GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN VIOLIN-MAKERS

GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN VIOLIN-MAKERS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

KAREL JALOVEC
GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN VIOLIN MAKERS
4

INTRODUCTION
6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
30

LIST OF OUTLINES
502
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 INTRODUCTION

Until the middle of the sixteenth century singers used to be accompaniedby music
played on violas da braccio, violas da gamba and other bowedinstruments of the same
family. When the violin was invented, the musician suddenlyhad at his disposal an
instrument which couldplay the sopranopart in the correct Pitch and full tone. The
question of who actually invented the violin is much disputed, as it raPidly became
popular throughout the whole of Europe due to its obvious superiority over other
bowedinstruments. However, it is clear that the lute-makers of what is now Germany
and Austria played a major part in develoPingthe violin as we know it today.
German and Austrian violin-making had its cradle in and around the Tyrol,
mainly in the Bavarian tolJJnof Fiissen. Record of lute- and violin-makers from Fiissen
can befound in most European townsfrom the I6th century onwards. The earliest
known lute-maker in Fiissen is Jorg Wolf, who becamecitizen of that town in I 49J.
His guarantor was a certain Hans Kogl, who may have beenhis teacheror employer.
It seemsthat there were many lute-makers in Fiissen, from an early date, for we
havedocumentsof a guild formed by them, the first of which is dated 22nd April I 6.06.
The members of this guild took everyprecaution to safeguard the high standard of
lute-making prescribed for master lute-makers. Every master had to keep strictly
to theguild's regulations. He was allowed to haveonly oneapprentice at a time and this
apprentice was obligedto stay with him for five years. Not just anyonecouldbe apprent-
it:edto a lute-maker: the boyhad to bea legitimate sonof parents whoweresubjectsof the
Augsburg bishopric. Masters who came to Fiissenfrom the outside did not have the
same rights and prerogatives as native Fiissen lute-makers: first, they had to pass
a test in which they demonstratedtheir ability, and then they were obligedto work with
a Fiissen master for two years without an apprentice of their own. This strict order
was only mitigated if they married the daughter or widow of a Fiissen master. At
first, a master lute-maker had to be a married man with at least one child. Jorg
Wolf, mentionedabove, was probably not the first Fiissen lute-maker, though he is
the first recorded in that town. However, in Augsburg we meet a lute-maker by
the name of Rudolf, who probably camefrom Fiissen, as early as I 4I 2. Several
other makers are mentioned in Augsburg documents before Wolf's time, e.g.
Hans Meisinger, called Ritter, in I447; the lute-maker Kranuch or Kramich in
I477; Peter Laminit in I480-84; Hans j'iilcher in I48J,. and a lute-maker
called Jorg or Georg in I496.
As there were not enoughlute-makers in Augsburg to constitute a guild of their
own, they were associatedwith the guild ofjoiners and cabinet-makers.Cabinet-making
had attained a high standard at that time, for love of luxury, inspired by Venice,
made the Augsburg burghers support arts and crafts, and Augsburg attracted many
artisans of all kinds. Furthermore, since Augsburg had a busy commercial traffic
with the South, especiallywith Venice, lute-makers and other good artists had plenty
of work.
Only rarely do wefind recordsof lute-makersin thefamous town of Nuremberg.
The reasonfor this is simple.. the archivesand church registers almost invariably give
only the Christian name} without mentioning the profession. It was more important
in thosetimes to be a 'citizen' than to be a lute-maker or a violin-maker. Nevertheless}
there are exceptions.. a lute-maker called Fritz is mentioned as early as I393 "
Heinz Helt and a certain Bertolt in I 4I3 " in I 433 Eberhart ( also calledKalbsaug) "
and about I4J9} Conrad Widmann. We know nothing of these masters} save that
they lived and made lutes in Nuremberg. Very important seemsto have beenHans
Ott} who iivedin Nuremberg betweenI434 and I46j and also probably camefrom
Fussen.
Lute- and violin-making was greatly enhancedby the founding of numerousCourt
and church orchestras, e.g. at the see of the Prince-Bishop of Passau. Side by side
with these orchestras lived lute- and violin-makers, who supplied and repaired their
instruments and often were actually members of the orchestrasas active musicians.
In Passau we knoJJ!of the Wolfs (146J-IJ82), Leonhard Pfundner c. IJ89 and
someothers.
Vienna, sincetime immemorial a city of music} was always a fertile soil for violin-
makers and lute-makers. A significant role in this respectwasplayed by the Habsburg
Court whereforeign and native virtuososperformed in all times. Similarly, the nobility
had their orchestras.It is certain that lute-making was flourishing in Vienna already
in the Middle Ages.
The earliest known lute-maker in Vienna} by namePeter} lived there between1418
and I436. Almost contemporary
with him was Hans Vollrat. In IJ44 wefind
C hristopn Helm " in I J 4 8 Bernhard Lindmair " and in I J77 WolJ Wackher " all
theseweregranted citizenship of Vienna. In I J7 J and I J78 wefind Viennesecitizen-
ship granted to Georg and Reinhart Sumerauer who probably camefrom Salzburg.
In IJ80 there is Thomas Kern and in IJ96 Hans Kuchler. Between16Jo and 1679,
Hans Kogl} whoprobably camefrom Fussen}plied his trade in Vienna. In the same
century we find there membersof the Leidolff and Stadlmann families. Vienna 11'as
a sort of clearing-houseto which artists came and then movedonfor someotherplace.
Of considerable significancefor violin-making is the small Tyrolean town, in
Italian called Bolzano} in German Bozen (or formerly Bulsani). There are two
places now in Italy calledBolzano. The Tyrolean Bolzano is I Io 20/ East and 46°30/
North. The other Bolzano is near Milan, 8°30/ East and 4Jo40/ North, and here
only one or two violin-makers at the most lived, whereasin the Tyrolean Bolzano 11)e
find} among others} the following masters.. Melchior Lach (Lachen) in 1606,.
Matthias Alban (I), a contemporary of Jacob Stainer " Joseph Alban (born in
I680) died in I722) " and Josef Anton Alban (born in 1730) died in 1771) " and
JohannJais (I) (born in 17J2) died in I781).
The Tyrolean School was spread over Altgiiu (in Swabia), Tyrol} Vorarlberg
and the mountains of Bavaria. There is no otherplace in the German-speakingcountries
which was as famous at the time of Jacob Stainer. In the 17th and 18th centuries
the Tyrolean School was the best in the whole world} desPitethe fame of Cremonese
violin-makers. The focus of Tyrolean violin-making is the tiny village of Absam,
where the most influential of all the 7)rolean violin-makers worked} Jacob Stainer
(born in 162I) died in I683). In the 17th century Italian merchants} mainly for
political reasons}altered the commercialroute leadingfrom Augsburg to Italy over
the Brenner Pass and through Bolzano, so that it passed through hfittenwa/d. This
brought prosperity to the little Bavarian town. Mittenwald lies in poor country and
its chief industry used to be wood-carvingsof the saints. The first violin-maker there
was Matthias Kloz (I), who learned the craft in Italy. Some reports say Kloz was a
native of Fiissen or ViIs and that he worked with Jacob Stainer. About 1684 there
were so many violin-makers in Mittenwald that they were able to establish their own
guild. Whole Mittenwald families devotedthemselvesto violin-making, and members
of some of them are still making, violins at the present day.. the Baders, Kriners,
Lipps, Neuners, Riegers, Seizs, Tiefenbrunners, WiJrnles and many others.
Another important centre of violin-making was the little town of Klingenthal and
its neighbour,BrunndiJbra. It seemsthat it was BrunndiJbra which deservesthe real
credit for violin-making, for Klingenthal becamefamous .for its production of con-
certinas. Because the country is very poor and could not support its inhabitants,
they were compelled,especiallyin winter, to seekother meansof support, and therefore
madeparts of violins, violas, cellosand doublebasses
for nearby Graslitz and 5 chiJnbach
in Bohemia.
The misfortune of Bohemian Graslitz and SchiJnbachproved a blessingfor the
Saxon Vogtland. Bohemian Protestants were obliged to leave the country and they
settled across the border in Klingenthal and Markneukirchen. There were several
families which movedto Markneukirchen andfounded a violin-makers' guild in 1677,
the statutes of which were signed by Duke Moritz of Saxony. At first the guild
consistedof twelve violin-makers only. In 1677 threefurther masters were admitted
and in 1720 another two. According to the guild's statutes, only thoseviolin-makers
could be admitted as master who had served a regular apprenticeship, worked as
fourneymenfor two years and made an acceptedmaster instrument, with thefollowing
range of choice..
a) a Diskantgeige of beautiful wood with well-set neck, with fingerboard
ornamented by tarsia and threefoldpurfling of the back and table,'
b) a lute, or later a guitar, with beautiful woodand correctlyplacedfrets,. or
c) a viola dagambaor viola da bracciowith six stringsand without blemish.
All theseinstrumentshad to be a uniformyellow without any blemishes.This
indicatesthat eventhe earliest mastersof Markneukirchenalready usedpropolis
in their varnish,for its incorrecttreatmentleft stainson the instruments.
Kare/ Jalovec
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The presentbook could neverhavebeenwritten without theco-operationof the GermanandAustrian

violin-makerswho readily made availableall the information requestedand lent me photographs
of their instruments. Similarly, collectors of violins have lent me pictures of masterpieces
in their
possession.For this help I am deeply grateful. In this respectmy thanks go first and foremost to
the well-known violin-maker Fridolin Hamma of Stuttgart, who sent me a large number of pictures
of violins made by present and past masters.Above all I am indebted to Oskar Erich Heinel of
Markneukirchenfor his kind assistancein all aspectsof my work and for all the trouble he has
undertaken to make this book as complete as possible. Among others I would like to thank
Dr BernhardZoebischof Markneukirchen, Gunther Hellwig of Lubeck, Heinz Machold of Bremen,
and Georg Loessel.The publishersalso wish to acknowledgethe co-operationof Malcolm R. Sadler
in preparing the English edition.
K.J
 A inferior quality and therefore his instruments are
not highly rated. Var. transparent but hard. He
was a very good teacher: his best pupil was Oswald
Abel Rudolf; Constance,c. 1796. Monk of the Augusti- Mackel of Berlin. Very good repairer and restorer.
nian Order who made violins. His instruments are
very good both in tone and in craftsmanship.
Abele Hyacinth. Musicologist. In 1864 he published
in Neuburg his book: Die Violine, ihre Geschichte
und ihr Bat/.
Abraham Freres A. G.,. Cologne. 20th cent. makers
of musical instruments.
Achner Joseph; Mittenwald, 1724-60 According to
Liitgendorff his name is derived from the river
Aachen, tributary of the Isar. We know for certain
that he actually lived, and made instruments on the Adam Johann; Markneukirchen, before 1677. Emi-
Stainer pattern. grated from Kraslice (in Bohemia) after the Battle
Achner Michael; Walgau, c. 1764. Probably the of the White Mountain (162.0). There is, however,
brother of Joseph and Philip A. Modelled his no Adam mentioned among the emigrants of that
instruments on the Mittenwald School (Walgau is period. Among the twelve who came to Markneu-
near Mittenwald). They are long, highly arched, kirchen between 1630 and 1677 and set up their
with narrow edging (2.5 rom.). The maple he used own guild are two v.ms named Adam: Johann
in his violins is almost or wholly without curl. Adam Kurzendarffer (1) and Johann Adam Popel
Used brownish-yellow var. (Papel). Liitgendorff thinks that Adam may have
been the first name of a certain Schanfelder, who
likewise came to Markneukirchen from Bohemia.
Liitgendorff cannot be right, for both this Adam and
Schanfelder were baptised Johann. There is another
more probable explanation: this Adam might have
come to Markneukirchen before 1677, but died
before the guild was set up (in that year) so that his
Achner Philipp; Mittenwald, 1772.-99. Probably the
name would not appear on the list of founders of
brother of Michael and Joseph. Worked on the
the guild.
Kloz model. The tone of his instruments is smooth
Adelmann Olga; Berlin. b. 2.. 10. 1913. Pupil of Otto
but weak.
Mackel in Berlin. Worked with Kurt Jung, Georg
Ullmann and Roger Rossmeisel, guitar-maker in
Berlin. Since 1955 has been employed as repairer in
the Musikinstrnmenten-Sammlung, Berlin (Institut fur
Musikforschung).From 1945to 195° madeinstruments
modelled on Stradivari. Member of the German
v.ms' association.

Achner Thomas; Mittenwald, c. 1789. His work

resembles that of Joseph A., who was perhaps his
teacher.
Achtner Reinhart; Remtengriin (in Saxony), c. 1925.
Bow-maker.
Ackermann & Lessner,.Dresden, 20th cent. Retailers
of musical instruments.
Adam G. Christian; Halle, Berlin. b. c. 1835,d. c. 1888. rldelung Jakob. See rldlung Jakob.
Opened his own shop in Halle. In 1860 moved to rldema S. In 1881and 1890published two supplements
Berlin. Very good craftsman, but used wood of to Herman Ritter's Die Viola rllta.
Adler Arthur; Breitenfeld. d. 1934 in Breitenfeld. Made
guitars, mandolins and zithers.
Adler Eduard; Grunberg (in Silesia). b. 1865 in
Bodzanowice. Cellist, member of various orchestras,
v. m. and musicologist. Worked in the workshops
of Friedrich Christian Edler (II) in Frankfurt,
August Riechers in Hanover and Oswald Mackel
in Berlin. Followed the Stradivari model. Used oil
and spirit var., good repairer. Set up shop in 1888.
Author of the book Die Behandlung und Erhaltung of instruments, which reveal his skill and craftsman-
der Streichinstrumente. Unlet' besondererBerucksichtigung ship.
der Geige oder Violinen zur Belehrung fur die Musiker Adler Karl Augustin; Markneukirchen. b. 7. II.
und Dilettanten verfasstJ nebst einem Literaturanhang 1828, d. 4. 6. 1869. Son and pupil of Johann
(Leipzig, 1st edn 1895; 2nd edn 1910; 3rd edn 1924). Georg A.
Adler Gottlob Robert; Dresden, 1890-1928. Little- Adler Max; Erlbach. 20th cent. wholesaler of
known v.m. musical instruments, exporter and manufacturer of
Adler Johann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 1800 in strings.
Wernitzgrun, d. 15. 12. 1866 in Markneukirchen. Adler Otto August Reinhard; Mittenwald. b. 14. 9.
Manufacturer of cheap trade instruments. Some 1910 in Markneukirchen. Little-known v.m.
instruments made to special order are mal'ked J. G. Adler Paul; Remtengriin (in Saxony). 20th cent. v.m.
Adler. Instruments with this brand were made by Adler R.; Magdeburg. Opened his own workshop
his own hand and are his best. in 1938.
Adler Johannes; Markneukirchen. d. 1963. Manu- Adler Robert Oswald; M1rkneukirchen. 20th cent.
facturer of instruments. Specialises in early types manufacturer of woodwind instruments. Later he
started selling instruments of all kinds. Violins etc.
made anonymously by commissioned craftsmen bear
his label. The firm closed in 1961.
Adillng (Adelung) Jakob; Erfurt. b. 14. I. 1699 in
Bindersleben, d. 5. 7. 1762. Author of Mllsica
mechanica organoedi(Berlin, 1768). It deals also with
stringed instruments.
AechtnerReinhard; Remtengriin. SeeAchtner Reinhard.
A. G. fUr GeigenindtlStrie; Markneukirchen. 20th cent.
company of dealers who intended to supply v.ms
with the necessarymaterials and then to buy their
output from them at a low price and to resell at a good
profit. The company was founded in 1906 but
eventually had to close. Its premises were sold by
auction in 1931.
Agricola Martin; Magdeburg. b. 6: I. 1486 in Sorau,
d. 10. 6. 1556 in Magdeburg. Author of Mllsica
Figllralis Deudschwith an interesting description of
contemporary instruments (1528 and 1545).
Aicher Hans; Fiissen. b. 18. 2. 1668, d. 7. 4. 1695.
Brother of Matthias A. Lute-maker living in the
outlying districts. None of his instruments are known
to survive.
Aicher Matthias; Fiissen. d. 18. 12. 1692 in Fiissen.
Brother of Hans A. Perhaps a grandson of a certain
Peter A. who came to Fiissen from Munich in 1535.
There is a record in the Augsburg monastery which
reads'Derzeit Schulmeister,sonstenein Lautenmacher'.
On 16. I. 1662 he married Katharina Kiinler in
Fiissen.
Aigner Heinrich; Melk (near St Palten). 20th cent. v.m.
Alban Franz; Graz, c. 1724. No connection has been
established with the Bozen family of Alban or the
Italian Albanis. His instruments are very rare. The
 Lobkowitz collection in Roudnice Castle (in Bohe- step-brother of Matthias A. His teacheris not known.
mia) included one violin bearing his name and the He seems to have taken over the effects of Joseph
year 172.4. Alban and later consideredhimself to be his successor
Alban Johann Michael; Bozen, Graz. b. 1677, d. 2.7.3. in the craft. This explains why he retained labels with
173° in Graz. Probably son and certainly pupil of the inscription Josephusfilius Math. Albani etc., which
Matthias A. (I). He seems to have worked with do not really apply to him. His work, however,
Wolfgang Sagmayr and married his daughter, Eve does the name of Alban much credit. According to
Rosine, on 14. 2.. 17°2.,thus inheriting his father-in- Dr Waldner, he married Barbara Ortner on 13. 2..
law's shop, the latter having died about this time. 1759.
Dr Franz Waldner published the facts of his life, Alban Matthias (I); Bozen. b. 2.8.3.162.1 in St. Niko-
as far as they are known, in the Innsbruck periodical laus in Kaltem, d. 7. 2.. 1712.in Bozen. After Stainer
Perdinandeum(vol. 3, No.5 5). After the death of the most famous Tyrolean lute- and V.m. He worked
Sagmayr, Johann Michael A. was undoubtedly the into his nineties: one violin of his bears the date
best V.m. in Styria. Many specimensof his work are 1712..Dr Waldner of Innsbruck traced his personal
extant. Violins are met with less frequently than cel- history: Matthias A. was the first son of a peasant,
los, the f-holes of which indicate the work of his Johann' A., and his first wife Agnes Selva (in
father. Purfling farther in than usual, so that the Uberetsch). On 2.4. 5. 1671 at the age of fifty he
edges seem wider. Corners are blunt and the heads married (for the first time) Elisabeth, the daughter
massive. Instead of scrolls skilfully carved heads of a locksmith, J.Luggin (Lugg or Luchini). His wife
of women are often found. High arching, reddish- died in 1680, whereupon he married again, on 4. 1.
brown var. of a good, thick quality, with minute 1682..His second wife, Rosine Perlat, was the daugh-
cracks, making Alban's work almost Italian in ap- ter of a Brixen bricklayer. When he died, he left
pearance. The wood is usually good, but the backs a large property.
are noticeably thin, so that they mostly have to be His teacher is not known. Alban can be considered
strengthened. He preferred yellow var. on his violins. with Josef Stainer co-founder of the Tyrolean
His labels, printed from copper plate, bear in the School. Their instruments have many characteristics
centre the arms of Graz and the first two digits of in common, and it is quite possible that in his earlier
the year, 17..; the last two figures, written in ink, years he was influenced by Stainer. In his first period
are so faded that only rarely can they be deciphered of work, his violins have the typical Tyrolean form;
and the instrument dated. None of his sons seem from 1680 one can seea definite change in style and
to have followed the trade. kinship with Italian models. He may have visited
Alban Joseph; Bozen. b. 2.8. 3. 1680, d. 10. 1. 172.2.. . Italy at that time. There are no genuine instruments
Youngest son of Matthias A. (I) and his first wife of his with original labels dated after 1706, though
Elisa Luggin; probably also his pupil. According to one dated 1712.is claimed as authentic. In the later
Dr F. Waldner, he went abroad in 17°9. In 1712.he years of his life he was helped by his son Joseph.
married Anna Maria Magdalene Rorer; there were His name was often misused and is found in violins
no children. Only a few of his instruments are known: which do not even resemble Alban's work. His best
most of them are thought to be probably the work models resemble the Amati school, but they are
of his father. In earlier years, while still working usually well arched and with deep sides. The work
with his father, he usually did not put his own label is very careful. The table wood is especially beauti-
into his violins, though he naturally did so into the ful: the back sare usually of plain maple. Reddish-
instruments prescribed for passing tests or for brown or light brown var. on yellow baseresembles
joining the v.ms' guild: thus there is nothing some Italian vars. The f-holes are very wide. Instead
extraordinary in the fact that a violin dated 17°3 of scrolls Alban often carved dragons' heads and
should bear his name. grotesque faces. His violas adhere to early forms:
they have flaming-sword f-holes and an additional,
round soundhole under the fingerboard. Like Stradi-
vari he reached his peak in his later years. He is not
so original as Stainer but resembles him in many
ways. Alban used severallabels, most of them printed,
. --~~~ ,~~~
on which he called himself Albanus or Alban, never
Jo(cphUS'flus M.tth: Alba"" Albani or Albanius. His bows are supposed to have
been better than the ones made at Cremona at that
me fc;;it.gui(anUhT
'* r;~i. time.

I/ban JosephAnton; Bozen.b. before1730in Kaltern,

d. 6. 7. 1771 in Bozen. Was the son of the youngest
 Albrecht Melchior; Hamburg, c. 1797. It is not known
whether he made pianos or lutes and violins: as an
'instrument-maker' he was granted the freedom of
Hamburg on 5. 5. 1797.
Albrecht Rolf; Berlin, b. 2I. 4. 19°2 in Berlin. Originally
a cabinet-maker who learned the craft from his father
Franz A., an amateur v.m. He passed the master's
test in 1953. Works after an original model.
Alexandra (Alexander Heinrich) ; Markneukirchen,
20th cent. These workshops supply the market with
various instruments.
Alletsee (Aletsche, Aletzie, Alleci) Paul; Munich.
d. 1738. Best Bavarian lute- and v.m. of his time.
His earliest known instruments date from 1698, and
there are no instruments later than 1735. German
style with some Italian influence. He made lutes,
violas, violas d'amore with beautifully carved female
heads, cellos and doublebasses. Succeeded by his
son-in-law, Johann Andreas Kambl.

Alban Matthias (II); Rome, Bozen. b. 1650, d. c. 1715.

Son and certainly the pupil of Matthias A. (I). He
worked in Rome and returned to Bozen before 1700.
His careful work, a combination of the Tyrolean
and Italian Schools, shows signs of his father's
influence. He used reddish-yellow var.
Albani Joseph; Halberstadt, c. 1762. Careful work
after Kloz, golden-yellow var.
Alber.. ; Pfronten-Weissbach, c. 1920. Tyrolean v.m.
with a wide clientele.
Albert.. ; Nuremberg. Date unknown. A good bow-
maker.
Albin Ludwig; Markneukirchen, 19th cent.
Albrecht Franz; Berlin, 19th-20th cent. Joiner,
amateur v.m.
Albrecht Hans; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 9. 1899,d. 6. 2.
1960 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Gustav Oskar
Prager in Markneukirchen. Worked with Wilhelm
Paul Kunze in The Hague and Georg Winterling in
Hamburg. In 1947he passedhis master's examination
and opened his own shop in Markneukirchen.
Albrecht Johann Georg; Fiissen, c. 1768. Established Allman Anton; Vienna, 20th cent. Mass-production
himself in Fiissen in 1768 as master v.m. of stringed instruments.
Albrecht Johannes; Krems. b. 1766 in Oberneustift, Althenn Georg Philip; Frankfurt a. M. b. 1719 in
d. 7. 12. 1828in Krems. Successorof Magnus Anton Frankfurt a. M. Son of Peter A., instrument-maker
Fichtl, whose widow, Marianne, he married on and musician like his father. Member of the municipal
16.6. 1793.After her death he married a secondtime band. In 1793he achievedcitizenship of the,town and
in 1806 and again in 18I 3. Mediocre craftsman. opened his own shop.
AlthennPeter; Frankfurta. M., c. 1706-1719. Musician Amberger Max (II); Munich. b. 28. 10. 1863. Son and
and instrument-maker who moved to Frankfurt from pupil of Max A. (I), whose firm he took over in
Kelsterbach in 1706. Member of the municipal 1887. He was Supplier to the Bavarian Court and
orchestra. The conductor of the orchestra, the won several distinctions.
composer Telemann, was godfather to his son. Amrhein Arthur; Aschaffenburg (in Bavaria). 20th
Altrichter J. ; Frankfurt an der Oder, 20th cent. Factory, cent. manufacturer of musical instruments.
producing mainly brass instruments, but employing Andorfer K. and Epstein R. Published Musica In
also v.ms. Numis in Vienna (Gilhofer and Rauschburg). Only
Aman Georg; Augsburg. b. 28. 3. 1671in Viis, d. after 100 copies printed.
1729. According to the records he married the AndorffM. C. R.; Nordhausen, c. 1884-1885. Known
widow of the lute-maker Matthias W6rle (Wocher- only from one repair label. He lived in Nordhausen
lein) on 13. 2. 1695. The register, very difficult to in 1884, but moved to Adorf (in Saxony) on 30. 10.
decipher, names him 'Georg Amanz Fiilsz, lute- 1885. His firm was taken over in Markneukirchen
maker etc.' His name is further found in an Augsburg by Adolf Pfretzschner.
tax-register of 1717. Violins dated 1688-1729 are Andorff Max; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manufactu-
known. Good craftsman, using several different rer of stringed instruments, stocks of zithers and
models. He was fond of embellishing his pegboxes stringed instruments.
with carved heads. Used carefully chosen wood: Andree J. C.; Berlin, 1828-1847. Mentioned by
the backs often in one piece. Necks and heads from Kurt Sachs as of historic interest.
pear-wood. His var., ranging from a light-red to Angerbauer (Angerhauer) Georg; Fiissen, c. 1606.
dark-brown, is not of the best quality. His violins Named among the newly-founded guild of lute-
have a weak tone; his violas, cellos and double- makers in Fiissen in 1606.
bassesare best. Angerer Franz (1); Vienna. b. 1851, d. 16. 2. 1924.
Viennese maker of stringed instruments who opened
a workshop (Mariahilferstrasse 170) in 1885. He
used golden-yellow oil var. His guitars are sought
after. He was a very good violin virtuoso as well.
Angerer Franz (11); Vienna, 20th cent. Son of Franz A.
(1). Well-known guitarist, composer and v.m., who
worked in Vienna.
Angerer Michael von Ruckholz; Fiissen, Italy, c. 1652.
According to the Fiissen registers he went to work
in Italy, in 1652. No instruments by him are known.
AngerhoferGeorg; Fiissen, 1597-1611. Mentioned in
the archives of Fiissen in 1597, 1609and 1611.Good
repairs.
AngermannJ. C.; Leipzig, c. 1893. V.m., who also did
repairs.
Ankeler (Angler) Johann; Fiissen, Rome, 1618-1656.
V.m. from Fiissen. According to Dr Leyer he was
Aman Matthias; Augsburg, 1720-1765. Possibly the born there in 1618but in 1656was working in Rome.
son of Georg A., or of a certain Matthias A. of Ansold (Unsold) Christoph; Ulm, 1586-1591. Lute-
Memmingen who moved to Augsburg as a comb- maker: the Stuttgart Court Orchestra bought strings
maker. On 9. 6. 1720 he took out a marriage licence from him.
which indicates that he was a relative and pupil Apian-Benewitz Paul; Markneukirchen, 1874-1892.
of Georg A. His violins resemble Georg A.'s instru- Professor at the Markneukirchen v.m. school.
ments, too, and he preferred large models. Mostly Author of Die Geige,der GeigenbaufInd die Bogen-
made violas and doublebasses, violins less often. verfertigung(Weimar, 1892).
Amberger Heinrich; Munich. d. 12. I. 1910. Styled Arlow Heinrich; Brno, Vienna, c. 1850-1865. About
himself 'manufacturer of stringed instruments' ; made 1849 he was the pupil of C. N. Sawicki, whom he at
zithers. first tried to imitate faithfully: his instruments show
Amberger Max (I); Munich. b. 1838, d. II. II. 1889. signs of immature technique (low arching, pale
Though a zither-maker, he also repaired violins. var.). He made only a few violins, though he
Invented several improvements for the zither. He became a skilful v.m. and tutor of an outstanding
also made the first Konzertzither, on the basis of pupil, J. Kliment. His work resemblesthe Bratislava
proposals by Franz Xaver Steininger. His firm, foun- makers. He used yellow var. After 1860 he seems
ded in 1863, was taken over by his son of the same to have settled in Vienna for a short period of
name. time.
ArltAlfred; Markneukirchen. b. 28.5. 1906.Amateur.
Worked from a book, Die Geige und ihr Bau by
August Riechers.
Arnhold Paul; Wohlhausen, c. 1939. Saxon v.m.; also
made mandolins.
Arnoldt Johann; Prichsenstadt, c. 1891. Cabinet-maker
who skilfully repaired violins. His son and successor
is also said to have done good repairs.
Arthmann Georg Valentin; Wechmar (near Gotta).
b. 19. 12. 1750 in Wechmar, d. II. I. 1799in Wech-
mar. Cabinet-maker and a son of a cabinet-maker but,
to quote the Wechmar records, 'mainly an instru-
ment-maker'. Perhaps his father, Johann Philipp A.,
had already dedicated more time to musical instru-
ments than to cabinet-making. No other details are
known. Georg Valentin A. was married twice. His AschauerLudwig; Mittenwald. b. 3. 9. 1919 in Stutt-
first wife, Marie Elisabeth (neeFischer),whom he gart. Son of Leo A. Went to the v.m. school in
married in 1773, bore him 6 children. Only his eldest Mittenwald, where his father was a teacher. After-
son, Johann Nikolaus, followed the v.m.'s trade wards he worked with the bow-makers August Rau
and achieved a high degree of skill. According to in Markneukirchen and Rudolf Schuster in Graz.
the records, which describe him as a Mitnachbar and Early in 1949 he settled in Mittenwald.
a Vormundschaftsverwandter, he died of an epileptic fit. Atze. ..; Breslau, c. 1846. Good repairs of violins.
Arthmann Johann Nikolaus; Wechmar (near Gotha). Ax & Schlott; Berlin. 20th cent. manufacturers of
b. II. 3. 1774 in Wechmar, d. 20. 12. 1846in Wech- musical and mechanical musical instruments.
mar. Eldest son of the cabinet-maker and instrument-
maker Georg Valentin A. He learned cabinet- and
instrument-making with his father. As an assistant
he joined F. A. Ernst in Gotha, who trained him as B
v.m. Natural talent and skill learnt from his father
resulted in many fine achievements.After his father's
death he returned to Wechmar and concentrated BaaderAdolf (I); Mittenwald. b. 1876 in Mittenwald,
mainly on violin-making. In 1812he married Barbara d. 1952..Head of the firm J. A. Baader & Co. Was
Judith Schuller. According to Otto his violins burgomaster of Mittenwald.
resemblethe instruments of Ernst and have a strong, BaaderAdolf (II); Mittenwald. b. 19. 5. 19°2..Learned
round tone. They were considered to be good his trade with J. A. Baader & Co. in Mittenwald.
imitations of Italian masters. Arthmann sold his Worked with Dr E. Gartner in Stuttgart, Julius H.
instruments for 2 louisdors (cf. Journal fiir Fabrik, Zimmermann in Leizpig and R. Wurlitzer in New
Jan., 1797, p. 66). Though he was highly esteemed York. He opened his own shop in 1932.and follows
and publicly appreciated by the reigning Duke, he Italian and Mittenwald models. He uses oil and
nevertheless lived in very modest circumstances. It spirit var.
is recorded that he was remembered with admira- Baader J. A. & Co.; Mittenwald. A firm founded in
tion by everyone who saw him working at minute 179°, which employs a large number of local v. ms.
details with his rough hands and abnormally thick For many yearsthe chief director was Johann Paul B.
fingers. His wife died of consumption on 18.12.1842 His successorwas his son Max B. The son and succes-
and he followed her 4 years later. sor of Max, AdolfB. (I), died in 1952..The firm has
Arzberger .. Author of an interesting article in the its own sawmill, with some of the v.ms. working for
Musikzeitung (vol. XI, Leipzig): Vorschliigezu einer them in their own shops and some in the plant.
wesentlichen Verbesserung im Bau der Gitarre. Though very cheap,the violins are surprisingly good,
AschauerLeo; Mittenwald. b. 18. 12. 1892 in the Isar with handsome wood; oil and spirit var. The zithers
valley. Graduate of the v.m. school in Mittenwald. are good, too. The instruments are labelled~
He worked for a year with Albin Wilfer in Leipzig Baader Johann Paul; Mittenwald. b. 1810, d. 2.4. 6.
and between 1910-1912 with Eugen Gartner in 1899. Court Supplier, for a long time owner of
Stuttgart. Between 1919-1921 he again worked J. A. Baader & Co. in Mittenwald. Produced cheap
with E. Gart,ner. After passing various examinations instruments, especially violins, which are good
he was made professor at the v. m. school in Mitten- considering the price. His successor was his son
wald, where he was appointed director on 1.10. 1923. Max B.
He now works in Mittenwald asan independent v. m. Baader Max; Mittenwald. b. 2.8. I. 1843. Son and
and follows classical models; oil var. successorof Johann Paul B. Trained in the family

TR
 firm, travelled throughout Germany, England and conductor. After 1797 dealer in musical instruments,
America. Like his father, he was Court Supplier, which he may also have made.
and more interested in the business side than the BachmannHeinz Rudolf; Mittenwald. b. 1.7.'1813 in
artistic side of his trr.de. He was succeededby his Adorf. Pupil of Max Heischkel.
son, Adolf B. (1). His label reads:
Baader & CO.J. A. t;J;1 ."';L
'Hi'I,,"
, t..' ,4
8W
~T"""c;;~,~""'-~"'"
, "
"r,
"" _1(,
mj
fondee en 1790
Qlba~ t
Obere Marktstrasse 155
1~
Baarz Wilhelm; Bochum, c. 1939. V.m. and repairer.
Bacco (Backo) Heinrich; Mannheim. b. 8. 8. 1818 in
Mannheim, d. c. I 885. Son of a Mannheim labourer.
'1 ~','
~ . ,.,"
j,,1~(;f.1jt,!aJ4

