and persistent through adversities.

Self-Efficacy: Efficacy is confidence in one's ability to complete tasks

and overcome obstacles. Self-efficacy affects motivation and
performance, making it essential to psychological capital. Self-confident
people are more inclined to tackle difficult activities and persevere.

Resilience: The ability to overcome hardship, adapt to change, and stay

healthy under pressure is resilience. Resilient people may overcome

obstacles and stay cheerful.

Optimism: Optimism is the tendency to see things positively. The

optimistic explanatory approach entails expecting positive results and
attributing positive events to internal, stable, and global forces and
negative ones to external, unstable, and specific factors. Optimists are
healthier mentally.

Important implications and applications of psychological capital:

Workplace Performance: Psychological capital increases job

satisfaction, performance, and engagement in organisational psychology.
Developing psychological capital in employees motivates and produces
more productive teams.

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Leadership and Management: High psychological capital helps leaders

inspire and encourage their teams. They can also instill these traits in
subordinates.

Personal Growth: Psychological capital boosts resilience, well-being,

and growth. It empowers people to develop and attain their goals.

Education: Promotion of psychological capital in schools can boost

student motivation, performance, and well-being. Teachers and educators
can help kids develop these traits.

Health & Wellness: Psychological capital improves physical and mental

wellness. Higher levels of these resources reduce stress and improve
health. (293 Words)

Q No 9. Describe the application of positive psychology in close

relationships 10 Marks

Answer: Positive psychology principles can be applied to not only

strengthen existing close relationships but also to foster healthier and
more fulfilling connections with others. By emphasizing positivity,
strengths, effective communication, and resilience, individuals can
cultivate and maintain flourishing relationships.

Here are some ways to improve close relationships that are based on
ideas from positive psychology.

1. Spotting Strengths - We are well-versed in identifying

weaknesses and problems. Positive psychology encourages us to
do the opposite, that is, to focus on the positive aspects of our
relationships.

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2. Strengths and Fulfilled Dreams Genogram - Creating a

strength and fulfilled dreams genogram is a positive and
uplifting way to celebrate achievements and aspirations within a
family or individual context. It promotes a sense of pride and
unity while highlighting the unique talents and dreams of each
member.
3. The Sound Relationship House - The Sound Relationship
House provides a holistic view of what makes a strong and
lasting romantic relationship. It's important to note that building
and maintaining a sound relationship house requires ongoing
effort, communication, and a commitment to nurturing the
connection between partners.
4. Emotional Bank Account – The Emotional Bank Account
concept helps people and organisations understand trust and
emotional connection in relationships. People can develop
strong, healthy, and long-lasting personal and professional
relationships by making consistent deposits and minimising
withdrawals.
5. Three Good Things - " Three Good Things" promotes
appreciation and well-being through positive psychology. The
simple but effective practise involves reflecting on and writing
down three good day-to-day happenings. The goal is to focus on
the good in your life and feel more grateful.
6. Instilling Hope – Instilling hope in close relationships requires
consistent effort, empathy, and a genuine belief in the potential
for a positive and fulfilling future together. By practicing these

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strategies, one can strengthen their emotional connection and

contribute to a more hopeful and resilient relationship.
7. Minding of Relationships – Minding in relationships is an
ongoing process that requires effort and commitment from both
partners. It involves nurturing the emotional, psychological, and
physical aspects of the connection to ensure it remains strong
and fulfilling. By practicing minding behaviors, couples can
enhance their intimacy, communication, and overall relationship
satisfaction. (364 Words)

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Section – C (100 Words)

Q No 10. Gratitude and well-being 3 Marks

Answer: A lot of study in the fields of psychology and positive

psychology has shown that being grateful can make you happier and
healthier in many ways.

People can experience many physical, mental, and social benefits that are
good for their health when they develop a sense of gratitude and do it
regularly.

People who were more naturally grateful thought they were in better
physical health. They felt good about themselves mentally, were more
likely to live in a healthy way, and didn't ignore health problems.

According to the research, gratitude was linked to better mental health

and less psychological distress. (100 words)

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Q No 11. Emotional storytelling 3 Marks

Answer: A strong and interesting way to connect with people on a deep

emotional level is through emotional stories. Using story methods to
make the reader, listener, or viewer feel strong emotions like happiness,
sadness, empathy, or inspiration.

There are emotional stories in many types of media, such as books,

movies, plays, ads, and personal stories.

It's possible to use emotional stories effectively, but one should be

careful to do so in a way that doesn't hurt other people's feelings.

Emotional storytelling can move people, entertain them, teach them

something, and help them form long bonds with the people who hear
them. (101 Words)

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Q No 12. Benefits of optimism 3 Marks

Answer:

• Optimistic individuals are less likely to experience symptoms of

depression
• Optimism is associated with lower levels of anxiety and stress
• Optimistic individuals have a more robust immune system,
making them better equipped to fight off illnesses and recover
from health issues
• Optimistic people tend to live longer than those with a more
pessimistic outlook on life
• Optimistic individuals are better at coping with adversity
• Optimistic people are often more adaptable in the face of change
• Optimistic people tend to be more positive and pleasant to be
around, which can lead to stronger and more fulfilling
relationships with friends, family, and colleagues.
• Optimism can facilitate better communication because optimistic
individuals are generally open to finding solutions and resolving
conflicts in a constructive manner.
• Optimism contributes to a greater sense of happiness and life
satisfaction (133 Words)

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Dec 2023

Section – A (600 Words)

Q No 1. Explain the various types of mindsets and their contribution

to well-being 20 Marks
Answer: ‘Mindset’ refers to a set of beliefs that shapes how you make
sense of the world, influences the way you think, feel and behave.

Mindsets can influence how people behave in a wide range of situations

in life. For example, as people encounter different situations, their mind
triggers a specific mindset that then directly impacts their behaviour in
that situation.

In the mindset theory, there are two fundamental beliefs that people can
have about their intelligence and talent.

On the one hand, people can have a fixed mindset. These people assume
that intelligence and other personality traits are inherent and, hence,
fixed.

On the other hand, people with a growth mindset are convinced that
intelligence and other personality traits are malleable through effort,
learning and training. Since these mindsets usually refer to the own
abilities, they are also termed “self-concepts”.

Since they believe that intelligence is inherent and not malleable, people
with a fixed mindset want to prove themselves and others that their
intelligence is especially pronounced. The resulting morale can
negatively influence their learning behaviour. Novel things which one

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may potentially fail in, are often not even given a try.

