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 CRACK
Series™

Logarithm and
its Applications
approach to learn logarithm
and its implementation in Mathematics

G. Tewani
 Logarithm
and
its Applications

G. Tewani

CENGAGE
3
Learning*
Andover • Melbourne • Mexico City • Stamford, CT • Toronto • Hong Kong • New Delhi • Seoul • Singapore • Tokyo
 CENGAGE
• Learning-
Logarithm and its © 2016 Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.
Applications
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
G. Tewani herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution,
information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all
requests online at
www.cengage.com/permissions

Further permission questions can be emailed to

India, [email protected]

ISBN-13:978-81-315-3141-9
ISBN-10: 81-315-3141-4

Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.

418, F.I.E., Patparganj
Delhi 110092

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning

solutions with office locations around the globe, including Andover,
Melbourne, Mexico City, Stamford (CT), Toronto, Hong Kong, New
Delhi, Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo. Locate your local office at:
www.cengage.com/global

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education,

Ltd.

For product information, visit www.cengage.co.in

Printed in India
Reprint 2018
 Contents

1. Introduction to Logarithm 1-8

2. Laws Related to Logarithm 9-24
3. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 25-34
4. Logarithmic Equations 35-48
5. Logarithmic Inequalities 49-66
6. Using Logarithmic Table 67-76
Appendix 1: Logarithm and Antilogarithm Tables A.1-A.6

Appendix 2: Hints and Solutions . A.7-A.37

 3:

ft • r J .1 d*U' ■
 CHAPTER
Introduction to
1 Logarithm

Before we can deal with logarithms, we need to revise indices. This is because
logarithms and indices are closely related, and in order to understand logarithms, a
good knowledge of indices is required.
We know that 16 = 24
Here, the number 4 is the power. Sometimes we call it an exponent. Sometimes
we call it an index. In the expression 24, the number 2 is called the base.

Why Do We Study Logarithms?

In order to motivate our study of logarithms, consider the following:
We know that 16 = 24. We also know that 8 = 23
Suppose that we wanted to multiply 16 by 8. One way is to carry out the
multiplication directly using long-multiplication and obtain 128. But this could be
long and tedious if the numbers were larger than 8 and 16. Can we do this calculation
another way using the powers? Note that 16 x 8 can be written as 24 * 7?. This equals
27. Using the rules of indices which tell us to add the powers 4 and 3 to give the new
power 7, a multiplication sum has been reduced to an addition sum. Similarly, we can
divide 16 by 8. 16-^8 can be written 24^- 23. This equals 21 or simply 2. Using the
rules of indices which tell us to subtract the powers 4 and 3 to give the new power,
1. If we had a look-up table containing powers of 2, it would be straightforward to
look up 27 and obtain 27 = 128 as the result of finding 16x8. Note that by using the
powers, we have changed a multiplication problem into one involving addition (the
addition of the powers, 4 and 3). Historically, this observation led John Napier (1550-
1617) and Henry Briggs (1561-1630) to develop logarithms as a way of replacing
multiplication with addition, and also division with subtraction.

What is a Logarithm?
Consider the expression 16 = 24. Remember that 2 is the base, and 4 is the power.
An alternative, yet equivalent, way of writing this expression is log216 = 4. This is
stated as ‘log to base 2 of 16 equals 4’. We see that the logarithm is the same as the
2 Logarithm and its Applications

power or index in the original expression. It is the base in the original expression
which becomes the base of the logarithm. The two statements 16 = 24 and log2 16 = 4
are equivalent statements. If we write either of them, we are automatically implying
the other.
Thus logarithm is the inverse operation to exponentiation. The logarithm of a
number to a given base is the exponent to which the base must be raised in order to
produce that number.
For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 10 to the power of 3
is 1000, i.e., 103 = 1000. We write log101000 = 3. Here ‘10’ is called the base of the
logarithm.
In general, if x = a” then equivalently n = log(Jx. Note in x = a" the restriction on
the base is that it is not ‘0’ or ‘ 1 ’ as 0" = 0 and 1" = 1 and hence are constant and won’t
have many of the same properties that general exponential relations have. Also, we
avoid negative numbers as base. For instance, if we allow value of base ‘-4’ then we
have (-4)" for which (-4)° 5 is a complex number. We only want real numbers to arise
from such power calculations, so we require that base is not a negative number. Also,
in x = a", n can take any real value, so log„x can also take any real value. Also, x = a"
> 0, so log^v is defined only ifx > 0.
Note: • Since a° = 1 and a' = a, where a is any positive real number, we have
log„l = 0 and logyr = I.
• a“ = (a"), so we have log„(a") = n

Example 1 Find the value of each of the following:

(i) log9 81 (ii) log^4
(ii) log 4 (iii) log2>/J1728
(iv) log(lan40o)(cot50o) (v)
(v) log, .250.4
log225 0.4 (vi) log(^+^j)(5 + 2>/6)
Sol. (i) log9 81 =x
81=9*
92 = 9*
x=2
(ii) 10gV24 =x
4 = (V2)*
22 = 2X/2
x/2 = 2
x=4
(iii) log27j 1728 = x
1728=

(2633) = (2>/3)X

.-. (2V3)6=(2^f
 Introduction to Logarithm 3

x=6
(iv) log,tan40”)(COt50°) = X
(tan 40°) = (cot50°)r
(cot 50°) = (cot50°)r
x= I
(v) x = 0.4 =0.4444444...
1 Ox = 4.4444444...
Subtracting, we get 9x = 4
x = 4/9
, 4
Now, log, 25 0.4 - log2.25g -
| = (2.25/

(2.25)-' = (2.25/
x = -l
(vi) log(72+7J)(5 + 2V6) = x

(5 + 2>/6) = (V2+>/3)1
(V2+^)2=(>/2+^r
x=2
Example 2 Find the value ofx in each of the following cases:
(i) log2x = 3 (ii) loggx = 2.5 (iii) logx81=4
(iv) 2*=7 (v) IO2*-'= 17
Sol. (i) log2x = 3
x = 23 = 8
(ii) log? x = 2.5
x = 92-5 = (32)2 5 = 35 = 243
(iii) logt81 =4
81 =x4
x=3
(iv) 2'= 7
x =log,7
(v) 10lr-' = 17
2x-l=logl017
2x = logio 17 + 1
x= i + iogiO 17
2
4 Logarithm and its Applications

Example3 Find the value of 32l°6’3.

