Chapter 2: Charts & Graphs
2-1
Learning Objectives
1. Recognize the difference between grouped
and ungrouped data
2. Construct a frequency distribution
3. Construct a histogram, a frequency polygon,
an ogive, a pie chart, a stem and leaf plot, a
Pareto chart, and a scatter plot
2-2
Ungrouped Versus Grouped Data
Ungrouped data
•have not been summarized in any way
•are also called raw data
Grouped data
•have been organized into a frequency
distribution
2-3
Example of Ungrouped Data
42 26 32 34 57
30 58 37 50 30
53 40 30 47 49 Ages of a Sample of
50 40 32 31 40 Managers from
52 28 23 35 25
Urban Child Care
30 36 32 26 50
Centers in the
United States
55 30 58 64 52
49 33 43 46 32
61 31 30 40 60
74 37 29 43 54
2-4
Frequency Distribution of Child
Care Manager’s Ages
Class Interval Frequency
20-under 30 6
30-under 40 18
40-under 50 11
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
2-5
Data Range
42 26 32 34 57 Range = Largest - Smallest
30 58 37 50 30
53 40 30 47 49
= 74 - 23
50 40 32 31 40 = 51
52 28 23 35 25
30 36 32 26 50
55 30 58 64 52 Smallest
49 33 43 46 32
61 31 30 40 60 Largest
74 37 29 43 54
2-6
Number of Classes and Class Width
The number of classes should be between 5 and 15.
• Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive summarization.
• More than 15 classes leave too much detail.
Class Width
• Divide the range by the number of classes for an
approximate class width
• Round up to a convenient number
51
Approximat e Class Width = = 8.5
6
Class Width = 10
2-7
Class Midpoint
beginning class endpoint + ending class endpoint
Class Midpoint =
2
30 + 40
=
2
= 35
1
Class Midpoint = class beginning point + class width
2
1
= 30 + 10
2
= 35
2-8
Relative Frequency
Relative
Class Interval Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 .12
30-under 40 18 6 .36
40-under 50 11 50 .22
50-under 60 11 18 .22
60-under 70 3 50 .06
70-under 80 1 .02
Total 50 1.00
2-9
Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative
Class Interval Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 6
30-under 40 18 24
18 + 6
40-under 50 11 35
50-under 60 11 11 + 24 46
60-under 70 3 49
70-under 80 1 50
Total 50
2-10
Class Midpoints, Relative Frequencies, and
Cumulative Frequencies
Relative Cumulative
Class Interval Frequency Midpoint Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 25 .12 6
30-under 40 18 35 .36 24
40-under 50 11 45 .22 35
50-under 60 11 55 .22 46
60-under 70 3 65 .06 49
70-under 80 1 75 .02 50
Total 50 1.00
2-11
Cumulative Relative Frequencies
Cumulative
Relative Cumulative Relative
Class Interval Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 .12 6 .12
30-under 40 18 .36 24 .48
40-under 50 11 .22 35 .70
50-under 60 11 .22 46 .92
60-under 70 3 .06 49 .98
70-under 80 1 .02 50 1.00
Total 50 1.00
2-12
Common Statistical Graphs
Histogram -- vertical bar chart of frequencies
Frequency Polygon -- line graph of frequencies
Ogive -- line graph of cumulative frequencies
Pie Chart -- proportional representation for categories of a
whole
Stem and Leaf Plot
Pareto Chart
Scatter Plot
2-13
Histogram
Class Interval Frequency
20
20-under 30 6
30-under 40 18
Frequency
40-under 50 11
10
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years
2-14
Histogram Construction
Class Interval Frequency
20
20-under 30 6
30-under 40 18
Frequency
40-under 50 11
10
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years
2-15
Frequency Polygon
Class Interval Frequency
20-under 30 6
30-under 40 18
20
40-under 50 11
Frequency
10
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years
70-under 80 1
2-16
Ogive
Cumulative
60
Class Interval Frequency
20-under 30 6
40
Frequency
30-under 40 24
40-under 50 35
20
50-under 60 46
60-under 70 49 0
70-under 80 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years
2-17
Relative Frequency Ogive
Cumulative
Relative
Cumulative Relative Frequency
1.00
Class Interval Frequency 0.90
20-under 30 .12 0.80
0.70
30-under 40 .48 0.60
0.50
40-under 50 .70 0.40
0.30
50-under 60 .92 0.20
60-under 70 .98 0.10
0.00
70-under 80 1.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years
2-18
Complaints by Amtrak Passengers
COMPLAINT NUMBER PROPORTION DEGREES
Stations, etc. 28,000 .40 144.0
Train 14,700 .21 75.6
Performance
Equipment 10,500 .15 50.4
Personnel 9,800 .14 50.6
Schedules, 7,000 .10 36.0
etc.
Total 70,000 1.00 360.0
2-19
Complaints by Amtrak Passengers
Schedules,
Personnel Etc.
14% 10%
Equipment
15%
Stations, Etc.
40%
Train
Performance
21%
2-20
2d Quarter
Truck
Second Quarter Company
Production
Truck A 357,411
Production in B 354,936
the U.S. C 160,997
(Hypothetical D 34,099
values) E
Totals
12,747
920,190
2-21
Second Quarter
U.S. Truck Production
17%
4%
1%
39%
39%
A B C D E
2-22
Pie Chart Calculations for Company A
2d Quarter
Truck
Production
Company Proportion Degrees
A 357,411 .388 140
B 357, 411 354,936 .386 139
=
C 920,190 160,997 .175 63
D 34,099 .388.037
360 = 13
E 12,747 .014 5
Totals 920,190 1.000 360
2-23
Scatter Plot
Gasoline
Registered Sales
Vehicle (1000's 200
s of
(1000's) Gallons)
Gasoline Sales
5 60 100
15 120
9 90
0
15 140 0 5 10 15 20
Registered Vehicles
7 60
2-24