In contrast, people with a growth mindset assume that their intelligence

is expandable. These people tend to seek possibilities to learn and
develop further.

A person with a fixed mindset is likely to avoid challenges, give up more

easily in the face of failure and feel dejected by negative feedback. In
addition, such a person is constantly struggling to ‘prove himself/herself’
at school, at the job or in relationships. On the other hand, a person with
a growth mindset welcomes challenges and takes negative feedback
constructively. Failure becomes a stepping stone to success as the person
learns from it.

While the growth mindset is crucial, it's not the only mindset that
matters. Numerous other mindsets can influence well-being, including:

• Abundance vs. Scarcity Mindset: Believing in an abundant

world of opportunities fosters generosity, collaboration, and
gratitude, while a scarcity mindset breeds competition, fear, and
negativity.
• Optimism vs. Pessimism: Optimists tend to expect positive
outcomes, leading to better coping mechanisms and increased
resilience in the face of adversity. Pessimists, on the other hand,
are more prone to stress, anxiety, and lower motivation.
• Openness vs. Closed-Mindedness: Embracing new experiences
and perspectives with an open mind fosters intellectual growth,
adaptability, and creativity. Closed-mindedness limits learning

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and can lead to rigidity and stagnation.

The good news is that mindsets are not fixed. We can actively cultivate
more positive and empowering mindsets through various practices:

• Challenge limiting beliefs: Identify and question fixed beliefs

holding you back.
• Reframe challenges: View setbacks as learning opportunities
and focus on progress, not perfection.
• Practice gratitude: Focus on the good things in your life to
cultivate a positive outlook.
• Surround yourself with positive influences: Seek out
individuals who support your growth and inspire you.
• Celebrate small wins: Acknowledge your progress, no matter
how small, to reinforce positive behaviors.

By understanding and nurturing positive mindsets, we can empower

ourselves to navigate life's challenges with greater resilience, build
stronger relationships, and unlock our full potential for well-being.
Remember, mind is a powerful tool, and the lens one choose can
significantly impact their journey towards a happier and more fulfilling
life. (539 Words)

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Q. No. 2. Differentiate between emotion, mood and affect. Describe

the ways to manage emotions effectively 5+15 Marks

Answer: Ways to Manage Emotions Effectively

• Adaptive Potential of Emotion-focused Coping

Stress makes us unhappy. If we don't control our emotions, it may lead to

harmful coping. Emotion-focused coping uses emotions to manage
stress. Stanton highlighted the adaptability of emotional coping. It
encourages accepting rather than denying your emotions. This attitude to
emotions and avoidance of emotions can be described by the behavioural
activation system and the behavioural inhibition system.

Approach-oriented emotion-focused coping incorporates two steps:

1. emotional processing, which involves trying to understand

feelings, and

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2. expressing one's emotions, which involves expressing or

revealing one's emotions.

These components help people handle stressful circumstances

emotionally, improving psychological outcomes. If one knows and
understands their emotions under pressure, they'll be better able to react.

As a result, emotional coping would lead to a change in behaviour.

• Enhancing one’s Emotional Intelligence

Emotions and intelligence should be blended for adaptive results,

according to emotional intelligence proponents. If we act based on
feelings or thoughts, we won't succeed. We can be successful and happy
by combining the two.

Emotional intelligence affects relationships and happiness. Our ability to

identify and control emotions determines the efficacy of everything we
do and everyone we interact with. Our emotional environment, including
our relationships with friends, family, and coworkers, can help or hinder
our development. Emotions can help us persevere.

• Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity views emotions from a

developmental perspective. Accordingly, older persons focus more on
positive feelings than younger people. As they mature, people realise
how fleeting life is and how crucial it is to make meaningful connections,
appreciate life, savour each moment, and find meaning in everything.
Their focus on positive emotions over unpleasant ones shows selectivity.

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Happy experiences and nice sentiments become our priorities as we age

and worry about mortality. This is adaptive and boosts mental health.

• Emotional Storytelling

Speaking about unpleasant or painful experiences may be helpful. It lets

you express and process negative emotions, which improves health and
coping. Studies reveal that stories predict health attitudes. Emotional
storytelling benefits were originally studied in 1989 by Jamie
Pennebaker. She observed that writing about emotional suffering had
many health benefits compared to the control group.

Talking or writing about negative feelings relieves stress. It allows

emotionally charged thoughts and feelings to be aired and released in a
safe space. It improves mental organisation, cognitive processing, trauma
meaning-finding, and social network reintegration.

Since culture affects emotions, emotional stories must include it.

Western cultures value directness and force, but collectivistic countries
like India value family unity and avoid emotional conflicts. Hence the
experience and expression of emotions depend on the social cultural
context. (538 Words)

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Q. No. 3. Explain the concept of happiness. Discuss the various

models of happiness 8+12 Marks

Answer: Happiness is an emotional state characterized by feelings of

joy, satisfaction, contentment, and fulfillment. While happiness has many
different definitions, it is often described as involving positive emotions
and life satisfaction.

Happiness is often known by another name in positive psychology

research: subjective well-being, or SWB, which is the extent to which a
person feels comfortable, healthy, and satisfied with his life.

Happiness is an enduring state of well-being involving satisfaction in the

pleasant, good, and meaningful aspects of life.

Models of Happiness

• Carol Ryff’s Six-Factor Model

When we think of mental well-being, we often use it synonymously with

happiness. This idea quite intrigued Carol Ryff and she came up with one
brilliant model of psychological well-being which makes us think
beyond just being happy.

Ryff has proposed the Six-factor model of Psychological Well-being.

These six factors of self-acceptance, personal growth, positive relations
with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, and purpose in life
together contribute to happiness in one’s life.

Ryff has created a multidimensional approach to well-being. According

to this model, a satisfactory life is not about always being optimistic,

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positive and enthusiastic. The focus is not solely on being happy,

satisfied and creating positive emotions. The true meaning of life is not
about being happy, but in living a fulfilling life.

Her model is not merely be restricted to biological or medical

descriptions of well-being but includes all aspects of well-being. She
defines psychological well-being from optimal human functioning that
produces more positive emotions and satisfaction. Each dimension of the
psychological well-being model is an index of well-being in itself.

• Corey Keyes’ Dual Continuum Model of Mental Health

Mental health is a term that is often used interchangeably with mental

health issues or mental illness, but they are not the same.

As we discussed, mental health is the capacity of every individual to feel,

think, and act in ways that enhance their ability to enjoy life and deal
with challenges.