Sol. 32log’3
_ 321oe,9l,!

=
=3
Example 4 Find the value of log5 log2log3log2 512.
Sol. log5 'og2 log3 log2(29)
= logs log2 logs 9
= logs logs logs 32
= logs logs 2
= logs 1
=0

Example 5 Find the value of log]/3 ^729.^9" l27-W

Sol. log,,3^729.^ i.27-4'3

= Iogl/3V729.^J
= logl/3#36-3-2

= >ogi/j3

2 1
Example 6 Prove that — < Iog10 3 < — .
2
Sol. Let log103> —
5
2
3>105

35 > 102, which is true

Now , , 1
]ogio3<-
t
3 < 102
32 < 10, which is true
2 , , . 1
Hence - < log10 3 < -
5 '2
Example 7. Arrange log25, log0.55, log75, log35 in increasing order.
Sol. log25 = exponent of 2 for which we get 5
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 Introduction to Logarithm 5

log75 = exponent of 7 for which we get 5

Clearly log25 > log75
With similar reasons we have
log75< log35< Iog25< log0.55
Example 8. Prove that number log2 7 is an irrational number.
Sol. Let log27 is a rational number.
£
=> log-,7 = — => 7 = 2’
<7
=> 7’ = 1P which is not possible for any integral values of p and q.
Hence, log27 is not rational.
Example 9. Which of the following numbers are positive/negative?
(i) log27 (ii) logo,23 (iii) logi/jG/S)
(iv) log<3 (v) log2 (log2 9)
Sol. (i) Let log27 = x => 7 = 2X => x > 0
(ii) Let log0 23 =x => 3 = 0.2x => x < 0
(iii) Let log1/3(l/5) = x => 1/5 = (1/3/=> 5 = 3X =>x> 0
(iv) Let log43 = x=>3 = 4'=>x<0
(v) Let log2 (log2 9) = x => Iog2 9 = 2X =* 9 = 2,2'
2 => x > 0
Example 10. If loga 3 = 2 and logt 8 = 3, then prove that log,, b = log3 4.
Sol. Ifloga3 = 2
=> 3 = a2
Also, logA 8 = 3
6=2
loga6 = log^j 2 = x (let)

hat
4 = 3X
x = log3 4
Example 11. If log3y = x and log2 z = x, find 72x in terms ofy and z.
Sol. log3 y = x
y = 3X
log2z = x
z-Y
Now 72x = (2332/ = 23x32x = (2X)3(3X)2 = y3z2
Example 12. Solve forx : log« log3 log^x = 0
Sol. Iog4 log3 log2x = 0
log3 logjx = 1
log2X = 3
x = 23 = 8
6 Logarithm and its Applications

Example 13. If b > 1, sin / > 0, cos t > 0 and logft(sin t) = x then prove that
log6(cos /) = y log6(l -i2').
Sol. logjsin t = x => sin t = bx
Let log6(cos /) -y
=> bv = cos t
=> b2y = cos2/ = 1 - sin2/ = 1 - b2'
=> 2y = Iog*(l -b2x)

y
i log6(l -b2^

Examples ,f = 1 and log,;(logr(logpx)j = 0 then prove that/)

= ^ir.
10i»bp(>ob,(Ios,x)) _ (
Sol.

log,, (log, (log, x)) =0

=> log,(logA) = 1
=> logrr = q
=> x = F7 (I)
log<,(logr(logpx)) =(0

log/logjA) = 1
=> Iogpx = r
=> x=px (2)
From (1) and (2), F7 = pr
=> p = r»fr
Example 15 If logo x = b for permissible values of a and x then identify the
statement(s) which can be correct?
(a) If a and b are two irrational numbers then x can be rational.
(b) If a is rational and b is irrational then x can be rational.
(c) If a is irrational and b is rational then x can be rational.
(d) If a is rational and b is rational thenx can be rational.
Sol. (a, b, c, d)
log0 x = b => x = a6
■Ji 2 and 6 = Fl e Q;x= ^V2^
(a) for a = y/2 which is rational

(b) For a = 2 e Q and b = log23 <t Q\ x = 3 which is rational.

(c) For a = V2 and b = 2; x = 2
(d) It is obviously correct.
 Introduction to Logarithm 7

Exercise 1
1. Find the value of each of the following:
(i) log,o 0.001 (ii) log2(l/32) (iii) 'ogsjjO-1
<iv) 10g<5+2V6)(5-2^)

2. Find the value of.v in each of the following cases:

3
(i) lo8l-v= | (ii) log7Jx = 4 (iii) log24x = 5

3. Find the value of the following:

log2 32
(>) logi/4 (ii) ^(log054)2 (iii) log3 7243

4. Find the value of log3^tan-^^ + logcot(4jr/3)(3).

5. Find the value of log2 log2 log4 256 + 2 log^ 2 .

6. If log^j b = 3 , then find the value of b.

7. Find the value of log tan I ° log tan 2° .... log tan 89°.
8. Prove that log4 18 is an irrational number.
9. Which one of the following is the smallest?
(a) log,07r (b) 7logio*2
,3
(C)
i y (d)
(d)
i
■ogio^J login

10. Which of the following numbers are positive/negative?

0) l°g^V2 (ii) log,/7(2) (>ii) logi/3(l/S)
(iv) log3(4) (v) log7(2.11) (vi) log3(V7-2)

(vii) log4
72 + 1 ...... (2-73
(viii) log3
71-1 3
11. If log5.v = a and log2y = a, find 1002"-1 in terms of.v andy.
i
12. If logv log,8 (V2+ x/8) — then the value of x is
2

Exercise 2

1. Find the value of.v satisfying t „

8 Logarithm and its Applications

1 1 1
2. Find the value of log79 2^ '6 '6 6
2^3 2a/3 2^3
4V
3. Find the value of log2 (2^/9 - 2) (12^3 + 4 + 4^9 ).

1
4. If log) 5 = a and log5 6 = 6 then prove that log3 2 =
2ab — 1

5. If log2 (log2 (log3 x)) = log2 (log3 (log2 y)) = 0 then find the value of (x - y).
6. If log|755x = log3437x, then find the value of log42(x4 - 2X2 + 7).
Q
7. If log^4 = log6B
S = log9(zf
(y4 + B) then find the value of — .
' A
8. Find the value ofx satisfying the equation 1 O' + 10 = 4.
9. If log6 n = 2 and log„26 = 2, then find the value of b.