We do not know where he learned the trade but in BachmannJohann; Berlin, 1770-1783. Specialised in
u
~37 he was already repairing instruments of the cellos.
C<»urt Theatre Orchestra. In Mannheim his name BachmannKarl Ludwig; Berlin. b. 1748, d. 1809. Son
is found in registers from 1852 till 1885 and he is of Anton B. Originally a performer: he was a viola
described as instrument-maker. He was given free- virtuoso. In 1765 he joined the Court Orchestra in
dom of the town on 20. 6. 1865. He seemsto have Berlin as a chamber-music player. In 1785 he per-
specialised in repairs. formed together with Charlotte Stowe, the pianist
BachJohann Michael; Gehren. b. 1640, d. 1694.Father and singer who died 19. 8. 1817. His conducting was
of the first wife of Johann Sebastian B. Organist, severely criticised. He dabbled in v.m. In the choice
composer and skilful maker of musical instruments. of wood he was more careful than his father. His
Bach Johann Sebastian; Leipzig. b. 21. 3. 1685 in violins are more regular in construction, though
Eisenach, d. 28. 7. 1750in Leipzig. The great compo- the wood is too thick. His violas are rather better.
ser also invented a viola pomposa.This instrument BachmannOswald; Markneukirchen, 19th cent. (still
was an oversized viola with 5 strings. Its place in the alive in 1929). Mass-produced stringed instruments.
orchestra was taken by the cello. He used the trademark 'OSBAMA'.
BachmannAnton; Berlin. b. 1716in Berlin, d. 8. 3. 1800
in Berlin. Court instrument-maker. His violas and
cellos are highly rated by orchestral players. Their
tone is powerful, though somewhat edgy. Bachmann
never followed good models and never used good
wood. Though he passed several of his violins off
as copies of Stradivari, these seem to indicate that
he never saw an original instrument. His arching is
awkward, too steep and thick. Several inventions
ascribed to his son may be his ideas, e. g. a guitar
with a hammer keyboard. His invention of machine-
type heads for doublebassesinstead of pegs (1778)
is still in use. His second son, Friedrich Wilhelm B.,
is said to have followed the trade. Bachmann Otto; Halberstadt, 1830, 1835. Good maker
and skilful repairer. Editor of the periodical Theo-
retisch-praktisches Handbuch des Geigenbaues
usw. (Vade-
mecum of Theory and Practice of Violin-making etc.).
(G. Bass, Leipzig, 1835). Probably died before 1848,
for in that year the Halberstadt police registers no
longer contain his name.
Back Heinrich; Niederlangenau (near Wittenberg),
c. 1840. Ordinary work, yellow-golden var.
Bader Franz; Mittenwald. d. after 1912. Good maker,
who from 1889 taught v.m. at the Mittenwald
school, and who achieved great merit in the develop-
ment of v.m. in his country.
Bader Johann (I); Mittenwald, 1760-1763. Good work
in the Kloz style.
Bader Johann (II) ; Mittenwald. b. 5. 4. 1876 in Mitten-
Son
BachmannFriedrich Wilhelm; Berlin, 1797-1822. waldo Attended the Mittenwald v.m. school for
and perhaps pupil of Anton B. Violinist, later 3 years. Then he worked for 5 years with Johann
 Padewet (II) in Karlsruhe,'K. A. Horlein in Wiirz- 1721 in Pragueat the age of about 80), valuedhis
burg, o. Ligge in Koblenz and G. Fiorini in Munich. instruments very highly. Bar became citizen of
In 1901 he opened his own shop in Mittenwald. For Vienna on 14. I. 1681.
some time he successfully taught at the local v.m. Baron Ernst Gottlieb; Breslau (near Berlin). b. 1696
school. He mainly made solo violins on the models in Breslau, d. 176o in Berlin. V.m. expert, author
of Str~divari, Guarneri, N. Amati and Maggini. of Historisch-theoretischeund praktische Untersuchung
He also made lutes and guitars. Good repairer. desInstrumentesder Laute (Nuremberg, 1727). Several
Bader Josef; Mittenwald, c. 1748. Made violins on the supplements were published, e.g. in 1756.
small Amati model. Good choice of wood, brown var. Barth Ludwig; Munich. b. 26. -3. 1875, d. I. 8. 1934.
Bader Martin; Mittenwald, c. 1730-1736. Good vio- From 1889 to 1892 was a pupil of G. Fiorini. After-
lins, in Kloz style. He is said to have mis1,1sed
Stainer wards he worked for two years in Cologne and
labels. Frankfurt a. M. Set up his own shop in Munich in
Bader Michael; Mittenwald, 1760-1780. Made violins 1894. Skilful repairer, much sought after. His own
of the long type, using good yellow-brown var. instruments are very good, too. Together with his
BadersErben; Munich, c. 1844. A firm which in 1844 son he founded a large workshop with the name I.
had a branch in Munich selling instruments made M iinchener Geigenindustrie.
in Mittenwald. Barth Robert (I); Bad Brambach. b. 24. 7. 1864 in
Baer .. ; Meiningen, c. 1917. Skilful craftsman. Hennebach, d. 18. 6. 1945 in Bad Brambach. V.m.
Baetse(Boss) Hans; Schongau, c. 1541. Son of a.certain In 1944 he lost his left arm; this accident, however,
Lucas Boss, who came from Fiissen. Acquired did not stop him working.
Schongau citizenship in 1541. He is perhaps identical Barth Robert (II); Munich, 20th cent. Son and pupil of
with Hans Boers or Posch, father of Laux Posch. Ludwig B., whom he succeeded in 1934. Three
The name appears again in Schongau registers in years later he was admitted to the guild as qualified
1553 and 1564. maker.
Baetz Karl; Berlin. b. 1851 in Sommerda, d. 1902 in Barth Walter Robert; Bad Brambach. b. 25. 6. 19°5
Berlin. Writer and journalist. In 1890he founded the in Bad Brambach. Learned bow-making with his
periodical MusikinstrumentenZeitung. He further pub- father, Robert B. (I) and v.m. with Albert August
lished several pamphlets and a. book Die Musik- Heberlein in Markneukirchen, with whom he stayed
instrumenteder /ndianer (1876). as assistant for 3 years. Afterwards he worked with
Bagany.. ; Pottendorf (in Austria), c. 1822.A would-be Hermann (II) and Max Dolling in Markneukirchen,
reformer of v.m. Invented a violin with sheet-iron with Karl Richter (I) in Hanover and with Emil
table. Though very cheap they did not make any Pliverics in Berlin. He opened his own shop in Bad
impression. Brambach in 1932, and passed his master's test in
Baisch Samuel; Stuttgart, 1572, d. 1593. Parish priest 1937 in Markneukirchen. He follows the Stradivari
in Gundringen and Altburg (in Thuringia). He ;and Guarneri models. Successful propolis var. He
probably learned the craft in Fiissen. In 1572 he indicates his best instruments with large printed
went to Stuttgart and found employment in the labels and a brand.
Court orchestra both as a player and an instrument-
maker. After the death of Johann Thanner he took
over his instrument-making shop and became head
of the orchestra. In 1582 he returned to his original
vocation and settled in Bothnang (near Stuttgart).
In 1592 he was summoned to Bohlingen as a pastor.
In 1585he was still buying various instruments from
the Fiissen lute-maker, Matthias Stehelin, who at
that time lived in Hausen a.d. Fils.
Baiss Sebastian; Schongau, c. 1566. Little-known v.m.
Bar (Bahr, Beer) Andreas; Vienna, b. c. 1650, d. 16. 3.
1722. He may have come from Fiissen; could also
have been a member of the Peer family (of Frauch-
gau), perhaps son of Hans Peer, who often spelled
his name 'Beer'. On his labels he usually styled
himself 'citizen lute- and violin-maker'. His violas
are not very good and his violins are comparatively
few in number. They are unattractive in appearance,
in the German style, with brown var. His lutes are
better. According to Baron he was famous as a lute-
maker. Count Logi, the lute virtuoso (who died in
 Bartl (Partl) Andreas Nicolaus; VietUla. b. c.1682, 1787, but his death certificate and instruments with
d. 5. 8. 1762. Supposedly son of Christoph B. Oath dates to 1801 show that he lived longer. Good
of allegiance taken 4. 6. 17°3. In tax-registers he is workmanship, nice models, arching moderately high,
listed until 1763. His shop was taken over by his but the var. is too dark.
son-in-law, Maximilian Roiss. He was a skilful lute- Bartl Michael Andreas (Andre); Vienna. b. 17°4, d.
maker, whose instruments were often exhibited. 11. 8. 1788. Son and pupil of Andreas Nicolaus B.
Violins of beautiful design, though sometimeshighly Oath of allegiancetaken on 29. 5. 1728.Very diligent
arched. F-holes not well cut, but head very graceful.. v.m.; one of the best of the Viennese School. In
He used thick yellow or red var. which he applied - tax-registers his name is found between 1749-1775.
unlike the rest of the family-directly on the wood, From 1766-1779 the entry reads 'Poor as a beggar
so that the finished instrument has an attractive and maintained by his wife'. In 1779 his shop was
'curl'. He spelled his name with either 'P' or 'B'. taken over by his son Josef Jakob B. A large humber
In all documents, however; the more correct spelling of his instruments are extant. The instruments,
'Bartl' is used. His violins are rated highly. though often not outstanding, nevertheless bear
witness to his skill. Table wood is very beautiful;
full tone. The var. may have been originally lighter:
today it is brown-black. On some labels the word
'fecit' is missing.
Bartsch Alfred; Miinsterberg, Dessau, Essen. b. 6. 11.
1868 in Miinsterberg, d. 1928. Trained as v.m. in
Markneukirchen with Christian Traugott Schaller
Bart/Christian Franz; Vienna. b. c. 1739, d. 9. I. 18°7. betweeQ 1883-1887. At the same time he attended
Lived in the Seizerhofgasselin the Schotten quarter. the local v.m. school, where he won distinction.
Oath of allegiance taken on 23. I. 1768. In tax- For a short time he worked in his native town, but
registers between 1769-1787 he is listed as 'newly- on 1. 5. 189° he moved to Dessau. Till 19°3 he
taxed', i.e., founder of a workshop. He belongs worked in various first-class workshops and then
among the least important v.ms of the Viennese he opened his own. Careful work, good reputation
School. He worked so carelessly,using opaque var., for new work and repairs.
that his senior Viennese colleagues nicknamed him BartschHeinrich; Essen. b. 3°. 3. 1910. Son and pupil
'Saupartl'. His violins and violas are often cornerless, of Alfred B. in Essen (1924-1926) and Johann
and usually without linings on the inside. His cellos Evangelist Bader in Mittenwald. Afterwards he
frequently have flat backs. The name is mostly worked with his father, whom he succeededafter
spelled with a 'P'. the latter's death in 1928. Qualified 1937. Follows
Bart/Christoph; Vienna, 1682-1691. Considered to be Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesu models. Oil and
the ancestor of the entire family. Oath of allegiance spirit var. Very good repairs.
taken on 28. 5. 1683. His true name seemsto have Barttner Michael; Salzburg, c. 1524. One of his instru-
been 'Bartl'. ments is exhibited in the Salzburg municipal museum,
Bart/Ignatz Christian; Vienna. b. 1732,d. 27.12.1819. the Carolino Augusteum. See Garter Michael.
On 3I. 3. 1764he took his oath of allegianceas a lute- BasslerRichard; Markneukirchen.b. 8. 10. 1891 in
and v.m. Prolific maker; violins of good quality. Markneukirchen. Bow-maker. Pupil of Hermann
In outline they follow the Italian models, but the Richard Pfretzschner. Later he worked with W. A.
arching is sometimes higher. Pfretzschner. Outstanding craftsman, who makes
only individual bows, which he brands. Good
repaIrs.
Bauer& Britting; Adorf, 20th cent. Manufacturers of
stringed instruments.
Bauer& Diirrschmidt A. G.; Markneukirchen, c. 19°5.
Manufacturers of stringed instruments and gut strings.
Bauer Adolph, Stuttgart. 1868.
Bauer Albin Paul; Dresden. b. 1866 in Oschatz (in
Saxony), still alive in Dresden in 193°. Son of Carl
Anton B., pupil of Gustav Roth in Markneukirchen.
His father's death compelled him to take over his
father's shop early in life. The shop, which he
wanted to enlarge, made doublebasses of several
Bartl Josef Jakob; Vienna. b. 1743, d. 1.6.1801. Son patterns, for he tried out different innovations.
of Michael Andreas B. whose shop he took over in Instead of scrolls he chose to carve heads of famous
1779. In tax-registers he is mentioned only until musicians.
 Bauer Anton; Linz. b. 1860. Maker of stringed instru- he founded a shop in Markneukirchen specialising
ments, was awarded a small silver medal for his in zither-making. Also produced parts of stringed
instrumentsfor assembly. .
zithers and violins at the Linz Arts and Crafts
Exhibition in 1887. Bauer Hermann; Brunndobra, 19th-20th cent. Little-
Bauer Carl Anton; Dresden. b. 1835in Untermarxgriin known v.m.
(near Olsnitz), d. 1884. By all accounts trained as Bauer Josef; Ergoldsbach (near Landshut, Bavaria),
v.m. in Karlsfeld between 1849-1852. Later opened 20th cent. Good v.m.
his own shop in Dresden. His doublebasses have Bauer Karl; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. v.m.
a striking taper which makes fingering easy in the
higher positions. His cellos are heavy with a short
neck and in most caseshave a nasal tone.
Bauer Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1782. Pro-
bably born and trained outside Klingenthal. Listed
in 1782 in the registers of the v.ms' guild. Erich
Oscar Heinel, the violin expert of Markneukirchen,
saw an original instrument by this maker. It followed
the Meissel School in style with wide bouts and
narrow f-holes. On the outside of the back is the BaumannChristian Friedrich; Schilbach. b. 28. II. 1862.
brand 'Bauer'. As well as violins, violas d'amore by He passedthe master's test on 20. 7. 1924.
him are also extant. Baumeister.. ; Liebenwalde, c. 1816. Probably an ama-
BauerFerdinand; Giessen. 20th cent. maker of stringed teur who repaired violins. A certain organ-builder,
instruments. F. Baumeister, with whom he may be identical,
Bauer Fritz; Stuttgart, Bissingen. b. 6. 5. 1906. Pupil worked as a repairer of violins as early as 1780.
of Wilhelm Berthold of Stuttgart, with whom he BaumlerChristoph; Crawinkel. b. 19. 10. 1820,d. 1879.
worked until 1925, when he opened his own shop. Skilful v.m.
Follows the models of Stradivari and Guarneri. He Baur Adolf; Stuttgart. b. c. 1840, d. 1873. Son and
favours the long form of G. Guarneri del Gesu: pupil of Martin B., whose shop he took over in
the instruments have magnificent tone. Ether-oil 1870 and owned for 3 years. He worked with J. B.
var. or soft spirit var. mixed with ether. Vuillaume, and learned chiefly to imitate old instru-
ments. A very skilful v.m., whose work differs
often from Vuillaume's only in var. Becausehe dried
wood artificially, his violins have lost much of their
tone. His widow sold the shop to his partner,
Anton Sprenger (II).

B fecit
Ad.lph..~ut
~.. ;""" :,:,:1

Baur Martin; Stuttgart. b. 10. 10. 1793 in Windratz-

hofen (near Leutkirch, in Wiirttemberg), d. c.1875.
c; When he was 18 he went to Stuttgart and joined the
...A.~,.rtin.~~r
orchestra as a trumpeter. He had talent for repairing
damaged instruments and was therefore sent by
the king, Wilhelm I, for a year to Johann Stephan
Thumhardt (I) in Munich as an apprentice. In 182.4
Fritz Bauer he returned and opened a shop in Stuttgart. Im-
ael genb..umellter mediately he was kept very busy, mainly for the
11.1
Stuttgart, anno;.t 9 [~r Court Theatre. Later he tried his hand at making
instruments, which he did with great care. He made
also several very good bows. In 1870 his shop was
taken over by his talented son, Adolf, and then in

Batler Georg; Markneukirchen, 894-1927. Owner of

a factory producing stringel instruments. In 1894

~
 1873 by Anton Sprenger (II). From 1870 Martin B.
worked for his son, after whose death he helped
Anton Sprenger (II).
BauschLudwig; Leipzig. b. 10. I I. 182.9in Dessau,
d. 7. 4. 1871 in Pabstdorf (near Konigstein). Son
and pupil of Ludwig Christian August B. Mainly
v. m. Having learned the trade he went to New York. BauschmannAugust; Lauban (near Liegnitz), 18th-
When he returned he opened his own shop in 19th cent. Noted for repairs. His label was found in
Leipzig. In 1860 he joined his father's shop: the an 18th cent. violin bearing no date.
firm was named Ludwig Bausch & SOhri. After his Bayer. . ; Schwabach. 20th cent. string suppliers.
death his place was taken by his brother Otto. Bayer Emil; Erfurt, c. ,1896. Followed the Stradivari
model. His cellos are especially good imitations.
Golden-red var.
Bazin Charles-Rene;Munich. b. 16.8.1906 in Mirecourt
(in France). Pupil of Amedee Dieudonne, Mirecourt.
Worked with his teacher, then with Marcel Vatelot
in Paris, Hilaire Darche in Brussels, his father Louis
B. in Mirecourt, and (as a prisoner-of-war) Hamma
& Co. in Stuttgart. In 1935he opened his own shop
in Lille in France, and in 1958in Munich. He works
on an original pattern and uses oil var.
BechsteinFriedrich; Kassel, c. 1834. Instrument-maker
Bausch Ludwig Christian August; Dresden, Dessau, who also repaired stringed instruments.
Leipzig, Wiesbaden. b. 15. I. 1805in Naumburg a. S., BechsteinHeinrich; Kassel, c. 1865. Worked together
d. 26. 5. 1871 in Leipzig. Pupil of J. B. Fritzsche in with Albert Vogt and also repaired stringed instru-
Dresden, with whom he was trained from 18I 8 to ments.
1822. He settled first in Dresden, then in Dessau; in Beck Adolf. See Beck Otto.
1839he went to Leipzig, and on I. II. 1861he moved BeckDavid;Wolfelsdorf. b. 1813or 1815,d. 20. 2. 1861.
to Wiesbaden, where he became instrument-maker No relation to the other Becks. The registers call
to the Court of the Duke of Nassau. In 1863 he him v.m. Birth registers have two relevant entries:
returned to Leipzig. His bows and bridges are being I: 28. 4. 1815: David Beck, illegitimate son of
imitated even today. He was nicknamed 'the German a farmer's daughter.
Tourte'. His bows bear the stamp 'Bausch Leipzig' 2: 22. 6. 1813: Alois David Georgius, son of
under the nut. He had the great advantage of being Heinrich Beck, shopkeeper.
advised by the virtuoso L. Spohr. In his early years Which of the two was the v.m. is not known.
he travelled a lot because there were not enough (A David Beck, small house-owner, died of leuk-
customers in Leipzig ; he even went asfar as St Peters- aemia at 4. 15. a.m. on 20. 2. 1861.)
burg. He had two sons, both v.ms. His violins are heck Hermann; Hohendorf b. Brambach. 20th cent.
quite frequently met with. Also very good guitars. Bow-maker.
Beck (Bock) Johann Georg; Wolfelsdorf. b. 22.4.1764,
d. 19.2.1825. Made violins, violas, cellos and double-
..}
basses.Judging by his work he seemsto have been
a pupil of Ignatz Hoffmann (II). Except for a few
violins, his work shows skill and origin~lity. Violins
of unusually long pattern (365 mm.): upper bouts
159 mm., centre bouts 105 mm., lower bouts 203mm.
It is not certain whether this model is original, for
BauschOtto B.; Leizpig. b. 6. 8. 1841 in Leipzig, d. Ignatz Hoffmann (II) made violins of almost the
3°. 12. 1878. Younger son and successorof Ludwig same measurements (365 rom. long; width: top,
Christian August B., pupil ofVauchel. In 1871-after 159 mm.; middle, 104 mm., bottom 205 mm.). Small
the death of his father and brother-he took over comers, not sufficiently pronounced. Var. of a warm
the firm Ludwig Bausch & Sohn. After his death brown or yellow colour. The basic coat is transparent
the shop passed into the hands of Adolf Wilhelm and the texture of the wood clearly visible. Uniform
Eduard Paulus, who had collaborated with the height of sides: 32 mm.; arching of table: 20 mm. ;
Bausch family since 1860. The old name of the firm of back, 18 mm.; so that total height is 70 mm.
continued under Adolf Paulus (II) till 19°8, when (Stradivari: 60 rom.). This pattern is exceptional,
the owner closed it and moved to Berlin. Otto B.'s however. Some of his instruments have normal
work is inferior to the work of his father and brother. dimensions. In using high arching he follows the

~
 Stainer School and abandons the early Bohemian Son of Johann Georg B. We know nothing about
v.m. style. Comer blocks are specially made, his apprenticeship: he may have been taught by
filling not only the comers but extend and serve as Franz Hoffmann. Afterwards he worked with his
linings for almost 3° mm. His f-holes are mostly father in Wolfelsdorf, after whose death he took
short (Stainer-type), or, the other extreme, very long. over both the shop and the whole house. On
This variation indicates his searchfor a better pattern. 23. I. 1826he married BeataJung (Junk) of Wolfe ls-
The scrolls are delicate, with well-cut round or oval grund. In 1827 his wife gave birth to a son, Eduard
volutes. He used printed and later, manuscript labels. Barnabas, in 1829 to another, Wilhelm Stephan,
and in 183° to a daughter, Beata. Then he moved to
Niederlangenau. The birth-registers contain the
following entry: '12 June 1832, to Vincenz Beck,
instrument-maker in Niederlangenau, son, baptised
Julius on 14 June.' Later there were 5 further
daughters and one son. It was impossible to feed
such a large family in the neighbourhood of Habel-
schwert and Bobischau, where the Hoffmanns were
active; so Beck moved to Glatz, where he achieved
citizenship in 1853. His wood selection is good.
Tables of fine quality wood with delicateannual rings,
backs of well-figured maple. Chestnut-brown var.
The 1823 yiolin has a beautiful form and is care-
fully constructed. Measurements: length, 360 mm. ;
width: top bouts, 165 mm.; centre bouts, II 5 mm.,
lower bouts, 2°5 mm. Corners very pronounced,
Beck Otto (called Adolf); Dusseldorf. b. 15. 2.. 1891 arching slight, soundholesand scroll skilfully carved.
in Burg. Pupil and son-in-law of J. H. Schult in
Lubeck. Attended the Johanneum in Lubeck, which
he left in 19°6, with the right to serve as a one-year
volunteer. Originally he wanted to follow the legal
profession and actually becameclerk to a court of law.
Neverthelesshis inclination led him to become a v.m.
He was apprenticed to J. H. Schult, where he won
distinction for his talent and skill. He worked with
him until 1916,when he passedhis master's examina-
tion in Hamburg and opened his own shop in
Dusseldorf. Competent, careful v.m. who achieved
renown through good work. He copied Stradivari
and used also an original pattern. Oil var. In 192.3
he published Die proportional Konstruktion der Geige
in Leipzig.

BeckeFritz; K6tzschenbroda. 20th cent. manufacturer

of stringed instruments.
Becker G.; Stralsund, 19th cent. Only one guitar,
dated 1814, is known.
BeckerWilhelm; Adorf. b. 18. 8. 187°, d. 1947.Nephew
. r ' '.;.
rh,~*1fIar",e;.
of Professor Reinhold B. in Dresden. Trained as
a v.m. in Adorf. A cellist by profession.
BeerAdam Jakob; Biimau. d. 1895in Biimau. Repairer.
Son and pupil of Anton B.
Beer Anton; Biirnau. b. 1764, d. 1836 in Biimau. Son
and pupil of Ignatius B.
Beer (Ber) Ignatius; Biimau. b. 1719, d. 20. 7. 1807
in Biimau. Son and perhaps pupil of Johann Michael
B. He seemsto have come to Biimau with his father.
Beck Vincenz; W6lfelsdorf, Niederlangenau, Glatz. His birthplace cannot be traced, even from a certi-
b. 8. 5. 1804 in W6lfelsdorf, d. I. 3. 1880 in Glatz. ficate of marriage of 19. I I. 1754 with Johanna

~
 Schwender. The registers always call him 'civil et of a sea-captain.He went to a grammar school in his
theliumartifex' (or 'confector').His work is similar in native town, and then to Hamburg as a merchant-
style to the work of the Hallein makers. Good table apprentice. Worked in the United States for some
wood, heads of pear-wood, broad f-holes and time. It was a Vecsey concert which inspired in him
unattractive var. Nevertheless his violins have a resolution to take up violin-playing seriously.
a comparatively good tone. Usually they are not His stubborn application brought him success.He
purfled. had close association with certain v.ms, especially
with August Diehl, and these connections made him
take up v.m. as well. He was so successfulin this
Jgnati 'j field that he finally combined his business vocation
with v.m. and opened a violin shop. In his spare
... c, C"
time he makes and repairs'violins. Good oil var.
of his own composition.
Berger Johannes; Landshut, 172.6.b. c. 1655. When
BeerJohann Georg; Barnau, Breslau. b. 1758, d. 1829 the Duke's Court in Trusnitz was dissolved in 1579
in Barnau. The eldest son and pupil of Ignatius B., musical life in Landshut became dislocated. After
whose style his resembles. It seemsthat he did not that date we only come across 'municipal singers'
live long in Breslau, for in the Breslau municipal with their religious dramas and operas, and 'munici-
archives his name cannot be found. pal instrumentalists' - three pipers and one trom-
Beer (Ber) Johann Michael; Barnau, c. 1754. Ancestor bone-player. Because of the tribulations of the
of the Barnau v.m. family. He was a citizen and Thirty Years' War and its aftermath, the town
v.m. in Barnau, though he was evidently born in councillors had neither mind nor money for music,
some other place. Judging from the fact that even the pipers stopped playing and were deleted from
his death is not mentioned in the Barnau registers, the lists of the town exchequer (cf. A. Kalcher,
he may have returned to his native place late in Chronik der LandshuterLiedertaiel, 1891). Music seems
life. to have enjoyed some popularity again only in the
Beerse/mann Friedrich; Nuremberg, either 1624or 1674. early 18th cent., for at that time lute- and v.ms
Only one label survives. again began to settle in Landshut. Among them we
BehrmannFriedrich August; Gotha, c. 1806-1810. This find, in 172.6,a Berger, perhapsthe teacher of Johann
name was found in violins made of good wood, with Ulrich Fischer. In the Landshut museum there is
flat models and powerful tone. It seemsthat Behr- a miniature painting on parchment depicting 'v.m.
mann stayed in Gotha for a short period only. Joannes Berger', and in the collections of the local
Beichtner(more correctly, Veichtner) Johann; Regens- Historical Society we find a Nonnengeige,apparently
burg, c. 16°3. One of his lutes was exhibited in the made by this maker, with the label:
Leipzig Krystallpalast in 1883. A viola made by
him is owned by Immanuel Hoffmann in Berlin. B. Landsh./a. D. 168
Bein Louis. Doctor and author of Die lndustrie des
sachsischen Vogt/andes(Leipzig, 1884). BergerJosef & Co.; Berlin, 19th cent. Well-run manu-
Be/cantoKonzertgeigenbau,' Cologne. 20th cent. manu- facturers of instruments.
facturers of violins. BergerLorenz; Landshut, c. 1759-1807. Probably son
BenewitzPaul Apian. See Apian-Benewitz Paul. and pupil of JohannesB. In 1759he got employment
Benke/ Johann; Berlin. b. 14.8. 1885 in Ottersberg as 'municipal oboist' and we learn from the Landshut
(near Hanover). Pupil of Karl Fischer (IV), employed Industrial Register (1807) that from that date on he
by Erich von Lulsdorff in Berlin. made all kinds of musical instruments like his father.
Bennert Eduard Jules; Cologne, c. 1887. Invented In 1808 his shop was taken over by Franz Kriner,
a 'triangular guitar'. In 1887 he published in Luxem- who married his widow, Gertrud.
bourg IIIustrierte Geschichte der Zither. Berger Max; Markneukirchen. b. 1869 in Markneu-
Benoit.. ; Dusseldorf, c. 1802. French v.m. who for kirchen. Pupil of Heinrich Theodor Heberlein (II).
some time worked in Dusseldorf. In one of his After 9 years of apprenticeship and journeying he
modest violins he is described as 'Luthier de opened a shop in his native town (1892), where he
Paris'. made violins on the models of early makers. His
Berg Olof; Konigsberg, c. 1835-184°. Swedish- labels do not bear his own name, however, for the
Norwegian consul who suggestedseveralinnovations name of the maker copied was inserted.
for the violin. He never made an instrument but had BergerMax Richard; Stralsund. b. 19.4. 1889in Mark-
his ideas carried out in Schonbach. His inventions neukirchen, d. 12. 5. 19So in Stralsund. German
met with no success. v.m. who settled in Stralsund. He was esteemed as
Berger C. D.; Schwerin, c. 1835. Mediocre repairer. maker and repairer. Good work on the Guarneri
Berger Horst; Hamburg. b. 14. II. 1893 in Kiel. Son pattern.
 Berndt Willy; Berlin-Neukolln. b. 11.4.1876 in Stettin.
Spent his youth in poor circumstances, for his
father died when the boy was very young. When he
was still young he made a violin - without any
instruction. The instrument was so good that
BergerSonja; Markneukirchen. b. I. II. 1926 in Mark- everybody advised him to learn v.m. As there was
no vacancy in Stettin he had to learn cabinet- and
neukirchen. Daughter and pupil of Theodor B. with
whom she works. piano-making. Nevertheless he spent all his spare
time learning v.m. from books. When he was 20
Berger Theodor; Markneukirchen. b. 17.5. 1887 in
St Petersburg. Trained with Oskar Robert Otto in he finally joined Adolf Pfretzschner, under whose
Markneukirchen (19°1-19°4), further worked with supervision he made violins. In 19°7 he moved to
Theodor Kurth in Berlin (19°4-19°7), Julius Heber- Berlin where he opened a prosperous shop. He
lein in Markneukirchen (19°7-19°8), Paul Gallrein worked after Stradivari, matching backs and tables
in Markneukirchen (1910-191 I) and with Ernst for best tonal results. Oil var. of his own composition.
Geisser in St Petersburg (1911-1918). He opened Berner (perner) Samuel; Brixen. d. 24.2. 1754. Good
his own shop in Markneukirchen in 1918. He . work. One of his cellos was auctioned by Heberle
in Nuremberg in 189°' Another cello and viola are
followed Stradivari, Guarneri, and used his own
model, too. Golden-yellow or red oil vat. Also dealt owned privately in Brixen.
in fine instruments. Bernhard Carl; Stadthagen. b. 22. II. 1857. Originally
a musician. His desire to improve the sound of
stringed instruments led him early on to study v.m.
The first man to instruct him, at least partially,
was Weber of Mollenbach (near Rinteln). Bernhard
knew wood well, for he was the son of a joiner.
He first tried a cello. The result encouraged him to
study further. Apart from practical advice, Weber
gave him Bagatella's book and several other works
of similar character. The progress was swift. In 1885
Bernhard made his first violin. Then he went to
Markneukirchen to complete his training. Though
his findings still left much to be desired he never-
theless used every opportunity to learn about
instruments by early makers. By 19°4 he had made
178 new violins, 3I violas, 17 cellos and 58 double-
basses. He mostly followed Stainer's model but
extended the arching elliptically since in his opinion
the straight fibres of the wood are cut off too short
in a model with an abrupt arching. When the model
is lower arched, he rounded off the soundholes as
Bagatella advised. Careful work, full and mellow
tone. He was also esteemedas a repairer. Professor
Sahla entrusted him with repairs and orders for new
instruments for the Buckeburg Court Theatre.
BernhardJohannGeorg; MarktBiberach,c. 1743-1746.
Modest work. Used poor wood from trees felled at
the wrong time and then ruined by woodworm. Bad
var., inferior tone. Copied the Tyrolean School.
Berl1hardOtto, Markneukirchen. 20 th cent. V.m.
BerkowskyH. ; Berlin. Date unknown. Violin virtuoso,
inventor of the 'polyphone', which enables the
player to play on all four strings simultaneously. t¥~~~ :4
,..I, c ( ~~
c ",'ti~

Berndt Erdmann; Remtengriin (in Saxony). 20th cent. ,L!~ """

f~N~~~#'"
bow-maker. f II
Berndt Max; Remtengriin, 20th cent. Brother of
Erdmann B., also a bow-maker.
Berndt Walter; Berlin, 20th cent. Son and pupil of
Willy B. Received a good musical education; BernhardtArnold (I); Markneukirchen.b. 19.7. 1874
accomplished player as well as v.m. in Markneukirchen,d. 18.4. 195°. Pupil of Karl
 Wilhelm Lederer (II). For a long period of time he made original violins, which won awards at exhi-
worked with Dr Alfred Stelzner in Dresden. In 19°5 bitions. In 1899 he patented a bridge.
he opened a shop in his native town. He worked
carefully and used excellent wood. His violins are
good. He had no assistantsand prepared everything
himself, even var. He used his own model: his
violins, which are branded, have excellent tone. Very
good repairer, too. Beyer F.; Naumburg, c. 1815. Known by one fine
doublebass with dark var.
Beyer Franz L. E.; Vienna, c. 1920. Introduced the
so-calledTIM (Ton-Instrumente Markstein) stringed
instruments, invented by the engineer Markstein.
He himself was not a v.m.
BeyerJulius Otto; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manu-
facturer of tools for v.ms.
BernhardtArnold (II); Markneukirchen. b. 26.4. 19°2. Beyer Robert (I); Berlin, 19th and 20th cent. v.m.
Son and pupil of Arnold B. (I) with whom he Beyer Robert (II); Berlin, 19°9-1910. Owner of
worked. a shop selling violins in Berlin, in the Unter den
Bernhardt Arnold (III); Adorf (in Saxony). 20th cent. Linden, now no longer in existence. He was not
violin- and string-manufacturer. a v.m., but employed journeymen.
Bernhardt Karl Gottlob; Schoneck, c. 1794. Lived at BiedermannWilhelm; Raun (in Saxony). 20th cent.
Schoneck, and in 1794 is mentioned as v.m. bow-maker.
Bertelt Joseph; Dortmund-Koerne. b. 17. 8. 19°4 in Bier Joseph; Rothenbach, c. 1945. Little-known v.m.
Herdecke. Violinist who took a great liking to v.m. Bierdimpft K. Author of Die Sammlung der Musik-
and received some training in the workshop of instrumentedes baierischen Nationalmuseums(Munich,
Lubocki. Undertook repairs. 1883)'
Berthold Julius & Co.; Klingenthal. 20th cent. manu- Bigler Hieronimus; Altenburg, c. 1815. Known from
facturers of machines and tools for v.m. one repair label in a large Bassequintede viole in the
Berthold Karl Friedrich Theodor; Dresden. b. 18. 12. Brussels Museum.
1815 in Dresden, d. 1882. Organist and composer. BindernagelJohann Wilhelm; Gotha. b. c. 177° in
Co-author with M. Fiirstenau of Die Fabrication Remstadt (near Gotha), d. 3°. 3. 1845 in Gotha.
musikalischer lnstrumente und einzelner Bestandteile Originally a joiner. He learned musical instrument-
derselbenim Konigl. SiichsischenVogtlande (Leipzig, making with M. Kleinsteuber in Gotha and then
1876). worked with Franz Anton Ernst, whose pupil he
Berthold Wilhelm; Stuttgart. d. 1934. V.m., not well can be considered to have been. His violins follow
known. Ernst's models. At first he only made harps and
Bertolt . .; Nuremberg, c. 1413. Lute-maker. The zithers, later violins, and finally - according to
Nuremberg archives of 1413 list a certain' Bertolt Jakob August Otto of Weimar - mainly guitars,
Lautenmacherauf der Lorenzer Stadtseitein der Mittel- evidently due to the influence of his wife (nee
gasse'. Trompheller) of Gotha, who was an outstanding
BeuthnerAdolf; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 12. 1873 in guitar-virtuoso. Some of his instruments are good,
Markneukirchen, d. 28.9. 1917 in Serbia. Pupil of thought his violins are of rather an ordinary character.
Reinhold Paulus. As a journeyman he worked in Two of his zithers are in the State Collection of
Leipzig, Berlin and Copenhagen.In 1895he returned Musical Instruments in Berlin (Nos. 598 and 599).
to his native town and opened his own shop. He
made and repaired violins and also dealt in old
musical instruments. Skilful craftsman.
BeuthnerChristian Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 9.
1799, d. 5.6. 1862. V.m.
BeuthnerJohann Ulrich; Hamburg, c. 1710. His name
is found on one repair label in the former Hamma
collection.
Beutler Johannes; c. 183°. Domicile unknown. The
W. Heyer Musikhistorisches Museum in Cologne Bischoff Johann Karl; Dessau, 1794-1796. Chamber
(No. 563) has one of his guitars, the head of which musician, invented an instrument called a 'Harmonie-
is cut in the form of a monkey's head. cello' but did not actually make it himself.
Beyer Emil; Erfurt, 1895-1916. Businessman trading BischofbergerOskar; Berlin, Zurich. b. 9.9.1888 in
in corn etc., as well as violins. Supposed to have Zurich. Pupil of J. Emil Ziist between 19°4 and
 19°8. La,ter he worked for several years with Otto BlahowetzWilli; Markneukirchen.b. 3°. 4.1887, d. 4. I.
Mockel in Berlin. In 1941 he settled in Zurich. 1962.in Markneukirchen. Son of Josef B. (I). He
Bitterer Georg; Mittenwald, 20th cent. Son and pupil also worked with Alfred Seegerin St Gallen (in Swit-
of Josef B., with whom he worked. zerland) and with Adolf Zopfel in Magdeburg. He
Bitterer Josef; Mittenwald, 20th cent. b. in Schonbach opened his own shop in 192.3.A good cellist; he
(in Bohemia). Son and pupil of Andreas B. in Schon- made interesting imitations.
bach where he was apprenticed between 1918 and
192I. Later he studied at the Schonbachv.m. school.
In 1926 he opened his own shop in Mittenwald
where he worked with his son, Georg.
Bitterer Karl; Mittenwald, 20th cent. Son and probably
pupil of Josef B.
Bittner David; Vienna, 1845-.1887. Pupil of Wilhelm
Ruprecht. Opened his own shop when quite young.
One of the better Viennese v.ms of the late 19th cent.
He conscientiously studied Italian makers, having Blank L.; Breitenfeld (in Saxony). 20th cent. bow-
a collection of fine Italian instruments, which he maker.
faithfully copied. In 1873 he was awarded a Medal Blankenburg.. ; Neubrandenburg, Vladivostok, c. 1855.
of Merit. He also made other stringed instruments, Little-known v.m.
including one viola d'amore, zithers, and some Blaschke Ferdinand; Glatz, Scheibe. b. c. 1775 in
cellos which are particularly outstanding for beautiful Grafenort, d. after 1845. Settled in Glatz in 1839 as
oil var. These are highly rated today. One of his an instrument-maker and innkeeper. Later he moved
zithers is in the collection of tbe BrusselsConservatoire. to Scheibe, probably where he died.
His wife was a zither-teacher. Later his shop was Blass..; Mannheim, c. 1913. Physician and amateur
headed for a short time by his son, Theodor B., who made good violins.
then it was sold to the musician Hans Griif and Blass-Badois..; Berlin, 20th cent. An amateur v.m.,
shortly afterwards closed for good. not identical with the preceding.
BlasslGeorg; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manufacturer
of machines for making strings and v.ms' tools.
Blaun Carl Wilhelm; Altona, c. 1840-1847. Skilled
doublebass-maker.
Bloss Ernst; Hohendorf (near Brambach). 20th cent.
bow-maker.
Blumenshagen C. P.; Hanover, c. 1753. An 18th cent.
lute- and v.m.
Blumml Emil Karl; Vienna. b. 25.10.1881, d. 26.4.
1925. Musicologist whose works include: Beitrage
zur Geschichte der Lautenmacherin WienJOberdie Alt-
WienerLautenmacherinnungJ Die WienerLautenmacher-
familie Hollmayer (1919), Der Wiener Geigen fInd
Guitarrenmacher Joh. Georg Stauffer.
BochemDietrich; Cologne, c. 167°' Probably the first
Bittner Friedrich; Markneukirchen. d. 10.8. 1946. of the famous Cologne family of v.ms.
Little-known v.m. Bochem Joannes; Cologne, 1745-1769. In~ustrious
Bittner Theodor; Vienna, c. 1887. Son and pupil of lute- and v.m.. and repairer. He mostly made violas
David B. In 1887 he became the owner of the Italian in form and of good tone, but too large.
workshop, but sold it soon afterwards to the
musician Hans Graf.
Blahowetz Josef (I); Markneukirchen. b. 13. 6. 1857,
d. 1909. Careful work in individual style, following
the French School.
Blahowetz Josef (II); Markneukirchen. b. I. 12. 1907
in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Willi B.
Opened his own shop in 1943 and has made violins
and instruments of the guitar family. Bochem Michael; Cologne, 1694-1729' Perhaps son
BlahowetzJosef (III); Markneukirchen. b. 29.12.1910 of Dietrich B. and father of Joannes B. Skilful and
in Markneukirchen, d. 12. I. 1945. Son and pupil very industrious v.m. Many collectors used to have
of Willi B. his instruments. The heads of the instruments are
 sometimes in the form of a carved woman's head. Bohm Friedrich August; Zwota, 2.othcent. Supposedly
In Kurt Sachs' catalogue (192.2.)we find mentioned worked there in the Kohlmesserhausel.
a nine-stringed zither with the following label: Bohm G. H.; Hamburg. 2.oth cent. guitar- and zither-
maker.
Michael Bochem in Collen, 1729. BohmeW. ; Berlin, C.183°. Label found dated ~bout 183°
(cf. Kurt Sachs' catalogue, No. 9°9, p. 101).
In two of his guitars from 1694 and 172.0there is Boiteux Claudius; Munich, 1786-1799. Came from
a printed label:
Michael Bochem
Mirecourt, where his stay can be proved between
Lauten und Geigenmacher the years 1773-1779. In 1786 he settled in Munich
in Collen ano 1720. and did a lot of work for the Court orchestra,
succeedingSebastianWolfram, sinceWolfram's pupil
Bock Johann Georg. See Beck Johann Georg. Gregor Sidtler was not good enough for this
Bockwoldt Fritz; Hamburg, 2.oth cent. Made and institution. He was awarded a Court title, too, and
repaired all kinds of musical instruments. is listed in the Court Calendar for 1799 as a Court
Body Hans; lnnsbruck, before 1957. Examiner for the lute-maker. However, he left Munich tow~rds the
Tyrolean V.ms' Society. He took over the workshop end of 1798 or early in 1799. He seemsto have been
of his father, Otto B. mainly a repairer.
Body Otto; lnnsbruck. b. 1857 in Debrecin. As a three- Boland. SeePohland.
year-old boy he came with his parents to Bezau in Boll Otto; Berlin-Pankow. 2.oth cent. manufacturer of
Vorarlberg. He was trained in Mittenwald, the violin-heads.
birthplace of his mother, with Johann Neuner (III) Boller Johann Adolf; Frankfurt a. M., c. 167°. Origin-
and in 1875 joined J. Gschwenter in lnnsbruck as ally may have come from Mittenwald; known only
a journeyma,n. Several years later he opened his through one pochette purRed with ebony and ivory,
own shop, making mainly zithers and guitars, also which is in the State Collection of old musical
repairing violins. Later he worked with his son, instruments (No. 2.84) in Berlin. The body consists
Hans. of 9 splints with ivory ribs. The f-holes are crescent-
Boegli & Co., GmbH; Nuremberg. 2.oth cent. manu- shaped. In 1662.there lived in Frankfurt a merchant,
facturers of metal strings. Johann Adolf B., who is listed as 'a citizen's son'.
BogenholzH.; Detmold. b. 1834, d. 1917. Started His father was a lute-maker and musician.
a career as a, player; switched to making stringed BbJlinger(Bollinger) Joseph; Steyr, c. 1819. Probably
instruments in 1874. pupil or fellow-pupil of Mainrad Frank, whose
BognerAmbros Joseph; Prague, Vienna. b. 12..2..1752. work resembles Bollinger's.
in Bor (in Bohemia), d. 2.2..9.1816 in Vienna. Also Bolmon Johannes; Markneukirchen, c. 1683. Belongs
a lute-maker. He lived in Prague until 1792.,when probably to the Poellmann (pohlmann) family.
he moved to Vienna and opened his own shop Simeon Pollmann was a maker in Markneukirchen
(House No. 976). He took his citizen's oath on in 1696. He may have immigrated from Bohemia.
17. 8. 1792..His violins are rare and not highly rated, A guitar-lute by him is in the Brussels Conservatoire
though the craftsmanship is very good and the (No. 2.68).
tables are of beautiful wood. The backs are less BolthauerHans. Author of Geschichte der Geigenbaukunst
inspiring. The head is not cut very carefully. in der Schweiz(Leipzig, 192.3).
Moderate arching, dark var. which is opaque and Boltze. . .; Elberfeld, c. 189°. Oboist and keen amateur
crackled. He was one of the first Viennese v.ms v.m. Made very good progress but unfortunately
to start using a broader and flatter model. died when only 4°.
BoningkJohann Adolph; Gottingen, 1634-1664. Still
known today as repairer of a lute by the Strassburg
maker Jonas Stehelin, now in W. Heyer's Musical
History Museum in Cologne.