Mental health issues refer to diminished capacities – whether cognitive,

emotional, attentional, interpersonal, motivational, or behavioural – that
interfere with a person’s enjoyment of life or adversely affect
interactions with society and environment.

Keyes asks us to think about mental well-being as something we can plot

along a vertical line, or as he describes it, a continuum. This line would
reflect the whole range of experiences related to mental well-being.

In his comprehensive analysis of positive mental health, Corey points out

that the absence of mental health problems does not imply the presence

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of positive mental health, and the absence of positive mental health does
not imply the presence of mental health problems.

• PERMA Model of Seligman

The PERMA model represents five essential elements that contribute to a

flourishing and fulfilling life. The acronym PERMA stands for:

Positive Emotion: Experiencing positive emotions such as joy,

gratitude, love, and contentment. This involves cultivating a positive
outlook on life and savoring positive experiences.

Engagement: Engaging in activities that provide a state of flow or

absorption, where you lose track of time and are fully immersed in what
you're doing. This could involve work, hobbies, or any activity that

brings a sense of purpose and fulfillment.

Relationships: Building and maintaining positive relationships with

others. Social connections and meaningful relationships contribute
significantly to well-being.

Meaning: Having a sense of purpose and meaning in life. This involves

understanding one's values and contributing to something greater than
oneself.

Accomplishment (Achievement): Setting and accomplishing goals,

whether they are small or large. Achieving success in various aspects of
life contributes to a sense of accomplishment and well-being.

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The PERMA model is a framework designed to help individuals and

psychologists understand and enhance well-being. By focusing on these
five elements, individuals can work towards leading a more meaningful
and fulfilling life. It is important to note that the model emphasizes the
importance of a holistic approach to well-being, considering both
hedonic (pleasure-seeking) and eudaimonic (meaning and purpose-
seeking) aspects of happiness. (650 Words)

Maximum Syllabus will be covered

Recording & PPT will be available
in the app till June & Dec Exam
BEST ONLINE COURSE IN MAPC
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Section – B (250 Words)

Q No 4. Compare and contrast the two waves of positive psychology.
10 Marks
Answer:
Seligman’s Visions of Positive Wong’s Visions of Positive
Psychology Psychology
The basic vision is same, i.e., promoting good life and flourishing
The primary aim is to understand the nature of good life or worthy life
and the conditions which facilitate such a living
Focuses on both the positive and
Focuses on the positive only
the Negative
Emphasizes positive emotions Emphasizes responsible action
Embraces the topics of suffering
Avoids the topics of suffering and
and death as a precondition for
death
authentic happiness
Meaning oriented, self-
Happiness oriented, self-
transcendence
fulfillment focused
focused
Direct pursuit of happiness may Direct pursuit of meaning leads to
backfire authentic happiness
Flourishing is achieved through Flourishing is achieved only
focusing on the positive avoiding through confronting the dark side
the negative of human existence
Truncated understanding of well- Complete understanding of well-
being being in the midst of suffering
Based on the human science
Based on the positivist paradigm
perspective
Dichotomous and binary Dialectical and interactive
Focuses on elements of well- Focuses on the whole person,
being, such as behavior, taking a holistic and person-
cognition, affect, and so on centered approach
Based on both individualist and
Based on individualist culture
collectivist cultures

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Seligman’s Visions of Positive Wong’s Visions of Positive

Psychology Psychology
Based on empirical findings from
Based on empirical findings from
both psychological and real-life
psychological laboratories
“laboratories”
Have the courage to embrace all
Positive emotion – Hedonic and
emotions and learn to maintain
eudaimonic happiness
inner peace
Engagement – Do things we truly Assume responsibility to do what
enjoy is right and in spite of limitations
Seek connections with our true
Have good relationships to self, with others, and with God.
enhance our well-being Treat others, not as instruments
for our well-being
Meaning – Pursue our calling or
Meaning – Devote our time to do
life goals which are constitutively
something greater than oneself
and intrinsically good
Accomplishment based on
Accomplishment based on becoming what one was to be – a
success or happiness decent human being, who remains
true to their calling
Informed by humanistic-
Distinct from humanistic-
existential
existential psychology
psychology
(318 words)

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Q No 5. Explain forgiveness and its role in well-being 10 Marks

Answer: Forgiveness in positive psychology is much more than just

forgetting. It's a powerful character strength that involves a conscious
decision to let go of negative emotions like resentment, anger, and
bitterness towards someone who has wronged you. This doesn't
necessarily mean reconciliation with the offender, but rather a shift in

your own internal state to find peace and move forward.

Forgiveness and Well-Being

Research findings support the theory that holding on to bitterness and

resentment can affect our health, scientists have also found that the act of
forgiveness itself has many benefits.

Studies have shown that forgiveness reduces rates of anxiety and

depression, contributes to better sleep, and lowers blood pressure and
cholesterol, it also brings a sense of inner peace and strengthens the
immune system. Further, people who are more forgiving live longer and
experience more life satisfaction. They are happier and more hopeful and
generally score higher on measures of psychological well-being.

The absence of forgiveness contributes to individual and social

dysfunction, psychological discomfort and may reduce the levels of
psychological well-being. Failure to forgive others to whom one feels a
strong commitment elicited reduced levels of life satisfaction and self-
esteem as well as higher levels of other negative effects. A grudge can
cause depression, higher stress levels, and distrust of others. Moreover, it

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puts a strain on the heart, mind, and body, and, over time, can negatively
impact one’s health.

It is observed that the benefits of forgiveness extend beyond the

relationship with the offender. Those who exhibit greater degrees of
forgiveness are also more likely to donate to charity or engage in
volunteer work. Therefore, this character strength has individual,
interpersonal, and societal advantages. (278 Words)

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Q No 6. Explain Snyder’s model of hope and describe its various

benefits 10 Marks

Answer: Snyder's model of hope, developed by psychologist Charles

Richard Snyder, is a comprehensive and influential framework for
understanding this essential human emotion. It shifts the focus from hope
as a fleeting feeling to a dynamic, goal-oriented cognitive process with
three key components:

1. Goals: Hopeful individuals have clearly defined goals and

aspirations. These goals provide direction and purpose, driving
the motivational force behind hope.
2. Pathways: Not just wishing for the best, hope involves actively
identifying multiple pathways to achieve those goals. This
involves flexibility and the ability to adapt when encountering
obstacles.
3. Agency: Believing in one's ability to act and make progress
towards their goals is crucial for sustaining hope. This agency
thinking involves the conviction that effort and perseverance can
lead to desired outcomes.