>Og2* log2 y log2 z

10. If and x3y2z = 1, then find the value of k.
4 6 3k
11. Let 5 be the set of ordered triples (x,y, z) of real numbers for which log|0(x + y)
= z and logiofx2 4-y2) = z + 1. Suppose there are real numbers a and b such that
for all ordered triples (x,y, z) in S we have x3 +y3 = a • 103z + b • 102z. Then find
the value of (a + 6).
 CHAPTER
Laws Related to
2 Logarithm

Law 1: For m, n > 0; logo = loga m + l°ga ”

Proof: Let logo m ~ x an^ n~y-
Then logo m=x=> a' = m and logout = y => cP = n
mn = a'. cP
=> mn = ar+y
=> logo(rnn) = x + y
=> log„(»in) = logo '« + iogo n
In general for positive rational numbers, xh x2,
10go(Xj X2 ... X„) = logo Xi + logo *2 + •■•+ logo X„

Law 2: For m, n > 0; loga = logo m-logo «

Proof: Let log0 m = x => a' = m and logo n = y => av = n.

m ax
= x-y
n a>’

i•Ogo I — \ogam — logan

Vn

Law 3: For m, n> 0 log„(m") = n. log,, m

Proof: Let logo m = x =$ a* = m.

(ax)"=<

a" - m

=> log„(m") = /ix

logo = n- l°ga
1 ,
Law 4: log\aP) n = — loga ri
P
10 Logarithm and its Applications

Proof: Let log „ n = .v

(o' )
Then, (ap)x =n

apx = n
px = log,, n

1 ,
x = — log,, n
P

1 ,
n = —logan
P
1
Law 5: loga m =
log,,,a

Proof: Let loga m = x

m = ax
_i_
=> mx =a
1 ,
- = logo, a
X

1
x =--------
10g„, a
1
logo =
logo, a
Example 1 Evaluate each of the following:
(i) log,0500 - log,05
(ii) 41og,05 + 21og,04
(iii) logl06 + 2 log105 + Iog104 - log103 - log]02
Sol. (i) logI0500 - log105
= logt0 (500-s-5)
= logio 100
=2
(ii) 41og|05 + 21og|04
= log|054 + log,042
= logl054 + log,024
= log,0(54 x 24)
 Laws Related to Logarithm 11

= log10(104)
=4
(iii) logic 6 + 2 logio5 + log,0 4 - logI0 3 - logic 2
= log|0 6 + logl052 + logic 4 - logm 3 - log,0 2

6x52 x4
logic
3x2
= logl0(52x4)

= log|0100

=2
Example 2 Find the value of the following.

9 35 15
(i) log - + log — -log -
14 24 16

16 25 81
(ii) 7Iog---- i-5log---- l-3log—
15 24 80
(iii) logi05 . logl020+ (log|02)2

f 9 A ( 35^ ( 1515
Sol. (i) log — + log — -log —
14 J
l 14 I z4 J 16
I lu

, ( 9 35 16
= log - X- X —
14 24 15

, 32 5x7 24
= log ------X—----- X------
2x7 23x3 3x5

= logl
= 0
.... 16 ,, 25 ,, 81
(n) 71og- + 51og — + 31og —

,7 ,5 - ,3
, ('16]/' 25 H 81Y
°g[l5 J 24 J 1^80 J
' ,28 510________
312
= 1°g^ 21535 II 21253
= log 2
12 Logarithm and its Applications

(i>i) l°gio(y)- l°gio(lO x 2) + (Iog102)2

= (1 - log102) (1 + logit>2) + (log|02)2 = 1

Example 3 Prove that log7 log. V7 V<7 >/7) =1-3 log, 2.

Sol. lOg7 log, ^Tyj(T Jl)

£ 1 1
—+—
= log, log, 72 4 8

= log7 ^11 = log, = 1 - log7 8= 1 -3 log, 2

122 4 8
Example 4 Prove that log ab - log|6| = log |o|
Sol. log ab is defined if ab > 0 or a and b have same sign.
Case (i) : a, b > 0
=> log ab - log|Z>| = log a + log b - log b = log a (■)
Case (ii) : a, b < 0
=> log ab - log|Z>| = log(- a) + log (- b) - log (- b) = log (-a) (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have log ab - log|6| = log |o|
Example 5 If log, 2 = m, then find log49 28 in terms of m .
Sol. log^, 28 log(72)(22 x7)

= |log,(22x7)

= |[log7 22 + log7 7]

= |[21og,2 + l] l + 2»i
2

Example 6 + b 1 = —1 (logo + logZ>).

If a2 + b2 = Tab, prove that log -a----
3 2
Sol. a2 + b2 = Tab
{a + 6)2 = 9aZ>
log(o + b)2 = log 9ab
21og(o + b) = 21og 3 + log a + log b
2(log(o + b) - log 3) = log a + log b
, (a+ b\ 1 ,, .
=> log I —— I = -(logo + logo)
2
1 1 1 1
Example 7 If n > I, then prove that +------- + ... + ---------
log2 n log3 n log53 n Iog53,n
 Laws Related to Logarithm 13

Sol. The given expression is equal to

log,, 2 + log,, 3 + ... + logn 53
1
= log,, (2-3 ...53) = log„ 531 =
log53,„
Example 8 Prove that l°ga" = l + loga b.
logo*«
logo n log,, ab
Sol.
logo* « log,,a

= log,, a + log,, 6
log„ a

= 1+^1 = 1 + loga b
log,, a
Example 9 Compute logo/, (x/° 14b) iflogoi,a = 4.
Sol. logo*0 = 4

-L_ = 4
logo ab

------------------ = 4
logo ° + logu b
, , ,1
l + log06 = -

, , 3
logod = --
1, 1, ,
(4a /4b) = log(x/a />/6) -loga--Iog&
Now log0(,
log ab log a + log b
1 1 logZ> ] 1 1. -3 17
■--logoZ>
3 2 logo 31 z_____ = 3 + 224: =24 = I7
, , logfr
logo
1 + logo b
u 3
4
16
4
.32x=53-x.7
Example 10 Solve for x: 1 T'

Sol. ll4t-5.32' =53’t-7’x

=> (4x - 5)log II + 2xlog 3 = (3 - x)log 5 - xlog 7
_ log(ll5-53)
x“ log(l I4-315
14 Logarithm and its Applications

Example H Suppose that a and b are positive real numbers such that log27# +
7 2
logci - 2 and log27i + log9q = — . Then find the value of ab.