Boh/an (Bohland) Johann Andreas. SeePoh/andJohann

Andreas.
BohmFriedrich; Stuttgart, Vienna, Berlin. b. 14.2. 19°4.
Pupil of E. R. and E. Kochendorfer of Stuttgart.
For 3 years he worked with Sprenger in Switzerland,
then for some time in Vienna with Scholl. In 1928
he was in Berlin where he worked for Arthur Voss
and Albin Wunderlich. Successdrof Voss in 1945.
Good craftsman and repairer. Bormann ; Langenheim. 19th cent. guitar-maker.
BornemannG.; Physician and author together with beautifully made and inlaid with ivory strips. The
Dr E. Buhl of Verzeichnisder Sammlungalter Musik- body is made from cypress-wood..
instrumenteim Bachhauszu Eisenach(Leipzig, 1911). Bothe..; Berlin, c. 1787. An instrument-maker of this
There are many errors in the latest edition name was supposedly the inventor of the chromatic
(1918). harp; he also made guitars on his own model.
BoseChristoph; Ebersdorf. b. c. 1640. His dates of Batt Johann; Vienna. b. c. 1810, d. 10.3.1881. Skilful
birth and death cannot be ascertained, as there are v.m. Not prolific, but made some very beautiful
no parish registers before 1685.Judging by a manu- reproductions of Stradivari and Amati. Good yellow-
script label from 1660 he may have been identical brown var. He made only one cello. Most of his time
with a Bose born on 23. 10. 1640 in Ebersdorf. he spent in repair work, for which he was highly
A viola made by him, though many times repaired, valued. His workshop was in the Burggasse.He was
was owned by Otto Ruppert, teacher and v.m. of an original character, and always wore a broad grey
Neurode. artist's hat. He used only handwritten labels.
Bottcher Gottfried; Altenroda, c. 1846. Judging from
his work he was an amateur.
Baize Johannes; Erfu!t, c. 1687. G. Siefert in Leipzig
had a viola by him which was found in a guild's
church. Head and table are of more recent origin.
Handwritten label.

BoschHans; Kassel. b. 15. 4. 1881 in Thannhausen

a. d. M. (in Bavaria). Outstanding artist and architect.
Tried his hand at making musical instruments from
early youth. His father, joiner and buildcr of altars,
also made musical instruments. He had, however,
little time to pursue his hobby, and was disabled in Bouffter F. Author of Die Violine und ihre Virtuosen
the First World War. Nevertheless all his spare time (Berlin, 189°)'
was spent with great zest at his bench, where after Bowitz C. A.; Breslau, 19th cent. Known through only
many trials and preliminary exercises, following one label.
Gustav Adolf Wettengel's book and basing his BrambacherMusikindustrie Ad. Paesold,.Bad Brambach
efforts on the careful study of old instruments, he (in Saxony). loth cent. manufacturers of bows and
had made his first violin. His ever-increasing efforts violin parts for assembly.
brought positive results: his work bears comparison Brand..; Aachen, 19zz. Amaker of not long standing.
with the best professionally made violins. His violins BrandnerJohann; Mittenwald. b. 1835, d. 1916. Good
have a rich, powerful tone. v.m. with only a small amount of independent work
BoskovskyJosef; Vienna, c. 1925. Good repairer. to his credit. He was a very popular character in
Boss (Hoss) Maximilian; Vienna, c. 1763-1789. His Mittenwald.
name is occasionally found in carelessly made BrandnerKaspar; Mittenwald. b. 18. I I. 1883in Mitten-
instruments. waldo Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m. school under
Bossart Rudolf; Augsburg. b c. 1561, d. after 1625. Franz Bader. For z years he worked with Georg
In the Augsburg list of makers, 1615,he is mentioned Kriner in Landshut, for 3 years with Giuseppe
as a 54-year-old lute-maker. He is further in the lists Fiorini and Anton Zunterer in Munich, where he
of makers from 1619 and in the tax-register of 1625. was associated with Simon Rieger. He opened his
He was perhapsthe father of Jacob B., who, however, own shop in 19°4 in Mittenwald and made good
spelled his name Bosshart. violins, modelled on Stradivari and Guarneri; also
BossertGustav, Dr. b. 1841 in Tiibingen, d. 1825 in lutes and guitars after Italian and Viennese models.
Stuttgart. Protestant pastor and author of works Very good repairer of stringed instruments. In 19°6
on v.m. his violin was awarded a medal at the Nuremberg
Bosshart(Bossart) Jacob; Augsburg, 1625-1640. In the Exhibition.
Augsburg tax-registers he is first mentioned as
'Jacob Bossart' with no details about his profession.
Some of his violins are still extant, conspicuous for
'n'ltrumfnffnma4!~r U11~1ttparatfuf
their high arching, deep sides and blunt corners.
He used his own model. Careful work, good wood. ~ittfum.~ ~f. It;)
Transparent yellow-red var. F-holes cut along the
grain of the wood. In the Fritz Wildhagen Collection Brandstiitter Ignatz; Vienna. b. c. 1757, d. 10. 3. 1791.
in Halenseenear Berlin there is a chitarronefrom 1629, Lived only to the age of 34 years and his violins
 are therefore rare. Probably he concentrated on acceptance into the guild only followed upon his
guitars but they are only mediocre. Back and sides petition for this privilege, addressed directly to the
are varnished red-brown, a fashion followed in king, on 17. 10. 1697. He was probably the ancestor
Vienna at that time. of the present-day family of v.ms. Neither his sons
nor grandsons appear to have been v.ms, however.
Braun August Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. II. 12..
1868 in Markneukirchen, d. 2.8.5. 1939. Pupil of
Karl Wilhelm Kessler (II), with whom he was
apprenticed from 1882.. Later he worked with
several other makers. He opened his own shop
in 1892..In 1896 he joined the firm Karl Gottlob
Schuster and founded its workshop for 'artistic
Brandstatter Matthaus Ignatz; Vienna. b. c. 1791, violin-making', which he managed for 2.2.years.
d. 6.;. 185I. Lived at No. 994 in Vienna. On In 1918 he establishedan independentworkshop.
;. 10. 1817 he took the citizen's oath. He made neat Later he joined his son-in-law Gustav Nejedly in
violins after Stradivari. Yellow var. with red tinge. the firm G. Nejedly & Co. Violins and cellos on
Unfortunately they look better than they sound. Italian and Tyrolean patterns, which becamequickly
He was very industrious. In his last years he could popular in artistic circles. A good specimen is in
not be persuaded to sell any of his violins. After the museum in Markneukirchen. Good oil var. He
his death, in his workshop there were found several is especially appreciated for his repair work. He used
drawers full of completed violins in the white. a printed label.
The whole estate was bought by Anton Hoffmann
who varnished them, provided them with Brand-
statter's labels and marketed them. These instruments
are easily recognisable by their inferior var.: they
are worth less than the original work, which is
nowadays highly valued. Brandstatter also did very
good repairs.

Braun August Robert; Erlbach. 19th cent. v.m.

Supposed to have moved to Spremberg, but could
not be traced there..
Braun August Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1819
Brandt Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 9. 8. 19°6 in Mark- in Erlbach, d. 3°.10.1896. In the early 1850She
neukirchen. Pupil of Albert Schlegel of Markneu- settled in Markneukirchen as a v.m., making cheap
kirchen. Opened his own shop in Markneukirchen violins for export.
on 28.6. 1933. Master from 1938. Good violins. Braun August Wilhelm (II); Markneukirchen. b. 18. 6.
1855, d. 9. 1. 1924- Pupil of Ludwig Glasel (I) of
Markneukirchen.
Braun C.; Breitenfeld, Markneukirchen. b. 27. 5. 1873,
d. 8.8. 1947. V.m.
Braun Ernst; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manufacturer
of fingerboards for stringed instruoents.
Braun Ernst Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 27. 12. 1848
in Erlbach. Son of August Wilhelm B. (I). Date of
death unknown.
Braun Ewald; Breslau, Dresden, Augsburg, Berlin.
b. 26. 1. 1874 in Markneukirchen, d. 9. 8. 1947.
Manufacturer of musical instruments and bows and
their parts. After 3 years' apprenticeship he worked
with Ernst Liebich (III) in Breslau, then with
Rudolf Heckel in Dresden and finally with Georg
Brau Gerber; Remtengrtin (in Saxony). 20th cent. Piegendorfer in Augsburg. He then emigrated and
mandolin-maker. worked with E. Geisser in St Petersburg. After
Braun Adam; Markneukirchen, c. 1697. He was not some years he returned to Berlin and entered
the son of a trained v.m., nor did he spend the L. Neuner's workshop. In 19°3 he returned to his
prescribed number of years as a journeyman. His native town, where he opened a workshop and
 started selling musical instruments. He also did Brauns Carl Friedrich Wilhelm; Hamburg, 1798. On
repairs. 12. 10. 1798 he is listed as an 'instrument-maker'
Braun Fritz Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 29.5. 1883 and citizen of Hamburg. Nothing else is known
in Markneukirchen. Sonand pupil of August Wilhelm about him.
B. (II). Opened his own shop in Markneukirchen Breiling Andreas Ludolph (Ludwig); Gottingen, c. 1801
in 1919.Good work; mostly, however, for the trade. - 1829. He was made citizen on 21.9. 1801,
though he did not take the oath until 29.4. 1829.
One can surmise that he lived in poverty, becauseat
that time he was relieved of fees. However, he
was a very clever lute-maker. His work is original
and careful. A lute made by him in 18°3 bears the
number 132.
BreitenbergerLudwig; Munich. 20th cent. v.m.
Braun Gustav; Dusseldorf, Dresden, Lubeck. b. 7.2. BreitmannHermann; Dresden, c. 1896. Worked on the
1846 in Erlbach, d. Easter 1896 in Lubeck. Son of Stradivari model using pale brown var. Opened his
August Wilhelm B. (I). Originally a viola-player. own shop in 1896.
As he was the son of a v.m. he was also interested Brinckmann Franz Georg; Frankfurt a. M. b. 1799 in
in v.m., and when an opportunity offered itself in Frankfurt, d. after 1845. Son of a musician who was
Hanover to learn the trade he accepted, and began perhaps the first to teach him the rudiments of v.m.
to repair violins in Dusseldorf soon afterwards. Later he was apprenticed to a joiner, and it was as
In 1872he moved to Dresden and in 1895to Lubeck. a joiner that he got citizenship of his town in 1829.
Good theoretical knowledge. From time to time he He dedicated himself to instrument-making, in
employed assistants into whose instruments he put which he was very successful. He liked to make
his own labels. guitars, however, and was proud that one had been
Braun Heinrich; Remtengriin (in Saxony). 20th cent. praised by Paganini. He also invented a device which
bow-maker. prevented the strings of a guitar going out of tune
Braun Hermann August. See Braun August Hermann. quickly. Instruments with such a device he called
Braun Hugo; Leipzig. 20th cent. manufacturer of 'correction guitars'.
stringed instruments, zithers and gramophones. Bringe W.; Wilhelmsburg, c. 1928. V.m.
Braun Josef; Mittenwald, 1914.His cellos are good but Bruchle Ernst; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m. who also
sometimes give the impression of having been made made other forms of stringed instruments.
by a carpenter. Bruck P. B.; Berlin. 20th cent. manufacturer of tables
BraunKarl;Breitenfeld, Markneukirchen. b. 27.5.1873, and backs for violins, violas and cellos.
d. 8. 8. 1947. V.m. and good repairer. Brucken-Hammig Christian August; Markneukirchen.
Braun Otto Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 10. 1877, b. 14. 10. 1833, d. 19. 12. .885. Mainly a doublebass-
d. 6. 12. 1958 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of maker who employed v.ms in his workshop. His
August Wilhelm B. (II). Opened his own shop in instruments were always well made and he won
Markneukirchen in 1899. many prizes.
Braun Robert; Wohlhausen. 20th cent. mandolin-maker. Brucken-HammigMax; Markneukirchen, c. 1897.Maker
Braun Wilhelm August. SeeBraun August Wilhelm (II). of sttinged instruments whose quartet of instruments
Braun Wilhelm u. Sohn; Erlbach, 20th cent. Modern modelled on Stradivari was commended at an
manufacturers of guitars, mandolins and zithers. exhibition in 1897.
Brauner Johann Joseph; Vienna, c. 1749-1761. His Bruckner Alfred; Erfurt. b. 20.2.19°7 in Erfurt, died
name appearsin Viennese tax-registers between 1750 in action 13.2. 1944 on the Russian front. Son and
- 1758. The last year contains the following pupil of Wilhelm B. His widow, Elsa, continued in
remark: 'Relieved of taxation and deprived of the trade after his death, with some assistance.
citizenship becausehe left'. He lived in the Schotten BrucknerAugust Oswald; Wernitzgriin, c. 189°. Little-
quarter and took his citizen's oath on 4.7. 1749. known v.m.
Last entry of all has the following remark: 'Following Bruckner Erich; Steinkirchen, c. 1914. V.m. active in
the order of 29 May 1758 relieved of citizen's duty Steinkirchen (near Lubben, Spreewald).
and his card returned'. Nevertheless there is a violin Bruckner Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 24. 5. 187° in
of his dated 1761. On his labels he used the name Markneukirchen, d. 21.2. 1956. Pupil of Hermann
Johannor Joseph,rarely both. Petzold, assisted Albert Ellersieck in Rostock.
Opened his own shop in 1895. Conscientious
work.
Bruckner Ernst Max; Markneukirchen. b. 3°.5.1875.
Specialisedin making banjos.
BrucknerErnst Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 5. I I. 1867
 in Markneukirchen.Establishedhimselfin 1888.Not BrucknerKurt; Schwerin,20th cent. Sonand pupil of
very interesting work. Max Kurt B. of Markneukirchen,with whom he
BriJcknerEwald; Markneukirchen. b. 20.4. 1889 in workedbeforestartingto makehis own instruments.
Wernitzgriin, d. 29. 4. 1959. V.m. and pupil of Following the advice of some members of the
Max Dolling in Markneukirchen; worked with SchwerinStateOrchestrahe movedto Schwerinand
Holm Viertel in Aachenand with Philipp Keller in was successfulboth as a maker and as a repairer.
Wiirzburg. He opened his own shop in 1927. Also a good violinist.
Master'sexaminationspassedin 1928.He madevery
good instruments.

BrucknerM. ; Remtengriin. 20th cent. mandolin-maker.

Bruckner Max Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 24.3.1887
Bruckner F. A.; Markneukirchen. See Bruckner Fritz . in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Heinrich
Arnold. August B. He worked with Heinrich Hermann Todt,
Bruckner Franz (1); Berlin, New York, c. 1879-1892. and opened his own shop in 1909. Conscientious
First settled in Berlin but in the early 189OSwent to work.
New York.
Bruckner Franz (III); Weimar, Schonbach, 20th cent.
Owner of a factory for making stringed instruments
who maintained a workshop and store in Schonbach,
where his brother was head of the workshop.
Bruckner Fritz Arnold; Markneukirchen, Siebenbrunn.
b. 14.6. 1899 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of
Heinrich August B. in Markneukirchen. He opened
his own shop in 1923; maker of excellent stringed
instruments of both modern and classical type. He BrucknerOtto Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 9.12.1877
also copies Stradivari's inlaid violins. in Markneukirchen, d. 5.5.1939. Pupil ofH. Jager.
Worked with Roth and Lederer in Markneukirchen.
Bruckner Wilhelm; Erfurt. b. 3°. 6. 1877 in Markneu-
kirchen, d. 5. 10. 1929.Pupil of his brother, Heinrich
Albin B. Worked with Giuseppe Fiorini in Munich,
later in Dresden and elsewhere. He opened his own
shop in Erfurt in 1897. Good work.