Snyder's model emphasizes the cyclical nature of these components.

Having clear goals motivates the search for pathways, while identifying
multiple pathways strengthens agency and reinforces hope for achieving
the goals. This dynamic process fosters resilience and helps individuals
navigate challenges with a positive outlook.

Here are some of the key strengths of Snyder's model:

• Focus on action: It moves beyond passive wishing and

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highlights the importance of proactive goal setting and effort.

• Measurable: The model provides frameworks like the Adult
Hope Scale to assess and track hope levels.
• Applicability: The three components can be applied to various
aspects of life, from personal goals to career aspirations and
coping with adversity.

Snyder's model has been widely used in research and interventions to

promote hope in individuals facing different challenges, such as chronic
illness, academic difficulties, and social disadvantage. (264 Words)

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Q No 7. Describe the positive psychology interventions in the

workplace. 10 Marks

Answer: Positive Psychology Interventions at work (PPIs at work) are

interventions that explicitly apply the theory and scholarship of positive
work and organization psychologies to guide, plan, design, and/or
implement the interventions to improve personal as well as
organizational level outcomes.

PPIs at work had a small to moderate effect on desirable (e.g., job well-
being) and undesirable work outcomes (e.g., job stress).

PPIs at work significantly improved wellbeing, engagement, and other

important work outcomes (i.e., leader member exchange, organization-
based self-esteem, workplace trust, forgiveness, prosocial behavior,
leadership, and calling)”

The PPIs focus on the strengths that employees have, increasing the
sense of engagement, and employee satisfaction. It underlies a strengths-

based approach to work where the focus is on building on the assets of

the employees rather than trying to change their weaknesses.

The strengths based approach involves three aspects:

(a) identifying the talents of employees and increasing their

awareness about these
(b) integrating these talents into the self-image of the
employee; and

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(c) implementing behavioural change where the employees

use their talents to achieve success.

Various positive psychology interventions using the strengths of

employees can be described in the following categories

1. Psychological Capital Interventions: PsyCap is the synergistic

combination of hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism.
PsyCap interventions are associated with a variety of work
outcomes, including improved job performance, engagement,
and organizational citizenship behaviors
2. Job Crafting Interventions: Job crafting is a proactive process
at work in which employees can redesign their jobs so that they
have some control over their work. Job crafting interventions
have been found to improve performance, well-being, and work
engagement
3. Employee Strengths Interventions: Employees’ strengths
interventions apply the theory of character strengths to the
identification, development, and use of strengths for employees.
4. Employee Gratitude Interventions: Gratitude in the workplace
is “noticing and appreciating the positive ‘in one’s work life’
specifically and not in the generic world. It is aim to increase the
practice of gratitude in the workplace.
5. Employee Well-Being Interventions: Employee well-being
interventions have been shown to reduce employee absenteeism
and turnover intentions, as well as improve job satisfaction
(347 Words)

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Q. No 8. Explain the components of flow experience 10 Marks

Answer:

1. A Merging of Action and Awareness

To merge action with awareness, the task must be achievable and the
individual conducting it must be confident in their competence.

2. Centring of Attention

Flow occurs when a person is concentrated on one sensory field. They

feel in control with this attention.

This type of attention-focusing requires ignoring unimportant or

distracting items. It's called "narrowing consciousness" and "giving up
the past and the future."

3. Loss of Ego

A temporary loss of self-consciousness, identity, and individuality is

called ego loss. It's a momentary loss of self.

Self-interests disappear when someone is fully engaged. This perspective

of the self or ego is mental, not physical.

4. Control of Action and Environment

A person in flow is in control of his actions and of the environment. It's

more a sensation of not worrying about losing control than mastery.

Flow experience gives a person a favourable self-concept and self-regard

since they feel they had the skills and competencies to meet the

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environment's expectations at the moment.

5. Demands for Action and Clear Feedback

Flow experience contains orderly activities where there is no conflict

between goals, activity towards goals, and feedback.

Clear and quick feedback boosts flow. Feedback lets the participant
know how well s/he is doing in the activity and signals to either change
or maintain the current course of action. It guides the person's actions.

6. Autotelic in Nature

Flow rewards itself without external benefits. Most flow activities—play,

dance, games, artistic sketching, etc.—are intrinsically satisfying.

It's not autotelic to teach children in order to make them good citizens,
but it is autotelic to teach children because you enjoy interacting with
them.

7. Altered Sense of Time

We all have all experience how time seems to fly when we are having

fun or enjoy something and we also experience that time stops when we
are bored, sad, or stressed.

In flow, attention is on the moment-to-moment activity, not on mental

processes that indicate time. Thus, a totally involved person feels time
has passed too quickly. (342 Words)

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Q No 9. Describe the main ideas in Patanjali’s Yogasutra 10 Marks

Answer: Patanjali's Yoga Sutras is a classical text on yoga that provides

a systematic and philosophical framework for understanding the nature
of the mind and achieving spiritual realization. The Yoga Sutras were
compiled by the ancient sage Patanjali, and they consist of 196 short
aphorisms or verses, divided into four chapters or books (Padas). Here is
a brief overview of the key themes and concepts found in Patanjali's
Yoga Sutras:

1. Samadhi Pada (The Book on Contemplation):

Patanjali begins by defining yoga as the stilling of the fluctuations of the

mind (Yogas Chitta Vritti Nirodha).

Types of Consciousness: Describes different states of consciousness,

including ordinary waking consciousness, dream states, and deep sleep.

Ashtanga Yoga (Eight Limbs of Yoga): Introduces the eightfold path

of yoga, which includes ethical and moral principles (Yamas and
Niyamas), physical postures (Asanas), breath control (Pranayama), sense
withdrawal (Pratyahara), concentration (Dharana), meditation (Dhyana),
and absorption (Samadhi).

2. Sadhana Pada (The Book on Practice):

Kriya Yoga: Describes Kriya Yoga as a practical approach to achieving

the goal of yoga, involving discipline, self-study, and devotion.

Obstacles on the Path: Outlines potential obstacles that practitioners

may encounter and suggests ways to overcome them.

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3. Vibhuti Pada (The Book on Accomplishments):

Powers (Siddhis): Describes the supernatural powers that may arise as a

result of advanced yogic practices.

The Role of Asana: Discusses the importance of stability and comfort in

meditation postures.