7 2
Sol. log27fl + log9b = — and log27# + log9# = —

1 , 1 , , 7
- logjq + - log3Z> = -

1 i L 1 , 2
and - log3i + - log3a = -

Adding these equations, we get

| log3(at) + | log3(q/>) = | + |

j log3(q/>) = 25
o 6
=> log3(qi) = 5
ab = 3s = 243
Example 12 Which of the following is greater; m = (log25)2 or n = Iog220?
Sol. m-n = (log25)2- [log25 + 2]
let log25 =x
=> m ~ n = x1 -x-2 = (x- 2)(x + 1)= (log25 -2)(log25 + 1) > 0
Hence, m > n
3-q
Example 13 If log, 2 27 = a, then prove that log6 16 = 4
3+a
Sol. v a = log,2 27 = log|2 (3)3 = 3 log12 3

= 3 _ 3 3
log3 12 I+log3 4 1 + 2 log3 2

l°g3 2 = ^—5
2a
4
Then, log6 16 = log6 24 = 4 log6 2 =
log2 6
4 4 3-a
=4
1 + log2 3 3+a
3-a
Example 14 Find the value of 6log|040 ■5I°E"’36.

Sol. We have N= 6,O8"> 40 ^log1036

logic N = l°gio 40-log 6 + logic 36-log 5

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 Laws Related to Logarithm 15

= log|0 6 [logjo 40 + log|0 25]

= log|0 6 [logj0 1000]
= logic (6)3
N = 63 = 216
1 i 1

Example 15 Ify=a 1 - loga X and z = a1 ~ lo8“ y , then prove that x =

1
Sol. log„y =
1 - logo *
1 = ~ logo x
1 -10goJ'= 1 -
1 - logo 1 - logo x

1 __ 1- loga x
or (i)
1-iogo y ~ logo X
____1
But z= a1-|°8‘->'
1 1
log„z = +1
1 - l°ga y log„ x
1
= 1 -10goz
logo x
1
log„x
1 - logo Z

x= a1-l°8" =

Example 16 If a > b > 1, then find the largest possible value of the expression
Iogo(a/6) + logft(*/a).

Sol. Letx

logo*)
logo
lofoK) - log^/r - logo* + log6i - logy? = 2 - (logy; +

Now x will be maximum if logyr + log(,6 is minimum.

But log6a + loga* = (^/logft a - ^ogab^ + 2

Hence, its minimum value is 2.

■ • xmax — 2 — 2 — 0
logo N = log„ N - log,, N
Example 17 If , where N > 0 and N* 1, a, b, c > 0 and
logc N log6 N - logr N
not equal to 1, then prove that b2 = ac.
16 Logarithm and its Applications

log,, N log„ N - log,, N

Sol.
Iogr N log6 N - logc N
1 1
logyc log,v a logy 6
logv« J 1
•og;v b logw c
logyc _ logy c x
•Nc y log „ 6-log „ a
log„a logwa
logx-a log„c-logwZ>

logy logy o = 1
log^c-log^d
log1V 6-logw a = logN c—logA, b
b/a = c/b
b2 = ac
log2 24 log2 192
Example 18 Find the value of
log96 2 log12 2
Sol. Let log2 12 = a. Then
1
= log2 96 = log2 23 x 12 = 3 + a;
log96 2
log2 24 = 1 + a
I
log2 192 = Iog2 (16 x 12) = 4 + a and = log2 12 = a.
>og|22
Therefore, the given expression = (1 + a) (3 + a) - (4 + a)a - 3
Example 19 If 2r+>’ = 6*' and 31"1 = 2yH, then find the value of ( log 3 - log 2) /
(x-y).
Sol. Taking log of both sides of 2x+j’ = 6>\ we have
(x+y) log 2 =y (log 2 + log 3)
or x log 2 =y log 3
x y x-y
or = A (say) (1)
log 3 log 2 log 3-log 2
Also, (x- 1) log3 = (y + 1) log 2 (From 2nd eq).
orx log 3 ~y log2 = log 3 + log 2
=> A [(log3)2 - (log2)2] = log 3 + log 2 [Using(l)]
1
A =------- !------- or — 33
= log 3 - log 2 = log —
Iog3-log2 A 22

Example 20 If log2 x + log2 y > 6, then find the least value of x + y.

Sol. Given log2x + log2^>6
 Laws Related to Logarithm 17

=> log2 (xy) > 6

=> xy > 64
Also for Iog2 x and log2 y to be defined
x > 0, y > 0
Since A.M. > G.M.

'xy
2
=> x+y>2 Jxy>24fA = 16
(1 4* x
Example 21 If/(x) = log ------ , then prove thatfix\) +J{xt) = f *i + *2
I 1 -x ) 1 + x,x2
1 +x, l+x2
Sol. /x,) +J{x2) = log -
1 -X] 1 -x2

1 +x, x2 +x, +x2

= log
l+x,x2 — X[+x2

1 | Xl +X2 '
1 +.V|X2 X| + *2
= log =/ 1+X|X2
, *1 +*2
1 + *1*2 ,

Example 22 Iflog210=p; loge 1 0 = q and (11)'"= 10 then prove that log(0l 54 =

10ge7
pg + qr + rp
pqr
Sol. Iog|0154 = log|02 + log107 + log10l 1
Now log210 = p
1 _
login 2

login2 = — (1)
P
loge10 =
Also,
•oge7

1
= <7
login 7
■ 1
login2 = - (2)
And llr= 10
=> rlog|0ll = l
18 Logarithm and its Applications

logic' 1
= (3)
r

logl0154 1 + 1 + 1 = p?+ ?'' + '?