BrucknerHeinrich Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 2. 3. 1855

BrucknerOswald Ewald; Markneukirchen. b. 2.0.4.1889
in Markneukirchen, d. 9.7. 1931. Skilful v.m. and
in Wernitzgron, d. 2.9.4. 1959. V.m. who passed
a successful teacher.
the master's test on 2.3.6. 192.8in Markneukirchen.
Bruckner Heinrich August; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 9.
Bruckner Wilhelm Konrad; Erfurt. b. 3°.9.1932. in
1856. Erfurt. Son of Alfred B. and grandson of Wilhelm.
Bruckner Johannes; Markneukirchen. b. 7. II. 1888 in
He learned with Georg Ludwig Dolling in Markneu-
Markneukirchen, d. 6. 3. 1948. V.m., skilful work.
kirchen and then worked for 8 years as helper with
Willi Lindorfer in Ober-Weimar. Master's examina-
tion passed in 1957. Excellent violins, violas and
cellos, most of them copies of early Italian models.
He uses his own var. and brand. Good repairer.
BrUdersCarl; Stolberg, c. 1801. According to a label
dated 1801 he was a repairer.
 Bruders Johann August Christoph; Tangermiinde, Vienna asa boy and was apprentked to J. G. Stauffer.
c. 182.9.Supposedly pupil of August Zabel. Docu- In 1816 he founded his own shop, and was so
ments describe him as 'instrument-maker'. successful that Schubert's Lexikon unter den hervor-
BruggerMichael; Salzburg, c. 182.2.-182.4.Actually not ragendenneuererGeigenmacher (Leipzig, 1830) lists him
a v.m., but a joiner. It is not known whether he made among the outstanding new v.ms. Specialised
any instruments but he was certainly kept busy with mainly in guitars, modelled on Luigi Legnani,
repairs because at that time there was no other Stauffer, etc., which he sold to Viennese retailers in
repairer in Salzburg. One of the instruments in the great numbers.
Salzburg Municipal Museum Carolino-Augusteum
has his repair label, dated 182.4.
Bruner Franz; Vienna, beginning of 19th cent. Inventor
of the so-called Harpe amphionique-small pedal
harp which could be held on the lap. The Viennese
Museum of Art and Industry has one of his harps.
He also made guitars, but hardly any violins.
Brustgrun M. C.; Flensburg, c. 1862..Maker of wood-
wind instruments who also repaired violins.
Buchel Hugo; Coburg. b. 19. I I. 1859 in Coburg,
d. 192.2..Originally an engineer, travelled in Italy
and Switzerland, taking the opportunity to study
all kinds of collections of musical instruments and,
sponsored by the Saxon ducal Court Orchestra,
took up v.m. He joined Galdert's firm in Coburg,
which he later owned from 1891.At first he followed
the Stainer model but his first violins had a hollow BucherMichael; Halle, c. 1729. One of his instruments
sound in the low registers and a brittle sound in the is in the Darmstadt Museum (No. 499)'
high ones. Later he designed his own model, BuchholZ Jacob Ferdinand; Tangermunde, c. 1847.
a cross between Stradivari and Bergonzi, charac- Dealer in violins who took over the shop of Heinrich
terised by the elliptical form of the table. Christian Orlecke.
BucherIgnatz Johann (I); Vienna. b. 182.8in Vienna, BuchnerF. W.; Leipzig, c. 1850-1861. Musician and
d. I 1.7. 1881. Son and pupil of Johann B., whose maker of instruments. Becauseof their powerful tone,
shop he took over in 1856. He was a very capable J. Lotto praised his violins. Known only by his
v.m., and in 1873 was awarded a Medal of Merit repairs. He put his repair labels usually on the inner
for his quartet of instruments on the Stainer model ribs.
which had a conspicuously good and powerful tone. BuchstetterChristoff Andre; Stadtamhof, c. 1741. Pro-
He also made other instruments, and especially his bably father of Gabriel David B. Modelled his
guitars were very popular. When in the 1860s the violins on Gaspar da Sal6 and styled himself 'citizen,
guitar became fashionable, he confined himself to lute- and v.m.'
making this instrument. BuchstetterGabriel David; Stadtamhof, c. 1752-1771.
Once considered to be the best of the early German,
v.ms. Even Spohr played only a Buchstetter violin
at concerts, until by chance he got a Lupot. Buch-
stetter was industrious and reputedly rich. His best
violins are long and narrow with flat arching and
unusual soundholes somewhat reminiscent of Amati.
Good work, in places even most careful work, but
the wood is not always well chosen. He liked to use
BucherIgnaz Johann (II); Vienna. b. 1859in Vienna. a close-grained pine-wood, which made the tone
Son and pupil of Ignatz Johann B. (I), whose shop of his instruments sharp. Var. less satisfactory though
he took over in 1881.For sometime he worked as the yellow or yellow-red which he used was of good
assistantin M arkneukirchen, beforeinheriting his quality acoustically. Scrolls often beautifully cut.
father's works hop, with which he gained 9 medals. He made violins and lutes of all types. His work is
He made violins mainly after Stradivari, and other still quite commonly encountered. There exist also
instruments(zithers,guitarsetc.) on original models. several violins with high arching, deep and broad
Spirit and oil var. His firm also sold music and purfling, short soundholes, good var., but clumsy
manufacturedstrings. scroll. On the labels the name is only Gabriel Buch-
BucherJohann; Vienna. b. 1792in Hammerschwang stetter, not Gabriel David Buchstetter.For this reason
(in Wiirttemberg), d. 1856in Vienna. He went to it was thought that there were actually two v.ms
 of this name. More probably he made cheap violins Burkhardt (Burkart) Emil; Eisenach. b. 1871 in Anna-
in the usual German shapesand the better ones on berg (in the Erz Gebirge), d. 1955. Learned with
Italian models. Meisel in Klingenthal. In 1888 he worked with
Ernst Glasel in Markneukirchen, then in 189° he
joined Gustav Adolf Hammig in Dresden, in 1892
Emil Beyer in Erfurt, and in 1895 he left for Kotz-
schenbroda (near Dresden), where he opened his own
shop on. 1.6.1895. He invented an instrument which
could be played by bow and plectrum, for the
manufacturing of which he linked up with a dealer
in Schleusingen.From 1898 on he only made violins.
In 19°1 he moved to Eisenach, where he soon
achieved recognition for his thorough work. He
excelled both as a maker and as an artistic repairer
of old violins.
Burkmann Ernst; Plauen, c. 19°0. Careful work. Used
golden-yellow var.
Busch Ernst; Nuremberg. b. c. 159° in Nuremberg,
d. 165°' Diligent lute- and v.m. of good reputation
who endeavoured to introduce new outlines. His
instruments are found in several collections.
BuschHans Willi; Berlin. b. 8. 7.1899. Orchestral leader
and amateur v.m.
BuchstetterJosef; Stadtamhof, c. 1775-1778. Son and BuschmannGustav Adolf; Hamburg. b. 1835 in Frei-
pupil of Gabriel David B. His work is exactly like burg. Well-known manufacturer of pianos and har-
his father's. moniums, mentioned here as inventor of a device for
Biihlich Richard; Rostock. b. c. 1868 in Liitzen, d. after improving doublebasses. The doublebass has one
1929. Learned from A. Paulus in Leipzig; assistant disadvantage: its notes reach down only to E, so that
betwe;en 1885-1896. In 1895 he settled in Rostock it cannot play an octave down to the cello's lowest
where he had already worked with Ellersieck. He note, C. In 1856Buschmann constructed a C-double-
used his own model, resembling Stradivari's. Golden- bass. It was, however, found to be impractical
yellow spirit var. of a red-brown tinge. Good wood because it was tuned in fifths. In order to keep
and good tone, provided the violin is not too shallow. the normal size and use the lowest string down to C,
BunnagelJosef; Cologne. b. 9. I. 1904 in Cologne. Buschmann thought up several systems with the
Pupil of Leo Aschauer at the Mittenwald v.m. use of levers, keys and pegs, but none of these met
school. Later he worked with Julius Hempel in the requirements of comfortable fingering. Finally
Hamburg and with Franz Conrad Louis in Saar- he solved the problem by using a second fret for the
briicken. In 1929 he settled in Cologne. Conscient- lowest string and 4 touch-levers moved by push-
ious work. buttons near the neck of the instrument. The usual
Burckart Dionysius; Rastatt, c. 1807. His label was style of playing is thus unchanged and the lowest
found in a mediocre violin modelled on Stainer. string can still be tuned to E flat, D, C sharp or C.
Flat scroll. Its best feature was the yellow var. As the This not only enriches the scale but improves the
place and date on the label are handwritten he may sound of the instrument and the usually feeble notes
have worked in several places and filled in his labels are now more responsive. A similar invention was
accordingly. made before Buschmann by the guitar-player, Karl
Burgle Johann; Griesbach (in Bavaria), 1815-1831. Pittrich of Dresden.
Little-known maker whose yellow-brown instruments Butti F. H. ; Hof, 20th cent. Bavarian v.m. Good work
are of modest quality, though modelled on Stradivari on Italian models.
and Amati. Buttner Paul Hermann; Markneukirchen. d. between
BurdorfErnst H.; Bremen. d. 1934.Very good repairer. 1914 and 1918. V.m., ordinary work.
Btlrg R. Author of Das Biichlein van der Geigeoder die
Grundmaterialendes Violinspiels (Leipzig, 1860).
Biirger Johann Adolf; Frankfurt, c. 1694. C. C. Snoeck
possesseda pochetteviolin by him, 26 cm. long, with
c
mother-of-pearl purfling. It is probable that he
lived in Frankfurt a. M. though no proof of this can Gallien Bruno; Zittau, c. 1898. Until 1898 the firm was
be found in the archives. In Frankfurt a. o. he is not called B. Calsen & Schafer. Described as 'manu-
known, either. facturer of stringed instruments'.
Cappa Sebastian; Mittenwald, c. 189°' Probably came lackes(Leipzig, 1917).With Anton Schumacherfrom
from Italy but his work is not first-class. Amati 10. 8. 1889.
model, pale brown or golden-orange var. Christa Joseph Paul; Munich. b. 3. 3. 17°° in Fiissen,
Cartheuser Johann Christian; Cologne, c. 179°. His d. 1780in Munich. V.m. of the Fiissen School whose
violins often follow the Amati model. Preferred work commands praise even today. Earliest labels
yellow var. of natural resins. date from 173°. His name is found in Court Bills of
Caspari & Co. GmbH; Gottingen. 20th cent. manu- the Munich archives. His work resemblesAlletsee's,
facturers of heads and parts for assembly of stringed but he prefered a highly-arched model. Var. mosdy
instruments. brown, perhaps later artificially darkened. His violas
Castendorfer Melchior; Nordlingen, 15th cent. Described d'amore, with the carved head of the goddessThemis,
as 'lute-maker'. Son of Stephan C. His name is not are especially beautiful.
to be found in the Nordlingen History of the Estates Christa Michel (I); Fiissen, c. 1606. Litde-known v.m.
(printed in 1801) nor in the town register, so one Christa Michel (II); Fiissen. d. 13. 3. 1633. Son and
can only surmise that his stay in Nordlingen pupil of Michel C. (I). Citizen and member of the
was temporary-perhaps as an assistant of his lute-makers' guild. First married to Barbara Hell-
father. mayrin, then to Maria Schroder on 5. 8. 1618,thirdly,
CastendorferMichael; Erfurt, 15th cent. lute-maker. to Barbara Steinheiblerin, on 23. 4. 163°' Used a
Son of Stephan C. Unfortunately even in Erfurt brown and chestnut-red var.
nothing could be ascertained about this maker. ChristeckFelix; Munich. b. 1885, d. 23. I. 196o at the
Castendorfer(Kaschendorf, Kasthendorff, etc.) Stephan; age of 75. For more than 4° years he was the loyal
Nuremberg, Breslau, Nordlingen, c. 1464-1499. It assistant of the v.m. Hermann Glassl of Munich.
is known that he was working in Nuremberg as an Christophori (Christofori) Johann; Vienna, 1748-1800.
organ-builder, that in documents he is called Slenderly moulded model with slighdy high arching.
'Stephanus de Bratislavia' (meaning not Pressburg Golden-yellow var., pleasing in appearance.
but Breslau), returned to Breslau, built the old Clauss..; Leipzig, c. 19°0. The Kinski Catalogue
organ in St George's church in Nordlingen between (p. 69, No. 483) lists his name as the inventor of a
1466-1486 and that between 1496-1499 he worked Chordephon(a mechanical zither).
in Schweidnitz. Whether he made lutes or violins is ClosnerLudwig; Munich-Pasing. b. 3.9. 19°4. Attended
not certain, but it is probable, becausehis sons are the v. m. school in Mittenwald 1919-1923. Then
listed as lute-makers. He is identical with the organ- worked with J. J. M. Held in Cologne,with W. A.
builder Stephan Kaschendorf mentioned in Scriptores Kessler in Frankfurt, with Fritz Sprenger in St Gal-
rerum SilesiacarumIII, p. 134. The place in Breslau len (Switzerland), and with Gustav Graseck in Mu-
Libri Signatarum quoted in Scriptoresrerum Silesia- nich. He was established independendy in 1932.
carum (1464) can be read both Kaschendort and Kast- Good work after Andrea Guarneri. Spirit and oil var.
hendorf Made copies of early instruments, particularly violas
Callas J. H.; Kassel,c. 1828.Court musicianwho also da gamba and d'amore.
repaired instruments. Colet Gmbh; Berlin-Friedenau. 20th cent. manufacturers
'C. C. F. R. Wien 1800'. This was found branded in of chinrests (Kinnschonerfur Geiger).
a very carefully made guitar inlaid with ebony, ivory, Coletti Alfred; Vienna b. 1872. Pupil of Carl Hermann
and mother-of-pearl. The maker has not been iden- Voigt, with whom he worked for 8 years.Very good
tified. repairer. On 15. 5. 19°5 he succeeded Josef Ham-
Cellier K. & F.; Hamburg, 1840-1864. A certain K. berger (II), and in November 19°6 he was named
Cellier lived in Hamburg in the early 1840S.In 1844 Imperial and Royal Court v.m. He lived in an old
the shop was called Cellier und Sohnor Cellier et fils; house with a v.m. tradition in the Habsburgergasse
in 1855 only F. Cellier. The last named may have (formerly Braunerstrasse) where violins had been
been a son who nevertheless called his firm K. Cellier made for more than 218 years. All his predecessor
et fils in 1864. Instruments bearing its labels are not in this shop were Court Suppliers and at the same
bad: the cellos are best. It seems,however, that they time suppliers to the Court parish church of St Mi-
were made by other v.m. (J. J. C. Sauke and others) chael. Geissenhof, 'the Viennese Stradivari', left a
or originated in Mirecourt. large number of his tools in the shop together with
Charwath Franz; Vienna, 1849-1876. Unimportant some patterns of scrolls. Coletti's own instruments
maker of stringed instruments. His widow Leopol- are carefully made and have good tone.
dine continued his shop until 1880, when F. Haw- ConfectorFranciscus; Graz, c. 1775. According to Liit-
liczek took over. His label has a lyre with wreath gendorff the name is read sometimesConfessor or even
and initials F. C. in the centre. Contessor;The correct reading seemsto be Confector.
Christ-Iselin Wilhelm; Leipzig, c. 1889-1917. Studied However, the word means 'maker' and thus seems
the ingredients of violin var. and published his find- not to be a surname, though it may perhaps be a
ings in the pamphlet Zur FragedesCremoneser Geigen- Latin translation of one. This explanation is sup-
 ported by the next word, fecit, which is hardly
necessaryafter Confectormeaning 'maker'.
ConradGebriider(Brothers) ; Altenburg. 20th cent. manu-
facturers of gut strings and drums.
Crasselt Friedrich August. Author of Versuch einer
Chronik van Markneukirchen im K. S. Vogtlande
(Schneeberg,1821).
CrezburgH. Author of Lehrbuchder Lackierkunst (Wei-
mar, 1884).
Curt-lung. . ; Seelung Curt.
Curt-lung Klaus-Dieter. Seelung Klaus. Daum Karl Matthias; Wiener Neustadt. b. 2.0.4. 182.5,
Curtius Fredo; Gotha. b. 18.9.19°7 in Zwickau. Vio- d. 15. 5. 187° in Wiener Neustadt. Son of Matthias D.
linist who began to make violins after 194°. He pas- and pupil of Anton Fischer (1) of Vienna, to whom
sed his masters' tests in Erfurt in 1953. He makes he was apprenticed until 3. 9. 1843.Then he worked
violins, violas and cellos as well as repairing them. with various makers. In 1855he took over his father's
His var. imitates usageand wear and is yellow-brown. shop and in 186o he married Francesca Pajer, a
Uses labels and a brand. butcher's daughter from RepoczeSzemerin Hungary.
Though skilful, he could not compare with his
father. He also died prematurely. His widow married
the v.m. Franz Hiller in 1872..
D Daum Karl Wilhelm; Pressburg (Bratislava), Wiener
Neustadt, Barmen. b. 19. 9. 186o in Wiener Neustadt.
Diiblitz J. Gottfried; Tapiau (in East Prussia). b. 27. 2. Son of Karl Matthias D. His father died when he was
1850, d. 12. 10. 1899 in Tapiau. Musician who also ten; he was apprenticed to his stepfather Franz Hiller,
made violins and lived in Tapiau at leastuntil the end and then went to Hungary. Between 1888 and 1889
of the 1870s. He repaired many violins. Though an he lived in Bratislava (pressburg). In 19°1 he re-
amateur he was very clever and his violins earned turned to Wiener Neustadt and opened his own
many awards. Friedrich of Poznan has a viola by him. workshop. He still used the tools which his grand-
Good work, good wood, yellow-brown var. The father had inherited from Michael Ignaz Stadlmann.
soundholes are reminiscent of Stainer, and the scroll In 19°2.he again left Austria: he went to Germany
deeply cut. and was working in Barmen in 19°6.
Daehr A. J.; Hamburg. 20th cent. guitar- and banjo- Daum Matthias; Wiener Neustadt. b. 2.4.2..1789 in
maker. Kaidling (on the Poltenberg Estate in Moravia),
Dahlstrom Johann Reinhardt; Hamburg, c. 1788. On d. 10. 12..1855in Wiener Neustadt. Son of a teacher.
31. I. 1788 he became citizen of Hamburg as an Pupil of Franz Josef Wassermannin Znojmo (Znaim).
lnstrumentenmacher. Whether he also made violas and Between 18°9 and 1811 he worked with Johann
lutes has not been ascertained. Anton Ertl in Vienna, and between 1812.and 1813
Diihn Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1737. He is with Michael Ignaz Stadlmann, with whom he stayed
listed as a master in the guild's book. until the latter's death. Stadlmann left him his v.ms'
Dalinger (Dallinger) Sebastian; Vienna, 1768-1808. tools and the furnished shop with stocks of wood.
Lived in the Karntnerviertel in Himmelpfortgasse, At the same time Magnus Eberle gave up his shop
and took his citizen's oath on 23. I. 1768. In the and Daum therefore asked for an official transfer of
tax-registers he is not listed before 1787. He always his licence, which was granted eight days later. He
signed himself Dalinger, but in documents his name took his citizen's oath on 14. 2..1814. On 17.6.182.1
is spelled Tallinger, Tallinger and Dallinger. He he married Anna Pflieger, who bore him six children.
achieved the same standard of work as J. G. Thir He was a good maker, equal to the best in Vienna.
and was a very competent lute- and v.m. His cellos His violins generally have a powerful tone as well as
are particularly highly thought of. His wood is good a fine outline. His name is sometimes also spelled
though not exceptionally beautiful; the work clean Thaum.
and careful. The outlines, arching and soundholes are Deckert Beatus Friedrich Christian; Grossbreitenbach.
usually carved in pear-wood. Var. is mostly dark b. 17. 10. 1817,d. 9. 7. 1882..Son and pupil of Georg
brown, lacking lustre, but sometimes yellow. Ko- Nikolaus Deckert. Like his father, with whom he
reck,! of Prague has a cello by him, dated 1803, with cannot, however, be compared, he made instruments
yellow var. His dark violins are much sought after, of all types.
but the yellow-varnished ones, when finely preserved, Deckert Georg Nikolaus; Grossbreitenbach. b. 2.6.2..
are even more desirable. He also made useful double- 1772.,d. 7.6.1844. Versatile instrument-maker. He
basses,many of which have flaming-sword sound- started with violins and guitars and finished with
holes. pianos. He had a very good reputation and is men-
 tioned not only by de Piccolettis but also by Fetis. Dick Heinrich Hermann ('HERD 1M'); Markneukir-
Though his pianos were cheap, they were still good. chen, 2.oth cent. Manufacturer of stringed instru-
The maiden name of his first wife was Meisselbach. ments and gut strings. 'Herdim' was the name he
He had six daughters, and one son, who succeeded branded into his instruments.
him. Dick Johannes Rudolf; Osnabruck, Bremen. b. 2. 5. 4.
Deckert Willy; Naumburg. b. 4. 6.1870, d. ..2.1923. 1931 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Willy Doelling in
Cellist and composer. Author of several magazine Markneukirchen. Then he worked with Johannes
articles on the construction of instruments in Cremona. Adler under Karl Otto Winkelmann and Petzold.
Dehmal (Dejmal) Anton; Vienna, 1882-1925. Manu- Further he was employed by various firms, some of
facturer of brass and stringed instruments. them not v.ms at all: Rolting in Osnabruck, Ernst
DeichselAdolf; Berlin. b. 25. 5.. 1884. Made violins, Heinrich Roth (II) in Bubenreuth, Emme Koch in
cellos, doublebassesand bows. He passedhis master's Bremen (in 1955) and Jecklin in Zurich. He passed
test on 12. 3. 1928. his master's tests in Munich on 2..4. 1958and opened
Delfs Gregor; Munich, c. 1837. Kinsky reads his name his own shop in Bremen. Skilful new work and
as Deiff. In Kurt Sachs' Catalogue(p. 29, No. 2261) repairs to old instruments.
is listed a pentachord with small S-shaped sound-
holes.
DeJan Charles. b. 22.5.1836 in Schweinfurt, d. 3. 9.
1899.. Author of Die griechischenSaiteninstrumente
(Leipzig, 1822) and De Pidibus GraecorumDissertatio
(Berlin, 1882).
Dellacella F. Author of Was ist eine italienischeGeige
wert? (Freiburg, 19°9). Dick K. G.; Wernitzgrlin. 20th cent. manufacturer of
DennerleinJohann; Munich, 20th cent. Dealer in mu- stringed instruments.
sical instruments and strings. Dic~ Max; Wohlhausen. 20th cent. Brother of Fritz D.
Dessauer Heinrich; Linz. b. 1863 in Wiirzburg, d. Maker of mandolins and mandolas.
9.4. 19°7 in Linz. Musician who invented a viola Dick Richard; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manu-
with a larger body but the same length as a violin. facturer of plucked instruments in Markneukirchen,
DeutscheGeigenbau- Werkstatte; Vienna, 20th cent. Firm including special guitars (Tannhiiuser, Arion, Die
founded by Dr Thomastik. Manufacturers of special Kleine Liese).
strings, bows, stringed instruments and resin. Dick Rudolf; Bremen. b. 24. 5. 19°7 in Markneukir-
DeutscheMusikinstrumente-und Saiten-Pabrik. SeeBauer chen, killed in action 9. I I. 1944 (Russian front).
& Diirrschmidt A. G. Pupil of Albert Gotz (II), worked with Ernst Zophel
Devyri Anton; Alpenrose (near Bozen), c. 174°. There in Laufbach (near Aschaffenburg) and with A. E.
exists one 18th cent. violin, modelled on Stainer, but Fischer in B.remen, where he opened his own shop
with a hardly legible label. in 1934.
Dick Alban; Frankfurt a. M. b. 31. 10.1876 in Wohl-
hausen. Pupil of Albin Wilfer. In 1899 he joined
Albert Vogt in Frankfurt a. M. In 19°7 he bought
the latter's shop, which under his management be-
came very successful. His instruments seem to be
large, the lower part being broad. Soundholes are
beautifully cut and elegantly suit the centre part of
the instrument. The backs of his instruments are
usually of beautifully figured maple. Dieckow Otto; Salzwedel (Gross Apenburg). b. 7. I.
1877 in Tangermiinde. Pupil of Pfretzschner in
Stettin. Went later to Mirecourt, Paris, Lyons and
Turin. Good work.
Diehl August; Hamburg. b. 1852.in Darmstadt, d. 192.2..
Son and pupil of Friedrich Diehl. In 1875he opened
his own shop in Darmstadt, but moved in 1876 to
Hamburg. Consistent v.m. and repairer who was
awarded a silver medal at the exhibitions in Ham-
burg, Liege and Leipzig and a gold medal in St
Louis. He worked on the models of the early makers
as well 'as one of his own. He invented a bow with
Dick Fritz;Wohlhausen, 20thcent.Brother of Max D. a flat rod, tapering to the point. Many of his violins
Specialisedin guitar-making. are embellished with beautiful carvings. Excellent
 var. Though he was not inclined to publicity, his published Die Geigenmacher der italienischenSchute
work is considered to belong among the best of its (1864, reprinted several times). .
kind. Diehl Philipp; StiiWingen, c. 1867. Known only from
Diehl Felix; Mainz. d. after 1875. Son and pupil of a repair label.
Johannes D., brother of the violinist Carl Hipolyt D. Diehl (Dil) Simon; Karlsruhe. d. 1758. According to
Diehl (Diel) Friedrich; Darmstadt. b. 1814, d.1888. Karlsruhe archives (12..2..1757), he was an instru-
Second son, pupil and successor of Nikolaus D. ment-maker of the Court at a salary of 2.5° fl.
Good work marred by inferior var. He was awarded Otherwise unknown.
a bronze medal at the Paris exhibition. He produced, Diener Anton; Adorf (Vogt.). b. 2.9.5. 1892.in Sch6n-
among other things, several doublebasseswhich were bach. He passedthe master's test in Markneukirchen
much favoured, not following the old 'viola' model, on 19.9. 192.5.
but the modern 'violin' one, with arched back. Dier Georg; Vienna, 1770--179°. Specialisedin violas.
Diehl Fritz; Hamburg. b. 1893 in Hamburg. Son of He made them flat or with low arching. Yellow or
Jacob D. (II) and probably also his pupil. pale brown var.
Diehl Heinrich; Mainz, Frankfurt a. M., c. 1846-185°' Diestel Hans. Author of Violintechnik und Geigenbau
Perhaps son of Johann D. Not an outstanding (Leipzig, 1912.).
maker. He lived in Frankfurt in 1848 but seemsto Dietrich Michel; Birklingen, c. 1815.Known only from
have returned to Mainz shortly after. a repair label.
Diehl Jacob (I); Bremen, Hamburg. b. 1806 in Mainz, Dietrich Wilhelm; Leipzig, c. 1884. Little-known v.m.
d. 1874 in Hamburg. Son and pupil of Nikolaus D. Diettrich Johann Gottlieb; Saupsdorf (in Saxony),
Opened his own shop in Mainz in 182.6.In 1834 he Sebnitz. b. 185I. Apprenticed to the piano-maker
settled in Bremen and in 1858 moved to Hamburg, Karl Schmidlin, later he came to Georg Tiefenbrun-
where he earned a good reputation. His son and ner (I) in Munich and Josef Kriner (III) in Landshut.
successor, Jacob D. (not the following) was mainly He learned to make zithers and violins. After ten
a dealer and only ran a repair shop. years as assistant he settled in his native town in
Diehl Jacob (II); Hamburg. d. 192.3.Son and pupil of 1879. Later he transferred his shop to Sebnitz. He
Friedrich D. In 1893 he took over his father's worked on his own model, which has a greater area
workshop and showroom in Hamburg, which had of vibration in the lower half. The resultant shapeis
been managed since 1888 by his mother. irregular and though musicians appreciate the quality
Diehl Jacob August; Darmstadt, 18th cent. His style of sound, they do not like to play upon his violins.
is similar to Franz Schonger's and J.Steininger's, but Dietz Johann Christian (I) ; Darmstadt. b. 1773, d. 1849
his choice of wood is not so good. in the Netherlands. We do not know when or whether
Diehl Johann; Mainz, 1808-1843. Second son of he made any violins, but his guitars and harps exist.
Martin D. (I) and brother of Nikolaus D. Certainly He is known for inventing the 'melodion', 'piano
the most important member of the Diehl family in harp' and 'trochleon'.
Mainz. Violins after Stradivari; violas often of Dietz Johann Christian (II); Emmerich. b. 1804 in
citron-wood. Golden-yellow var. His instruments Emmerich, d. 1888. Son and pupil of Johann Chris-
were highly valued. tian D. (I). An unimportant v.m.
Diehl Martin (I); Mainz, 1770-1794. d. during the Dietzel Hermann Theodor; Markneukirchen, Berlin.
first siege of Mainz by the French, i.e. c. 1794. Pupil b. 1866 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Ernst Glasel.
and son-in-law of Nikolaus Dopfer. During his eleven In 1884 he joined Ernst Liebich (III) in Breslau, and
. yearsas assistanthe went first to Aschaffenburg, then in 1888 established himself in his native town.
to Tyrol and Austria; also worked with Karl Josef In 1892. he transferred his shop to Berlin, but
Hellmer in Prague. Nevertheless he never attained in 1897 returned to Markneukirchen, where as
great skill. well as making instruments (Stradivari model) he
Diehl Martin (II) ; Darmstadt. b. 1817. Son of Nikolaus also did repairs and dealt in old stringed instruments.
D., but not so good a maker. In 19°° he again moved to Berlin. Spirit and oil var.
Diehl Nikolaus; Mainz, Darmstadt. b. 1779, d. 185I. Dillenz Fridolin; VIm. b. 6.3. 1853 in Fischbach (near
Son and successor of Martin D. (I), pupil of his Biberach). Pupil of Anton Sprenger (II) from 1867.
grandfather Nikolaus Dopfer. About 181I he trans- In 1873 he moved with him to Stuttgart. After seven
ferred his workshop to Darmstadt, at the invitation years' work with his teacher he came to Lorenz
of the Archduke Ludwig I von Hessen, and there Kriner (II). In 1878, when he had finished his milit-
became lute- and v.m. to the Hessen Court. His ary service, he opened his own shop in VIm. An
work resembles that of his brother Johann. His accomplished v.m. of long experience. Instruments
doublebasses are best. Good wood, golden-yellow modelled on Stradivari. Yellow-red var. His repair
var. work was also widely acclaimed.
Diehl Nikolaus Ludwig (Louis); Hamburg. d.1876. Dirk Matthaus; Vils (in the Tyrol), c. 1777. V.m.,
Son of Jacob D. (I). Studied early makers, and good work.
 Dirr Peter; Steingaden, 17th cent. Bavarian v.m.; Dolling Heinrich Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 2.9.7.
pupil of Andreas Schwarz. Perhaps a member of the 1854, d. 2.5.6. 1889. Industrious v.m.
Thir family. Dolling Heinz; Wernitzgriin. b. 19.7.1913. Son, pupil
Disch Konrad; Dusseldorf. d. 1938. Little-known v.m. and assistant of Otto D. Later he worked for Paul
DittelFriedrich August; Hof, c. 18°9. Mediocre v.m.; Richard Seckendorf and opened his own shop in
one violin was at Eibelstadt. 1946. Excellent bow-maker. His bows are used by
Dittrich. .; Glogau, 19th cent. Soldier who also did many leading virtuosi, e.g., Yehudi Menuhin, David
some violin repairing. and Igor Oistrakh, Prof. G. Fritsche, Prof. Fohr,
Doebritz Karl; Steinau. 19th cent. v.m. Large model, Prof. Wegmann and others. Brand: HEINZ DOL-
brown cracked var. Soundholes like Stainer's. LING.
Doelling. See also Dolling. Dolling Hermann (I); Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.10. 1862.,
Doelling Gustav Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 9. I I. d. 19. I. 192.3in Markneukirchen. Son of Hermann
1847, d. 30.6. 1913. Bow-maker. Good work. Moritz D. Owner of a factory producing stringed
Doelling Horst; Markneukirchen. b. 17.9. 1898. Son instruments. Those bearing his name are first-class.
and pupil of Max Dolling, whom he succeededin Dolling Hermann (II); Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent.
1932. seller of wood to v.ms and manufacturer of v.m.
Doelling (Dolling) o. Rudolf; Markneukirchen. 20th tools.
cent. maker of stringed instruments, bows, parts of Dolling Hermann (III); Remtengriin, c. 1935. V.m.
instruments and strings. Dolling Hermann Moritz (known as Hermann Senior);
Doelling Wilhelm; Essen. 20th cent. instrument-maker. Markneukirchen. d. 6. 6. 1839, d. 19°4 in Markneu-
Doelling Willy; Markneukirchen. b. 1897 in Markneu- kirchen. V.m. Between 1880-1885 he was the chief
kirchen. Son and pupil of Georg Ludwig Dolling. maker in the guild.
Qualified 192°. He worked with his father and suc- Dolling Johann Georg Ludwig; Markneukirchen, Rem-
ceeded him in 1917. Apart from other stringed tengriin (near Adorf). b. II. 9. 183° in Remtengriin,
instruments he made especially good doublebasses. d. 2.2..9.19°2.in Markneukirchen. Guitar-maker.
Doerffel (Durfel, Dorffel) Johann Andreas; Altenburg, Dolling Kurt; Erlbach. b. 6. II. 19°9 in Erlbach. Pupil
c. 1792. According to Otto he did not pay much of Max Emil Penzel. His bows are branded KURT
attention to the outside appearance of his instru- DOLLING.
ments but they were nevertheless quite good and he
was considered to be one of the best makers of
doublebasses. This opinion is repeated by de Pic-
colettis. On the other hand, Valdrighi calls his work
ordinarissimo.Unfortunately there is no mention of
any Dorfel or Durfel in Altenburg at that time. He is
said to have worked in Untersachsenbergabout 1793;
he may have been a son of Georg Dorffel.
Dollenz W.; Leipzig, c. 193°. Bow-maker. Dolling Martin; Bonn. b. 24. 5.1883in Markneukirchen.
Dolling & Co.; Siebenbrunn. 20th cent. manufacturers Pupil of Friedrich Wilhelm Monnig and August
of stringed instruments. Wilhelm Kessler. Later he worked in Zurich with
Dolling Gebriider; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manu- Karl Siebenhiinerand in Cologne with Georg Stossel;
facturers of plucked instruments. then established himself in Bonn.
Dolling August (I); Breitenfeld. b. 24. I I. 18I 9, Dolling Max; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 2. 1870, d. 16. 5.
d. 27. I I. 1875.Bow-maker. 1932. Y.m. Son and pupil of Hermann Moritz D.
Dolling August (II); Markneukirchen, Erfurt. b. 3°. 6. He established himself in 1893. Imitations. Teacher
1859 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Ernst Hums (I) of many makers in and around Markneukirchen.
(1873-1877) who worked with E. Glasel and with Dolling Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 6. 1880. His
L. Noebe in H~mburg. In Markneukirchen1885- teacher was Hermann D. (I). According to his own
19°8. Established in Erfurt 1910. Copied the Italian statement he was the first to have made plucked
makers. Also made guitars and did good repairs. doublebassesin Markneukirchen. Later he left the
Dolling Georg Ludwig (Alois) (Louis jun.); Markneu- trade.
kirchen. b. 15. 12. 1860, d. 51.9. 1917. Pupil of Karl
Gustav Otto, with whom he worked between 1877-
1878in Leipzig, then 1878-1884 with Ernst Liebich
(II) in Breslau, then in 1883 settled in his native
town. Copied Stradivari, Amati etc. Spirit var. He
was usually called Louis Dolling (junior).
Dolling Gustav Adolf; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. Dolling Otto Gustav; Markneukirchen.b. II. 3. 1877,
manufacturer of stringed instruments. d. II. 3.1935.Bow-maker.Son and pupil of Gustav

~
 Hermann D. Chief maker (1919-1933) of the bow- of the best Klingenthal v.ms, whose work can still
makers' guild in Markneukirchen. be found in many collections. Instruments of r:nedium
DollingRobert ; Adorf, 2.othcent.Good v.m. and repairer. size, flat back and yellow var.
Dolling Walter; Erlbach. b. 2.1.6. 1897, d. 2.1.I. 1962.. Dorffel Johann Andreas (II). See Doerffel.
Maker of zithers. Very good craftsman. Dorffel (Dorffler) Johann Friedrich (I); Klingenthal,
Dom Friedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, c. 1807 - Markneukirchen. d. before 17°1. Originally worked
182.0.Litde-known maker. in Klingenthal. On 28. II. 1680 he was admitted as
Domanski Albert; Vienna, Paris, Poland. b. 1780 in a master to the Markneukirchen guild. In 17°1 his
Poland, d. 1857in Spain. Polish officer, later Russian widow married Johann Tangel.
consul in Spain, who devoted himself to v.m. He Dorffel (Dorffler) Johann Friedrich (II); Markneukir-
. chen, c. 17°4-1749. Known ,only as son 'of a master'
learned the rudiments in Vienna, where he lived in
the same house as Mozart, to whom he was recom- and as a master belonged to the guild. He was prob-
mended by Prince Jablonowski (cf. Domanski's ably the son of Johann Friedrich D. (I).
reminiscences in PrzeglondPoznanski, vol. 2.. 1850). Dorffel (Dorffler) Johann Georg (1); Schoneck, Mark-
He studied v.m. further in Paris (1835-1849). Later neukirchen, Klingenthal, 1678-1716. A refugee from
he worked in several towns in Poland and spent the Graslitz (in Bohemia), he was admitted to the Mark-
last years of his life with his son in Spain who served neukirchen guild on 25. 7. 1678. First he lived in
there as a soldier. Schoneck.From 1697he madeviolins in Klingenthal,
Dopfer (Dopfer) Nikolaus; Mainz. b. 6.12..1714 in and he may have worked in Altenburg.
Fiissen, still alive in 1768. An accomplished artist, Dorffel (Dorffler) Johann (Hans) Georg (II); Mark-
Court Supplier in Mainz. His violins are skilfully neukirchen, c. 1697. Son and pupil of SebastianD.
worked, of large design with outlines reminiscent of Because his widowed mother was poor he was
Stainer. Becausehis arching often rises abrupdy from admitted as a maker to the guild on 25. 7. 1697 after
the edges it looks even higher than it is. Good work, only a short time as assistant,at the suggestion of his
even though the backs are made of ash, so that the guardian, Caspar Hopf. To distinguish himself from
knots should give a handsome appearance.Excellent his younger brother he usually called himself Hans
tone. Scrolls often made from pear-wood and beauti- Georg.
fully carved. Soundholes consistendy elegant and Dorffel (Dorffler) Johann Georg (III); Klingenthal,
narrow. His brown var. is less pleasing than his c. 1710. Son of Sebastian D. After one year as as-
yellow-brown one. Father-in-law of Martin Diehl (I) sistant he was admitted to the Markneukirchen guild
and Jakob Steininger. In the Frankfurt registers his as a 'master', on 8.12. 1710.
name is erroneously spelled DopIer. Dorffel (Dorfel) Johann Gottfried ; Klingenthal, c. 1754-
DorfelPaul; Markneukirchen. b. 1.6.1878 in Markneu- 1765. Considered to be an accomplished craftsman
kirchen, d. after 195°. Worked in Warsaw and and important dealer. His labels bear only his name.
Chkalov (Orenburg) in Russia.In 192.0he established Dorffel (Dorffler) Sebastian; Klingenthal, Markneukir-
himself in M~rkneukirchen. chen. d. c. 1697. Admitted to the Markneukirchen
Dorffel Adolf Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.10. v.ms' guild on 20. 3. 1688. Brother of Johann
1852.,d. 18. 5. 1916. Worked for the trade. Georg D. (II) and supposedlyalso his pupil. He either
DiJ"rffel (Dorffler) Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal, had two sons of the samename or elsethere were two
17°4-1749. He was admitted to the Markneukirchen SebastianD.'s.
v.ms' guild on 2.9.2..17°4 as a qualified maker. Dorfter Michael; Graslitz (Kraslice, in Bohemia), Schon-
Worked in Klingenthal after 1717. eck, c. 1666.V.m. In 1666 he moved from Graslitz
Dorffel (Dorffler) Christian Gotdieb; Klingenthal, c. to Schoneck.
1779.Only rarely branded his violins: known to have Doring Christoph; Kassel, c. 1676-1677. Perhaps son
been a maker from the documents of the guild. of Hans D. Not traced in Kassel.
Dorffel (Dorffler) Christoph Heinrich; Klingenthal,
c. 1716. Mentioned as v.ms' assistant.
Dorffel (Dorfel) Friedrich Wilhelm; Klingenthal. d.
8. I. 1893. Made only cheap violins.
DorffelGeorg; Altenburg, c. 17°9-175°. Known from
a tenor viola in the Berlin State collection (No. 2.48I),
with the label: GeorgDorffter in Altenburg(no date).
Dorffel(Dorffler) (Carl) Gotdieb; Klingenthal, 175°-
1792..Found in the guild's list from 175°. In 1792.he
was the chief maker of the Klingenthal guild.
Dorffel (Dorffler) Johann (Hans) Andreas (I); Klin-
genthal, 1717-1757. In 1717 he is already described
as a 'master'. Said to have been alive in 1772..One
Doring Hans; Kassel, c. 1633.Born in Helsa. In 1633he made good guitars and zithers, some of which are
received the freedom of Kassel as a master v.m. still privately owned in Bregenz. He was also an
Doring Heinrich Albin; Wismar, 1795-1840. V.m. cexcellentguitar-player.
Doring Wilhelm; Kassel, c. 1765. Probably grandson of
Christoph D. We surmise that his father was a v.m.
as well. Unfortunately no records of his family could
be traced in Kassel.
Dorner Ignatz Martin; Vienna, 1716-1777. His name
is not to be found in tax-registers, though it was
discovered in a violin of a definitely later date than
the one given. The authenticity of the date and the
origin of the instrument are further made suspect as
the label reads Wien, not Wienn,as was customary at
that time. One of his violins with the suspect date
of 1716appearedin 1912at an auction sale of Messrs
Puttick and Simpson in London. Perhaps D. came
from Schonbach or the Vogtland-this would also
explain the faulty Latin of his labels.
Doser Joseph; Freising. b. 177° in ViIs (near Fiissen),
d. 19. 3. 1836 in Freising. By all accounts his father
had the same Christian name. He may have learned
v.m. in his native town and possibly cameto Freising
about 179°. On 10.6. 1794 he married Theresa, Dreier Adolf Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 3°.7.1884
widow of Franz Knittl, who was 20 years his senior. in Markneukirchen, d. 27. 8. 1959. Bow-maker. Son
Perhaps he had been promised to succeedKnittl as and pupil of Gustav Heinrich D. In 1911 he passed
Court v.m. because the marriage certificate calls his master's test and opened his own shop. He made
him 'future common and Court lute- and v.m.'. excellent bows, branded ADOLF DREIER.
Evidently he did not get this post, for his death Dreier Alfred; Markneukirchen, Gorlitz. b. 5. 3. 1896
certificate describes him briefly 'common v.m.'. His in Markneukirchen. His teacher was Ernst Hermann
wife died in 1811 but he did not marry again. His Kretzschmann. Then he worked for R. Hunger in
work reveals good Tyrolean style and is near to the Halle and Albin Hollinger (1) in Kiel. Established
better contemporary v.ms of Mittenwald. himself in Markneukirchen on 1. 3. 1921.In 1924he
Doss & Heidegger; Hamburg, c. 1879. Manufacturers passed his master's test and in 1934 moved to
of musical instruments, founded in 1879, owned by Garlitz where he opened his shop. Good maker,
. Heinrich Schluter. versatile in making new stringed instruments and
Dotsch Michael; Berlin-Wilmersdorf. b. 22.10.1874 repairing old ones. Used printed label and brand.
in Neuenbrand near Asch (in Bohemia), d. 21.4.194°
in Berlin. Pupil of Michael Kohlbacher in Schonbach.
For 20 years he worked with various central Euro-
peanmakers, gaining experience.During the last five
years he was with Erich Lachmann. He concentra-
ted on the study of early makers, whose style he
learned and whose var. he imitated very well. He
opened his own shop in 1914 and mostly followed
Stradivari, G. B. Guadagnini and NicoL:> Gagliano.
He was quickly recognised by a wide circle of
connoisseurs because he used only good mature
wood; every single part of his violins he made him- Dreier Carl; Leipzig. b. 2. 5. 1857in Markneukirchen.
self; he also prepared his own var. It is difficult to Pupil of Moritz Eduard Schmidt. Then worked in
imagine anything better than his copies of old Dresden, and in Beuel (near Bonn). Established
masters, especially the var. himself in Leipzig in 1887and made violins and
Drassegg Victorin; Bregenz. b. 3.9. 1782 in Velky cellos after Stradivari, also beautiful guitars and
Polom (in Moravia), d. 6. 3. 1847in Vienna. Accord- zithers. Yellow-brown var.
ing to G. Kinsky he was originally a joiner. Then Drei~r Friedrich; Grabow (in Mecklenburg).b. 1848
he was pressed into the army and in Italy was cap- in Neu Brenz. A railwaymanwho made violins as
tured by the French. He escapedand, having changed a hobby.
his name to Friedrich Grunwald, settled in Bregenz Dreier Gustav Heinrich; Berlin, Penig. b. 7. 3. 1887
and married there in 1816. He seems only to have in M~rkneukirchen,d. 3. 2. 1962in Penig. V.m. His
 teacher was Ernst Hermann Kretzschmann in Mark- Duren Wilhelm; Cologne, Bonn. d. 1891. Son of
neukirchen. He worked with Holm Viertel in Hermann D. About 1875 he moved to Bonn, where
Aachen, with Kessler in Berlin, with Otto Mackel, he was chiefly a dealer. His work is varied. He made
also with Theodor Kurth in Berlin. Then he estab- a great number of stringed instruments, some of
lished himself independently in Berlin. War deprived which are very good and pleasing, but also others
him of everything, so he went to Penig. Excellent that can almost be called 'crates'.
maker and repairer. Durer Wilhelm; Eisleben, 19°0-193°. Ordinary work.
Dreier Willy; Berlin. b. 24. 5. 19°1 in Posen (in Durfe! Johann Andreas; Altenburg, c. 1778-1792.. He
Silesia). Guitar-maker, trained by Max Hamm in devoted himself more to making bows than to
Siebenbrunn. stringed instruments.
Dresler (Dressler) Ernst Wilhelm; Landeshut (now Durr (Dier) Johann; Vienna, c.1813. President of the
Kamienna Gora, in Poland). b. 13. I. 1799 in Viennese guild of lute- and' v.ms. His work some-
Schmiedeberg. Son of the blacksmith Johann Ehren- times resembles Dalinger's. A certain Anton Dier
fried Dressler, who was apparently a very good was a connoisseur in 182.6.It is not certain, however,
musician. Said to have been apprenticed to a v.m. whether he belonged to the Durr or Thir family.
in the Giant Mountains and settled in Landeshut Durrschmidt Curt Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 5. 19°°
(in Silesia) about 1833. Nevertheless he soon left for in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker. Son of Otto Carl
an unknown destination. As a v.m. he is of no D., whose shop he owns with his brother Willi
importance. Carl. He uses a brand.
DresselOtto; Markneukirchen. b. 17. 12. 19°1, d. 1945 Durrschmidt Fritz;
manufacturer.
Klingenthal. 2.oth cent.
.
string-
in Breslau. V.m.
Dressola-Musikhaus; Frankfurt. 20th cent. firm of Durrschmidt Johannes Werner; Markneukirchen.
instrument-makers, especially plucked instruments b. 9. II. 19°1, d. 3°. 3. 1953. V.m. Son and pupil of
and mechanical talking machines. Wilhelm August D. He passed his master's test in
Drexel Georg; Nardlingen, c. 19°2. Ma,ss-production 1938 and worked in his father's workshop.
of plucked instruments. Durrschmidt Martin Heinrich; Markneukirchen.
Driel Abraham; Hamburg, c. 1710. Instrument-maker b. 5. 12..1892..Son and pupil of Wilhelm August D.
who became citizen of Hamburg in 1710. Perhaps He passed his master's test in 1937 and since then
a piano-maker, who by all accounts also made has been running his father's workshop. Careful
dulcimers and lutes. copies of Italian makers. Oil var.
DrogemeyerHermann August; Bremen. b. 16. 3. 1849 DurrschmidtOtto Carl; Markneukirchen. b. 2.6.5.1871,
in Bremen. Originally an engineer who studied v. m. d. 2.4.6. 192.2.in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker who
and was so accomplished that in 1883 he settled in made very good branded bows. He was succeeded
his home town as a maker. At first he used his own by his two sons, Curt Otto and Willi Carl D.
model, but adopted Stradivari models of 1696-17°9.
Travelled to Belgium, France and England to study
the instruments of great Italian makers. His violins
are of distinct merit. He is also well known to a wide
public as the author of Die Geige(1891, 1892, 19°3).
Dunger Friedrich Christian Theodor; Erlbach. b.
10. 7. 1927. Maker of plucked instruments who
learned the trade 1946- 1948in Markneukirchen and
established himself in Erlbach in 195°. He passed
the master's test in 1952. Member of the MIGMA. ...

r~c
Dunger Rudi Kurt; Nuremberg. b. 29. 10. 1910 in ¥
,;;; ,
Markneukirchen, died during the Second World
War. Pupil of Ewald Braun and Ernst Otto Martin.
Then he worked in Schanbach (in Bohemia) with
Franz Sandner, where he specialised in cutting Diirrschmidt Wilhelm August; Markneukirchen.
scrolls. When his uncle Adolf Gutter died, in 1931, b. II. 3. 1863,d. 17. 10. 1937.Foundeda workshop
. he took over the business. in 1887;still in the family. Maker of stringedinstru-
Dunkel Bernhard; Magdeburg. b. 4. 7. 1833 in Troch- ments,lutes and parts of instrumentsfor assembly.
. telborn (near Erfurt). A regimental trumpeter; took Also supplied wood and v.m. tools. Though indi-
over F. Haase's shop in 1867 and was the manager vidual parts of his instrumentswere roughly done
until 1888. He also had a repair shop. Probably did by others-as was the customin Markneukirchen-
not make new instruments. he is neverthelessone of the more skilful Markneu-
Duren Hermann; Bonn, c. 185°. Said to have been kirchen makers.A certainDiirrschmidt wasfor some
a skilful repairer. time residentin Warsaw,perhapsthis maker.