4. Kaivalya Pada (The Book on Liberation):

Nature of Liberation (Kaivalya): Explores the nature of liberation and

the realization of the true self (Purusha).

Transcendence of Gunas: Describes how the practitioner transcends the

influence of the three gunas (qualities) to attain liberation. (271 Words)

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Section – C (100 Words)

Q No 10. Broaden and Build theory of positive emotions 5 Marks

Answer: Barbara Fredrickson developed the broaden-and-build theory to

explain how positive emotions increase life satisfaction.

The theory has two modules, referred to as “broaden” and “build”. This
theory is based on the notion that positive emotions can have the effect
of broadening awareness and response to events as well as building
resiliency and coping skills.

The “broaden” theory draws together findings on the immediate,

temporary effects of positive emotions in the realms of physiology,
attention, motivation, and analytical and social cognition, by suggesting
that they all share an abstract property of “broadening”.

The “build” theory draws together findings on the beneficial effects of

frequent, prolonged positive emotions on job success, relationships,
mental health, physical health, flourishing, and life satisfaction, by
suggesting that all of these outcomes can result from broadened states.

Thus, the broaden-and-build theory seeks to connect three different

levels of phenomena: subjective positive emotions, temporary
cognitive/attentional/ motivational states, and long-term life outcomes.
(153 words)

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Q No 11. Mindfulness in parenting 5 Marks

Answer: Mindfulness has the potential to enhance the family system and
interaction patterns. Being mindful helps the parent in reducing stress,
more aware of the child’s needs, suspend judgement at the moment,
focus on parent-child relationship itself, and become aware of child’s
well-being.

Mindful parenting is defined as parents’ abilities to pay attention to their

child and their parenting in a way that is intentional, present-centered,
and nonjudgmental. A model of mindful parenting developed by
Duncan,Coatsworth& Greenberg (2009) focuses on mindfulness in the
social context of the parent-child relationship. It included the following
five dimensions of mindful parenting:

a. listening with full attention

b. nonjudgmental acceptance of self and child
c. emotional awareness of self and child
d. self-regulation in the parenting relationship and
e. compassion for self and child. Various studies have
pointed out the benefits of mindful parenting
(139 Words)

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Q No 12. Post-traumatic growth 5 Marks

Answer: Post Traumatic Growth (PTG) refers to the psychological
growth that occurs following an adversity. The recent COVID 19
pandemic offers the best example of this. The stressful experiences and
the challenges faced by people throughout the world have been
overwhelming and shocking.

The term post-traumatic growth refers to the adaptation and

accommodation of the individual to any crisis or traumatic situation and
coming out of this by coping to the situation in a positive manner.

The concept of post-traumatic growth has been in existence in the

teachings of our religions, spiritual and philosophical deliberations,
which talk about the elements of potentially transformative power of
suffering.

The process of PTG may differ based on the types of trauma, personality
characteristics of the person, nature of social support received and
experiences afterwards. Further, positive attitude, gender, cultural
factors, and socio-economic status may also affect the PTG.(144 Words)

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Jun 2024

Section – A (600 Words)

Q No 1. Describe the goals and types of research in psychology

4+16 Marks
Answer: Goals of Research

The goals of psychologist conducting basic research are

• Research helps in Description of phenomena. For example, to

understand the concept of forgiveness in positive psychology, we
must understand its meaning, components, process, and
relationship to other concepts like gratitude and self-forgiveness.
Research helps explain things, phenomena, and issues—their
nature, relationship, and differences from other variables. This
will clarify their dynamic relationship with other variables.
• The next important goal of research is Explanation, that is, to
explain the relationship between things or variables. This
answers the “Why” of events and phenomena, e.g., why
forgiveness can lead to reduction in stress level, or why
cultivating a sense of gratitude can make it easier for us to
forgive.
• The third main goal of research is Prediction. When we know
how things or variables are related to each other, and why a
particular phenomenon has happened, it helps us in predicting
things.

Types of Research in Psychology

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There are three ways of classifying research.

1. Based on Application

a. Pure Research/Theoretical Research – This type of

research examines fundamental ideas or phenomena,
such as memory, drive, intellect, personality, etc. As the
name implies, theoretical study refers to presumptions or
viewpoints based on ideas and their relationships to their
surroundings. It contributes to the advancement of
knowledge in the given field. The emphasis is on
knowledge development in order to gain knowledge.

b. Applied research – Applied research is designed to

solve practical problems of the modern world, rather
than to acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake. It
focuses on the application of theoretical information to
the practical area, such as how memory knowledge may
be utilized to help elderly people recall crucial
components of their daily lives or to improve students’
academic achievement. In this, genuine experience is
valued over theoretical or logical assumptions.

2. Based on Objectives
a. Descriptive Research – Descriptive research describes
characteristics of an existing phenomenon, particular
individual, situation, or group. Descriptive research
provides a broad picture of a phenomenon you might be
interested in exploring. These studies are a means of

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discovering new meaning, describing what exists,

determining the frequency with which something occurs,
and categorizing information.
b. Correlational Research – Correlational research refers
to the systematic investigation or statistical study of
relationships among two or more variables, without
necessarily determining cause and effect.

It finds out how the aspects are associated or related.

Thus, it studies two variables and finds out how change
in one affect change in the other. Correlation examines
associations but not causal relationships.

c. Explanatory Research – Explanatory is the research

whose primary purpose is to explain why events occur,
to build, elaborate, extend or test a theory. It is more
concerned with showcasing, explaining and presenting
what we already have.
d. Exploratory Research – Exploratory research is a type
of research conducted for a problem that has not been
clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the
best research design, data collection method and
selection of subjects.

The results of exploratory research are not usually useful

for decision-making by themselves, but they can provide
significant insight into a given situation.

3. Based on Enquiry Mode

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a. Quantitative Research – It is based on the

measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to
phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.

The objective of quantitative research is to develop and

employ mathematical models, theories and/or
hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.

b. Qualitative Research – Qualitative research is more

flexible in nature, no pre-determined set of steps, follows
an unstructured approach. It follows a philosophy of
empiricism, that is, ‘knowledge acquired through
sensory experiences’, unlike the emphasis on ‘reasoning’
in rationalism approach. (602 Words)

Q. No. 2. Explain self-concept. Differentiate it from self-esteem and

self-efficacy 20 Marks

Answer: Self-concept refers to an individual's perception and

understanding of themselves, encompassing various aspects of their
identity. Here are the key points about self-concept:

Self-concept is how someone perceives and evaluates themselves,

including their physical attributes, personality traits, abilities, values, and
social roles. It is a multidimensional construct that includes self-image,
ideal self, and self-esteem.