P q r pqr
Example 23 Prove that log0AL log/gV + log*?/- logcjV + logc N- logr?V =

log„ N' l°gfe ' l°gr N

logo4< N

Sol. logo^. logjA + log*?/. logeA' + logc logoN

1 1
----------------------------- 1-------------------------- 1-
1
logwalog,v* log/vblog^c logwclogya

= log,v a + logy h +logjV c

(logw a)(logA, />)(logN c)
logw abc ■
~ 1 1 1
logo N '°g6 N l°gc N
= logQ A'.log;, W.logc N
■Ogote N

Law of Change of Base

Law 6: For m, a, b > 0 and a* 1, b * 1, logo m = logfr m

log6a
Proof: Let log„ m = x. Then , ax = m.
=> log4(ax) = log4/n [Taking log to the base t>]
=> x log* a - log6 m
=> logo m- logs a = logftm [••■ log„,m = l]
log;, ”■
l°go
log/, a
Replacing b by m in the above result, we get
logo,m
log„ m =
log,,, a
1
logo m = [••• log„,m=l]
logm “
Example 24 Find the value of log3 4 log4 5 logs 6 log6 7 log7 8 log8 9
Sol. log3 4 log4 5 logs 6 logs 7 log? 8 log8 9
 Laws Related to Logarithm 19

= log 4^ log5 xlog6j;log7 , log8 log9

log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8
= log 9 =
log39 = 2
log 3
Example 25 Ify2 = xz and a' = = c2, then prove that log/, a = log. b.
Sol. a' = & = <?
x log a = y log b = z log c

Now, y=L
x y
log a log b
log b log c
log/, a = log. b
Example 26 If log/,a ■ log/: + log,b - log.6 + log,c . Iog6 c = 3, then prove that abc
= 1.
Sol. log/,a- log/? + log„Z>- log/? + log/:. log/, c = 3
log a log a log 6 log b logc logc
log/: logc logo logc logo logb
(log a)3 + (log b~)3 + (log c)3 = (log a)(log Z>)(log c)
=> log a + log b + log c = 0 (as a, b, c are different)
log abc = 0
abc = 1
Example 27 If log^ 3 = 2 and log* 8 = 3, then find the value of log, b.
Sol. log/, 8 = 3 => 3 log/, 2 = 3 => log/, 2 = 1
Now, log, b = log2 b ■ log, 2 = log2 b ■ log3 2 • log, 3
= 1 ■ log3 2-2 = 2 log3 2 = log3 4
Example 28 If x = log2o a, y = log3o 2a and z = log,0 3a, then prove that 1 + xyz =
2yz.
Sol. 1 + xyz = 1 + (log2„ a)(log3a 2a)(log,0 3a)
log a log 2a log 3a
= I +
log 2a log 3a log 4a

= 1 + -^-
log4a
= log|a4a + log,/:
= log4o4a2
= 2Iog4o2a
= 2(log3a 2a)(log,a 3a) = 2yz
20 Logarithm and its Applications

Example 29 If ax = bv = c = d'\ show that log,, (bed) - x -' + lz + ±>v

Sol. loga (bed) = log„ b + log,, c + log,, d

Now, ax = Z>' => x log a =y log b => _ =>log„£> = —

logo y y
X x
Similarly, loga c = — and logad = —
z w

loga (bed) = log„ b + log,, c + Iog„ d = x I

y z wJ
Example 30 If a = log12 18, b = log24 54 then find the value of ab + 5(a - b).
Sol. We have a = log12 18= '+
log212 2 + log23

and /, = log24 54 = —^2—= 1 + 3l°g23

log224 3 + log23
Putting x = log2 3, we have
ab + 5(a - b) = l+2x l+3x r 1 + 2x l + 3x
2+x 3+x 2+x 3+x
= 6x2 +5x+l+5(-x2 +1)
(x + 2) (x + 3)
x2+5x+6
" (x + 2)(x + 3) “

Law 7: For a, n > 0 and a * 1; a101-" = n.

Proof: Let log,, n = x.
Then ax = n.
aloe»" = n [Putting the value of x in <z' = n]
e.g, 3'°e’8 = 8 , 23log!5 = 2l0E!5J = 53 5-2logJ3 — 5lo8s3’2 — j-2 = J_

Law 8: aloBi, c _ ci°g* a

Proof: Let a'°ibC =p

=> log6c = log,yr
logc _ logp
logh logo
logo _ logp
logi logc
=> Iog6a = logjt
 Laws Related to Logarithm 21

p = c'08* “

alog‘c = clogAa

Eample 31 Find the value of 8i<I/lo8s3) + 27log’ 36 _|_34/l°g79

Sol. 8 [('/log,3) +2ylog,36 +-j4/log79

= (34)'°g35 +(33)loe’!<6?) +34'08’7

= 3'“S,54 +p3yog,(6) +34'°8J77

= 54 +3l0836’ +32'og3’

= 54 + 63 + 3logj72

= 625 + 216 + 72 = 890

Example 32 If (4)'°8’3 + (9)log2 4 = (IO)'08' 83 , then find the value of x.

Sol. (4)'08’3 + (9)l0£-4 = (10)'°8-83

■3'083 3
(4)2 + (9)2log2 2 _ Q0yog,S3

=> 2 + 81 = (IO)'08,83

=> 83 = (1O)'08,83
=> x= 10
Example 33 Find the value of 49(1~1<,8’2) +5-log’4.
Sol. 49<|-|o«72)+5-|°854
= 49 x 7-21o272 + 5-logs4

I 1 50 25
4 4 4 2
Example 34 Find the value of 3l0E4 5 - 5log4 3.
Sol. Let 3'0845 = 0
=> log«5 = log3a
Iog5 logo
log 4 log 3
logo Iog3
log 5 log 4
=> log5a = log43
=> a = 5'084 3
=> 3logj 5 - 5'°e‘3 = 0
22 Logarithm and its Applications

Example 35 If 2xloB4 3 + 3|064 x = 27, then find the value ofx.

Sol. 2 x,og4 3 + 3,og4 x = 27

=> 2.3'°64 x + 3'°64 x = 27

=> 3iog4x = 9 = 32
=> log4 x = 2
x = 42=16
Example 36 Find the value of(2log,,18).(3l0863)
Sol. (2l06»18).(3l0g«3)
. - (2l0g<'6+l0g63) (3l0g63)

= 2(2l06‘3).(3'0653)

= 2-610g‘3
=2x3=6
Example 37 If 3(log>7) =7(lo87 3) , then find the value of x.