~
 Ebner Andreas; Munich. b. 1852, d. 24. I. 1919. First
experience in the trade repairing old instruments
for his father, who ran an antique shop from 1850,
selling old musical instruments and making violins.
When he took over his father's shop he devoted
himself to dealing in old stringed instruments,
zithers etc. Also made them on his own model. His
Durrschmidt Willi Carl; Markneukirchen. b. 21.12. son, Albert Beno E., succeededhim.
19°2. Bow-maker. Son of Otto Carl D.; partner of his Ebner Georg; Regensburg, C.1723. Most probably
brother Curt Otto in the workshop founded by their brother of Gotthard E. (I) and teacher of the better-
father. known Gotthard E. (II) of Regensburg. He is
Durrschmidt Wolfgang; Markneukirchen. b. 16. 10. expressly described as 'a v.m.'.
1927. Bow-maker. Son and pupil of Curt Otto D. Ebner Gotthard (I); Hallein, c. 1723. The Ebners were
Passedhis master's test in May 1957 and works in farmers who made violins probably only in winter.
his father's workshop. Only Gotthard seemsto have had experiencein good
DutschlerUli. Author of a seriesof articles, Die Tragodie workshops. He was perhaps the father of Gotthard E.
der Geigenbaukunst, published in Musik Instrumenten (II). He worked almost exclusively on the broad
Stainer model, sometimes leaving his instruments
Zeitung (1929).
unpurfled. The tone of his violins is good.
Ebner Gotthard (II); Regensburg. d. 4. 5. 1760. V.m.
and musician. His model follows both Stainer and
E Amati, the latter especially by his scroll and sound-
holes. Usual brown or yellow-red var. Arching quite
EbentheurFranz Sales; Kriegshaber (near Augsburg), high. Sometimes the purfling is only lined.
18th cent. Paul de Wit published in Geigenzettel alter Ebner Otto; Augsburg. b. 10. 12. 1883 in Breitenfeld,
Meister his label which was embellished with musical d. 28. 12. 1931. Pupil of August Wilhelm Ficker in
emblems. He cannot be traced in the Augsburg Markneukirchen. He worked with Oskar Albin
archives. Zimmer, then with F. C. Louis in Saarbriicken and
Eberl Franz; Markneukirchen. b. 2.0.12..1899 in in 19°3 came to G. Piegendorfer in Augsburg. After
Schonbach (in Bohemia), d. 4. 12..1960 in Markneu- the latter's death he directed the workshop and
kirchen. Maker of plucked instruments. finally bought it on I. 10. 19°6. In September 19°7
Eberle Johann Anton; Mannheim, C.1780. Known as he passed his master's test. He made mainly stringed
'Court instrument-maker' and thus got into literature instruments on the Stradivari model. Good oil var.
on v.m., though it was not musical instruments he Echinger Karl; Munich, c. 1861. Perhaps son of the
made, but knives. Evidently not related to the Wiirzburg v.m. His guitars and zithers are better
Prague v.m. J. Eberle. than his violins.
Eberle Karl; Innsbruck, c.182.9. Perhaps son of EchingerN.; Wiirzburg, 184°. V.m.
Magnus Benedict E., who is known to have had Eckart (Eckert) Heinrich; Mannheim. b. 15.6. 1811,
a son named Karl Borromiius, b. 6. 12..1807. d. after 1878. Violinist and Court musician in Mann-
Eberle Magnus Benedict; Wiener Neustadt, Raab. heim, where he made violins. He was popular as
b. S. 10. 177S in Fiissen, d. 183S. Came to Wiener a repairer though his work can only be described
Neustadt in 1803 and married Anna nee Valentin. as amateurish. In 1879 his workshop was taken over
He gave up v.m. in 18I 3 to become an official. by H. Kessler.
Judging by one of his violins dated from Raab, Edel Gustav; Saulgau, 19th cent. Keen amateur vio-
182.0,it can be surmised that he dwelt for some linist, who started to make violins when retired.
time in Raab (in Hungary). Though he gave up his Great application and careful study brought him
workshop he still made violins. He was a v.m. of extraordinary skill. He devoted special care to the
good reputation. His work resembles the Viennese ingredients ofvar., in which his former profession-
School, though it is not so careful. The instruments he had been a dispensing chemist-helped him
are pleasing to the eye, though this cannot be said very much.
of his soundholes. Also his red-brown var. leaves Edel Walter; Berlin. 20th cent. manufacturer of tail-
much to be desired. A violin from 18I 2.bears on the pieces.
label a second date, perhaps the year in which the Eder Hannes; Hallein, c. 1667.The earliest known v.m.
instrument was repaired. in Hallein; distinguished work, influenced by the
Ebner Albert Beno; Munich, aber-Anger. d. 1939. Stainer School.
Son and pupil of Andreas E. Studied music at the Eder Martin; St Polten, 20th cent.
Munich Conservatoire. In 1919 he took over his Edler Friedrich Christian (I); Frankfurt. b. 1820,
father's workshop. d. 1871. Founder in 1850 of the well-known firm in
 Frankfurt. In 1864 he was awarded a diploma for three years later. So she married yet again, this time
outstanding instruments. the v.m. Gregori Ferdinand Wenger on 2.3.10. 17°1.
Edler Friedrich Christian (II); Frankfurt. b. 1851, Edlinger Thomas; Augsburg. d. 8. 10. 169°' Born in
d. 6.12.. 1895. Son of Friedrich Christian E. (I). Gross-Kirchheim in Carinthia; settled in Augsburg
In 1881 he was awarded a silver medal for one of in 1656 and married the daughter of Matthaus
his violins. Mainly dealer in old instruments. He Hummel. There is an entry in the Augsburg marriage
was succeeded by his son and pupil, Friedrich register (6.2.. 1661) which reads: 'Thomas Edlinger
(::hristian E. (III). of Carinthia, lute-maker, and Elisabeth Humblin,
Edler Friedrich Christian (III); Frankfurt. b. 1876. local, both unmarried...' Three children were born
Court v.m. to the Grand Duke of Saxony and Count of this union: Thomas (II), Hans Georg, and
of Hessen and first president of the board of jurors a daughter. His second wife was Barbara neeBauer
for the master's test. In 19°9 at the Second Music (Baur) of Kirchheim. A skilful maker, whose violins
Exhibition in Leipzig he received the state medal are easily recognisable: the arching rises from the
of Duke Sachsen-Altenburg for 'outstanding pro- edge outside the purfling and, though high, is flat
ducts'. He is also recognised as being knowledge- in the middle bouts. Deep sides, soundholes large.
able. The large scrolls and elegantly cut soundholes Upper and lower arching form an almost circular
enhance the beauty of his instruments. He was the ellipse. Dark-brown var. Good wood, reasonably
inventor of a T-bassbar for stringed instruments powerful tone.
and 'improvements to the soundpost'. Egerland Christian Carl; Klingenthal, c. 1784. Son and
Edler Friedrich Christian (IV); Frankfurt. b. 19°8. successor(perhaps also pupil) of Johann Christian E.
Son of Friedrich Christian E. (III); studied at Mark- Egerland David Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1733. Pro-
neukirchen. According to his labels, which read bably a lute- and v,m. whose family immigrated
'gegrundet185°" he carries on working in the shop from Bohemia.
founded by his great-grandfather. Egerland Johann Christian; Klingenthal, c. 1748. Son
Edler Hans; Munich. b. 16. 1. 1889 in Frankfurt. Son and successor of David Friedrich E.
of Friedrich Christian E. (II). He went to a technical Ehlers Joachim; Vienna, c.182.5. Maker of guitars,
school till 19°3 and then became apprenticed to his harps and pianos.
brother, Friedrich Christian (III). Later he went to Ehrlich C. F.; Bamberg, c. 182.2..V.m. We know of an
J. J. Held in Bonn and in 19°7 joined Adolf Romer in Empire-style guitar and a Tyrolean lute.
Freiburg. Having finished active military service in Ehrlich Wilhelm; Dresden. b. c.182.0, d. 4.3.1887.
1911,he left for Munich and joined Giuseppe Fiorini. Good reputation as a repairer. His violins are made
When war broke out he was called up and was not with application and care. He was succeeded by
demobilised until 1918. During the next year he Ferdinand Patzelt (II).
establishedhimself in Munich. Through careful work EichbergerLeopold; Rottenburg a. Neckar. 2.oth cent.
and skill he really managed to improve the sound string-manufacturer.
of old instruments which he repaired and soon Eichenloph(Eichendopf) J. H.; Cothen, c. 172.6.Made
won a good reputation. He was a connoisseur of old a viola for the Anhalt Court orchestra-also two
mastersand had a collection of valuable instruments. doublebasses.
He was Secretary of the Land Union of Manufac- Eichler E. M.; Gunzen (near Adorf). 2.othcent. manu-
turers of Musical Instruments in Bavaria. facturer of strings.
Eichler Johannes: Erlbach. b. 16. 5. 1910. Son and
pupil of Richard E. In 1946he took over his father's
workshop.
Eichler Richard; Markneukirchen, Erlbach. b. 10. 6.
1883 in Erlbach, d. 2.9.10. 1946. Pupil of the wind-
instrument-maker, Gustav Wurlitzer. He worked for
the dealers August Wurlitzer and Franz Brauer in
Markneukirchen.
Edler Richard; Frankfurt. b. 4. 8. 19°4. Son and pupil Eichler Willy; Erlbach, c. 192.8.Bow-maker.
of Friedrich Christian E. (III); worked with Georg Eichner G.; Elberfeld, c. 1814-1815. His name was
Winterling. Qualified in 1935. In 1947 he settled found in a well-constructed violin. He was probably
in Frankfurt. Good work, highly esteemed as only an amateur and his sojourn in Elberfeld was
only temporary, for all efforts to trace him were vain.
repairer.
EdlingerHans Georg; Augsburg. b. 28. 3. 1666,d. 1696. Eims Johann Nicolaus Carl; Hamburg, c. 1799. De-
Second son of Thomas E. His work is encountered scribed as instrument-maker. Citizen of Hamburg
only rarely, as he died young. He married Maria from 12..4. 1799.
Nigrius (Nigrinuss) on 27. 5. 1691. On 2.2.1697 Eille Otto; Munich, c. 19°4. Teacher at the Municipal
she married the lute-maker Jakob Fichtl, who died High School. In 19°4 he applied for a patent for his
 invention which was to have changed the construct- Enderes (Endres) Andreas; Fiissen, c. 162.2..He was
ion of the violin. This change would have sup- admitted to the Fiissen v.ms' guilq on 18. 12..162.2..
posedly shortened the time necessary to learn the EndersF. & R. ; Markneukirchen. 2.othcent. makers of
violin and would have opened new vistas for musi- stringed and wind instruments in Markneukirchen.
cians. However, nothing has been heard of it since. Best quality violins are branded F. R. ENDERS
Elemann Johann; Augsburg, 18th cent. His label is MARKNEUKIRCHEN.
published by P. de Wit in Geigenzettelalter Meister. EngelfriedFranz; Rottenburg a. Neckar. Organ-builder
There are no entries in the Augsburg municipal who occasionally repaired stringed instruments.
archives about this maker. Engl Adalbert; Berlin, c. 1900. His work is usually
Eiger Rudolf; Leipzig. 20th cent. maker of stringed praised.
instruments. Engl Julius; Vienna, c. 192.1.One of the many inven-
EUersieck Albert; Rostock, Greiz, Berlin. b. 1843 in tors striving to improve the tone of violins. His
Magdeburg, d. c. 1914. Player who studied v.m. and method is by cutting across the annual rings of the
settled in Rostock as v.m. in 1878.In 1895he moved belly and inserting 8 to 10 transversal bars.
to Greiz, and in 19°° to Berlin. He designed his own Engleder A.; Karlsruhe, 1860-1880. Used beautiful
model, fairly large, which, ~owever, he abandoned wood and oil var.
after making seven violins. Later he worked almost Engleder Andreas; Munich. b. in Grossberg (near
exclusive]y on the large Stradivari model. At first Regensburg) c. 1810, d. 1875. He was the pupil of
he preferred yellow-red var., then a thin oil var. his uncle, Josef Fischer, in Regensburg. One of the
He well knew how to give his instruments an old best v.ms of the period, and in his time perhaps the
appearance.Also known as a manufacturer of good most sought-after repairer. His efforts to develop
strings, awarded different prizes at 6 exhibitions. a new form for the violin are described by Prof. Dr
EUersieck Hellmuth; Rostock, Christiania (Oslo). C. F. E. Schafhautl. He tried out a new shapefor his
b. 1886 in Rostock. Son of Albert E. Trained in quintet: the top bouts being cut across so that they
Markneukirchen 19°0-19°3, where he passed his passed-without corners-into the waist; the lower
tests with distinction. Then he worked with H. A. corners were also abolished. On the other hand, the
Friedel in Berlin. When he finished his military lower bouts were enlarged in proportion to the
service he left for Copenhagen, where he worked reduction of the top bouts, so that the final outline
with Othon and Knud Hjorth for 6 years. In summer was pear-shaped. In 1803 Schubert had suggested
1914he cameto Oslo (then called Christiania), where a guitar shape for the violin; Galbusera in Milan
he took over. J. Rummelhoff Hansen's workshop designed it, and Engleder changed the proportion
in 1918. of the lower and upper bouts. The improvement was
Eisler (Elster) Johann Joseph; Mainz, 1717-175°. incomplete, for only the upper register had a much
In his time a highly respected maker. Careful work, better tone. Excellent wood and faultless crafts-
good wood-especially that of the tables. His violins manship.
follow the Stainer model. His violas and gambas are
best. Yellow-brown var.
Emde J. Fr. Chr.; Leipzig. b. 1806, d. 1876. He never
used rough-hewn planks but all parts, even the sides,
he sawed from blocks of wood. He compelled his
workmen to use the same method. He was also
a good repairer and therefore had many customers.
In his last years he was ailing and querulous, and Engleder Johann Ulrich; Kehlheim, c. 1865. Perhaps
though he could no longer work he spent his days brother of Josef E., he also served his apprenticeship
in the workshop watching over his workmen. in Regensburg. Quite competent maker. He made
many zithers, but his violins are better.
Engleder Josef; Kehlheim. b. 31. 12. 1815, d. c. 1860.
.I. E. C"r. En,de. He first settled in Reinhausen (near Regensburg).
On 15. 10. 1838 he married in Kehlheim Anne
'OSf" fll~l"n1.II.fn.JI.<tI"f L.ip~.f Marie Pichs of Munich. He died probably in Engel-
stadt or Schierling, where two of his sons lived. His
V" rfer.ill 11.(,1. son Pranz was a teacher in Munich. The name Josef
"'~, Engleder is usually found branded in his instruments,
EmdeTheodor Franz; Leipzig. b. 1834,d. 1874.Son, as in a beautiful dark red viola d'amore.
pupil and chief assistantof J. Fr. Chr.E., who died
before his father.
EndenthumJohann; Nuremberg, 20th cent. Specialised
;a;.;:
~~"
""""11
,.,.-~..I.,
,':, r.-~r-L-
",~'n"K~/A~~t ,
in lutes and zithers. c ~"
EnglederLudwig; Bamberg. b. 1810, d. 2. 2. 1873. On Enzensperger Victor; Vienna. b. 19. 5. 1867, d. 2;. 2.
1. 8. 1835he opened a workshop in Bamberg. Though 1918.Sonand pupil tof BernhardE. (II). 01;iginally
he was an accomplished maker he never acquired any a violinist. After having servedhis apprenticeship
fortune, so that in his old age he was glad to be between 1882-1889 he went abroad to work in
admitted to the Municipal Hospital at Michaelsberg, Salzburg, Munich and the main ce i res of the
where he died. He worked freely on the Stainer industry: Mittenwald, Schonbach an Markneu-
model. His violins usually have a full tone. kirchen. When his father suddenly died, n took over
Ennemoser Josef; Meerane. b. 1875 in Obermais. the workshop (on 2.5.1896). For his repairs he
Apprenticed in Munich, where he stayed for several used a spirit var.; for new instruments, however,
years as an assistant. In 1902 he established himself he used an oil var. He also made other stringed
in Meerane. Repairer of stringed instruments and instruments and strings.
maker of zithers and guitars.
Enzensperger Bernhard (I); Vienna. b. 22. 5. 1788,
d. c. 1855. Born probably in Fiissen or Sonthofen in
Allgau, where an Enzensperger family was esta-
blished in the 18th cent. His actual teacher is
unknown, but he considered himself to be the pupil
of Johann Georg Thir of Vienna. He opened his own
shop in 1812 and on 23.6. 1820 took his citizen's
oath. He was most prolific during the 1830s. He Epp (Oepp) Georg (J6rg); Vienna. d. c. 1632.A Fussen
also spent much time studying acoustics,and in 1831 v.m. who died soon after the birth of his only
had his invention (the Akustikgittare) patented. daughter, Anna Marie. His assistant, also from
Fussen, Marcel Hollmayr, took over the management
of the workshop in the name of the widow, Rosina,
whom he married in 1633.
Epp Magnus; Fussen, c. 1600. Name in a simple,
crudely-made lute. His Christian name could not be
read with any certainty, and the date might be
read as 1609.
Eras Rudolf, Dr; Kandern (in Baden). b. 16. 10. 1904
in Erlbach. He trained as v.m. with Lippold Hammig
and Alfred Zapf in Markneukirchen 1924-1927.
Then he worked with Peter Harlan and Albert
Lorenz. After 1934 worked in Markneukirchen.
In 1957 he received the doctorate of philosophy
at Leipzig University. Made orthodox modern
instruments and imitations of antique ones.

EnzenspergerBernhard (II); Vienna. b. 1828, d.1896.

Son and pupil of Bernhard E. (I). Worked with
Georg Tiefenbrunner (I) in Munich, with Ludwig
Bausch in Leipzig; with T. W. Schwartz in Stras-
bourg and with L. Bernardel in Paris. After the
death of his father he maintained the reputation of the
workshop. A very active v.m.
EnzenspergerChristoph; Fiissen. b. 21. 8. 1670, d. 3. 2.
1747. Claimed to be the forefather of a still existing
v.m. family which may have originally come from
Enzenberg (near Fiissen). The Historical Museum in
Basle has a viola d'amore by him dated 1714.

ErgeleJohann Conrad (I); Waldshut. b.:C.-I725,d."II. 2.

1788. V.m. whose biography is in a' 'house-book'
written by his son, Johann Conrad (II). His first
wife, neeHattenbach (d. 1762) bore him 7 children.
He married a second time and, to quote his son,
 'he was so deceived by this marriage that there was Count Salm and devoted himself to music. As
not a worse wife in the whole ofWaldshut: all money a musician he returned to Prague in 1778 and
was spent on drink'. achieved great success; In the same year he was
Ergele Johann Conrad (II); Freiburg. b. 2.6.8. 1750 summoned to Gotha as concert-master. In the last
in Waldshut, d. 10.6. 182.1.Son and pupil of Johann 10 years of his life he no longer played in public,
Conrad E. (I). In 1766 he went abroad and returned but devoted himself entirely to v.m. He even studied
to find a step-mother at home. On 2.7.4. 1772.he mathematics privately to achieve better results in
left for Freiburg, leased a flat in the Pfaffengasse, his v.m. He computed measurementsof violins based
hung out his shield and in 11 months managed to on mathematical and physical relationships and the
save 2.00;fl., which prompted him to apply for thickness of wood. In the Leipzig AllgemeineMusik-
citizenship. In 1715he married a butcher's daughter, a/ischeZeitung (1804; vol. 8, p. 50) he published an
Marie Anna Knupfer, who brought him a dowry article, Noch etwasiiber den Bau der Geige,in which
of 2.5°fl. His eldest son, Johann Nepomuk, b. 5. 5. he stated that for 2.0years he had experimented with
1777, succeeded him. Other children were: Maria violins, that their form could not be improved upon
Magdalene (b. 14. 7. 1778), Johann Conrad (b. 1. 7. and that he was now in a position to make violins
1779,d. 12..3. 1791), Franz Joseph (b. 2.8.2..1782.), after 'Stradivari's most beautiful design' with a sound
Ferdinand (b. 3. 2..1784). as powerful as the violinist's ear can stand; all this
according to his new method and measurements,
which did away with the tension inside the instru-
ment. Unfortunately he never described his method
so that now it must be considered lost. He also
composed ardently, though only few of his compo-
sitions were published. His violins modelled on
Stradivari are much praised. Even Spohr liked to
play on them at his concerts. His best pupil was
J. A. Otto.
Ernst Friedrich; Berlin, c. 1943. Good repairs.
Ernst J. Carl; Elberfeld, c. 1815. Known only as
a repairer.
'Ernst Karl; Berlin. b. 13. I. 1905 in Markneukirchen.
Pupil of Oskar Zimmer. In March 192.4he joined
Wilhelm Hermann Hammig. When the owner died
Erggelet (Ergele) Johann Nepomuk; Freiburg. b. 5. 5. in 1952.he directed the workshop until 1956. Good
1777, d. 1863. Son and pupil of Johann Conrad E. oil var. He follows the model of Stradivari and
(II) and his successor. On 13.9. 1808 he married other Italian makers. Careful repairer of all stringed
Sofia Draher. He spelled his name almost exclusively instruments.
Erggelet: this spelling was adopted by his descen- Erritzoe Jakob; Hanover, c. 1880. Repairer of violins.
dants. He was considered to be a skilful craftsman. No instruments made by him are known.
Ertf Johann Anton; Vienna, 1809-182.8. Recorded
as early as 1785, but did not take his citizen's oath
as v.m. before 16. II. 1810. In 1811 he was deputy
chairman of the Violin- and Lute-makers' Guild in
Vienna. Good work.

Erhardt Christian Heinrich Ludwig; Wismar. b. 16. 6.

182.9.A little-known v.m.
Erich (Erichsen) Daniel; Lubeck, c. 1642.-1660. Lute-
player and maker.
Erlbeck Otto; Erlbach. 2.oth cent. maker of scrolls.
Ernst Andreas; Nuremberg, c. 177°. Only one bass-
guitar is known. It is well made.
Ernst Franz Anton; Gotha. b. 3. 12..1745 in Georgen-
thaI (on the border of Saxony, in Bohemia), d. 13. I.
1805in Gotha. Studied law in Prague, also interested
in music, especially violin-playing. His first post
was in Georgenthal, then he entered the services of
Ertl Julius; Vienna. 20th cent. v.m. F
E. S.; 1462. In a private collection in Munich is
a cittern with the inscription:
Faber Josef; Augsburg, C.1588. Maker of musical
E.S. instruments who in 1588 supplied an unidentified
MCCCCLXII. instrument to the 'stipendiary' in Tubingen. Probably
a relative of Wolfgang F.
The letters resemble those of the Gutenberg Faber (Fabricius) Wolf (Wolfgang); Munich, c. 1556-
alphabet. Gothic ornamentation. Wood and crafts- 1563. Organist and maker of all sorts of musical
manship contemporary with the inscription. The instruments (organs, flutes, clavichords, lutes, etc.).
instrument seemsto be of a German origin and has Fabian Julius; Landeck, Glatz. b. 19.4.1826 in
been attributed to Erhard Smid. A well-preserved Landeck, d. 29. 5.1894 in Glatz. Joiner who only
instrument. learned vom. later, by all accounts with Vincenz
. Beck. He first settled in Landeck and moved to
Eschenbach Kurt; Essen, after 192.2..V.m. from Mark-
neukirchen, established in Essen in 192.2.. Glatz in 1862. Skilful and hard-working repairer.
Inventor of a Stimmsetzer(i.e. a fixed place for the
soundpost) which proved to be practical.
Falke Wilhelm; Hanover-Linden, c. 1910. Joiner and
amateur v.m.
Faron Achile; Regensburg, C.1701. Mentioned by
Vidal, but no trace of him was found in Regensburg.
FassmannGustav; Magdeburg. b. 12. 11.1858 in Tage-
werben (near Magdeburg), d. 27. 12. 1893. Bow-
and v.m. In 1888 he took over F. Haase'sworkshop
from Bernhard Dunkel. Good work, but without
EschenbachRichard; Markneukirchen, 19th-20th cent. inspiration.
Probably one of the last members of a wind-instru- FassmannLudwig; Magdeburg, c. 1897. Possibly son
ment-making family; He specialised in stringed of Gustav F.
instruments. FassmannLudwig Ernst; Magdeburg, c. 1894. After
Eschert& Foehn" Berlin. 20th cent. makers of purfling the death of his brother Gustav he took over the
and ornamental scrolls for violins. Originally tarsia- workshop, producing mainly wind-instruments, but
makers. also those of the violin family.
Esser Karl; Cologne. 20th cent. v.m. and dealer in FeigeWalter; Berlin. b. 18.2. 19°9 in Neumittelwalde
instruments and sheet-music. (in Silesia). Worked with Otto Mackel and Kurt
Estner Jacob; Absam (in the Tyrol), c. 1710-1720. Jung. Later he assisted Albin Wunderlich. He
Followed the style of Jacob Stainer. Golden-yellow established himself in 1949. Good craftsmanship
var. in the styles of the early classical makers.
Eszbach Max; Erlbach. b. 1895, d. 23.9. 1956. V.m. Feigmann Ferdinand; Markneukirchen. b. 12.7.1884
Euling D. Author of Die UrsachendesNiederganges des in Schanbach. Chemist in Markneukirchen who
Geigenbaues(Berlin, 1906). manufactured var.
Euting Ernst; b. 1874, d. 21.4.1925 in Berlin. Founder Feilenreiter Ferdinand; Vienna, 19th cent. Associate,
of Deutsche Instrumentenbau Zeitung. perhaps brother of Leopold F.
Evers A. H.; Lubeck, c. 1890-1903. Dealer and Feilenreiter Franz; Vienna. b. c. 1785, d. 17.4.1866.
instrument-maker. His son learned the craft at Very good violins. His doublebasses, which he
Klingenthal and was the head of the work-
shop.
Evert Caspar; Lubeck, c.1657. Instrument-maker,
according to the baptism-record of his son in the
local church of Our Lady on 17. 10. 1657.
EylensteinAdam; Weimar. b. II. 5. 1705. In 1724 he
started his apprenticeship with J. H. Ruppert in
Erfurt and in 1731 was already named Court maker
of musical instruments in Weimar. A versatile maker
who made not only instruments of the violin family
but also lutes, mandolins, zithers, harps and pianos.
His work is not outstanding.
Eysen Jacob; Vienna, c. 1666. V.m. at the Viennese
Court, who earned 30 guldena month.
 varnished brown, reveal his best work. As he have been the son of Magnus Feldtlen. Married
evidendy did not like his own var. he had his better Anna Schwartzin of Feulenbach on 7. 5. 1669.
violins varnished by C. N. Sawicki. These violins are Feldtle (Veldtle) Georg; Fiissen. b. c..1610 in Schwan-
varnished yellow and are much more pleasing to the gau, d. before 1674.In 1650in Fiissen he was already
eye than the doublebasses.Apart from labels he used considered to be an elderly v.m. He must have died
the brand 'F. F.' before 1674 because his wife-his second wife-is
Feilenreiter Georg; Vienna. b. C.182.0,d. 2.5.12..1878. described as a widow in that year.
V.m. without originality. Crude violins of rough Feldtle Jorg; Fiissen, c. 165°. Skilful maker who lived
wood and with a muted sound. On the other hand, in the suburbs. Magnus Feldtlen was possibly his
his doublebasses are very good. He was a good brother. He was born in Schwangau and may also
performing artist, too, and a bass-player with the have been the cousin of Georg F.
Opera. Feldtlen (Feldlen, Feldten, Felden) Magnus; Vienna,
FeilenreiterJohann; Vienna. b. c. 1789, d. 2.6.10. 1867. c. 1656. Imperial Court lute-maker. The Viennese
Probably brother of Franz F. His violins are of Society of Friends of Music (Gesellschaftder Musik-
average merit and only infrequendy met with. freunde) has one of his violas di bordone(baritone)
Feilenreiter Leopold; Vienna. d. 19°4. Musician who with 19 strings (6 above, 13 sympathetic) which was
never learned the craft properly. Nevertheless he donated in 1826 by the Herzogenburg Foundation.
succeededGeorg F., who was probably his father. Valdrighi gives the date of 1722 for this maker.
Poor repairer, but his bass-guitars.were not bad. Unless one presumesthat he lived to an extraordinary
He worked in the Vienna suburb of Penzing. age, there must be some error in this date. Other
Feiler Martin Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 2..10. authors think he was born 1550-1556.
19°6. Pupil of E. F. Reichel, later of Ewald Braun. Feldtmann Christian; Oldenburg, c.189°' Court con-
Feiler Richard August; Brambach. b. 3. 8. 1877,d. after ductor, inventor of what he called a Zimbalgeige
195°. Pupil of Hermann Geipel who worked with (dulcimer violin).
Adolf Heinrich Pfretzschner in Markneukirchen. FerenczyAlexander; Vienn~, Budapest.20th cent.maker
He opened his own workshop in 1899.Careful work. of stringed and wind-instruments.
Feiler Walter Richard; Brambach. b. 8. I. 19°6 in Ferenczy-Tomasowsky Karl (Karl F. Tomasivski);
Brambach. Son and pupil of Richard August F. Berlin, Rotterdam, The Hague, New York. b. 1863
Passed his master's test on 2.0.5. 1938. Maker of in Budapest. Pupil of T. Zach and W. J. Schunda in
good violins, violas and cellos after Stradivari and Budapest. At the Jubilee Exhibition in The Hague
Guarneri. Transparent var. In 1959 he took part in 19°° was a beautiful quintet by him. In Budapest
in the International Competition of Modern Violas he was awarded a prize while still only an assistant.
in Ascoli Piceno and was awarded a silver medal. About 1889he is supposedto have worked in Berlin
Printed label and brand. and after many difficulties got to New York.
Fetjan Ferdinand; Vienna. 20th cent. v.m. Specialised
in making guitars and lutes.
Pernbach L. Author of Die Vio/ine all akustischer
Apparat (Berlin, 1896).
Ferworn Theodor; Frankenberg (in Saxony). b. 1.8.
19°5 in Lodi. Worked after Stradivari and Guarneri,
using spirit and oil var.
F. E. S.; Wemrichshausen, c. 1829. A joiner who also
made doublebasses, with less than average skill,
and poor var. His name has not been ascertained.
Fryer Andreas; Mittenwald, c. 1789. One of his fine
violins is in the Berlin collection, with a handwritten
label.
Fichtl Alois Matthias; Mittenwald. b. 1764, until
c. 1810. His work already reveals the decline of the
Mittenwald School. The exterior of his violins is
fine but the inside is carelesslyworked and therefore
the tone is inferior.
Fichtl Christoph; Fiissen. b. c. 1695, d. 9.12.1758. The
Fiissen registers (after 1714) list him as a lute-maker
without any children.
Fichtl (Fichtel) Gottlieb; Breslau, 1806- 182O. Pro-
Feldt Thomas; Vienna, c. 1676. On 3°. 6. 1676 he bably a member of the Mittenwald family. Well-
received the freedom of Vienna as v.m. He may finished violins in the style of Nicolo Amati. Several
 fine instruments are preserved, but on the whole his Pichtl Martin; Mittenwald, 1762.-177°. His violins
work is rare. have good tone, though they are not particularly
Picht/ (Fichtel) Hans; Fiissen. c. 169°' Perhaps son of well made.
Jacob F. In his time a highly esteemedlute-maker Pichtl Martin Matthias (I); Vienna. b.4. II. 1649 in
who lived in the best part of the town. Fussen, d. 2.3.2..17°7 in Vienna. His violins are
Picht/ (Fichtel) Jacob; Fiissen, 17th cent. Obscure figure. made on the Stainer model and are not too pleasing
Picht/Johann (I); Fiissen. b. 1582, d. 1.6.167°. V.m. to the eye. He used good pine and sometimes plain
Picht/ Johann (II); Fiissen. b. 2. 12. 1640, d. 3°. 3. maple. His var. is also poor-dark brown and
1694. V.m. lacking lustre.
Picht/ Johann (III); Vienna. b. 3. 7. 1678, still alive in Pichtl Martin Matthias (II); Vienna. b. c. 1682.,d. 1768.
1742. His name is not mentioned in the tax-registers Probably the son of Martin Matthias F. (I), but
nor in the lists of citizens. Perhapsbrother of Martin since he was much better than his father it seems
Matthias F. (II). likely he was apprenticed to another maker. Lute-
Picht/ Johann Christoph; Fiissen. b. 28.4. 1688. Lute- and v.m. His name appears in the tax-registers
maker. between 1749 and 1768. In the trade-registers of
Picht/ Johann Ulrich (I); Fiissen. d. 26. 12. 1706.V.m. Vienna there is a note 'Gewerbefeiernd' (retired).
Picht/ Johann Ulrich (II); Mittenwald, c. 1750-1769. This explains why his date of death is not noted in
One of the best Mittenwald makers. He worked the books of the Viennese v.ms' guild: evidently
on the Amati pattern. Yellow var. His violins are he was no longer a member. He settled in Vienna
thick but reveal very good craftsmanship. probably in 1706 or 17°7. Careful work on the
large Stradivari model. He preferred high arching
and used only good finely grained pine-wood and
regularly curled maple. The var. is of a beautiful
rich red tint on a golden background. The scrolls
are less pleasing. We also know a violin by him
with medium arching and yellow-brown var. The
f-holes are somewhat lower placed than is usual: the
Pichtl Johann W.; Mittenwald. 18th cent. v.m. highly arched instruments have soundholes like
Pichtl Josef (I); Fiissen. b. 13. 2. 1691, d. 10. 3. 1759. Stainer's, the low arched ones similar to Stradivari's.
On 28. 5. 1725 he married Maria Schweiklin. In the The tone of his violins is very good. They have
death-register he is entered as a 'Testudinarius become somewhat rare since 1945asthey were sold en
sixty-seven years of age'. He appears in the register masseto England and to the United States, where
of duties from 1737 together with the note that he they were provided with labels of Stainer and Albani
had no children. His widow was still alive in 1774. and sold at much better prices than in Vienna. His
PichtlJosef (II); Fiissen. b. 18.2.1719. V.m. best violins are dated between 173° and 175°.
PichtlJosefAnton; Mittenwald. b. 12. 8. 1758, d. after
179°. Mittenwald School; average work.
Pichtl Leopold; Mittenwald, C.1756. Kloz School.
His violins seem to have an easy resonance and
balanced tone.
PichtlLorenz; Fiissen. b. 10.8. 1673in Fiissen, d. 23. 3.
17°4. V.m.
Pichtl Magnus (Mang) Anton; Krems. b. 1748 in
Fiissen or in Mittenwald, d. 4. 12. 1792. He went
to Krems about 177°, where he took over the old
workshop of Tobias Strobl, and became a citizen
there on 12. I. 1779. On 3. 5. 1784 he married
Maria Anna, daughter of the joiner Stadler. He was Picht! Matthias; Augsburg, c. 172.0.Perhaps son of
so prosperous and respected that he was elected
Philipp Jakob F. But as the latter died S years
Councillor in 179°. Judging by his work he was
after his marriage he could not have been his pupil.
born in Mittenwald. He preferred the Stainer model.
In fact his work is much better than Philipp Jakob
He used good wood and a red var. Short Stainer-like F.'s. He used a highly arched model with a flat back,
soundholes near the bouts. usually made of a single piece. His wood is good:
neck and scroll usually of pear-wood. The scrolls
are beautifully cut and the tone is usually pleasant,
clear and balanced.
Picht! Michael; Fussen. b. 2.9. 9. 1693, d. 13. 3.
17S7. In the Fussen tax-register of 1737 he is
 listed as a lute-maker with a I-year son, Magnus Stradivari, Amati and Guarneri Mostly oil, but
Anton. sometimes spirit var.
Pichtl Philipp Jakob; Augsburg. b. 2.8.4.1669 in
Fiissen, d. c. 17°1. On 2..2..1696 he married the
widow of Hans Georg Edlinger. As a v.m. he is
not important. His highly arched model has a round-
ish outline with long soundholes. Wood sometimes
good, but almost invariably too thick. Also the var.
is brittle and thin, usually of a yellow-brown tint.
Tone poor and harsh.
Pichtold Christoph; Fiissen. b. 2.3.2..1617, d. 2.6.II.
169°' His family came to Fiissen from Lechbruck.
Picker Carl Friedrich (nicknamed 'Fickerhansel');
He was perhaps the younger brother of Hans F. (I).
Markneukirchen.. b. 13. II. 1783, d. 7.5.1849. Son
Apart from v.m. he was also a corn merchant.
and pupil of Johann Christian F. (III) and his succes-
Pichtold Hans (I); Fiissen. b. 18. 9. 1598, d. 10. 8. 1662..
sor. A competent maker. His son, also a v.m., was
In 1616 he was admitted to the Fiissen guild of
of little credit to him: on the other hand, his son-in-
lute-makers. His father may have been a certain
law, Carl Gottlob Pfreztschner, was an outstanding
Andreas Eichtold recorded in Fiissen in the 16th
craftsman. August Riechers was officially his pupil,
cent. His name is known from Baron's Untersuchung
but Ficker died when Riechers was 13.
desInstrumentesder Laute where one reads on p. 94
Picker Carl Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 20. 6. 1849.
'Hans Fichtold, who built lutes in the Italian style
Son of Carl Wilhelm August F. A competent and
even in 1612.cannot be overlooked. Where he lived,
industrious maker, who worked mostly for the
I cannot say. His work is cherished by connoisseurs
trade. First-class var. and excellent imitations.
of this instrument.' 1612.is too early a date for this
Picker Carl Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 20. I I. 1856.
maker, who in 1650was a rich man living in the best
Son of Carl Wilhelm August F. A very diligent and
part of the town, unless his date of birth is wrong,
skilful v.m. who inherited his gradfather's nickname
or unless there was yet another Hans F. from Fiissen,
'Fickerhansel'. Possibly a pupil of August Riechers.
who lived rather earlier.
Picker Carl Wilhelm August; Markneukirchen. b. I. 8.
Pichtold Hans (II); Fiissen. d. before 169°' Son of
1818, d. 25.4.1868. Son of Carl Friedrich F. and
Hans F. (I). Accomplished lute-maker.
pupil of his brother-in-law, Carl Gottlob Pfretz-
Pichtold Hans (III); Ingolstadt. b. 1636 in Fiissen.
schner. Talented maker who unfortunately took
Perhaps the brother of Michael F. (I). Or perhaps
to drink and deteriorated. August Riechers, who
identical with Hans F. (II), who may have stayed
at the age of 13 was apprenticed to this maker's
for a short time in Ingolstadt. Lute-maker; of no
father, acknowledged Carl Wilhelm August F. as his
consequenceas a v.m.
real teacher. Riechers also referred to a Hans Ficker,
Pichtold Michael (I); Ingolstadt. b. 8. 9. 1619in Fiissen.
but there was no Hans F. in the whole of Mark-
Unfortunately he cannot be traced in the Ingolstadt
neukirchen. He probably meant Carl Friedrich F.
(called'Fickerhansel').
registers. An excellent lute-maker. '

Pichtold Michael (II); Fiissen. b. 2.9.9. 1646, d. 18. I.

Picker Christian Samuel; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 4. 1766,
1685. Son of Christoph F. Having learned in his
d. 3°. 3.1819. A less significant member of the
father's workshop he was establishedas a lute-maker.
family but nevertheless a competent V.m.
Pichtold (Vichtelt) Sebastian; Fiissen, c.1606-1612..
In 1606 he was already a member of the committee
and in 1612.his name appears again as a member of
the lute-makers' guild. Clean and richly ornamented
work, nowadays mostly in collections.
Pick C.; Boitzenburg, c. 185°. Player who made
several violins. Though they are carefully and neatly Ficker Edmund; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. string-
made, with good tone, they neverthelessreveal only manufacturer. .
amateur work. Ficker Friedrich Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1794,
Picker August Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 2.3. II. d.1873. Son and successor of Johann Gottlob F.
1855, d. 4. 4. 1942..Son of the guitar-maker Heinrich His violins from 1830-1840 reveal his best work.
Wilhelm F.; pupil of Hermann Moritz Dolling. Ficker Friedrich Wilhelm (II); Erlbach. b. 31. I. 1821
Assistant of August Riechers (1872.-1879). In 1880 in Markneukirchen. Though a cobbler's son, he
he establishedhimself in his native town and devoted was related to the v.m. family, and became a good
himself to the making of concert violins and cellos, v.m., settling in Erlbach.
the tables and backs of which he thinned according Ficker Georg Adam; Markneukirchen, late 18th cent.
to the system of Dr Grossmann. He followed V.m.
Picker Gustav August; Markneukirchen, c. 1924. the edges. Wood usually good, the arching high.
Worked on the Stradivari and Guarneri models. Var. of a brown or chestnut-brown colour with
Picker H. Johann; Markneukirchen. b. 16.2. 1904 in a reddish tint. Tone usually good. He also often
Markneukirchen. Golden-yellow var. used his father's labels without any date. On the
inside of the back we often find the following
brand:
I*C*F
Picker Johann Christian (III); Markneukirchen. b.
7.3.1758, d. I. II. 1822. Highly arched violins
with somewhatclumsyf-holes~but beautiful scrolls.