• Self-Image - Self-image is the mental representation or picture

one has of themselves, including both physical and personal

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characteristics. It is shaped by personal experiences, interactions

with others, societal standards, and media influences.
o Self-Image: "I am intelligent, hardworking, and caring."
• Ideal Self - The ideal self is the version of themselves that an
individual would like to be - the person they aspire to become.
There is often a discrepancy between one's actual self-image and
ideal self, which can impact self-esteem.
o Ideal Self: "I want to be more confident and outgoing."
• Self-Esteem - Self-esteem refers to the overall value or worth
that individuals place on themselves. High self-esteem is
associated with confidence, while low self-esteem is linked to
feelings of unworthiness.
o Self-Esteem: "I generally feel good about myself and my
abilities."

Self-concept is not static. It develops throughout life as we gain new

experiences, learn new things, and interact with others.

Self-Concept Self-Esteem
An individual’s overallAn individual’s perception of his
perception of oneself or her own value or worth
The answer to the question, “Who Usually the answer to, “how
am I?” much do I like myself?”
I think being taller would be
better. I think my hair should be
Example: I am short. I have dark
light because all the female stars
hair. I am student
have light hair. I am a good
student
Self-concept is more of a Self-esteem is more of an
cognitive aspect about self evaluation of one’s self

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Self-Concept Self-Esteem
Self-concept is knowledge about There are positive or negative
self feelings in the case of self-esteem
Components are successes and
Components are self-image, ideal
expectations & self-efficacy and
self and self-esteem
self-respect
Self-concept theory of personality Hierarchy of needs by Abraham
by Carl Rogers Maslow
Biological and environmental
Biological and environmental
factors including social
factors including social
interaction; self-image and ideal
interaction are Influencing factors
self are Influencing factors
It is believed that self-concept Self-esteem, on the other hand, is
develops during childhood, when more or less developed in
one’s personality develops adulthood and during adolescence
Self-esteem is more of an internal
The self-concept is a reflection of feeling that is determined by
the external world one’s own value system and how
he or she sees him or herself

Self-Concept Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy is the "what" you
Self-concept is the "who" you are,
can do, your belief in your
your overall identity
capabilities for specific situations
Self-concept is a broader, more Self-efficacy is a more specific
global self-evaluation belief about one's capabilities
Self-efficacy is focused on
Self-concept encompasses many
performance in particular
aspects of the self
domains
Scope - Broad and encompasses
Scope - Narrow and specific to
overall self-perception across
particular tasks or situations
multiple domains

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Self-Concept Self-Efficacy
Influenced by mastery
Shaped by experiences,
experiences, social persuasion,
interactions, and feedback
and vicarious learning
Focus - Concerns confidence in
Focus - Involves general beliefs
one's ability to perform specific
and feelings about oneself
actions
More stable over time but can More fluid and can vary widely
change with major experiences across different tasks and contexts
Directly influences motivation,
Affects overall self-esteem and
effort, and perseverance in
identity
specific activities
Influences overall behavior and Directly impacts the approach to
life choices based on how specific challenges and the
individuals see themselves persistence in overcoming them
Examples: Academic Self- Examples: Academic Self-
Concept: A student sees Efficacy: A student believes they
themselves as a diligent and can master the material in a
intelligent learner challenging course
Examples: Social Self-Efficacy:
Examples: Social Self-Concept:
An individual feels confident in
An individual perceives
their ability to initiate and
themselves as friendly and
maintain conversations at a social
outgoing
event
(660 Words)

Q. No. 3. Explain the concept of successful aging. Discuss the

application of positive psychology for successful aging 6+14 Marks

Answer: Successful aging is a multidimensional concept encompassing

physical, functional, social, and psychological health domains. It
involves avoiding disease and disability, maintaining high cognitive and
physical function, and being actively engaged in life.

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Components of Successful Aging

• Avoiding disease and disability

• Maintaining high cognitive, mental and physical function
• Engaging in meaningful social participation and activities
• Psychological well-being, including life satisfaction
• Subjective perceptions of health and well-being

Applying Positive Psychology for Successful Aging.

Answer: Positive aging is as incremental longevity and satisfaction from

life. Similarly, successful aging as positive optimal functioning in
developmental progress across the life span.

A few strategies to implement for positive aging are provided below.

• Reducing Ageism

Society believes young people can’t lead and old people can’t be active.
This causes social devaluation, prejudice, unjust treatment, and age
discrimination.

Through constructive teaching about ageing and positive interaction

experiences, Levy (2018)’s PEACE model reduces ageism. People would
appreciate and learn about ageing if they had positive older role models.
Positive interactions, like collaborating on a communal initiative, will
bring generations together.

• Productive Aging

Productive aging is when older people work to improve their own well-

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being or that of their communities and society as a whole.

Productivity includes goods or services that otherwise would have been

charged for. However, it extends to unpaid work, such as intangible
contributions like passing on wisdom, guidance, knowledge, and
expertise.

• Accepting Death Anxiety

There will always be a lot of taboos associated with the idea of death,
which leads to anxiety or dread. The apprehension may develop into an
emotional problem, especially as one gets older.

Accepting death anxiety as a paradoxical reality is beneficial because it

increases resilience, meaning in life, and flourishing. Well-being can be
helped by having a positive attitude and accepting death with a focus on
its meaning.

• Positive Health

Positive treatments reduce things like a decreased ability to deal with

problems, a higher chance of getting wounded, a lack of self-care, a
reliance on painkillers or other drugs, etc.

Numerous research has shown that health management and positive

psychology can function well together. One such use is the practice of
optimism.

Mindfulness meditation has also shown effective in treating lower back

pain, sleeplessness, and poor sleep quality by promoting stress reduction
and delaying biological ageing in the elderly.

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Other positive mechanisms including creativity, hope, humour, self-

compassion, spirituality, and religion have been shown to buffer
dementia and positively cope with ageing.

• Positive Emotions

According to the socio-emotional selectivity theory, positive bias—

maximizing contentment, peace, and happiness—helps control emotions
and ignore criticism. Thus, enjoying simple pleasures like going to the
movies or having dinner with friends and family would always make one
feel better and happy.

Conversely, unhappy people have dementia, less social support, depend

on others, and feel lonely.