Sol. Consider a^b = b'^

b=Vlo&a • logo b (taking log with base ‘a’)

1 = 7logt> a • 7loSo b which is true

Thus, from 3('°637)’= 7(|O£,3)’, we have

1
x= —
2
I 3
81'°S59+3logA3 2 '
Example 38 Find the value of (77)106:5 7 - (125)'°S:i6 .
---------------------------- i
409
1 3
81‘°ss’ +3Io6v;3 ( 2
Sol. - (77)108:5 7 — (125)10625 6
409

9log,5: +jlog3(x/6)!
(7 log, 25 _5log565':)
409
25 + 676 [25 — 676]
409
625-216 409 ,
----- = 1
409 409
 Laws Related to Logarithm 23

Exercise 1
1. Evaluate each of the following:
(i) log,05 + log|02

(i>) logI036 + log105 - log,030

(iii) log,05 + 2 log|00.5 + 3 log,02
„ . . 11 , 14 , 22
2. Prove that log—Flog----- log— = log7.
5 3 ° 15
70 , 22 , 7
3. Prove that log-----Flog------- log— = 31og2-21og3 .
“33 135 18
4. Find the values of the following:

(i) - log5 log3 VW

(H) i 1Og^S)
1
6

5. Find the values of 32l°s,>3.

1 1
------------- 1-------------
6. Find the smallest integer greater than
log3 n log4 n
7. If log|0x=y, then find logiooo*2 in terms ofy.
8. What is logarithm of 32^/4 to the base 2^2 ?
9. If log^, (ab) = x then evaluate logt (ab) in terms of x

10. Which is greater, x = log3 5 ory = log17 25?

11. If;y = , then find X in terms ofy

12. If logt, = a+ ’ ^en t'le relation between a and b.

13. If a, b, c are consecutive positive integers and log (1 + ac) = 2K then find the
value of K.
14. If log* x ■ logs * ~ logr 5, k # 1, k > 0, then find the value ofx.

15. Let 3° = 4,4* = 5,5C = 6, 6d = 7, 7e = 8 and 8^ = 9. Then the value of the product
(abcdef).

l + 21og32
16. Find the value of (l + log32)2 + (log62)2

17. Find the value of log3 5 ■ log25 27.

18. Find the greatest integer less than or equal to the number log2 15 x log|/62 x
log3 1/6.
24 Logarithm and its Applications

19. Find the value of 2I°S|2'^’15

20. Find the value of 45i°sj73<3-V6)-6IoE,(75-72).

/ ] \l+log72
21. Find the value of + 5“1OS(I'5>,(7>

Exercise 2

log„ xlogt x
1. Prove that loga(, x =
log„ x + 10g;, x '
2. If‘x’ and ‘y’ are real numbers such that 2 log (2y - 3x) = log x + log y, then find
x
y'
3. If aA ■ bs = 1 then find the value of loga(a5Z>4).
c
4. If logaZ> = 2; log4c = 2 and log3c = 3 + log3a then find the value of —.
ab
5. If ax = b, bv = c,c = a, then find the value xyz.
1 1 1
---------------------- 1---------------------- 4------------------------
6. Simplify
1 + logfl be 1 + ]og6 ca 1 + logc ab ’

1 1 1
7. Find the value of logftc aftc + logra abc + log„;, abc (a, b,c> 0).

8. Suppose thatx,y,z > 0 and different from 1 and logx+logy + logz = 0 . Find

the value of xlo8,’+|og-'-ylog-‘ + k>EX-z'^+|os>' (base 10).

log5 250 log5 10

9. Find the value of
>og50 5 'Ogl250

l + 2ac
10. Given that Iog23 = a, log35 = b, log72 = c, then prove that logl4063 =
2c+ 1 + abc

11. Find the value of 3/ 5I/Ios’5+ 1 |

V(-logio01))
12. If there exist positive integers A, B and C with no common factors greater than
1, such that A log2005 + B log2002 = C, then find the sum A + B + C.
13. Find the value ofx satisfying the equations log3 (log2 x) + logl/3 (logU2 y) = 1
and xyr = 9.
14. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real
number c, different from 1, such that 2(log<Jc + logftc) = 9logoic. Then find the
largest possible value of log„ b.
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Other documents randomly have
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of They Reached
for the Moon
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: They Reached for the Moon

Author: William Oberfield

Illustrator: Harold W. McCauley

Release date: May 12, 2021 [eBook #65325]

Language: English

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEY REACHED

FOR THE MOON ***
They Reached For The Moon
 By William Oberfield

The major problem in achieving space flight lay in

overcoming gravity. That had been done and men had
reached the Moon. But strangely, they never returned!

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Imagination Stories of Science and Fantasy
November 1951
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
They took a thousand days to build the great, gleaming monster, and
another two hundred to groom it for its trip around the moon. All this
they did with an air that made a trip to the moon seem quite natural
and sure, even though three other rockets had gone before and not
one had returned.
"This one will," they said, as though convincing themselves.
But they were not sure. They were stubborn, perhaps proud, but not
sure at all. All the world had watched three other such rockets, with
men in them, go screaming off moonward. All had waited for them to
return. And all had seen nothing come back down from the sky. Not
even a small scrap of metal. This one might return, and, if it did, the
men in it just might be alive to tell. But that was not being sure.
"A military base on the moon!" the leaders had cried. And that had
been that. Robot rockets had gone first. They had landed on the
moon. They could do that, but they could not establish the desired
base. So men had started on a round trip, around the moon, first to
prove that men could do it. The only thing they proved was that
whatever goes up need not come down.
Now the fourth rocket waited, leaning over against its heavy
launching rack, ready to face whatever unknown danger lay out there
beyond.
On a certain night, a night long appointed, one overshadowed with
heavy clouds that brought a threat of rain, there were lights about
the rocket and in the low, concrete buildings that cowered back a
ways from the upright metal giant. Around the base of the rocket
men scurried like ants, making last minute preparations and seeing
that everything was just so and not being satisfied with "good
enough".
In one building, a little nearer the rocket than the others, two men
lounged, talking of the coming trip and other things that concerned
last night's women, and smoking endlessly, the last smokes they
would have for four days. These men would soon climb into a long,
metal thing and try to do what others had failed to do.
In other buildings were men with great ideas held firmly in their
minds, doing things with pencils and paper and adding machines.
These checked back over figures and charts, knowing all the time
that everything was flawless, but checking just the same. Some were
Army men and some were not.
The feeling that seemed to grow over everything was one of waiting
and suspense, and one might know without asking, without seeing
the many glances at watches and clocks, that it would soon be time.