Ficker Heinrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 1832, Narrow edges. Heofused to give Cremona
wald as the place origin. ' or Mitten-
d. 8. II. 1858. Son of Friedrich Wilhelm F. (I).
Ficker (Fucker) Johann Adam; Markneukirchen.
b. c. 1732. Son and pupil of Lorenz F. Qualified as
master on 5. 10. 175I. Careful work.
Ficker Johann Cas'par; Markneukirchen. b. c. 1703,
d. after 1767. Qualified as master on 2. I. 1722.
He was not even required to submit a sample of
his work. He was member of the guilds' council in
1755and still in 1766 and 1767.A skilful maker who
is thought to have travelled widely. Ficker Johann Georg (1); Markneukirchen. b. 6. 10.
1732.,d. 2.5.5.1772..Son and pupil of Johann Caspar
F. Qualified on 2.1.II. 1752..We can safely ascribe
to him violins dated between 1752.-1760: they are
pleasing instruments with a full sound.
Ficker (Fucker) Johann Georg (II); Markneukirchen.
b. c. 1738. Probably son of a v.m, but which one is
not known. When ten Saxon regiments were drafted
by Brandenburg-Prussia he was compelled to join the
Picker Johann Christian (I); Markneukirchen, c. 1700
- 1722. He came to Markneukirchen probably as army. The Guild Book has the following entry
concerning him: 'But because he now found the
an immigrant. He is mentioned in the church records
opportunity to avoid military service to the Prussian
in 1720 and 1722 but no profession is mentioned.
King and the Brandenburg Prince and to enter
This we see from a label dated 1700. Careful work.
civilian Saxon service, he applied for admittance
His violins are quite common.
to the violin-makers' guild on 2.9.5. 176o, and was
accepted.' For this he donated a half barrel of beer
for the v.m. craft. His instruments are often confused
with those of Johann Georg F, (1), who was active
at the same time.
Ficker Johann Georg (III); Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 3.
1761, d. 14.6. 1801. Son of Johann Georg F. (I).
Ficker Johann Christian (II); Markneukirchen. b. c. He could not have been the pupil of his father
1735. Second son and pupil of Johann Caspar F. becausethe latter died when he was only I I. Never-
Qualified as master on 2.1.5.1755. Successfuldealer, theless he worked on exactly the same models as
as we can also see in his labels, both manuscript his father.
and printed, where the place of origin is often given Ficker Johann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 6. I. 1754,
as Mittenwald or Cremona though his work does d. 7.7. 1816. Should not be confused with Johann
not look either Tyrolean or Italian. The instruments Gottlob F. His work is less pleasing to the eye and
are long and. slender, soundholes short and near the wood is usually less beautiful.
Picker Johann Gottlob (I); Markneukirchen. b. 25. 7. was especially versatile in varnishing in the styles of
1744, d. 3°. II. 1832. Son of Johann Caspar F. old instruments; this he did for other good v.ms.
Qualified as master on 13.6. 1764. Belongs among Ficker Paul; Schoneck, 20th cent. Maker of all kinds
the best V.ms in the Vogtland. His instruments are of plucked instruments.
characterised by good wood, careful work and fine Ficker Paul Kurt; Markneukirchen, Berlin-Charlotten-
tone. His violins were appreciated even during his burg. b. 2. 2. 1880 in Markneukirchen. Son and
lifetime. Nevertheless he also tried to convince the pupil of Carl Moritz F. He worked with Johann
uninitiated that his violins were actually made in Padewet (II) in Karlsruhe between I 899- I 90I.
Cremona. But he used the dog Latin of many of his In 190; when discharged from the army he settled
contemporaries and predecessors. The quality of in Markneukirchen but moved to Charlottenburg
his instruments can be seenfrom the fact that some in 1908, where he worked for Robert Beyer (II).
really believed him to be one of the Cremonese In November 1910 he linked up with Friedrich
masters. Even Niederheitmann did so, though he Freitag and thus founded the firm Freitag & Ficker
admitted that his violins barely resemblethe Cremon- in Berlin. An accomplished maker, for he had the
ese School. As he was industrious and died at the opportunity to gain enough experience for making
age of 88, there are still many violins by him extant. new and repairing old instruments.
He often adopted a brand used also by other members Ficker Wilhelm August; See Ficker August Wilhelm.
of the family. The wording of his labels is variable. Fickert Edmund; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. maker of
stringed instruments; good lutes and guitars.
Fiebig Johann Carl; Schweidnitz. b. c. 1770 in Guhrau,
d. c. 1810. Organ-builder and maker of various
kinds of musical instruments. In 1802 he acquired
restricted citizen's rights in Schweidnitz. He died
by all accounts about 1810. His widow married the
v.m. Josef Koded in 1812.
Picker Johann Gottlob (II); Markneukirchen. b. 6. 12. Fiedler Andreas; Markneukirchen, Graz. b. ;.8.1887
1778, d. 26. 8. 1827. Son of Johann Gottlob F. (I), in Markneukirchen, d. I;. 5. 1944 in Graz. Good
who worked in the style of his father. He seems work.
to have worked only with him, for his father outlived Fiedler August Gottwald Friedrich; Markneukirchen.
him. It is therefore very difficult to distinguish his b. in Untergattengrun (near Adorf) 2.4. 186;.
violins from those of his father, unless one ascribes Prolific v.m.
to him the inferior instruments bearing original Fieglmuller Benedict; c. 1755. Domicile unknown.
labels and brands. South German or Austrian maker of a 'Pochettein
Picker J. G. & Sch. " Markneukirchen. 20th cent. violin form' now in the State Collection of Old
manufacturers of musical instruments of all kinds; Musical Instruments in Berlin (No. 91;). Inside is
also of strings. a small bow and painted fan. It is more of a toy
Picker Johann Horst; Markneukirchen. b. 16.2. 19°4. than an instrument.
Son of Max Moritz F. Pupil of Wilhelm August FietzAdolf; Markneukirchen. b. 1862, d. c. 1922
Diirrschmidt in Markneukirchen (1919-1921). Then in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker; worked for the
he worked with Hermann Dolling in Markneu- trade.
kirchen, with Van de Meer in Amsterdam and with Fietz Robert Christian; Markneukirchen. b. ;1.5. 1880
Fritz Rodiger in Halberstadt. Whell his father died in Brambach, d. 6.2. 1956 in Markneukirchen. His
he took over the shop. Mostly repairs; like his teacher was Paul Richard Muller in Markneukirchen.
father, excellent at varnishing, undertaking this for He then worked with Ernst Reinhold Schmidt in
other makers as well. Markneukirchen and with L. Lowenthal in Berlin.
Picker Johann Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 23.6.189°, He was a competent craftsman both in original work
killed in action 8.7. 1916 in France. Son and pupil and repairs. His instruments bear the brand
of August Wilhelm F. Like his father he too copied C.R.F.
Italian models. Filipp Hans; Markneukirchen. b. 1858 in Schon-
Picker Karl Max; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Probably bach (in Bohemia), d. 192;. Pupil of Johann Fischer of
a descendant of the ancient v.m. family. Settled in Schonbach. Worked in several places. In 188; he
Markneukirchen before the war and made stringed settled in Markneukirchen. He gained a good
instruments. reputation through his extraordinary skill in making
Picker Kurt; Markneukirchen, c. 1939. V.m. ingenious miniature instruments (chiefly cellos). He
Picker Lorenz; Markneukirchen, c. 173°. Considered to was the inventor of a practical peg for stringed
have been a talented maker. instruments. Becausehe worked almost exclusively
Picker Max Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 11.2.1881, for the trade only a few instruments bearing his
d. I. 3. 1928. Son and pupil of Carl Moritz F. He name are extant.
FindingerArnold; Leipzig, c. 1615.Mostly a repairer: his commanding officer that there were no objections
but as a lute-maker he received the freedom of to it. He was accepted on 2.7.5. 1748.
Leipzig in 1615. Fischer Christian Gotthilf (II) ; Markneukirchen.
Finkel Siegfried; Markneukirchen. b. 19.9. 1927 in b. 1748, d. 14. 3. 1771. Qualified on 2.. II. 1768,
Konigsberg. Bow-maker, partner of his father-in- at the same time as G. A. Kessler (I). He died
law, P. Weidhaas.Bows made by him personally prematurely.
are good and are branded SIEGFRIED FINKEL. Fischer Christian Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 2..7.
Fiorini Giuseppe;Munich, Zurich. b. 1861 in Bazzano 1815, d. 10.4.1895. Son of Johann Christian F.
(in Italy), d. 1934. In 1867 he came with his parents Fischer E. R.; Landwiist. 2.oth cent. bow- and v.m.
to Bologna. He was the pupil of his father, RaffaeleF. Fischer Friedrich Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 1863,
In 1881 he was doing fine repairs and making good d...5.1959.V.m.
cellos. He also made violins and dealt in old instru- Fischer G.; Gopplasgriin (near Erlbach), 2.oth cent.
ments. From Italy he moved to Germany where he Devoted himself exclusively to the making of
married the daughter of Andreas Rieger (I) and in stringed instruments.
1899 founded the firm Rieger & Fiorini. After the FischerGeorg; Vienna, c. 1875.Perhapsson of Anton F.
Great War broke out, he left as an Italian subject He seemsto have died at an early age, and was never
for Zurich in 1915, though he was offered German a member of the Viennese v.ms' guild.
citizenship and an important post at a v.m. FischerGottfried; Vienna. d. c. 1888. Son and pupil of
school. From Zurich he moved to Italy where he Anton P., whose standard of work he never reached.
drew attention to himself by buying Stradivari's He lived in Mariahilfer Hauptstrasse No. 68,
effects. where he was succeededby W. T. Guterinann, and
Fischbach Max; Adorf. 20th cent. manufacturer of in 1868 he moved his shop to Lower Braunerstrasse.
stringed and wind instruments. In 1882.he gave up his workshop and took over
Fischer ;.; Brambach, c. 1910. Good bow-maker. a grocery in Hietzing (in Vienna), which was closed
Fischer ..; Munich, c. 1805. A v.m. by the name of shortly afterwards. He died in a workhouse. He did
Fischer is said to have lived in Munich abo~t 1805. not make many new instruments. Those that exist
It was probably Joseph F. of Regensburg, who are branded by his mark on the neck. Perhaps they
stayed temporarily in Munich. At that time the only were the work of his skilled craftsmen.
Fischer in Munich who had anything to do with Fischer Heinrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 13. 12..
music was a singer. 1857. Little-known v.m.
Fischer A. E.; Bremen. 20th cent. firm of v.ms. Only Fischer Hermann; Wohlhausen. 2.oth cent. specialist
violins modelled on Stradivari with a pink spirit in lute-making.
var. are known. Careful work resembling the Saxon FischerJohann Adam; Markneukirchen. b. 18.9.173°,
style. They are also branded. d. 1.4. 18°9. Qualified as master 2.4.5.1752.. He
Fischer Albert Louis; Untermassfelde. 1809. seems to have learned in Markneukirchen and
FischerAnton; Vienna. b. 1794in Vienna, d. 10. 8. 1879. worked there as assistant. There is a note saying
Took his citizen's oath on 20. 4. 1821.His workshop expressly that he was not the son of a v.m. Member
was No. 369 in the city. In 1835 he lived in the of the guild. He was working to his last days.
Seitzergasse opposite the War Institute, .later am Fischer Johann Christian; Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.9.
Graben 'near the pharmacy in the second courtyard'. 1763in Markneukirchen, d. 2.1.12..1838. Secondson
He was one of those makers who keep on studying of Johann Adam F. Mentioned as citizen and v.m.
their craft. For this reason he assembleda beautiful in 1792..
collection of old violins. Though he was skilful Fischer Johann Georg (I); Wiirzburg. b. 8. 3. 1696
and used good wood his imitations of Italian models in Fiissen. Was still alive in 1733. Lute- and v.m.
were not all that successful. On the other hand, he FischerJohann Georg (II); Jena, c. 1750-1762.. Careful
copied excellently violins by the Englishman William work, beautiful golden-yellow var.
Forster (II). FischerJohann Georg (ill); Markneukirchen. b. 16. 9.
Fischer Christian; Hamburg, c. 1797. Described as 1758, d. 4.12..182.1. Eldest son and successor of
'an instrument-maker'. Citizen of Hamburg from Johann Adam F.
8.9. 1797.
Fischer Christian August; Markneukirchen. Date
uncertain. Good work. Instruments branded:
C.A. F.
Fischer Christian Gotthilf (I); Markneukirchen. b. c.
1728. He seems to have been trained in Markneu-
kirchen and then joined the militia. Though a soldier FischerJohann Gottfried; Markneukirchen.b. I 5. 3.
he nevertheless asked for admittance to the guild 177°,d. 15.9. 1825.The youngestand most talented
in 1748 and even produced a statement signed by son of JohannAdam F.
 Fischer Johann Simon; Jena, c. 1687-1693. Sculptor Fischer Walter Wilhelm; Erlbach. b. 10.6.1887 in
and v.m. who worked in Jena after 1687. Kurt Wohlhausen. Pupil of Ernst Otto. Martin in Mark-
Sachs' Catalogue lists his harp (p. 42, No. 2387)' neukirchen. Worked with Moritz Schmidt, E. L.
FischerJohann Ulrich; Landshut, Munich. b. 29. 5. 1688 Gutter and Hermann Todt in Markneukirchen. He
in Flissen. Skilled craftsman who was one of the then established himself independently in 1919.
last to make Nonnengeigen*. His violins, violas and Fischer Wenzel; Vienna, 19th-20th cent. Various
gambas are very good. About 1728 he moved to models.
Munich - assuming the label in one Nonnengeige Fischer Zacharias; Wurzburg. b. 5. II. 173°, d. 27. I.
is genuine - but there are no other documents to 1812. His violins from 1770--1780 reveal his best
confirm this. work: the tone of these instruments, though not
Fischer Josef; Regensburg. b. 1769, d. 22.6. 1834. as smooth as Am~ti's, whom he imitated, is never-
Supposedly born in Allgau, and probably the pupil theless full and strong. He studied his model con-
of Johann Anton Gedler in Flissen. He came to scientiously and his copies were very good. Un-
Regensburg from Vienna in 179°. He is considered fortunately he went astray: in 1786 he announced
the successorofF. A. Kossler and Leopold Widhalm. that he had found a way to make his violins equal
An outstanding maker who followed Italian models, instruments by Stradivari and Stainer. It seems
mainly that of Stradivari. Fine yellow-brown oil var. likely, however, that this method consisted only of
He imitated the originals so skilfully that many of drying the wood in the oven: this explains why
his violins are now sold as original' Italian instru- most of his instruments from the later years of his
ments. He also did repairs for clients at home and life are now of such little merit. He also made lutes,
abroad. Teacher of the brothers Engleder, who were guitars etc. Various labels. Like many other makers
his nephews, and P. Schulz. Many of his labels have who lived at the turn of the 18th and 19th cents
a crowned eagle in the centre. he still used in the first yearsof the 19th cent. printed
labels where the first two digits of the date, 17, were
printed - and so he wrote an 8 over the printed 7.
In 1755 he was Court v.m. Acquired Wurzburg
citizenship on 20. 12. 1787, in Horleigasse No.8.
Fisselthaler.. ; Vienna, 1922.An official who discovered
a method of placing the soundpost in its best place
in every kind of stringed instrument. The results
of this method have been appreciated by v.ms.
Fitsche Johann; Linz. b. 1819, d. 30.8.1893 in Lim.
He had his workshop in Landstrasse No. 23, later
Nos 34 and 17. Made many cheap violins to earn
a living. Neverthelesshe also made severalvery good
instruments which reveal his skill. Careful repairer.
Fischer Karl; Bremen, c. 191I. His violins are usually He never married.
branded. Fliigel Heinrich Hermann Ludwig Rudolph; Lubeck.
Fischer Leberecht; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent. maker b. 17.7. 1871. Son, pupil and successorof Johann
of plucked instruments, specialisingin the production Joachim P.
of banjos. Fliigel Johann Joachim; Lubeck. b. I 1.3. 1845 in
Fischer Max; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent. retailer of Hornstorf, d. 3. I. 1918. Pupil of Johann Georg
musical instruments. We do not know whether he Adler and his partner in business. Skilful maker of
made any instruments. Certainly more important brass instruments and organs who also repaired
as a dealer than as a v.m. violins.
FischerOtto; Hohendorf (in Saxony). 2.oth cent. bow- Fleck Johann Georg; Tyrol, c. 175°. V.m. who copied
maker. Jacob Stainer. Beautiful var. His labels give neither
FischerPhilipp Jakob; Wiirzburg, c. 1715. Perhaps son the place nor the date of origin. Judging by the
of Johann Ulrich F. He may have originally come wood his instruments were made about 175°.
from Landshut. De Piccolettis lists him as a settler Fleischer Carl Conrad; Hamburg. d. before 1738.
in Landshut. He may have been the father of the Younger son of Hans Christoph P. V.m.
well-known Zacharias F. Good work; particularly PteischerHans Christoph; Hamburg, c. 1672-1688.
his small violas (39.8 cm. long). The heads are Probably brother-in-law of Joachim Tielke. Hamburg
carved flat, the soundholes almost parallel. citizenship acquired on 12.4. 1672.Also made wind
Fischer R.; Landwiist. 2.oth cent. bow-maker. instruments.
* Nonnengeige- Marine trumpet. A simple bowed instrument
FleischerJohann Christoph; Hamburg. b. c. 1675, d.
which appeared in the 14th cent. and was still occasionally after 1732. Elder son and perhaps also pupil of
used in the 19th. Hans Christoph P., who acquired Hamburg citizen-
 ship on 13.6. 17°5. He even bettered his father's Dorothea Raggen. A son, Ludwig, d. in 1752. Apart
work, so that his name stands next to Tielke's in from the latter, he had but one daughter. Thus
the history of German v.m. With his brother, he G. H. A. Franck of Hamburg could not have been
had to fight many cases with the joiners' guild, his son, as has sometimes been presumed. Repairer
which considered his work to be an encroachment of lutes and harps. He seemsto have devoted himself
on their rights. His lutes and violins show beautiful mainly to the building of pianos and organs.
craftsmanship. Like his father, he also made wind Franck-Reiner & Co.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent.
instruments. He was the inventor of a Lautenclavecin makers of stringed instruments in Schonbach (in
and Theorbenflugel. Bohemia) and Markneukirchen with warehousesin
FleischerOskar. b. 1856 in Gorbig (in Saxony).Author Mainz, Hamburg, Leipzig, etc. Mass-production
of Fuhrer durch die Sammlungalter Musikinstrumente copies of the Italian and ~yrolean Schools. Later
der Kgl. HochschulefurMusik in Berlin (Berlin, 1892); the firm was taken over by Marma MusikindustrieJ
Fuhrer durchdie Bach-Ausstellung(Berlin, 19°1); and owned by Karl Bauer of Markneukirchen.
Die Musikinstrumentedes Altertums und Mittelalter in Frank; Bayreuth, c. 1799. Nickname of C. A. .Groh-
germanischenLiindern (Strasbourg, 1898). He was mann.
a musicologist of note, and founded in 1899 an Frank Arthur; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Wholesaler
international association of lovers of musical instru- of musical instruments, mainly stringed instruments
ments. and strings.
FlossmannGeorg; T6lz. b. 4. 12. 1843in Oberneuching Frank Eduard; Zwota, c. 183°. V.m. Later he went
(near Erding). Pupil of Georg Tiefenbrunner (I) to Poland.
in Munich (1858-1865). Later worked with Johann Frank Ernst; Zwota, c. 1928. Maker of gut strings.
Hornsteiner (II) in Passau,with Georg Heidegger (1) Frank Joseph; Linz, c. 1795. Perhaps brother of
in Passau and then again with Tiefenbrunner. Mainrad F. He must have died young or else made
Established himself in T61z on 17. 5. 1875. As well violins only occasionally. Though he styled himself
as stringed instruments, which he made in the styles 'citizen v.m.' his name is not included in the lists
of Amati, Stradivari and Guarneri using spirit and of citizens.
oil var., he also made mandolins, guitars and Frank Karl; Markneukirchen, Mittenwald. b. 19°8 in
especially zithers. He invented many improvements Munich. An engineerby profession, but amateur v.m.
to the latter. Frank Lothar; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m.
Foltini Johann; Gleiwitz, 20th cent. Silesian v.m. Frank Mainrad; Linz. b. c. 177°, d. c. 1832. Probably
Fraas Adele; Markneukirchen, c. 1937. Pupil of Paul pupil and (from 16. 5. 1799)successorof Jan Baptista
Richard Seckendorfer in Markneukirchen. Havelka. An original and industrious maker whose
Franck Claus; Berlin, Los Angeles, Mexico. b. 19°7 better work is still found. He used a special large
in BriesenjMark. Pupil of Max Schuster. Assistant model (366, 169, 113, 211 mm.) with deeply curved
of Theodor Schrage with August Hermann & Co. C-shaped soundholes and high arching. Scroll thin
in Berlin, who became an accomplished repairer and square, var. yellow-red to dark-brown, or of
and foreman for 5 years. Established himself in a chestnut red-brown tint, mostly without lustre.
Berlin in 193°. In 1939 he emigrated to the U. S. A. Craftsmanship and wood always good. When making
and took the job of foreman in the Los Angeles violas he followed earlier models for a long time
branch of Wurlitzer and Co. When war broke out, but often tried to give different shapes to flaming-
he left the United States for Mexico, where he sword soundholes. The Goteborg museum has
opened his own shop. a beautiful viola d'amore by him, dated 1801. For
Franck Gottfried Heinrich Ant.on; Hamburg, c. 1785. some time he used the same label as J. B. Havelka,
Maker of instruments who acquired Hamburg citizen- filling in his name in ink.
ship in 1785. Franke Bernhard; Stuttgart, Wiesbaden. b. 29. 6. 1919
Franck Johann Andreas; Klingenthal, 174°-1765. in Leipzig. Son and pupil of Max F. He worked
His name is found in the guild book from 1740 with him and with his brothers Herbert and Rudolf F.
onwards, but no details of his life are known. Opened his own shop in 1949. He copies Stradivari
Franck Johann Michael; Dresden, c. 1794. V.m., and Guarneri. Spirit or oil var. Good repairer.
hitherto unknown. One of his violins is owned by Franke Herbert; Stuttgart, Halle, 20th cent. Brother
J. M. Tscherin in Leipzig. It is made on an Amati and partner of Bernhard F.
model. Clean craftsmanship, yellow-brown var. The Franke J.; Berlin-Grunewald. 20th cent. manufacturer
name on the label is almost illegible (printed, but of chin-rests.
worn). Franke Joachim; Leipzig. b. 2.2.1926 in Leipzig.
Franck Ludwig; Lubeck. b. c. 17°°, d. 9.4.1763. As Worked in Halle, Wiesbaden and Stuttgart. In 1956
an instrument-maker he acquired the citizenship of he took over his father's workshop. Stradivari and
Lubeck on 16.6. 1724. In 1725 he became organist Guarneri del Gesu models. Soft spirit var. of
in the cathedral. In 1729 he married Catherin a reddish-brown tint.
Franke Karl; Altenburg (in Thuringia). 2.oth cent. Freidel Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 25.2. 1883, d. 15. I.
maker of plectrums and mutes. 1952 in Bad Elster. Pupil of .Robert Heinrich
Franke Max; Leipzig. b.2.7. 3. 1880 in Kustrin, d. Nurnberger in Markneukirchen. Made excellent
2.9.12..1965.Pupil of Otto Jaeger in Frankfurt an der violins and plucked instruments. As well as a printed
Oder. Worked with Heinrich Kessler (II) in Mannheim label he used the brand KF in a triangle. One of his
and then with Richard Heberlein in Nuremberg, violins and a lyre-guitar are in the Markneukirchen
the Lowendall Star Works in Berlin and Albin museum.
Wilfer in Leipzig. Established himself in Leipzig Freidel R. ; Eubabrunn (in Saxony). 20th cent. maker of
on 13.9. 192.1.He copies Stradivari and Guarneri. mandolins.
Red-brown soft spirit var. Several awards. FreiseisfJn.. ; Mittenwald, early 19th cent. Becausehe
worked exclusive\y for the trade his name remained
unknown. That he belonged to the better v.ms
of Germany is revealed by a very good violin of his
bearing a manuscript label.
FreislebenOtto; Bad Brambach (in Saxony). 20th cent.
maker of stringed instruments and strings. The main
plant was in Plesna in Czechoslovakia.
Freitag Friedrich; Berlin. b. 2I. 2. 1857 in Markneu-
Franke Paul; Nuremberg. 20th cent. v.m. who made all kirchen, d. 20.6. 1947. Skilful v.m., partner of
types of stringed instruments. Paul Kurt Ficker in the firm Freitag und Ficker,
Franke Rudolf; Berlin, Wiesbaden. b. 6.4. 19°8. Son founded in 1910.
and pupil of Max F. He ran a shop in Wiesbaden in Freund F.; Neisse, c. 1841. V.m.
partnership with his brother Bernhard. Frey Christoph; Wiesensteig, Stuttgart. d. 3°.8.1635.
Franz Joachim; Havelberg. b. 1748. Little-known v.m. Born in Ansbach, he came from Wiesensteig to
FrauendorferTheodor; Regensburg, 19th cent. Pupil Stuttgart in 1582 where in conjunction with Johann
of Jacob Schmidbauerand companion ofG. M. Kurz. Thanner, he founded the instrument workshop for
Freese Andreas; Bremen, 1727. Theophilus F., an the Court orchestra.
accomplished sculptor, who lived in Bremen from Frey Karl; Amstetten, c. 1928. Maker of zithers with
1721-176~ had-as seen from the guild's do- a retail shop selling musical instruments.
cuments-a brother whose first name is un- Frey Michel; Erfurt, Leipzig, 153°-155°. Lute-
fortunately not given. One can surmise that this maker.
brother was Andreas F., by profession also a sculptor, Freyer & Co.; Meissen, c. 19°1. Little-known firm of
who worked in stone, wood and ivory. He made v.ms.
violins only as an amateur. FreytagA.; Landsberg. 1855-1860. In his time he was
Frei (Fray) Hans; Nuremberg. d. 21. II. 1~23.Thereis considered to be a good repairer. He is said to have
an unsubstantiated tradition that Hans F. was one possessedoutstanding theoretical knowledge, but he
of the best lute-makers of his time. He certainly made very few new instruments, as he was so busy
was not one by profession. He was an excellent with repairs.
engineer, physicist and inventor, 'versatile in all Friedel Heinrich August; Berlin. b. I I. 1°. 1863 in
manners'. A Neudorfer document says he 'had Markneukirchen. Pupil of Gustav Otto; worked
understanding for music and was well known as for several years with leading makers. In 1889 he
a good harpist'. When young he is said to have opened his own shop in Berlin and quickly won many
worked in Bologna. He married a citizen's daughter, customers through his outstanding craftsmanship.
Anna Rumlein (d. 1~21). In 1496 he was nominated His violins are played by well-known violinists.
to the 'higher council'. His renown is partly based Highly esteemedfor repairs.
on the fact that Albrecht Durer was his son-in-law. Friedel Paul Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 25.2.1883
The artist esteemed him highly and when he died, in Markneukirchen. Settled in 1910 and made
he wrote into the family chronicle that 'Hans F. violins for the firm Harmonik A. G. in Tressingen,
was ill for the past 6 years and was a man who which he branded with his initials in a triangle.
suffered incredible hardships in his life'. In the Friedrich C. G.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. maker
Nuremberg court books Hans Frei is listed as of v.ms' tools.
a guild's expert. Friedrich Walter; Schweidnitz. 19th cent. v.m. and
Freidel Fritz; Markneukirchen. b. 19°8, d. 19~~.V.m., repairer.
little known. Friedstadt Johann Christoph; Kassel. b. 1694, d. in
Freidel Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 16. 9. 1873 in April 1775, Court instrument-maker, but not men-
Markneukirchen, d. 24. 8. 1934. V.m. who opened tioned in the archives of Kassel. He may have been
his own shop in 1898. Good work in the styles of the son of the Court painter, Johann Wilhelm F.
the old Italian makers. (d. 1733), and brother of the Court musician Johann
 Heinrich F. (d. 1782). His instruments are good No. 294 and in 1799 in the Pirani suburb No. 20.
and have rich ornamentation. On 21. 8. 18o; he was granted citizenship and then
Frippel Johann Jacob; c. 1760. His place of activity lived at Fischerhof No. 708. Less well known than
is not known. Kurt Sachs' Catalogue lists a beautiful his brother. He probably died early.
1o-stringed zither by him (p. 155, No. 2264). Fromm Franz; Vienna, c. 1886. In 1886 he founded
Fritsche (Fritzsche) Johann Samuel; Dresden, Leipzig, a stringed-instrument shop in Vienna.
1780-1810. Pupil of Christoph Friedrich Hunger Fromm Karl; Vienna. b. 1852in Vienna. In 1878opened
and a very competent v.m. who skilfully copied the a musical instruments shop. An excellent zither-
Cremonese makers. Adequate amber var. Several player, he also made very good, beautifully shaped
labels. zithers. His workshop also produced violins, first
Fritz; Nuremberg, 1393-14°4. In the Nuremberg preferring the Amati model; later the Stradivari
archives a certain 'Lute-maker Fritz' is listed. Fritz model. He was a judge at the Viennese Musical
was probably his first name, not the name of the and Theatrical Exhibition and won awards at the
family. 'Fritz Lautenmacher'was granted citizenship Chicago and Paris World Exhibitions.
in 1393 and is to be found in the documents on Fronhofer Georg; Fiissen, 16th cent. Excellent lute-
direct taxesuntil 14°3. He lived at first near St Martha maker.
and then am Fischbach(nowadays Karolinenstrasse). FroschAndreas; Munich (?). Lute- and V.m. from the
Another Fritz, who seemsto have lived in Nuremberg end of the 17th cent.
c. 16°° is listed in the catalogue of musical instruments Frost. . ; Nuremberg, 19th cent. Repairer, known from
. a single label.
of Moritz von Hessen-Kassel,written in 1613, with
the note 'the insignificant are not listed'. Fuchs Albert. b. 6.8.1858 in Basle, d. 15.2.1910 in
Fritz Bartolomeo; Brunswick. d. 17.7.1766 in Bruns- Dresden. Author of Taxe der Streichinstrumente, An-
wick. Received Brunswick citizenship on 12. 7. 1720. leitung zur Einschiitzung der Geigen, Violen, Violon-
Maker of clavecins. celli usw. (Leipzig, 19°7),
Fritz Johann; Innsbruck. b. 27. 12. 1783 in Pfaffen- FuchsB.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker of guitars and
hofen (in the Inn valley), d. after 1825. Farmer's mandolins.
son who learned cabinet-making and in his leisure Fuchs C.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker of mandolins.
hours made harps, guitars and violins. Then he Fuchs Edward; Breitenfeld, 20th cent. Maker of
worked as assistant of the organ- and instrument- mandolins.
maker G. Grober, where he gained further know- Fuchs Emil; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker of guitars
ledge of the craft. Natural talent was, however, his and mandolins.
greatest asset. In 18I 6 he applied to the Innsbruck FuchsErnst; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker of mandolins.
magistrates for admission as a maker of musical FuchsFranz (I); Linz. b. ;0. 7. 1875 in Linz. Pupil of
instruments. This privilege was granted only after Eduard Heidegger, with whom he made several
he had submitted a violin which proved his skill. violas on H. Dessauer's small model. His further
On 3°.3. 1818 he married a gardener's daughter, development was influenced mainly by Professor
Cresentia Trenkwalder. He was never properly J. A. Sadtler, who instructed him in the results of
apprenticed to a v.m., but he consulted experts and his 5° years' study ofv.m. After a number of tests
managed to get good models. In his violins one which 'they made together, the young v.m. acquired
can see the traditions of the early Italian School, his sufficient skill and knowledge to combine (after the
var. even resembling Italian var. Upper bouts wide death of Professor Sadtler) scientific analysis with
and flat, back arched higher than the table. The aesthetic demands. He worked on a large model
backs mostly made from plainer wood (apple or with shallow hollowing of the head and a beautiful
pear). Graceful scrolls, soundholes resembling Stradi- scroll. Excellent wood. Soft reddish-yellow var. He
vari's, but too small in violas. Tone quite good, worked most carefully, making everything by his
though not powerful. Latest date found in a guitar own hand so that he did not make more than
of his, 1825, shows that he was still alive in that four instruments in a year. The strength of wood and
year. arching are carefully calculated. Tone of his violins,
Fritzsche Friedrich Edward; Leipzig, c. 184°. Y.m. violas and cellos is beautiful and powerful. He also
Fritzsche Johann Benjamin; Dresden, c. 1802-1823. made very good guitars.
Secondson of Johann August F., a wind-instrument- Fuchs Franz (II); Linz. b. 9.2. 1915. Son and pupil
maker, who died 18°4. Skilful craftsman who was of Franz F. (I). Established independently in 195°.
soon appointed Court maker. His violins are quite He works to his own model, a cross between
frequently encountered. He also did repairs. Stradivari and Guarneri. Spirit or oil var. of his
Fritzsche Karl August; Dresden, 1797-18°9. Elder own composition.
brother of Johann Benjamin F. His father taught Fuchs Otto; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker of guitars
hi!Il to make woodwind instruments, but he gradually and mandolins.
took to v.m. In 1797 he lived in Schlossgasse Fuchs P.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker of mandolins.
Fuchs Wenzel; Eltersdorf (near Erlangen). 20th cent. with his father until 1928. Maker of guitars and
v.m. zithers.
Fugger Raymond; Augsburg, 16th cent. Member of Furst Georg F.; Mittenwald. b. 1832 in Mittenwald,
an Augsburg patrician family, patron of arts, and d. 189°' Little-known v.m. who established himseft
especially music. His work, Fugger lnstrumenta et im 1945.
Musica (1566) contains valuable information on some Furst Johann (I); Mittenwald. b. 9.7. 1822, d. 28. 10.
v.ms of the 15th and 16th cents. 1881. Son of Georg F. (II) who devoted himself
Fuhr Karl. Author of Die akustischenRatsel der Geige, to the making of zithers.
Die endgultigeLosungdesGeigenproblems. Fur Physiker, Furst Johann (II) ; Mittenwald. b. II. 6. 1864, d. 15. 12.
Geigenbauerund Musiker dargestellt (Leipzig, 1926). 1948. Son and pupil of Johann F. (I). As well as
Full Franz; Augsburg. b. 24.12.1911. Pupil of Karl violins he also made guitars and zithers.
Julius Muller, with whom he worked from 1925 Furst Johann (III) (Hans); Mittenwald. b. 11.6. 1896.
and whose workshop he took over in 1955. Uses his Son of Thomas F. (I) who worked for 4 years with
own model. Spirit var. with oil. Gustav Graseck in Munich and then established
Furst Alois; Mittenwald. b. 6. 3. 1900. Son of Thomas himself independently in Mittenwald in 1922.
F. (1) and Gertrude (nee Lipp). Went to the Mitten- Furst Johann (IV); Mittenwald. b. 3°. 3. 19°7, d.
wald v.m.school, where he becamea teacherin 1951. 24. 6. 1953. Son and perhaps pupil of Johann F. (II)
Maker of guitars and citterns as well as violins, on who worked with his father until 1948. Lumberjack
his own model. and maker of guitars. It seemsprobable that he felled

The Furst Family Tree

Georg Furst I, tailor
(learnedv.m. in Tyrol)
I
JohannI (b. 1822, d. 1881)

Thomas I Johann II
(b. 1860,d. 1932) (b. 1864,d. 1948)

r , I
Johann III Alois Thomas II Georg II Johann IV
(b. 1896) (b. 1900) (b. 1902) (b. 1902) (b. 19°7. d. 19S3)
J
Franz
J
Andreas
I
Georg
(b. 1924) (b. 1932) (b. 1929. d. 19S8)
(not a v.m.)

Furst Andreas; Mittenwald. b. 9. 12..1932..Pupil of only those trees the wood of which was needed for
the State v.m. school in Mittenwa]d, and since 1961 making violins.
teacher at this school. Own model and own var., Fiirst Thomas (I); Mittenwald. b. 29. 4. 186o, d. 10. 5.
which has been made by the family for 5 generations, 1932. Son and pupil of Johann F. (1). He made
since 1832..Son of Georg F. (II). chiefly zithers and guitars, but also violins in the
style of the old masters.
Fiirst Thomas (II); Mittenwald. b. 7. 6. 19°2. Son of
Thomas F. (I). Maker of guitars and zithers.
FiirstenaziMoritz. b. 26.6. 1842 in Dresden, d. 1899.
Flute virtuoso and composer, author of Bin Instru-
mentenInventorium vom Jahre I J.9} (Dresden, 1872)
and Geschichte der Musik und desTheatersam Hofe der
KttrJiirstenvon Sachsen(Dresden, 1862).
Fiitterer Alois; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m.
Furst Franz; Hanover.b. 22.8.1924. Sonand pupil of Fux Jakob; Vienna. b. c. 1753, d. 21.8.1819. In 1787
JohannF. (III). he took over the workshop of Philipp Jakob Wurm
Furst Georg (I); Mittenwald, 1805-1832. Bavarian at Tiefen Graben No. 369, previously owned by
tailor who asa soldier settledin Mittenwald during Johann Georg Huber. He took the citizens' oath
the Tyrolean PeasantWar (1805-1809) and learned on 28.6. 1878. He is the least important member
to make violins. He is the forefather of the still- of the Fux family. His violins are rarely met with
extant Furst v.m. family. and are made on a broad and flat model. Yellow or
Furst Georg (II); Mittenwald. b. 5. 8. 1902. Son red var.
and perhapspupil of Johann F. (1) who worked Fux Johann Jakob; Vienna 1691-17°5. Perhaps son
 on brother of Matthias F. Carefully made violins of possible results. Careful work. On one of his labels
good wood; Stainer model. In the Viennese tax- there is the following inscription:
register for 1692 one reads:
Fux Jacob, wohnhaft im Wiibmer (Wiedener) Auf Tonvollkommenheit physikalisch behandelt und fertigge-
stellt dutch Elatometer No. 18, Paul Gallrein Markneukirchen.
Viertl. 3°. Juni 1692: Jakob Fux, Lautenmacher ist
vermog der hchl. Steyer Anschlags-Commissarien
miindlicher Veranlassung, in Ansehung seiner Ar-
muth mit der 1692er Steyer zu verschonen, soli
aber in 1693 jahrigen Steuer Anschlag einge-
bracht werden.
His violins are the Stainer model, carefully made and
of good wood.
Fux (Fuchs) Matthias; Vienna, 1672-1700. An espe-
cially skilful lute- and v.m. who came from Fiissen,
if not from Hirtenfeld (in Styria), where in 1660 the
famous composer Johann Joseph F. (d. 1741asCourt
conductor in Vienna) was born. When he married
on 19. 6. 1672 he is described as a 'citizen lute- Gandl Franz; Goisem, c. 1763. Perhaps son of Franz
maker'. He was also Supplier to the Court. He Carl G. or even identical with him. His violins belong
mainly made violas and lutes with rich ornamentation.
to the solid German School, lacking artistic aspira-
He used very good wood for the backs, mostly tions, but quite competent.
maple, and red var. He preferred the large Stainer Gandl Franz Carl; Goisem, c. 1753. Perhaps identical
model with high arching. with the above, or his father. The style is much
the same.
Gandl (Gandel) Johann; Ramsau, c. 1734. His name
appears in 1734 in the parish registers of Goisem,
G where the parish church of Ramsau was. He is
described as v.m. The first member of the Gandl
family to make violins. Good work.
Gabler M. Author of Abhandlung vom Instrumentalton Gandl Johann Joseph; Goisem, 1747-1765. Perhaps
son of Johann G. of Ramsau. His work is good,
(Ingolstadt, 1776). as is the wood, but the measurementsare sometimes
GaisenhoferAloys; Vienna. Name found in several
inferior 19th cent. violins, though no v.m. of this unbalanced.
name ever lived in Vienna. Probably it was intended
to signify Geissenhofer.