• Active Lifestyle

Physically engaged does not necessarily mean remaining active. Playing

card games or having fun with people on a regular basis are two
examples of activities that contribute to a sense of fulfillment and are
necessary for an active lifestyle. There is no one activity that is more
effective than another at preventing cognitive impairment.

• Religious or Spiritual Engagement

Spirituality and religious activities teach the elderly how to tap into an
active inner resource and help them develop more effective coping
mechanisms.

• Music Therapy

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A very common activity like listening to music could have manifold

benefits and is known to boost positive emotions in elderly.

Researchers reported that few listening strategies were associated with

psychological well-being in elders. (582 Words)

Section – B (250 Words)

Q No 4. Define character strengths. Describe the Values in Actions
(VIA) classification of strengths and virtues 10 Marks

Answer: Character strengths, in the context of positive psychology,

are positive traits that influence how we think, feel, and behave. They are
considered the building blocks of good character and are associated with
well-being and flourishing.

Understanding character strengths can be a valuable tool for personal

development and building a more fulfilling life.

The Values in Action (VIA) classification of strengths and virtues is a

framework developed by psychologists Christopher Peterson and Martin
Seligman to categorize positive personality traits. It identifies 24
character strengths organized into six core virtues:

1. Wisdom and Knowledge:

• Focuses on the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.
• Strengths: Curiosity, love of learning, creativity, open-
mindedness, perspective, judgment.
2. Courage:
• Focuses on bravery, resilience, and the ability to take risks.

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• Strengths: Honesty, bravery, perseverance, zest, vitality.

3. Humanity:
• Focuses on empathy, kindness, and building strong
relationships.
• Strengths: Kindness, love, social intelligence.
4. Justice:
• Focuses on fairness, teamwork, and a sense of justice.
• Strengths: Fairness, leadership, teamwork.
5. Temperance:
• Focuses on self-control, moderation, and the ability to
regulate emotions.
• Strengths: Forgiveness, modesty, prudence, self-regulation.
6. Transcendence:
• Focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life, and
appreciating beauty.
• Strengths: Appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude,
hope, humor, spirituality.

The VIA classification emphasizes that these strengths are not isolated
traits, but rather work together to form a foundation for good character.

Understanding your VIA strengths can be beneficial for, Personal

development, Career choices and Relationships.

The VIA classification provides a valuable framework for understanding

and developing positive character traits, ultimately contributing to a more
flourishing life. (254 words)

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Q No 5. Explain forgiveness and its role in well-being 10 Marks

Answer: Forgiveness is the process of letting go of resentment, anger,

and other negative emotions associated with a hurtful experience. It
doesn't necessarily mean forgetting what happened, condoning the other
person's actions, or becoming friends again. Instead, it's about achieving
a state of peace and moving forward in a healthier way.

Here's why forgiveness plays a crucial role in well-being:

Reduces Stress and Improves Mental Health: Holding onto grudges

can be a significant source of stress and anxiety. Forgiveness allows you
to release these negative emotions and create space for more positive
feelings. Studies have shown that forgiveness is associated with lower
levels of depression, anxiety, and anger.

Improves Physical Health: Chronic stress and negative emotions can

have a detrimental impact on physical health. Forgiveness can help
reduce stress hormones like cortisol, which is linked to a variety of
health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and
weakened immune function.

Enhances Relationships: Forgiveness can foster stronger and healthier

relationships. When you forgive someone, it allows you to rebuild trust
and move on from the hurt. This can lead to more positive and fulfilling
relationships with others.

Increases Self-Compassion: The act of forgiveness can extend beyond

others and include self-forgiveness. By forgiving yourself for mistakes,

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you can release self-criticism and negative self-talk, leading to greater

self-compassion and a more positive self-image.

Empowers You: Holding onto resentment puts the power in the hands of
the person who hurt you. Forgiveness allows you to take back control of
your emotions and choose how you want to react to the situation.
(257 Words)

Q No 6. Explain the different approaches to optimism 10 Marks

Answer: Optimism is all about expecting positive outcomes and having

a hopeful outlook on life. Here are the three main approaches to
understanding optimism:

Dispositional Approach

The dispositional approach to optimism refers to optimism as a general,

stable personality trait that influences how individuals typically view the
world and their expectations for the future.

People with this kind of optimism tend to expect good things to happen,
even when facing difficulties. They're like "sunny side up" thinkers.

They explain good things as their own doing ("I got this job because I
worked hard!") and bad things as temporary setbacks ("I didn't win the
race, but I'll train harder next time").

Learned Optimism

Learned optimism, suggests that optimism is not a fixed trait, but a skill
that can be learned and nurtured. It contrasts with learned helplessness,
where individuals feel powerless to change negative outcomes.

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People who tend to be optimistic have an explanatory style that attributes

positive events to internal, stable, and global factors.

The explanatory approach to optimism focuses on how individuals

explain the causes of events, particularly the explanatory style they use
for interpreting positive and negative outcomes.

Optimists tend to explain bad things in a way that makes them seem less
powerful. They might say, "I messed up that presentation, but it wasn't a
big deal, and I can learn from it."

They take credit for the good stuff ("I aced that test!") and don't blame
themselves for everything that goes wrong.

Unrealistic Optimism

Unrealistic optimism, also known as optimism bias, is a cognitive bias

where people tend to overestimate the likelihood of positive events
happening to them and underestimate the probability of negative events.
It's different from learned optimism, which focuses on developing a more
positive explanatory style based on realistic assessments. (295 Words)

Q No 7. Explain positive schooling. Discuss applications of positive

psychology in schools 10 Marks

Answer: Positive schooling is an approach to education that emphasizes

student well-being and character development alongside academic
achievement. It aims to create a learning environment that fosters
happiness, resilience, and a love of learning in students.

Components of Positive Schooling

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When we apply positive psychology in the school context, we need to

ensure that the foundation of the positive schooling is based on care,
trust, and inclusivity. Snyder, Lopez, and Pedrotti (2011) have advocated
six components of a positive schoolhouse:

• foundation level of this house consists of care, trust, and respect

for diversity;
• first floor consists of plans, and motivation;
• the second floor consists of goals;
• third floor consists of hope; and
• the roof indicates contributions to the society.

All these six parts together form the structure of the positive
schoolhouse.

Theoretical Models of Positive Schooling

• A Values in Action classification system that consists of 24-

character strengths organized under six overarching virtues.
These six virtues are Wisdom and knowledge, Courage,
Humanity, Justice, Temperance, and Transcendence.

Schools need to focus on these character strengths to create a

positive school climate as well as make each student feel
confident, capable and valuable.