Strangely, the two men waiting and speaking mostly of wine, women
and general good times, knew very little of the import of what they
were about to do. In fact, they had no real concept of even the size
of the earth, let alone the magnitude of space, the moon and the
stars. This, however, was as intended.
The men who had gone in the other rockets had been scientists,
greatly skilled men, men of high I.Q.'s. So the brass and the brains
had gotten together and reasoned, and pooled data, and considered
statistics, and finally decided that the strain of being completely out
of one's natural element, exposed to the terrible, thought-twisting
blankness of space, might be greater than had been supposed. And
the high-strung, sensitive, sometimes slightly neurotic minds of the
highly intelligent might well be expected to crack under the strain.
This, of course, was at most a poor explanation. But it served, at
least, as an excuse for retaining the great minds and sending those
more expendable. These, not knowing, would probably consider the
whole thing nothing more than a slightly unusual adventure.
So when the Army officers came, very stiff and orderly, and opened
the door to the little building, the two men came out laughing and
pushing at one another playfully. They followed the little group of
officers toward the gleaming rocket, not at all worried, like men going
off for a happy spree at some local bar.
The rocket seemed to loom higher as they neared it. It was now
bathed in the light of many spotlights, reflecting back the light in
such a way that one might think he would go blind if he looked too
long. Only when they stepped on to a platform, with two of the
higher officers, and were lifted swiftly upward, did they give a
thought to what was going on.
The platform halted its climb just below a round hole near the nose
of the rocket.
"You men should know exactly what you are to do," said the higher
officer, "and that is not much. You are not, under any circumstances,
to touch anything until you near the moon. Up to that time, the
rocket will be guided by at least one control station here on Earth."
The officer paused and tried to see understanding in the eyes of the
two. He was one of those who did not agree with sending such dense
fellows.
"You have been trained for months," he continued, "to read a few
instruments and to perform the fairly simple tasks required to take
you around the moon and start you back. Do only what you have
been taught. Do nothing more. You must remember that certain
conditions near the moon, which interfere with radio reception, and
which we have been unable to overcome, will put you entirely on
your own until you start back."
One of the men, a little uncertain, acted as if he wished to speak.
"Yes?" said the officer.
"Didn't they send rockets once without no men in 'em at all?" he
asked. "Then, how come they can't do like we wasn't even there?"
"My dear fellow," said the officer, perplexed, "to aim and fire a rocket
at so near and so large a target as the moon is a simple matter. To
guide one around the moon in a precise orbit is a matter entirely
different." He paused. "Any more questions?"
"No sir," said the men.
"Very good." The officer seemed glad there would be no further
conversation. "In you go now."
The men went into the opening, helped by the officers, like olives
being put into a bottle. In a moment the officers had gone and a
cover had been placed into the opening and screwed firmly into
place.

There was lead-glass, very heavy, in the windows of all the buildings.
The thick cement walls and doors were covered with sheets of lead.
Inside the most distant buildings, at the small windows, men stood
with black looking glasses over their eyes, watching. Each time a
rocket went into space it was exactly thus. The atomic drive was new
and not completely perfect. Always there was a chance that
something might go wrong. The radiation grids could go haywire,
there could be an explosion, or the ship could falter and slip on the
way up.
So the men waited and watched in their little buildings, with fingers
crossed, hoping for the best.
Now it was very quiet. The spotlights had been extinguished because
every bit of electric power was needed to start the amazing rocket
motor. Only enough was spared for lighting, where needed, in the
buildings, and for the P.A. system. And over the P.A. system voices
spoke.
"Trackers ready?"
"Trackers ready."
"Control station ready?"
"Control station ready."
"Radio room, report!"
"Radio reporting. All tracking and control stations reported or relayed
in."
There was a pause. Then: "Stand by." The silence seemed to grow
even more intense. The ticking of clocks and watches could be heard.
The unreal atmosphere of a dream settled over the clustered
buildings on the plain.
"Activators!"
Out on the plain, the rocket came to life. It surged and clattered
against its launching rack, nearly leaping, pawing the ground with hot
explosive blasts. Now it became a living wild thing, a bound monster
surging against its chains, fighting to be free and away.
The voice, in a short while, came again, a little strained. "Ready....
Ready.... Ready.... ROCKET AWAY!"
The great, gleaming monster lifted up from the plain, bellowing its
defiance of space with the voice of ten thousand waterfalls. It rode
up from the center of a tremendous flower of glowing dust on a pillar
of intense blue flame, slowly gathering speed, like a whale rushing up
from the depths of the ocean.
For a while it lighted up miles of rolling plain with its glare, and sent
its thunder out to crash against distant hills. Then it was gone
beyond heavy clouds, leaving only a smear of light above and a
hollow, boiling rumble, muted by distance.
In the thin, cold air above the clouds the rocket pointed its sharp
nose eastward. It raced across the sky, a blue streaking and a
stuttering scream. It crossed a nation with amazing speed and moved
over the Atlantic.
In an instant the moon and the stars were gone and the rocket was
looking at the sun. Clear morning fled away in fear of this flaming
beast and it was noon within minutes after sunrise. In an hour the
night returned, the stars and the moon with it.
"Brother, we're in!" cried Pfc. Walter Jones, in the head of the rocket.
"Boy, the babes'll mob us after this. Real big shots, that's us. The
men in the moon! Hah!"
"If we get back," Pvt. Robert Moore shouted over the roar.
"Remember, we gotta get back yet."
"Chicken!" shouted Jones. "Chicken's what you are!"
"Oh yeah? So what happens to them guys what went before?"
"Nuts to that," Jones sneered. "I hear they's a lot of places up in
space we don't know nothin' about, where there's maybe a lot of nice
babes and buildings made out of gold and stuff like that."
"Scientists don't go much for babes," Moore said.
Jones kicked back in his seat, roaring laughter. "Hah! Don't kid
yourself, son. Anyway, so what? So they get a chance to be kings, or
somethin', on account of being from Earth. What do they do? They
stay an' be kings, natch'!"
"It ain't for me," said Moore, moodily. "I know babes on good ol'
Earth. An' who wants to be king?"
"That's what I'm tellin' you," Jones shouted. "We ain't got no worry at
all. All we gotta do is not let them guys up there sidetrack us."
"I hope you're right," said Moore.
They fell silent, looking down at the reeling Earth. On the ground,
two hundred miles below, at every tracking and control station
around the world, men worked without pause, trying to make their
tired minds outrace a speeding rocket. Night side and day side,
messages flashed through the ether. They reported in: position, time,
corrections made, passing the rocket quickly, from one to another like
a hot potato.
On its last lap around the world before flinging itself moonward, the
rocket screamed across the much worn boot of Italy. It climbed
swiftly up the sky of the Holy Land and plunged down in the east,
drawing a blue pencil line across the heavens that faded slowly.
At last it turned upward, and breathing streamers of fire and light,
shot into airless space, a silver arrow gone from the bow and dead
on its mark.
"It sure seems quiet," said Moore.
They looked through the glassite port into the great distances.
"Quiet, and empty."
"Yeah!"
"Do you feel different?" Jones asked suddenly.
"I don't know. Maybe. In a way."
"Like you can think a lot better?"
"Something like that," Moore said.