Gandl Michael; Goisern, 1772.-1780. He is mentioned'

in the church registers. His instruments, though not
outstanding, are well-made in the early Tyrolean
style.
Galder! Friedrich; Coburg, c. 1895. Successor of Gtindl Paul; Ramsau, c. 1779. The registers call him
Wilhelm Schiller. They were the owners of a shop 'violin-maker'.
selling musical instruments. When H. Buchel joined Gardana E. Author of Die Gitarre und ihre Geschichte
the firm, a v.m. workshop was added. (Leipzig,1879).
Gal/ J.; Vienna. 19th cent. maker of musical instru- Garter (Gartner) Michel; Salzburg, 1510-1538.
ments. It is not certain whether he actually made Identical with Michael Barttner. His name is
violins. mentioned as a v.m. in the Salzburg list of citizens
Gal/andJohann; Bayreuth, Leipzig. b. C. 182.9,d. 1896. between 1511-1538.
At the Munich Exhibition of Arts and Crafts in 1888 Garter (Gartner) Veit; Salzburg, c. 1510. According
he included 3 zithers and one violin. In 1893 he to the Salzburg list of citizens, son of Michael
moved to Leipzig-Reudnitz, where he died. Garter (Barttner). V.m.
Gal/rein Paul; Markneukirchen, Dresden. b. 8.7.1877, GartnerEugen, Dr; Stuttgart. b. 10.4. 1864in Stuttgart,
d. I. I. 1961 in Dresden. Worked in Markneu- d. 2.9.3. 1944. In autumn 1879 he joined Anton
kirchen 19°8-1915, trying to achieve the best Sprenger (II) as an apprentice and stayed with him
 until 1886. Then he worked from the beginning Gast Jorg; Fiissen, 1606-1612.. Listed as a member of
of 1887 till the end of 1888 with N. E. Simoutre in the lute-makers' guil~ in 1606. In 1612.he sued the
Basle. Afterwards he learned the German style of wood merchants of the area, who had causeddamage
making violins with Schunemannin Schwerin, where to the guild.
he stayed for 3 years, making mainly solo violins. Gast Mang (Magnus); Fiissen. d. 1631 in Wismar.
In 1891 he openedhis own shop in his home town On 2.6.12..162.1he was admitted to the lute-makers'
and soon acquired a large number of customers. guild as a master.
In 1896he was named Royal Court V.m. and in 1906 GebhardtJ. C.; Hamburg, 19th cent. Made only a few
he was awarded the title FurstlichenHohenzollernschen violins and cellos, but many very good double-basses.
Hoflieferant. He was a very skilful maker who Gedler (Gidl) Johann Anton; Fiissen. b. c. 172.0in
completed about 300 violins, violas and cellos Wiirzburg, d. c. 179° in Fiissen. Pupil of Johann S.
before 1910. He worked carefully, using beautiful Maldoner or Sympert Niggel (II) whose models he
mature wood. He preferred oil var. PurRing of followed. His work is good and the backs are usually
genuine ebony. Apart from labels printed in colour one piece. The arching is higher than Stainer's.
he also used a brand. Each year he travelled to Italy Red-yellow var. in thin layers. The sound is usually
and elsewhereto buy precious instruments, of which excellent, but in one or two instruments where the
he had a great collection. In February 1911 he was back is thin it is weak and blurred.
awarded by the King of Wurttemberg a gold medal GedlerJoseph Benedict; Fiissen. b. 2.3.3. 1755,d. 2.8.3.
for art and science, on the ribbon of Friedrich's 183°. Son and pupil of Johann Anton G., whose
order. He was the co-founder and second president style he followed. The var. on his violins is light in
of the Association of German V.ms. colour, golden-yellow or wine-red, but very brittle.
Good craftsmanship, the tone clear and sweet.
Gedler was the last important v.m. in Fiissen.
GedlerNorbert; Wiirzburg. b. 2.5.5.1692.,d. after 172.5.
EUGEN :4:fGARTNER He came to Wiirzburg from Fiissen, where a certain
Ptt!!l.j.J~t " .Jcr..
~;j 'r¥4iftfif9~1.J.u .. ,

~",.JW"?fft"
. c"c ~
~ c"!'
Conrad G. who came from Tannheim and was
t$"'f., ~"",.fiJ:'

S1U:rf6A R't"c,"",c
!'tiJ:$"'*"","$,;",,!' $~. .J "$$4..$,,;.;;, 'c

probably his ancestor, already lived in 15°4. He

'

""'1',,-" ",8;
became Court lute-maker and v.m. to the bishop
of Wiirzburg. He seems to have died young. His
work was greatly appreciated.
Gehlert Max; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent. maker of
musical instruments.
Geigenmuller Ludwig; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent.
factory producer of strings.
GeigerF.; Sulzberg (near Kempten). 19th-2.oth cent.
v.m.
Geipel& Co.; Erlbach (in Saxony). 2.oth cent. manu-
facturers of stringed instruments, suppliers of hair
and strings.
Geipel Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 12..1885 in Wer-
nitzgriin. Bow-maker. Pupil of C. A. Hoyer in
Markneukirchen; then worked with Arnold Stoss,
Hermann Wilhelm Prell and Gustav Dreier. His
bows bear the brand ALBIN GEIPEL.
Geipel Carl Christian; Markneukirchen. b. I. I. 1863.
V.m.
GeipeIErnstFerdi~d; Markneukirchen. b. 2.6.2..1866
in Landwiist. V.m.
GaslerAnton; Mittenwald, c. 1750--1763.Tyrolean Geipel Hermann Sohne (Sons); Markneukirchen. 2.oth
School,beautiful brown var. . cent. manufacturers of stringed instruments.
GassierAndreas; Mittenwald, c. 1753.His violins are GeiPelHermann; Brambach. b. 1862.in Fleissen (Plesna,
quite good and his model is that of the Mittenwald in Bohemia). Pupil of Ludwig Glasel (II) from
School. 1879-1884. Then he worked for 5 years as Glasel's
GassierJohann; Mittenwald, c. 176z.A viola madeby assistant. In 1884 he opened his own shop in Bram-
him and dated 176zis in the BrusselsConservatoire. bach, in which he made stringed instruments varnis-
GassierMichael; Mittenwald. b. zz. 9. 175°. Probably hed according to his own method and mostly expor-
son of Andreas G. He must have died young, for tedto England. He was the brother-in-law of August
he madeonly a few violins. Anton Reichel.
GeipelH. W.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. specialist in conscientiousness. Most of the time he worked
making zithers and balalaikas. single-handed, as he could not find a skilful ~elper.
GeipelJohann; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. He worked In several instances, when he made violins to order,
for the trade. he modelled
Maggini, but them on success.
with less Gaspar da Sal6 or --G. P.
Geipel Johann Friedrich (I); Markneukirchen, c. 1727.
He was admitted to the guild on 10. I. 1727 and as
a master's son paid reduced fees. His father, however,
is not known.
GeipelJohann Friedrich (II); Markneukirchen. b. 10.9.
1809,d. 18. 3. 1872. Originally a joiner, later v.m.
GeipelMoritz; Markneukirchen. b. 12. I I. 1852,d. 7. I.
1910. He did not have his own label.
Geipel Oswald; Wohlhausen. 20th cent. bow-maker. Geissenhof Josephus; Vienna, c. 179°. In the Klosterneu-
Good work. burg monastery there is a violin with the label
Geipel Paul; Raun. 20th cent. v.m. Good craftsman. Josephus Geissenhoffecit Viennae Anno I7.9°. No
GeiPel Reinhold (I); Mannheim. b. 27. 4. 1906. Pupil Joseph G. has been found and the label is evidently
of Robert Stark of Erlbach, then worked with fictitious, like many seenafter the death of Franz G.
Eduard Tauscher of Erlbach, Max Stolzel in Erlbach, Geisser Ernst; Stuttgart, St Petersburg, Munich.
the firm Marma Mainz of Markneukirchen and with b. 31. 12..1853in Munich, d. 17. 10. 192.9in Munich.
August Dillenz of Ulm. He opened his own shop Pupil of Franz Ramftler 1866-1869; later he worked
in 1926. He works on the models by Stradivari, with Matthaus Kriner in Stuttgart, and with Ludwig
Guarneri and G. B. Guadagnini. In addition to Otto, moving with the latter to St Petersburg c. 187°.
violins he makes violas, cellos, gambas and violas Between 1875-1878 he was a member of the Royal
d'amore. Bodyguard in Munich as a musician, then he re-
Geipel Reinhold (II); Stuttgart. 20th cent. v.m. turned to Otto and establishedhimself independently
Geipel Walter Edwin; Hamburg, Mannheim, c. 1918. in 1881. He was v.m. to the Imperial Conservatoire
b. in Zwota. V.m. in St Petersburg. Careful work modelled on Stradi-
GeissenhofFranz;Vienna. b. 1754 in ViIs, d. 2. I. 1821 vari.
in Vienna. Son of a certain Johann Michael G. Pupil Geissler Eduard Friedrich; Beuthen (in Silesia).
of Johann Georg Thir. He took the citizen's oath d. c. 1898. Though he described himself as v.m.,
on 29.7. 1780, and lived in SingerstrasseNo. 922. he only did repairs.
An outstanding artist who followed Italian models, GeisslerEmil; Berlin-Lichtenberg. 2.othcent. v.m. The
mainly Stradivari from the 1716 period. Judging shop is now owned by his widow Olga G.
from his instruments he is the best Viennese maker. Geitner (Geittner) Wilhelm; Breslau. d. 1843. Best
Unfortunately the tone of his violins is weak. His lute- and guitar-maker of his time in Silesia. He also
output can be divided into 4 periods. The first lasts repaired violins.
until 1790: violins made in this period have a very GelatoP. ; Dusseldorf, 2.othcent. Italian musician who
dark var. and look like instruments made by his repaired violins in Dusseldorf 1912.-1913. A violin
teacher. His second period is between 1790--1800. by him dated 1916 is known.
During these years he preferred a flat model and the GemeinhardGuido; Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.12..1880,
var., though still dark, is more transparent. The d. 8. 5. 192.9.Obscure v.m.
maple is of inferior quality, backs faintly figured. Gemunder August Martin Ludwig; Ingelfingen, Regens-
The third period, 1800--1810, is his best. The model burg, New York. b. 2..3.1814 in Ingelfingen,
is wider, the arching, PUrfling and edges are finely d. 1.9.1895 in New York. Son and pupil of Johann
executed. Var. brown-yellow, sometimes tinted red. Georg Heinrich G. He worked for several years
In his fourth period, beginning in 1810, he made his in Germany and in 1839 founded a shop in Regens-
edges fuller. His work in this period was also fine. burg. In 1846 he emigrated to America and settled
The var. is lighter, sometimes even light-yellow first in Springfield (in Massachusetts)and then in
after 1815. At the height of his powers he carved New York, in 186o. Good work after Stradivari,
beautiful scrolls. Soundholes, in the style of Stradi- Guarneri and Maggini.
vari, are especially graceful and their lower curve GemunderGeorg; Ingelfingen, Astoria, Boston, New
very elegant. Apart from labels he used a brand, York. b. 1816, d. 15. I. 1899. Son and pupil of
his initials F. G. in a parallelogram of double lines Johann Georg Heinrich G., who also worked with
on the back near the neck. When the brand is J. B. Vuillaume in Paris. In 1849 he emigrated to
actually on the heel of the neck the framing is left America and gained wide acclaim. He knew well how
out. The mark seems to have been branded into to copy the ancient appearanceof violins, but as far
the var., for today it appears either light in colour as the beauty of tone is concerned he was less
or blurred. He worked with extraordinary care and talented. Though skilful, he was an egoistic copyist
 who worked after Stradivari, Guarneri and Maggini. Breitengasse and when he died he left behind a widow
Good selection of wood. Var. golden-yellow to and several children. The Court register in the
dark-red. American publicity of his work did him Nuremberg Municipal Archives lists 'Konrad Ger-
more harm than good in Europe. In 1883, on the lein, Lautenmacher' and his wife Walburg. They
occasion of the World Exhibition in Amsterdam, bought the house of Anna Deichsler, widow of
he published Georg Gemunder'sProgressin Violin- Heinrich Deichsler, in Kottgasse. In 1516 Konrad
making. Also his autobiography appeared in print. Gerlein and his wife Walburg bought from Martin
Gemunder Johann Georg Heinrich; Ingelfingen. b. 1782, and Agnes Finsterer the latter's house in Breitengasse.
d. 1836. An unimportant v.m. who worked for Gerle Georg (I); Innsbruck. d. c. 1583. His life is
Duke Hohenlohe. Father of August Martin Ludwig described by Dr F. Waldner in his biographies of
and Georg G. Tyrolean v.ms. According to him this maker was
Gendl Gottfried Leopold; Fiissen, c. 1756. Follower of already a maker of musical instruments for the
Stainer. Golden-yellow Va!. Court Orchestra of Archduke Ferdinand. In 157Z
GentnerJ.; Dillingen, c. 1891. Mostly repairs. he reminded his patron of his many years of service:
Georg. See also forg. he may have been already employed in Prague with
GeorgHans; Markneukirchen,c. 1678-1682. Though the same orchestra. A lute of his is in the collection
a v.m. of this nameis known, the name does not of old musical instruments in the Arts and Crafts
appearin the registers.They may be the christian Museum in Vienna. This lute is egg-shaped, the
namesof another maker. back is made of I I ivory ribs, the fingerboard is
Geram Otto; Untersachsenberg(near Klingenthal). Z4° mm.long and 4°-5° mm. wide; it has 5 double
b. 9. 9. 1897. Maker of doublebassesand cellos; strings and one single. The body is 45° mm. long.
establishedindependentlyin 1921. Gerle Georg (II); Fiissen, Immenthal, 16th-17th cent.
GerberErnst Ludwig; Leipzig. b. 29.9. 1746,d. 30.6. Probably son of Georg G. (I). In 1615 he was
1819 in Sondershausen. Author of Historisch-bio- working in Immenthal.
graphisches Lexikon (Leipzig, 1791). Gerle Hans; Nuremberg. b. c. 15°5, d. 1599. Son of
Gerbert Martin; St Blasien, 1720--1793. A monk and Conrad G. Famous lute- and v.m. He was also
author of several books on the history of music, a lutenist, violinist and singer. His instruments were
notably De cantu et musicasacra. considered to be the best in his time, and throughout
Gerbert Max; Darmstadt. b. 7.3.1879 in Breitenfeld. the 17th cent. they enjoyed a high reputation all
He worked in Markneukirchen, Hamburg, Berlin, over Europe. His portrait was painted in 153Z.
Graz and Munich and established himself inde- In the same year he published Musica Teutsch auf die
pendently in Darmstadt in 1910. Instrumente dergrossenund kleinen Geygen,auchLauten etc.
GerbertR. Max; Breitenfeld, c. 1928. Factory producer durch Hans Gerle lutist zu Nurenberg ausgegangen
of strings. (znd edn, 1546: Musica und Tabulatur auff die Instru-
GerischChristian; Zwota (in Saxony). b. c. 1735. Tailor menten der kleynen und gr. Geygen etc.). One list of
and dealer in violins, known only from an entry in musical instruments of the House of Este in Modena
the Schoneck registers. from 1598 has as No. 18 'Cembalo del Cherla'.
Gerisch Gustav Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 7- I. Doppelmayer (P.291) says that both his violins
187° in Markneukirchen, d. in Auerbach. Pupil of and his lutes were beautifully proportioned, and
August Theodor Scherzer for whom he worked for possessed good resonance. He was a good performer
many years. When his teacher died, he took over the on both instruments.
shop in Markneukirchen (1910). Gerle Jakob; Innsbruck, c. 1585. Third son of Georg G.
GerlachJohann Christian; Hamburg, c. 1744. Only his (I) of Innsbruck and also his assistant. He was last
pianos are known. On 24. I. 1744 he was awarded heard of in Styria in I 585.
the freedom of Hamburg as an instrument-maker. Gerle Melchior; Innsbruck, c. I 589- 16°5. Son of Georg
Gerle (Gerla, Gerlein) Conrad; Nuremberg. d. 4. 12. G. (I). From 1589 Kalkant and maker of musical
1521. Excellent lute-maker whose instruments were instruments in the Archduke's Court orchestra,
expressly termed 'German lutes'. He had a house in which was dissolved after the death of the Archduke

The Gerle Family Tree

Conrad Gerle
(d. 4.12.1521)

Georg (I) Hans

(d. c. 1583) (b. t. 15°5, d. 159S')

Geo~g II ~el~hior ;a~ob

16th-17th cent. (1589-16°5) (c. 1585)
 in 1596. Melchior G. stayed, however, in Innsbruck Glasel Alvin Otto; Gelsenkirchen. b. 24. 3. 189° in
and in 1591 he married Barbara Lutz. In 1605 a son Markneukirchen. He passed his master's test in
was born to him. His wife died in 1618, described as Markneukirchen on 12. II. 1927.
widow of 'Melchior Gerle, lute- and instrument- Glasel Andreas; Hamburg. See Glaszel Andreas.
maker' (cf Waldner, p. 52). GlaselArnold Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 3°.8.1882
Gerlein (Gerle) Hans; Nuremberg, c.1618. By all in Markneukirchen, d. 3. 4. 1953 in Markneukirchen.
accounts grandson of Conrad G. The Nuremberg Son of the guitar-manufacturer Adolf Gustav G.
Court archives (Liter. 13°, 1.55) describe him and pupil of Ernst G.
expressly as Lautenmacheron 14.7. 1618, when they Glasel(Glaesel) Carl August; Markneukirchen, Vienna.
mention him as an owner of a house in Kottgasse 19th cent. guitar-maker.
(today called Brunnengasse) and Breitengasse, pre- Glasel Carl Wilhelm; Adorf, Berlin. b. 8. 8. 177°,
viously owned by Conrad G. d. 3°. 1.1855. Good violins, dark-brown var., wood
GerraheHermann Luis; Weimar, c. 1828. Known only much better than that of many of his contemporaries.
as a repairer. His label was found by O. E. Heinel Earliel: labels also give the place of origin, Tyrol,
in a violin made by Reichel. or even 'Tierhier'.
Gert J.; Jena, c. 1806. Repairer, known only from G'lasel (Glaesel) Edmund Arnold; Markneukirchen.
a label found in one doublebass. b. 27.12.1882 in Markneukirchen.Sonof Ludwig G.
GeyeckeJoachim Wilhelm; Hamburg, c. 1797. Maker and his pupil from 1897-19°0. He wol:ked with his
of musical instruments who was granted citizen's father until 19°6, when he established himself
rights on 27. 10. 1797. independently. He also worked with his own son,
Giehrl Lorenz; Amberg (in Bavaria). b. 10.4.1813, Theo G. His work, in the style of the Italian makel:s,
d. 2.6. 1892. Pupil of Josef Thumhardt (I) in is good. He passed his master's test on 6. 10. 1928.
Amberg who worked there for several years and Glasel Emanuel (I); Markneukirchen. b. 22.3. 1819,
eventually established himself there as v.m. and d. 1881. Son and pupil of Carl Wilhelm G. His talent
dealer in musical instruments. Instead of orthodox and diligence brought him recognition. He was
scrolls he preferred to carve lions' heads. His violas also a well-educated musician, which helped him as
and zithers are more rare. a maker. He founded a workshop in 1850, in which
Cilhofer J. Author of Das Blichleinvander Geige(Vienna, he was succeededby his son Oscar.
1857)' Glasel Emanuel (II); Markneukirchen. b. 27. I. 1878
Gitter Andreas; Augsburg, c. 18°°. Owner of a shop in Markneukirchen. Son of Oscar G. and one of the
selling music and musical instruments provided ownel:s of the firm Oscal: G.
with his own label, but not made by him. Glasel Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 1849 in Markneu-
Gitzl Johann; Salzburg, c. 1834. A good guitar by this kirchen, d. I. I. 1939. Son of Johann Ludwig G.
maker is known. In 1873 he took ovel: the fil:m Glasel & Massner.
Glaesel. See GlaseL Glasel Ewald; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. maker of
GlaeserAlexius; Erlbach. b. 17.7.1875 in Neudorfel, stl:inged instruments (mandolins, guitars, zithel:s).
d. 1960. Pupil of August Hermann Roselmiiller Glasel Friedrich August; Markneukirchen, 18th cent.
and a good musician. His father was a teacherin Neu- Perhaps a native of Adorf. Guitar- and v.m. His
dorfel. Good copies of the old masters. instruments bear the brand F. A. G. His model
GlandenbergHeinrich Wilhelm; Leipzig, c. 174°. Y.m. resembles that of C. F. Hopf.
Glasel; Markneukirchen. Many members of this Glasel G.; Markneukirchen. b. 1720, d. 1782 in Mark-
numerous family were and are v.ms. neukirchen. Average work.
Glasel& Herwig; Markneukirchen. Firm founded by Glasel Gottlob August; Markneukirchen. b. 28. 12.
Ludwig G. (I) in 1882. In one violin a label was 1872 in Adorf. V.m.
found which reads: Glasel Heinrich; Markneukirchen. b. 1757, d. 1837
in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of G. Glasel.
Glaeselu. Herwig-Markneukirchen. Glasel Heinrich Adolf; Berlin. b. 10. I. 1866. Son and
pupil of Heinl:ich Hermann G. He attended the v.m.
This instrument must have been made before 189°, school in Markneukirchen. In 1884 he was working
for in that year the firm was taken over by Wilhelm in Rostock, later with G. Christian Adam, Oswald
Herwig. Mackel and August Riechel:s in Berlin. He estab-
Glasel& Mossner; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manu- lished himself in 1886 in Berlin and at the wish
facturers of stringed instruments and strings. of his parents he took over his father's manufacture
Glasel & John; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. v.ms. of strings. He made only a few violins, which follow
Violins of no great importance. Stl:adivari or his father. Handwritten parchment label.
GlaselAdolf Gustav; Markneukirchen. d. 19°8. Father Glasel Heinrich Hel:mann; Markneukil:chen. b. 10. I.
of Arnold Gustav G. Maker of guitars, who ran quite 1838 in Markneukil:chen, d. 1914in Berlin. Son and
a large establishment. pupil of Karl G.; made many stringed instruments.
 He also owned a workshop manufacturing strings, quickly recognised. Did repairs, but also made new
run by his son Heinrich Adolf G. violins and strings. An excellent craftsman.
Gllisel Heinrich Ludwig; Markneukirchen, c. 1917.
Manufacturer of stringed instruments and strings;
part-owner of the firm L. Glasel und Sohn (L. Glasel
and Son) established in 1917.
Gllisel Huberthus; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. v.m.
Son of Joachim Oscar Imanuel G.
Gllisel Joachim Oscar Imanuel; Markneukirchen.
b. 29. 6. 19°9, d. in action 1945. Son of Philipp G.
Pupil of Alfred Dreier of Markneukirchen; he also Glasel(Glaesel) Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 8. 1829
worked with J. J. Vedral in Holland. In 1933 he in Vienna, d. 17. '4.1917. A violin authority, nick-
passed his master's test in Markneukirchen and named 'der Wiener' (the Viennese). Son of Carl
becamethe manager of his father's workshop, origin- August G., who started work in his father's work-
ally founded in 1850 by his great-grandfather shop and then went to Reichel in Copenhagen. He
Emanuel (I). He made new instruments and under- settled in Markneukirchen. A highly esteemedv.m.,
took repairs. His own instruments are carefully repairer and connoisseur of old instruments.
made. Glasel Oscar; Markneukirchen. b. 18. 10. 1850 in
Gllisel Johann Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. c. 1815, Markneukirchen. d. 1922 in Markneukirchen. Son
d. after 189°' He became master in 1838 and made and pupil of Emanuel G. (I). After 1871 he was the
mainly doublebasses. manager of the shop founded by his father. In 1881
Gllisel Karl (I); Markneukirchen. b. 181O, d. 185°. he took it over under his own name. He made
V.m. stringed instruments and bows for violins and cellos
Gllisel Karl (II); Markneukirchen. b. 17. 9. 19°3 in and also sold wind instruments.
Markneukirchen. Assistant of Theodor Heinrich Gliisel (Glaesel) Oswald; Wohlhausen. 20th cent.
Paul Heberlein. bow-maker.
Gllisel (Glaesel) Konrad; Leipzig, Berlin, Brussels, Glasel Otto (I); Gelsenkirchen, c. 1922. Nephew of
Chemnitz. b. 3. II. 1874.Pupil of Ernst G. Associate Ludwig G. (I). Very good repairer.
of Hermann Hammig. In 1898 he settled in Brussels. GlaselOtto (II); Siebenbrunn. 20th cent. v.m., possibly
Good work in the style of the Cremonese School. identical with the preceding.
Used a brownish-red var. Glasel Paul (I); Markneukirchen. d. 22. 4. 1945 in
Gllisel Kurt Willi Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. I. 10. Markneukirchen. Maker of stringed instruments.
19°° in Charlottenburg. Son and pupil of Ludwig G. Glasel (Glaesel) Paul (II); Wohlhausen. 20th cent.
(II). Since 1945 he has been the manager of his mandolin-maker, possibly identical with Paul G. (I).
father's workshop. Maker of good new instruments Glasel (Glaesel) Philipp; Markneukirchen. b. 1875.
and copies of old Italian masters. Though he uses Grandson of Emanuel G. (I); partner of a firm
his father's labels, he has made all kinds of instru- founded by him in 1850. V.m. especially interested
ments himself since 1945. in vars.
Gllisel Ludwig (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1842 in Mark- GlaselRichard Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. 17. 3. 1870,
neukirchen, d. after 19°1. Son and pupil of Ema- d. 19. 5. 1935 in Markneukirchen. V.m. and dealer
nuel G. (I). He worked with C. C. L. Grimm in in musical instruments.
Berlin 1863-1865, where he became an accomp- Glasel Richard Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 24. 10. 1885
lished V.m. He established himself independently in in Markneukirchen, d. 29. I. 1931. Maker of fine
1867 in Markneukirchen and in 1882 founded with bows, pupil of Ernst Knorr (I) of Markneukirchen;
Wilhelm Herwig (I) a firm making and selling also worked with Thomassin in Paris. His bows are
musical instruments. After 189°, when Herwig took branded O. Glasel-Paris or Otto Glasel-Paris.
over control of the whole firm, his work appears Glasel Theo; Markneukirchen. b. 2.5.1907. Son and
under the label 'Ludwig Glasel jun.' Stradivari pupil of Edmund G., with whom he also worked,
copies. Beautiful wood, good oil var. He is also and whose workshop he took over in 1959. He is
the author of Deutsch-Cremona,Der lnternationale a descendant of the v.m. family of Markneukir-
Geigenschwindel and Die Errungenschaftenim Geigenbau chen; following Stradivari and Guarneri. Spirit and
des Ig. Jahrhunderts. oil var. Good repairer.
Gliisel Ludwig (II); Berlin-Charlottenburg. b. 10.4. Glaser Ammon; Erlbach, 20th cent. Owner of a large
1872 in Markneukirchen, d. 3. 10. 1941. Son and firm for the mass-production of stringed instruments.
pupil of Ludwig G. (I). In his 16th year he joined C. Glass Gebriider; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Apart
Grimm in Berlin, where he worked independently from wind instruments, strings and gramophones
in every side of th<; business. In 1899 he opened they also make zithers.
his own workshop in Charlottenburg and was Glass A.; Landwiist, 20th cent. Good v.m.
Glass Arthur; Erlbach. b. 1881, d. 5.2.19°5. Pupil in 1893. He worked mostly for export firms. Good
of Eduard Tauscher of Markneukirchen. repairer.
Glass Carl Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1791. His violins Class Heinrich; Brunnd6bra. b. c. 1820 in Unter-
are of the same quality as those made by Hopf, sachsenberg,d. 1893 in Brunnd6bra. Son and pupil
though their arching is higher. After his return from of Friedrich August G. (I), who worked on his
abroad he also copied Stradivari. father's model. Versatile craftsman.
Glass (Glaas) Christian; Klingenthal, c. 174°. V.m. Class Hermann; Wernitzgriin, c. 189°. V.m.
Glass Christian August; Brunndobra, c. 1814. Good Class Johann; Leipzig. 20th cent. v.m. who also made
craftsman. good guitars and zithers.
GlassChristian Friedrich; Klingenthal. b. 1815,d. 186o. Class Johann Christoph; Klingenthal, 1767-1780.
Son and pupil of Christian August G.; son-in-law A little-known v.m.
of a miner whose name is not known, who started ClassJohann Traugott; Untersachsenberg,Klingenthal.
making violins in Klingenthal in 1799. G. became b. 10.6. 1819 in Untersachsenberg, d. 10.10.1895
his pupil and then further developed his art. He in Klingenthal. The most talented v.m. of the whole
may be considered to have been the founder of family, who used an original model. Genuine Class-
bow-making in Klingenthal. geigenused to be for some time as popular as genuine
Glass Emil; Zwota. 20th cent. zither-maker. Hopfgeigen.Good craftsmanship, very good tone.
Glass Ernst Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 5. 1860, Though he made many cheap violins, even some of
d. 26.6. 1944. Good v.m. them bear witness to his skill. His sons, Franz
Glass Euregott; Siebenbrunn. 20th cent. v.m. Johann and Friedrich August (II), were also v.ms.
Glass Franz Johann; Gohlis, Leipzig. b. 1847 in Class Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 13.7.19°3 in Mark-
Brunndobra (near Klingenthal), d. 1935 in Leipzig. neukirchen. Bow-maker. Son and pupil of Gustav G.
Son and pupil of Johann Traugott G. Between who later gave up his craft and becamean innkeeper.
1866-1870 he worked with Ludwig Otto in Cologne Class Max; Wernitzgriin. b. 5. 1. 1861, d. 8.6.1948.
and then was employed in the Stratton v.m. factory Pupil of Ernst Reinhold Schmidt. Good v.m.
in Gohlis. In 1878 he establishedhimself in Gohlis, Class Otto Karl; Leipzig. b. 5.6. 1876 in Leipzig,
and later moved to Leipzig. In 1897he was awarded d. 16. 2. 1947 in Leipzig. Conscientious work.
a silver medal and appointed Supplier to the Court Class Richard; Siebenbrunn. 20th cent. v.m.
of the Duke of Anhalt. He followed the Stradivari Class Willy; Siebenbrunn. 20th cent. v.m. who mainly
model. Oil var. He also invented a new type of peg made mandolins, guitars and zithers.
and a bow the hair of which can be renewed at Classel A. & Co.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. firm
home. for mass-production of violins.
GlassFriedrich (Fritz); Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 10. 19°4 Classel Edmund Arnold; Markneukirchen. b. 27. 12.
in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker. Son and pupil of 1882. Established himself independently in 19°6 and
Gustav G. Since the death of his father (1946) he was still active in 195°. He used a brand as well as
has been the manager of his workshop under his his label.
own name. His best work is branded FRIEDRICH ClasselEduard; Stuttgart, 20th cent. Born in Markneu-
GLASS. kirchen but has worked in Stuttgart since 194°.
GlassFriedrich August (I) ; Klingenthal. b. before 180O, Classl Andreas. See Claszel Andreas.
d. 186o in Untersachsenberg (near Klingenthal). Classl Hans; Hamburg. b. 20. 12. 19°7. Son and pupil
Probably son of Christian Friedrich G. Good v.m. of Andreas Glaszel who worked with his father and
who is one of those makers who enhanced the his cousin Hermann G. in Munich. He established
renown of the Vogtland v.ms in the 19th cent. himself in 1938 and follows Stradivari and Guarneri.
GlassFriedrich August (II) ; Altona. b. 1866in Klingen- He is on the board of the Musikinstrumentenbauer
thal, d. 19°6. Son and pupil of Johann Traugott G. lnnungand member of the testing commission of the
When his apprenticeship was over he worked with Hamburg Handwerkskammer.
his eldest brother, Franz Johann, in Leipzig and Classl Hermann; Munich. b. 26. 5. 1889 in Asch
then in other workshops. In 1892 he established (in Bohemia). Between 19°3-19°7 he was appren-
himself independently in Altona. His violins are ticed to his uncle Andreas Glaszel in Hamburg.
carefully made with medium high arching, the Then he joined J. E. Ziist in Zurich, 3 years later he
highest point being just under the bridge. The went to Peter Vrint in London and then to Anton
relative thicknesses of the tables are well calculated. Wittmann in Vienna, who improved his standard of
Oil var. of yellow or red to dark-brown colour. work. He established himself independently in
Cheaper violins have spirit var. When he died, his Munich in 1912..Good work, both on his own models
shQPwas taken over by Albert Paul Konig. and copying. Good reputation for conscientious
GlassGustav; Markneukirchen. b. 8. I. 1867,d. 26. II. repairs.
1946 in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker, pupil of his Class-Magister F. A.; Klingenthal, c. 1928. String-
father Heinrich G. Established himself independently manufacturing firm.
GlaszelAndreas; Hamburg. b. 1871 in Watzkenreuth
Glier Johann Adam (II); Markneukirchen. b. 3.9. 1725,
(near Fleissen, in Bohemia). Pupil of Martin d. 17. 9. 1774. Second son of Johann Adam G. (I).
Maschauer and assistant of G. Winterling in Ham- Becausehe accompanied his father on his tours of
burg, where he worked for 4 years. Later with Horst annual fairs he did not apply for admittance to the
in Altona. He established himself independently in guild until the age of 35 (usually applicants were
Hamburg in 19°1. acceptedat the age of 20 or 22). He becamea master
Glier (Glur, Gluer); Markneukirchen. Family of v.ms. on 2. 12. 176o, but died before his father.
which flourished in the 18th cent. Glier Johann Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. c. 173°.
Glier August; Markneukirchen. 19th cent. v.m. He was not a son of a master and he therefore had
Glier August Hermann; Markneukirchen. d. 18. 10. to pay full fees on admittance to the guild at the
1898 in Zwickau. Maker of doublebasses. same time as his cousin, Johann Georg G. (I), on
Glier August Klement; Markneukirchen, c. 1939. 24. 5. 1752. He followed Jacob Stainer.
Maker of stringed instruments since before 1939. Glier (Gluer) Johann Georg (I); Markneukirchen.
Mass-production. b, 10.2. 1733, d. 3.6. 18°9. Probably son and pupil
Glier August Wilhelm (I) ; Markneukirchen, c. 1764.V.m. of Johann Adam G. (I). He was admitted to the
Glier August Wilhelm (II); b. 3. 7. 1849 in Markneu- guild on 24. 5. 1752 and was expressly listed as
kirchen, d. 25.9.1934. V.m. who travelled in West- a son of a master v.m. Average work.
Glier Johann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. b. 25. I I.
phalia, Silesia, East Prussia, etc., never settling for
long in one place. 1762, d. 5.2.1845. Son of Johann Gottlieb G.
Glier Carl Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 7. 8. 1767, A very active v.m. who worked to the last. As well
d. 3°. 10. 1834. as ordinary violins he made several very good
GlierC. G. & John; Markneukirchen, 19th-20th cent. ones.
Glier Johann Georg (III); Markneukirchen. b. 23. 3.
firm for the mass-production of stringed instruments.
Founded in 183°. 1763, d. after 1810. Son and pupil of Johann Georg
Glier Ernst Rudolf; Markneukirchen. b. 19.6. 1862, G. (I), who travelled widely and by all accounts
d. 4. 12. 193° in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Wilhelm died abroad.
Ernst Heinel. He also worked with Hermann Glier Johann Gottlieb '(Gottlob); Markneukirchen.
Wilhelm Hamm. He concentrated on making guitars b. 1732, d. 1799. One of the best v.ms in the family,
and selling musical instruments of all kinds. He was who also employed many makers from Markneu-
succeededby his son, Kurt G. kirchen. Good violins in the Vogtland style.
Glier K. A.; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Manufacturer
and wholesaler of strings and parts of instruments
for assembly.
Glier Kurt; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Son, assistant
and successorof Ernst Rudolf G. Guitar-maker and
dealer.
Glier o. R. See Glier Reinhold Osmar.
Glier Reinhard & Sohn; Klingenthal, c. 1920.Mass-pro-
duction of stringed instruments. He also made good
guitars and lutes.
Glier Reinhold Osmar; Markneukirchen. b. I. 3. 1857
in Markneukirchen, d. 27. 2. 194°. Pupil of Hermann
Moritz Dolling. Worked for 3 years with J. J. Held,
established himself in 1880. His work is above
average.He inventedthe modern Schossgeige (violin
held in the lap).
Glier Robert; Markneukirchen, Cincinnati, c. 1885.
b. in Markneukirchen but settled in America. He
is noted for his experiments in making tables of
Glier Johann; Markneukirchen, Warsaw. b. c. 1812., balsam-fir, following the advice of the violinist
d. 1895. Trained as maker of wind instruments, but Schradieck.
in Warsaw he employed v.ms. as well. Glier Rudolf Ernst. SeeGlier Ernst Rudolf.
Glier Johann Adam (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1693, Glier Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, Warsaw. d. before
d. 3°.11.1777- Becamemaster and citizen in Novem- 19°0. Brother of Johann G., whom he followed to
ber 172.3.Accompanied by his son Johann Adam (II) Warsaw. He worked in Russia as well as Poland.
he sold violins at annual fairs. He acquired some A skilful and busy craftsman. His son, Adolf, was
money and between 1768-1772. he was a member more interested in the commercial side of the
of the guild's council. business.
GlosnerLudwig; Munich. b. 3. 9. 19°4 in Munich. He ship of the guild). He had 2 sons who were
was trained in Mittenwald. In 1932 he succeeded apprenticed to him.
Ignaz Roider in the workshop founded by Xaver Coldt Samuel; Lubeck. b. 1673 (baptised 2. 10. 1673)
Thumhardt (I). in Lubeck, d. 28 or 29. 4. 174°. Son and pupil of
GlossFriedrich; Vienna. b. 9.5.1882 in Vienna, d. in Lucas G. Skilful lute-maker. Citizen after 6. 10. 1698
action at Przemysl 5.5.1915. Pupil of Karl Zach and in the same year married Elisabetll Wiese. He
and Ignaz Bucher (II). Skilful v.m. who worked lived in his father's house in Aegidienstrasse and,
with the Court v.m. Wilhelm Thomas Jaura from before 1712, had 1 son and 4 daughters who were
19°8. baptised in St Aegidius' Church. He was married
GloZ Georg; Mittenwald, 18th cent. Ordinary work. twice: his second wife was Elisabeth Kummer-
Red - brown var. feld.
Goebler Johann Caspar; Breslau, 18th cent. Possibly Coil Karl (I); Vienna, Bmo. 0.3°.10.1876 in Vienna,
pupil of one of the Rauch family, but his violins d. 1945 in Svitavy (in Bohemia). Pupil of Vincenz
are less highly arched. Dark reddish-brown var. Pathan in Vienna. He worked in Prague and Vienna.
Goepfart Karl; Potsdam. b. 3. 3. 1859 in Monchen- In 19°3 he went to Bmo, where he took over
holgen (in Thuringia). Conductor and composer Gustav Beer's workshop and married his widow.
who made v.m. his hobby. He was especially His work is modelled on Stradivari. Good wood,
interested in varnishing. His so-called Altgrund- und red spirit var. His output, however, cannot compare
Weichlack-/nstrumente are played with great success with that of his teacher. His son, also named Karl,
by the Trio of Professor Otto Becker. The instru- worked in Bmo.
ments were highly praised at the meeting of German Coil Karl (II); Bmo, Vienna. b. 20. 2. 19°6 in Bmo.
musicians in Weimar. Son and pupil of Karl G. (I). He left for Vienna in
Goerlich Johann; Neisse, c. 1840-1859. V.m., only 1945. Golden-yellow var.
known for repairs. Condolj Franz; Vienna. b. 22. 9. 1911 in Nikolsburg
GoettelGeorg; Trier. b. 17. 8. 19°3. Pupil ofF. C. Louis (Mikulov, in Moravia). Pupil of Josef Kreutzer in
in Saarbrucken; established in 1926. V.m. and good Bmo, worked with Andreas Klier (I) in Feldsberg,
with Max Klein in Koblenz, with Adolf Deichsel
repaIrer.
Goetz. See GotZ. in Berlin, and with Georg Rauer and Karl Richard
Gold Andreas; Wasseralfingen (in Wurttemberg). 19th Kaltenbrunner and Adolf Stubinger in Vienna.
cent. repairer. ContershausenH. W. von. Musicologist, author of Neu
GoldfuchsHorst; Munich. b. 24.4. 1949 in Munich. eroffnetesMagazin musikalischer Tonwerkzeuge,dargestellt
Son and pupil of Johann G. of Schwandorf (in in technischenZeichnungenalter Saiten-, Bias-, j'chlag- und
Bohemia). Priktions- Instrumente (Frankfurt, 1855).
GoldmannHeinrich; Dessau. 20th cent. v.m. Coram Carl Gottlieb; Klingenthal, c. 1788. The guild
Goldt Jacob Heinrich; Hamburg. b. c. 17°°, d. 1775. books describe him as master v.m.
Son of Samuel G., probably trained by his father Coram Christian Friedrich; Untersachsenberg (near
and then went to Hamburg, where he may have Klingenthal), c. 1829. Probably son of Carl Gottlieb
worked with Tielke. He was one of the best lute- G. V.m. and founder of the wood-comb industry
and v.ms of Hamburg. It seems that he was never in Klingenthal.
granted citizenship. He married Dorothea Elisabeth
Honstede of Lubeck. The Music History Museum
in Stockholm has one of his lutes with 4 single and
4 double strings (No. 87). ,. ~ ,. 'b I\TA
Goldt Jacob Samuel; Verden (near Hanover), c. 177°. "'...' .~Q"", J~...'"