• The PERMA model of well-being is given by Seligman (2011)

which talks about five pillars of well-being indicated by the
acronym PERMA – Positive emotions, Engagement,

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Relationship, Meaning, and Achievement. Positive schooling

needs to focus on creating opportunities for the child to engage
in each of these aspects.

Applied in the context of schooling, it involves taking up of

different activities focusing on feeling good, engaging in
meaningful activities, experiencing flow, forming good
relationships, and developing a sense of mastery. All these will
help in creating a healthy and happy climate in schools.
(281 Words)

Q. No 8. Discuss the strategies focusing on cognitive and affective

processes for managing stress 10 Marks

Answer:

Strategies Focusing on Cognitive Processes for Managing Stress

Stress is a natural response to challenging situations, but chronic stress

can have a negative impact on our physical and mental health.
Fortunately, there are various strategies focusing on cognitive processes
that can help us manage stress more effectively.

Cognitive Restructuring: This involves identifying and challenging

negative automatic thoughts that arise in stressful situations. We often
have distorted thinking patterns that make situations seem worse than
they are. Cognitive restructuring allows us to replace these negative
thoughts with more realistic and positive ones.

Example: Instead of thinking "I'm going to bomb this presentation," you

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can reframe it as "I'm prepared, and I will do my best. Everyone makes

mistakes, and I can learn from them."

Challenge Negative Assumptions: We often make assumptions about

situations and other people's actions, which can lead to unnecessary
stress. Cognitive restructuring can help us identify these assumptions
and question their validity.

Example: Instead of assuming your boss is angry and disappointed in

you, you can remind yourself that you haven't heard from them yet and
there could be other explanations for the delay.

Strategies Focusing on Affective Processes for Managing Stress

These strategies aim to regulate our emotional responses to stressful

situations, helping us feel calmer and more in control. Here are some key
strategies that focus on affective processes for managing stress:

Positive Visualization: Imagine yourself successfully coping with a

stressful situation. Visualizing positive outcomes can boost confidence
and reduce anxiety.

Example: Before a big presentation, visualize yourself delivering it

confidently and answering questions clearly. (259 Words)

Q No 9. Describe the broad categories of meditation 10 Marks

Answer: Meditation is a practice that involves training your mind and

achieving a state of heightened awareness and focus. There are numerous
meditation techniques, but they can be broadly categorized into four
main types:

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Focused Meditation - Also known as Focused Attention Meditation

(FAM), is a type of meditation that aims to develop concentration and a
stable mind by directing your attention to a single point. It's a great
choice for beginners as it provides a clear anchor for your wandering
thoughts. Focus meditation is a powerful tool for cultivating
concentration, reducing stress, and enhancing your overall well-being.

Open Monitoring Meditation – Also known as Open Awareness

Meditation (OAM), takes a different approach compared to focus
meditation. Instead of directing your attention to a single point, open
monitoring cultivates a state of open awareness, observing your thoughts
and emotions without judgment. Open monitoring meditation is a
valuable tool for cultivating a more mindful and accepting relationship
with your inner world. By practicing regularly, you can experience
reduced stress, increased self-awareness, and a greater sense of calm.

Transcendental Meditation – Transcendental Meditation (TM) offers a

unique approach to meditation with a focus on effortless transcendence
through mantras. While research supports its effectiveness for stress
reduction, alternative meditation techniques can achieve similar benefits
without the cost or specific requirements of TM.

The choice ultimately depends on your individual preferences and what

resonates most with you. It's recommended to explore different
techniques and see what works best for your meditation practice.

Interpersonally Oriented Meditations – Interpersonal meditations,

unlike many traditional techniques focused solely on internal experience,
involve cultivating positive emotions and qualities directed towards

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oneself and others. These practices aim to strengthen relationships, foster

compassion, and create a more connected sense of being. (286 Words)

Section – C (100 Words)

Q No 10. ‘Gunas’ and ‘Svabhava’ 5 Marks

Answer: The gunas and svabhava are fundamental concepts in Hinduism

and Indian philosophy that describe the underlying qualities and inherent
nature that shape the world and human beings.

Gunas (Qualities):

• Refers to the three fundamental qualities or principles that

permeate all existence:
o Sattva (goodness/purity/balance),
o Rajas (passion/activity/movement), and
o Tamas (ignorance/inertia/darkness).
• Every object, being, and thought is believed to be a combination
of these three Gunas in varying proportions.
• The balance of Gunas determines an individual's personality,
behavior, and overall experience of life.

Svabhava (Essential Nature):

• Refers to the inherent or essential nature of a being. It's the

unique quality or characteristic that makes something what it is.
• It's often translated as "own-being" or "own-becoming."
• While Gunas can change and fluctuate, Svabhava is considered
more constant and unchanging, representing the core essence of

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something. (134 words)

Q No 11. Determinants of self-forgiveness 5 Marks

Answer: Hall and Fincham (2005) identified various factors that

influence one’s experience of self-forgiveness, focusing on emotional,
social-cognitive, and offense-related determinants.

Emotional Factor

Guilt vs. Shame: Guilt focuses on the act itself ("I did something bad").
Shame focuses on the person as bad ("I am a bad person"). Self-
forgiveness is easier with guilt, as amends can be made. Shame hinders
self-forgiveness because it attacks the core sense of self.

Social-Cognitive Factor

Cognitive Restructuring: Challenging negative self-talk and reframing

the situation in a more forgiving light can promote self-forgiveness. For
example, instead of "I'm a terrible friend for forgetting their birthday,"
one might reframe it as "Everyone makes mistakes. I can apologize and
make it up to them."

Offense-related Factor

Conciliatory Behaviors: Taking steps to apologize, make amends, or

seek forgiveness (from the victim or a higher power) can contribute to
self-forgiveness. These actions demonstrate remorse and a willingness to
take responsibility. (150 Words)

Q No 12. Hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives of happiness

5 Marks

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Answer: Hedonic Happiness: This is about pleasure and enjoyment. It

focuses on seeking out positive experiences and avoiding negative ones.
Think indulging in delicious food, watching a funny movie, or relaxing
on vacation. Hedonic happiness tends to be short-term and fleeting.

Eudaimonic Happiness: This is about meaning and purpose. It involves

living a life that aligns with your values, contributing to something larger
than yourself, and personal growth. Examples include helping others,
mastering a skill, or feeling a sense of accomplishment in your career.
Eudaimonic happiness is more sustainable and contributes to overall
well-being. (93 Words)

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