They sat and thought about it. The rocket was now fifteen hundred
miles up, climbing swiftly.
"For one thing," Moore said, "we are lighter. What do they call it?
Gravity? Gravity is less."
"I don't like it," cried Jones. "I don't like it at all!"
"What?" Moore looked at him.
Jones stared back, frightened. "It's nothing like I thought it would be.
Maybe we'll get so light there won't be anything left! Where is
everything? It's so empty it don't make sense. Something's wrong,
Bob. Let's try to turn back before we die like the others! I don't want
to die! I want—"
Moore reached over and slapped the other's face, hard. Jones
focused glassy, unsteady eyes, surprised and hurt. "Why did you do
that?"
"You called me yellow a while ago," Moore said, disgusted. "Now it's
you who are acting like a woman or a child. You would really kill us,
trying to turn back at this velocity."
"I'm still afraid," Jones said, but not wildly. "I don't know what's
happening to me. I can remember things that happened years ago;
things I hardly noticed. I'm starting to understand things I never
understood before, and some of the things are hard to take."
"Don't you think I feel it, too?" Moore looked out at space in a new
way, understanding.
For a while there was silence, a little strained, while the rocket sped
another thousand miles. After that it was not so strained. It was more
an atmosphere of concentration, of two men, thinking within
themselves. There was no more fear.
"So this is what happened to the others," Moore said finally. "But
what do we have to fear?"
Jones shrugged. "I'm not afraid anymore, but maybe I should be." He
leaned back and looked at Moore. "Have you any idea what is
happening to us?"
"I'm not sure," Moore frowned.
"It's as if some great obstacle to clear thinking has been removed.
Have you noticed how we have been speaking? Our memory has so
improved that we are able to use words we may have seen or heard
used only a few times. And the new sharpness of mind that enables
us to use these words properly also makes us able to grasp quickly
new ideas and to reason logically. As to what causes the change, I do
not know."
"I have been thinking about gravity," said Jones, reflecting. "It seems
to me that the change in mental power is just about inversely
proportioned to change in gravity. That might, in some way, have
something to do with it."
Moore sighed, frowning. "You may be right. But, granting that you
are, we are still in the dark as to the nature of the danger we must
face."
"I think I'm beginning to get some idea," said Jones. "I wouldn't be
surprised if my first crude idea, in a way, was very nearly right."
Moore showed surprise. "You still think those others found someone
out here who made them kings, or some such?" He laughed.
"Not exactly," Jones said. "But there may be even stranger things."
And he would say no more.

At fifty thousand miles they had lost all thought of danger. They
spoke of space and the unseen medium that must be there. After
forming the only logical conclusion about the nature of this, they
passed on to matters of relativity and the nature of time and of life
itself, understanding each in its turn.
They became so absorbed in conversation they did not even notice
when they stopped talking and conversed in pure thought. Not even
did they realize that a golden glow had come to their faces and
bodies that was not simple light. And they were content in knowing
they would never return to earth, knowing also that they would not
die.
The rocket carried them one hundred thousand miles through space
before it happened.
"There is someone behind us," Jones said, simply.
As he looked through the glassite hull of the space ship at the surface
of the Moon a strange thing happened. A shimmering figure
appeared in a halo of light.

They looked, and beheld a man standing in space. He was hardly a

man anymore, as men are called, but one like themselves. A golden
glow seemed to blend with him. He smiled.
"Welcome!"
"We have been expecting you," said Moore, smiling in return. "Your
voice, your thoughts reached us. We know you are one of those who
came out in a rocket before us. But your name is not clear."
The being seemed mildly surprised. Then he laughed; a thing that
was as the tinkle of small bells, as the dew of a cool meadow before
the rising sun or the joyous song of a nightingale.
"I am one of them," he said, "and all of them. We who have
overcome the chains of gravity, who have become one in thought and
find it impossible to do otherwise, have no need for individuality."
"But you have a body," said Jones. "Surely that gives you some sort
of individuality."
"Yes, if one's mind is bound, controlled by matter. But the mind
working without resistance is a perfect machine. It is able to control
matter in every respect. We take this form or that form as a matter of
expedience."
"We have reasoned that all this is due to release from gravity," Moore
reflected. "But we do not understand completely. Will you tell us?"
"Even those on Earth know that gravity hampers the mind," the being
said. "This they have learned through observation of mental factors in
relation to the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. But look into
my mind and you will see more clearly."
They looked, and saw a copper disk turn before a powerful magnet.
And they saw resistance caused by electric currents induced in the
copper, so that a great deal of power was required to turn the disk,
even slowly. This, the thoughts indicated, was a principal well known
to those yet on Earth.
Next came the relationship between magnetism and gravity, clearly
demonstrated.
They then saw a human brain, locked in the powerful embrace of
gravity. And the tiny pulsations and complex motions, the processes
of thought, were, as with the disk, sluggish—in large portions not
even present. They watched a brain come alive as gravity decreased.
It bulged, the tempo of motion rising, parts long dormant surging
with power. They saw and they understood.
"If only we could go back and help them," sighed Jones. "If we could
overcome that gravity on Earth!"
Again the being smiled his kind smile. "If you returned it would be to
the same mental prison. You could not, in your crude manner,
convince them."
The two knew what they must do, even before the being spoke
again.
"The others, the rest, wait beyond the light of universes," he said.
"We think. We learn. Soon, we will find a way of helping those on
Earth, and we will return. Come with me."
They replied together. "We are ready."
On the dark side of the moon, where they had been projected by
identical velocities, lay the battered wrecks of four gleaming rockets.
And in all the wreckage, among all the bits of twisted metal, there
was not a single drop of human blood.
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