Son and possibly also a pupil of Jacob Heinrich G.

As a young lute- and v.m. he went to Verden, where
he married Louise Dorothea, daughter ofa Hanover
officer (David Friedrich Bruckmann). Gossler Eduard; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Mass-
Goldt Johann Christoph; Hamburg. d. 17°7. Son and producer and wholesaler of musical instruments and
evidently also pupil of Lucas G. He was better strings.
known as a musician than as a v.m. Gothel Christoph; Borstendorf, c. 1725. Though highly
Goldt Lucas; Hamburg, Lubeck. b. 4. 4. 1664.We know esteemedas a v.m. in Borstendorf, he seemsto have
that he came to Lubeck from Hamburg in 1673 and been neither born there, nor did he die there.
lived in Aegidienstrasse and between 1673-1681 GoOthelGottfried (I); Borstendorf. b. 3°. II. 1716,
his 6 children were baptised. He seemsto have been d. 16. I. 178I. His violas and gambas are not bad,
poor, for from the court proceedings of 3.5.1675 though their wood and var. are inferior. Because
we learn that 'Lucas Goldt, lute- and v.m.' was sued he seldom dated his instruments it is difficult to
for Schneider-Bohnhaserei(working without member- tell his instruments from those made by his son.
Gothel Gottfried (II); Borstendorf. b. 1733. Son of c. 18zo. Son of Johann Michael G. (II). Christian
Gottfried G. (I). Model after Stainer, but not names uncertain.
elegant. Dull var., carelessselection of wood. Sound Go"tzLouise; Erlbach, loth cent. Owner of a factory
sometimes quite good. for chin-rests and tail-pieces.
Gothel Johann Christian; Borstendorf. b. 7.7.1728. Gotz Oskar; Markneukirchen, c. 19z8. String-manu-
Brother of Gottfried G. (I) and possibly even his facturer.
pupil. GOtz Rudolf; Wernitzgrun. b. 7.6. 188z in Wernitz-
Gothel Johann Christoph (I); Borstendorf. d. 1753. grun, d. after 19zz. Very skilful maker of stringed
V.m. instruments. Special production of bridges. Oil var.
Gothel (Goethel) Johann Christoph (II); Borstendorf. Gotz (Goetz) Willi Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 17. 5.
b. 1.2. 1743, d. 3.10. 1775. Son of Gottfried G. (I) 1877, d. .. I. 1960. Pupil of Robert Nurnberger
and his assistant. However, he also worked inde- of Markneukirchen, then worked with Ludwig
pendently. Neuner (II) and Otto Mackel in Berlin and after-
Gothel(Goethel) Johann Georg; Borstendo:rf. b. 23. 10. wards with Georg Piegendorfer in Augsburg. He
1725, d. 1793. Son of Christoph G. His work is as established himself in Markneukirchen in 1903.
good as his father's. Apart from bowed instruments he also made good
Gottfried Otto; Leipzig, c. 1645. Lute-maker who was plucked instruments and guitars (Torres, Gibson).
probably also a v.m. and in 1645 was given the He taught voluntary pupils from Germany and
freedom of Leipzig. abroad.
Gottmannshausen Hans; Erfurt, c. 167°' Skilful maker,
praised by Johann Philipp Eisel in his MusicusAuto-
didactus 1738, and equated with Tielke, Hoffmann
and others, as a maker of gambas.
GottsmannRichard; Wohlhausen. 20th cent. lute-maker
who worked only for wholesalers.
Gottwald Andreas; W6lfelsgrund, c. 17°9. The parish
registers in W6lfelsdorf (26.6. 17°9) list this man
as v.m. Otherwise unknown.
Gotz Albert (I); Markneukirchen. b. 5. 9. 1874,d. 20. 5.
195I. Worked with Robert Nurnberger in Markneu-
kirchen and also with Piegendorfer's successor(Otto
Ebner) in Augsburg. He established himself inde-
pendently in Markneukirchen in 19°0. Very good
violins, also violas d'amore and other old instru-
ments. Careful repairer.
Gotz Albert (II); Markneukirchen. b. 11.8.19°7 in
Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Albert G. (I)
who worked with his father till the latter died. He
is now the manager of the workshop and apart
from bowed instruments he has specialised in the
making of guitars. He uses the old workshop label,
but usually brands his instruments with his name.
Gotz C. A.; Wernitzgriin, 1880--19°6. Owner of
a factory for strings, founded in 1880.
Gotz (Goetz) Johann; Vienna, 1819-1827. Became
citizen in 18I 9. Little known.
Gotz Johann Michael (I); Markneukirchen. d. 27. 10.
1788. Originally a cabinet-maker who made violins fec,in
only in his spare time.
GOtz Johann Michael (II); Markneukirchen. b. 1735,
d. 14.3.1813. Pupil of Johann Michael G. (I). Gb'tzel (Gazel) Johann Conrad; Wernitzgriin, Mark-
Originally a cabinet-maker who seems to have neukirchen. b. c. 1700. Perhaps son of Johann Gott-
learned v.m. properly and was more skilful than fried G. In 1746 and 1747 he is already described
most of his contemporaries. Good selection of wood, as 'master and citizen' of Wernitzgriin. The date
but very thin tables. Tables and bassbar almost of his admittance to the Markneukirchen guild
always made from one piece. Labels pasted on the cannot be found in the guild books, though when
sides. his youngest son was admitted to the guild, the
GOtz Johann Michael (III) (?) ; Markneukirchen, father was described as master v.m.
GiJ"izel (Gotz) Johann Friedrich; Markneukirchen, GraubnerAdam Gottlieb; Klingenthal, c. 1786. V.m.
c. 1715-1718. Youngest son and pupil of Johann of unknown origin who spent some time in Klin-
Gottfried G. He made violins even before he was genthal.
admitted to the guild and was therefore fined: but Graupner Giinther Martin; Markneukirchen. b. 7. 7.
becausehe was 'a very poor man' he was allowed 1931 in Erlbach. Established himself independently
to pay his fine in instalments. The guild book in 1951.
notes that he fulfilled his obligation thus freeing GraupnerMartin Carl; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 5. 1910
his guarantor, Conrad Adam Schonfelder, of his in Erlbach. Pupil of August Friedrich Herrmann and
responsibility. Became master on 5,7.1715. Albert G6tz (I). Established himself independently
Gotzel (Gozel) Johann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 173° in 1946in Markneukirchen. Maker of guitars, under
in Wernitzgriin. Youngest son of Johann Conrad G. the trademark 'SOLO UND ECHO'.
who was admitted to the Markneukirchen guild on Greffte Johann; Fiissen. 17th' cent. v.m.
14. 5. 1761. Greiff (Greif) Georg (I); Fiissen, 16th cent. Perhaps
Gotzel (Gozel, Gotz) Johann Gottfried; Markneu- son of a certain Martin G. who is known to have
kirchen. d. before 1710. Founder of the family. He come to Fiissen from Faulenbach in 1517.
immigrated to Markneukirchen from Graslitz (Kras- Greiff Georg (II) (Jerg); Fiissen. b. 27. 10. 1599. Son
lice, in Bohemia). His name among the founders of and perhaps also pupil of Georg G. (I) who was
the local v.ms' guild reads 'Johann Gottfried'. admitted to the Fiissen v.ms' guild on 21.9. 1631.
Probably his surname was originally only a family Greiff Hans (Johann); Fiissen. d. 1643 in Fiissen.
form of his second baptismal name (Gotz, Gotze, Probably son of Magnus (I) or Georg (I) G. In 1612
i.e., Gottfried). The family later settled in Wernitz- he was among those lute-makers who complained
griin. that a timber firm was causing damageto their guild.
Gotzel (Gozel) Johann Wilhelm; Wernitzgriin. b. c. On 2.8. 1604 he married Barbara Neumayerin.
1725. Son and perhaps also pupil of Johann Conrad Greiff Lorenz; Ingolstadt, c. 1600. Probably son or
G. He was admitted to the Markneukirchen guild on brother of Hans G., and related to M. Fichtold (I),
26.5. 1747 and paid only the reduced fee usually who also came from Fiissen and settled in Ingol-
asked of sons of master v.ms, though we cannot be stadt.
certain that his father was a master and member of Greiff (Greif) Lukas (Laux); Fiissen, 16°9-1633. On
the guild. 27.4. 16°9 he married Anna Pfenig. He was admitted
GotzelJosef Christoph; Vienna, c. 19°0. to the guild on 26. 12. 1611.
GrabanPaul; Gardelegen(in Saxony),c. 1861. Worked Greiff Magnus (Mang) (I); Fiissen, c. 155°. The
on Italian models. Concentrated on tone. Dark Raymond Fugger Music Chamber Catalogue from
yellow var. He also gave his instruments an ancient 1566lists as No. 67: Eine grosseLauten vanFfader mil
appearance. schwarzen FifetenvanMang Grief zu Fiissen.Trautmann
GraefeA.; Raun. 20th cent. bow-maker. calls him, perhaps erroneously, M~rtin Greif.
Graf R. & Co.; Nuremberg. 20th cent. factory pro- Greiff Magnus (Mang) (II); Fiissen. d. 1620. Probably
ducing strings. son of Magnus G. (I). Listed as member of the lute-
GrafHans; Vienna, c. 189°.Musician,not a v.m. He makers' guild in 1606.
bought the v.m. establishment of Theodor Bittner Greif B.; Erlbach. 20th cent. manufacturer of stringed
in Vienna, for a short time sold musical instruments, instruments.
and then gave up the business. Greif Oskar Albin; Erlbach. b. 13.5.1875 in Sahling.
Grah Ernst; Merscheid (near Solingen), c. 1921. Y.m. Pupil of Carl August Wilhelm Weller, then worked
Grain Ernst; Grunberg (in Silesia). d. c. 1895. Cobbler with Hans Jager, and established himself in 1898.
who also repaired violins and put in his own labels. Conscientious work.
GraseckGustav; Munich. b. 12.7.1881 in Neuenstein, Greil Oswald Reinhard; Erlbach. b. 17.12.1879. V.m.
d. 1942in Munich. Pupil of Friedrich Kochendorfer Teacher of Ferdinand Kniipfer of Erlbach. He must
in Stuttgart and later of Albert Gotz (I) in Markneu- therefore have been active c. 19°5. He passed his
kirchen. He completed his training with Wilhdm master's test on 1. 8. 1925.
Albin Kessler in Frankfurt, where he had worked Greil W.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. v.m.
for several years; then joined Giuseppe Fiorini in Greiner August Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 10.3.
Munich. He established himself there independently 1859, d. 21. 10. 1945 in Markneukirchen. V.m. who
on 1. 10. 1910 and followed Stradivari and Guarneri. also made lutes and guitars.
Labels at first printed, later only handwritten. Greiner Karl Arnold Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b.
Gratz Hans; Breslau,c. 1645.He is listed in the Breslau 27.9. 1893 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of
municipal archives (No. H 41, 8) as a master joiner. August Hermann G. who later worked with E. R.
BecauseBreslau v.ms did not have a guild of their Schmidt and was still with him in 1948.
own they had to belong to the joiners' guild. Greiser Matthias; Innsbruck, Faulenbach, c. 169°. He
Grall L.; Erfurt, c. 1846. Maker of guitars and zithers. evidently worked in Innsbruck for a short .time
 only, for his name is found in Faulenbach as early Groll Matthias; Meerane, c. 1800. His work is very
as 1698. like that of many Hallein v.ms. He seems to have
Gretsche/Heinrich. Edited a revised edition (1869) of stayed in Meerane only temporarily, which would
Gustav Adolf Wettengel's Lehrbuch. explain why his name cannot be found in the local
Grienberger(Gronberger) Joseph; Urfahr, Linz. b. c. archives and registers.
1800, d. c. 1865. His workshop was in Urfahr Gropp Curt; Breitenfeld, 20th cent. Factory production
(No. 195). Skilful craftsman who copied Stradivari. and export of musical instruments.
Dark red var. Wood and craft both good, as is the Grossmann Max, Dr; Friedrichsfelde (near Berlin).
tone of his instruments. b. 22. II. 1856 in Jastrow, d. after 1928. Author of
Griese M.; Nuremberg. zoth cent. manufacturer of Es gibt doch ein Geheimnis der alien italienischen Geigen-
metal strings. baIler (Berlin, 1898). His theory is further explained
GriesserMartin; Dresden, c. 179°. Perhaps came from in several magazine articles in 1897-1898 and later.
Fiissen like Matthias G. He was not his son, however, The essence of the theory was that he found that the
for the latter seems to have had no children. An table and the back of instruments of the violin family
18th cent. lute-maker who also made guitars and should be tuned at certain specific intervals. Soon
violins. Mainly skilful repairs. after 1900 a company, Neu-Cremona, was founded
GriesserMatthias; Innsbruck. b. zooz. 1698 in Faulen- to exploit the theories of Dr Grossmann in practice.
bach, d. 3.3. 1784.A competent maker who probably The stir lasted only about 10 years.
served his apprenticeship in Fiissen. In 17Z6he was Gruber Franz Xaver; Mettman (near Dusseldorf),
in Innsbruck, where according to Dr F. Waldner on c. 1832. Little known.
zoo8. 17Z6 he married Anna Morell from Imst. His Gruber Simon; Munich. 20th cent. maker of zithers.
model is not particularly elegant but the tone of his Grummer Paul; Gera. b. 1879 in Gera. Cellist and
violins is very good. author of Viola da Gamba Schute in 4 volumes.
Grimm Adam Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1784.His name Grunberger Joseph; Linz, c. 1826. V.m.
is found in the list of v.ms in 1784.Ordinary work. Grunberger L.; Urfahr, Linz, c. 1864. Probably son of
Grimm Carl Constantin Louis; Berlin. b. 17. z. 18z1 Joseph G. who also had a workshop in Urfahr.
in Berlin, d. before 1894. Son, pupil and successorof He followed Guarneri. Yellow var. with reddish
Karl G. He owned the firm with his brother-in-law, tint. Good craftsmanship, except that the scrolls are
Carl Hellmig, but later gave up v.m. In 1844 he poor.
joined the Royal Orchestra as first harpist and was Grunert Ernst; Zwota, c. 1928. String-manufacturer.
considered a virtuoso. Grunwald Friedrich. See Drassegg Victorino
Grimm Heinrich; Magdeburg. b. 1593 in Holzminden, Gschwenter H. Joseph; lnnsbruck. b. 26.6. 1838 in
d. 10.6. 1637. Lute-maker who also made mono- Mals (Malles, in South Tyrol), d. I I. 12. 1894 in
chords. lnnsbruck. Trained in Mittenwald, and came to
Grimm Karl; Berlin. b. 1794 in Berlin. d. there 16.6. lnnsbruck before 1859. He made only a few violins,
1855. Established himself independently in I 8z5. devoting himself mainly to repairs and making
Beautiful wood and careful work. His copies of zithers and guitars. His last occupation was that of
Stradivari are very good indeed. Similarly, his harps a salesman of musical instruments and sheet music.
and cellos are well-made. G. had a good musical His successor, Karl G., continued only as a dealer.
training. In 1853 he was appointed Court Supplier Gufter Rochus; Brixen (Bressanone), c. 1679. The only
of musical instruments. His workshop was taken instrument known is a viola with the soundholes very
over by his foreman and son-in-law, C. Hellmig. close to each other. Ordinary work.
Grab Andreas Joseph; Straubing. b. z6.4. 18z6 in GuggemosMarcus; Fussen. b. 24. 4. 1760, d. 13. 3. 1806.
Straubing, d. there 4.4. 19°9. Pupil of Jakob His violins are highly arched. Beautiful wood with
Schmidbauer of Regensburg. He also worked in fine grain in tables. Dark-brown but dull var. The
Munich and Passau. When he returned home he tone of the well-preserved instruments is pleasant.
succeededJ. G. Melzl, whose shop he bought. He GuggenbergerAnton; Vienna. b. 24.12.1909. Pupil of
made all types of bowed instruments, guitars, Franz Nowy (I); worked with him 1924-1946. He
mandolins and zithers. passed his master's test in 1946. He works on various
Grober Georg; Innsbruck, c. 1816. Organ-builder and models, including an original one of his own. As
manufacturer of musical instruments. well as violins he also makes violas, gambas, lutes,
Grah Heinrich Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 3. z. 1869 theorbos and concert-guitars.
in Erlbach, d. 1947. V.m. Gulich Johann; Mannheim. d. 27.3.1837 in Mannheim.
Grah Otto L.; G6ttingen. b. c. 1873 in Markneu- Son of Matthias G.; also his successor. He took over
kirchen, d. 14. 6. 1939. Established himself in 19°3 his father's workshop in 1800 and in 1801 was
and worked in the style of the classicalItalian School. appointed Kalkant with an income of 200 florins
Grahmann C. A. (called Frank); Bayreuth, c. 1799. a year. He probably gave up this post before
Excellent repairs. 1817.
 Gulich (Gylig) Matthias; Mannheim. b. 1714, d. 1803 and came to Prague and Budapest. In Vienna he first
in Mannheim. The Kurfurst Court calendar of 1763 worked with Anton Kiendl as a maker of zithers,
mentions him as a lute- and V.m. In 18°° he was and then joined Anton Hoffmann with whom he
admitted to the Mannheim Borromeo Hospice, as stayed from 185I to 1866, and for whom he worked
a very poor man, after a stroke. His son, Johann, took even after 1866, when he opened his own shop. In
over his shop. Moravia he worked with Dr Liharzik, who computed
GuntherCarl; Berlin. 20th cent. v.m. a new model. As Liharzik died early there are pro-
GuntherErnst; Flensburg-Herrileefeld, c. 1939-1944. bably only a few violins on his model. They can be
V.m. recognised by the brand K. K. Priv. Liharzik and an
GuntherFranz; Halle, Potsdam, Berlin, Zurich, Tiengen. Austrian eagle, near the button. Many violins
b. 13. 10. 1857 in Radegast. Son of Georg G. (I). bearing Anton Hoffmann's label are Gutermann's
In 1871 he was apprenticed to Ludwig Bausch of work. His work was scrupulously careful. Very
Leipzig. When the latter died he was taught by his good var., mainly transparent red. In 1886 he was
father. From 1878 until 1884 he worked with his the deputy president of the Association of v.ms.
brother in Magdeburg, then until 1886 in Halle, He fell ill in 1898 and died 2. years later. He had
where he established himself independently after the only one pupil, Wilhelm Thomas Jaura.
death of his father, and where he stayed until
September 1893. On I. 10. 1893 he moved to !f!
Potsdam and in 1894 took over from Carl Hellmig
the workshop of Karl Grimm (I) in Berlin, which
he managed until 19°1. He followed Stradivari with
edgesafter Vuillaume (i.e. not rounded). Before 1898
he used spirit var., later Lazur-oil. Tables and backs
matched according to an original system. Labels Guthmann Friedrich Wilhelm; Klingenthal. b. 16.8.
mostly handwritten. In order to study old Italian 1779, d. lZ. 10. 1849. Little-known v.m.
var., he followed the advice of the virtuoso J.Joachim Gutle Johann Conrad. Author of Anhang zu griindlicher
and went to Milan, then he stayed for some time in Unterricht zur Verfertigung guter Pirnisse nebstder Kunst
Zurich and finally went to Tiengen, on the Swiss ZU lackieren und ZU vergolden(Nuremberg, 1806).
border. Gutmann F. W.; Blasewitz (near Dresden), c. 1847.
Gunther Georg (I); Radegast, Halle. d. 1886. Pupil of Perhaps son of the Klingenthal maker F. W. Guth-
L. Bausch in Leipzig; established himself in 1853 mann.
and then moved to Halle. Solid craftsmanship. Gutter Adolf; Nuremberg. b. 1886, d. zOo8. 1931. He
Longish shape, dark-brown var. The arching has in died at the age of 45, which explains why his instru-
some places a clumsy outline. Good sound, though ments are not often met with. He was succeeded
not resonant enough. by his nephew Rudi Kurt Danger.
Gunther Georg (II); Mainz. b. 1893 in Mainz. Son, Gutter Albert Conrad; Markneukirchen. b. 4.8. 19z7
pupil and successorof Gustav G. Careful and skilful in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Kurt Arno G.
master. in Markneukirchen. He passed his master's test as
GuntherGustav; Magdeburg, Mainz. b. 1853 in Halle. a v.m. on ZI. II. 1954, and as a guitar-maker on
Pupil of L. Bausch who received a wide musical 19. 9. 1959. He established himself independently
training; he could play every bowed instrument. on I. 8. 1955 and, like his father, concentrates on
In 1879 he settled in Magdeburg and 2 years later making fine instruments.
took over Anton Milch's workshop in Mainz. His Gutter Alfred; Markneukirchen. b. 13. 5. 1904 in Mark-
instruments have thick wood like Stradivari's. Oil neukirchen. Son and pupil of Karl Hans G. (I).
or spirit var. Each year he travelled once or twice Specialist in lute-making.
to Italy to buy antique violins. Instead of a label Gutter Alfred Clement; Markneukirchen. b. 16. 4. 1898
he branded his instruments. in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Albin Kampffe. Worked
GuntherH.; Dresden, c. 1895. V.m. with Arnold Gustav Heberlein and Arnold Voigt.
Guntzer Max; Stuttgart, c. 1600. Maker of musical He also worked with Ernst Heinrich Roth (I) in
instruments, probably including lutes. Markneukirchen.
Gutche Adolf; Berlin. 19th cent. maker of violins, Gutter August Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. Z1.4; 1838,
violas and cellos, barytones etc. d. 15.9. 191Z. Guitar-maker.
GutermannWilhelm Theodor; Vienna. b. 22. 8. 1828 Gutter August Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. I z. I I. 1857.
in Munich, d. 8. 6. 19°° in Admont. Member of V.m.
a family which originally came from Biberach. Gutter Carl August (I) ; Markneukirchen. b. Z3. I I. 180I,
He was apprenticed to Andreas Engleder in Munich. d. Z5. 10. 1874. V.m.
Later he worked with Georg Tiefenbrunner and Gutter Carl August (II); Markneukirchen. b. zz. 7.
Stecher'swidow in Salzburg. Afterwards he travelled 180z, d. 7.4. 186z. Impersonal work.

~
Gutter Carl August (III); Markneukirchen. b. 26. 6. d. 25.3. 1829. Son of Georg Adam G. (II). Skilful
1823. V.m. maker. Apparently he was working in Erfurt c. 1799.
Gutter Carl Friedrich; Markneukirchen, Wohlhausen. Gutter Johann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. b. 24. 2.
b. 28.2. 1756, d. 26. I. 183°. Son of Georg Adam 1781, d. 12.6. 1820. Son of Carl Friedrich G.
G. (II). A skilful maker. He later lived in Wohlhausen. Gutter Johann Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 18.7.1766,
Gutter Carl Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 28.7. 1787, d. 26. I. 1845. He worked in the style of Amati.
d. 1865. V.m. Brown var.
Gutter Christian August; Markneukirchen. d. 19°°. Gutter Johann Heinrich; Markneukirchen b. 20. 10.
Inventor of the Akkordzither. 1800. One of the first men to export musical instru-
Gutter Christian Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 28.5. ments to the U.S.A'.
1786, d. c. 1850 in Wohlhausen. Son of Carl Gutter Julius; Leipzig. b. 3°. 9. 1872 in Markneu-
Friedrich G. kirchen. Son of a certain Adolf G., a maker of
Gutter Ernst Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. 28.7.1867, violin-bridges. Worked with Franz Johann Glass
d. 1933. V.m. in Leipzig, and with Holm Viertel in Aachen.
Gutter Friedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 20. 4. Between 1893-1927 he worked in Philadelphia
1862. (in the U.S.A.).
Gutter Fritz; Markneukirchen. b. 27.3.189° in Mark- Gutter Karl Hans (I); Markneukirchen. b. 26.6. 1872
neukirchen, d. 1960. Bow-maker. Pupil of Hermann in Markneukirchen, d. 29. 3. 1921.Pupil of Heinrich
Richard Pfretzschner. Worked with Karl Albert Albin Bruckner and Kessler, nicknamed 'the Tyro-
Nurnberger. He established himself independently lean'. Good work. He also made lutes.
m 1919. Gutter Karl Hans (II); Markneukirchen. b. 25. I. 1898
Gutter Georg Adam (I); Markneukirchen. b. 17°5, in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Karl Hans
d. c. 1757. Son and pupil of Johann G. He was G. (I). Good work. He also made lutes.
admittted to the guild as a master on 7.7. 1743, Gutter Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 27.7.1903 in Mark-
and afterwards worked probably with his father. neukirchen. Pupil of Oskar Prager who worked with
Gutter Georg Adam (II); Markneukirchen. b. 23. 6. Wilhelm August Durrschmidt and A. C. Zeitler.
1726, d. 26.9.1811. V.m. Gutter Kurt Arno; Markneukirchen. b. 27. 10. 1894
Gutter Georg Adam (III); Markneukirchen, Vienna. in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Oscar Bernhard Heinel
b. 6.6. 1761, d. 1.2. 1829. Son and possibly pupil in Markneukirchen who also worked with the
of Georg Adam G. (II). Dark-brown var. Ordinary following makers: Heinrich Theodor Heberlein (I)
work; scrolls and soundholes unattractive. Besides of Markneukirchen, Ludwig Glasel (II) of Berlin
labels he used the brand: GAG, which had possibly and Max Schlesinger in Dresden. He established
already been used by his father. himself in 1921 in Markneukirchen. He also makes
Gutter Gustav Anton; Markneukirchen. b. .. 2. 1856, excellent violins, violas, cellos and fine guitars.
d. 8. 5. 1896. V.m.
Gutter H. F. & S6hne; Markneukirchen, 19th cent.
Good mass-produced instruments.
Gutter Heinrich; Breslau, before 1914. V.m.
Gutter Herbert Martin; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 10. 19°8
in Markneukirchen. Son of Karl Hans G. (I) and
pupil of his brother Alfred. He became master
in 1948. He mainly made lutes. Gutter Moritz; Markneukirchen, Warsaw. b. 1857,
Gutter Hermann; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manu- d. 1883 in Oberhausen am Rhein. Son of Richard
facturer of stringed instruments. Moritz G. Worked with Ludwig Bausch in Leipzig.
Gutter Johann; Markneukirchen. b. c. 169°, d. after Then he went to Warsaw and London. He died on
175I. Master from 28. 12. 1712. He was allowed to his return journey.
become a master without the prescribed years as Gutter Oskar Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 3. 1887
a journeyman. Between 1743-1751 he was one in Markneukirchen. Worked with Adolf Carl Zeitler,
of the leading v.ms of the Markneukirchen guild. Eugen Gartner, Robert Nurnberger and P. Robert
Gutter Johann Adam; Markneukirchen. b. c. 1726, Penzel.
d. c. 1760. Son of Johann G. He spent many years
in military service and applied for admittance to the
guild almost at the same time as Christian Gotthilf
Fischer (I), who probably served in the same regi-
ment. Becausehe was a soldier, the already reduced
fee-as his father was a v.m. and master-was fur-
ther reduced by half.
Gutter Johann Georg (I); Markneukirchen. b. 6. I. 1759,
Gutter Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 18.3.19°3 in Haase Ferdinand; Magdeburg, Ballenstedt, Weitra,
Schoneck. Pupil and assistant of Paul Ritter from Dessau.b. 25. 8. 1814in Schauen,d. 1892. Member of
192.9-1941. He also worked with Emil Pliverics in a military band in Magdeburg. He joined the theatre
Berlin. In 1947 he became a member of the guild orchestra as a flautist when Richard Wagner was
in Markneukirchen where he had establishedhimself conductor. He studied acoustics with Dr Georges,
independently in 1946. Careful work, good repairs. pupil of Felix Savart, and devoted himself to v.m.
Gutter Richard Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 16. 2..184°. In 1853he opened a shop selling musical instruments
Emigrated at an early age to the United States, and in Magdeburg and continued until 1866, when he
died in New York. gave it up to concentrate exclusively on V.m. In 1877
Gutter Walter Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 31.5.189° he passedhis shop to Hermann Rautmann and moved
. in Brunndobra. V.m., pupil of Oskar Albin Zimmer to Ballenstedt, in the Harz. When he was appointed
in Markneukirchen. He worked with Eugen Gartner Court Instrument-maker to the Duke of Dessau he
in Stuttgart and with Karl Siebenhiiner in Zurich. moved to Dessau. His biography and picture were
He established himself in Markneukirchen in 1923. published by Paul de Wit in his Zeitschriftfiir InstrlJ-
An excellent maker who specialised in copying the mentenbalJ (vol. V, I I. 4. 1884).
ancient Italian School and made early types of Haase Otto; Dresden, Kamenz. b. 1872, d. 1942 in
instruments. Interesting var. of his own composition. Kamenz. Probably not a v.m., but known as an
instrument-maker.
Hablawetz Hans; Boxdorf (near Furth, in Bavaria).
20th cent. v.m.
Hackel Joseph; Regensburg, c. 17°0. This v.m., whose
name is found in Mettenleiter's MlJSikgeschichte der
Stadt RegensblJrgisprobably Joseph Hadl, whose name
was misread.
HackenbroichPeter; Leipzig, c. 159°. Lute-maker who
became citizen of Leipzig in I 59°.
Gutter Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 1869in Markneu- Hadl (Hadl) Johann; Regensburg, 1689-.1717. The
kirchen. He completed his training with various relevant documents spell the name of this v.m. in
firms producing musical instruments - e.g., Steld- different ways, e. g. Hartl or Hackel. He always
Bluel and Stammig in Leipzig. For over 30 years signed himself Hadl, His violins have high arching,
he worked for Moritz Gliisel's firm. and the scroll and sounholes are modelled on
Gutter Wilhelm Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 1840, d. Stainer in the traditional style of the early German
7. 3. 1897. Bow-maker. School. Oil var. of a beautiful yellow colour. As
Guttier (Gutler) Franz Xaver; Vienna. b. 1857,d. 1924. well as violins and cellos, he made good violas
Pupil of Carl Franz Schmidt in Vienna, with whom d'amore.
he stayed for 7 years, until the age of 19. Then he
worked with various makers, and in 1889he founded
his own shop in Vienna. Good repairer.

Hli'dl Joseph; Regensburg. d. 27. II. 1729. Son or

brother of Johann H. Their work is very similar.
Hli'drich Fritz; Chemnitz. 20th cent. dealer in all types
of musical instruments.
Haensel Johann Anton; Leipzig, Berlin, 1801-1811.
According to Hart he lived in Leipzig, but other
authorities maintain he stayed for some time in
Guttier (Gurtler) Johann Michael; Breslau, c. 17°9. Berlin. He is only known by his article in Allgemeine
V.m., probably from Fussen. musikalischeZeitung (Leipzig, 1811, p. 82), in which
he writes of his invention in -1801, a violin with
table and back almost identical. He signed this
article 'Chamber Musician to the Younger Count
H
Schonburg'.
Hafermann . .; Klingenthal, c. 177°. On 19. 12. 177°
Haas Leopold; Weitra (in Lower Austria), c. 1777. he supplied a violin to Carl Friedrich Pfretzschner (I)
Copied ancient Viennese makers. A small mandolin of Markneukirchen.
of his, with 18 strings, is owned by the Gesellschaft HaffJosephAnton (I) ;Augsburg,Nuremberg.b. 1802,
der Musikfreundein Vienna. d. 1866. V.m. who worked on the flat Stradivari
 model. Beautifully carved scrolls. Brown var. Tone Hamberger Josef; Pressburg (Bratislava), Vienna. b.
often nasal. 1849in Pressburg, d. 19°4. Son and pupil of another
Hoff Joseph Anton (II); Augsburg, Munich, Senftenau, Josef H. of Pressburg. He worked with Anton
Stuttgart. b. 1860, d. 19°2. Son and pupil of Joseph Hoffmann in Vienna from 1865. When the latter
Anton H. (I). He went to Munich c. 1875. In 1894 died in 1873 he took over his shop. His instruments
he moved from Munich to Senftenau (near Lindau) are of only average quality but neverthelesshe was
and later to Stuttgart, where he died. Talented copyist appointed 'Imperial and Royal Court V.m.' He
of Italian makers. worked in Bratislava for only a short time, and so
there are not many instruments from the period he
worked there.
Hamig Moritz; Dresden, Kotzschenbroda. d. 19°8.
Lived in Dresden' until about 1892, but only made
a few instruments.
Hamm Andreas; Klingenthal, 17°2-1732. Probably
Hafs J. A.; Hamburg, c. 1710. V.m. known only from grandfather of Johann Andreas H. and perhaps his
a label in a German clavecin now in the Holyoke teacher. He is said to have been very skilful and is
Museum in Massachusetts. considered to be the common ancestor of the Hamm
Hags Rudolf; Munich. d. after 17°°' A beautiful viola v.m. family.
d'amore used to be in the old Russian Imperial Hamm Christian Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 10. II.
collection. 1774, d. 29. 8. 1834. Son and pupil of Johann
HagsPiei Oscar; Dresden. b. 2. 5. 1852 in Dresden, Gottfried H.
d. .. I. 19°1. Owner of a piano factory which he
inherited from his father. In the 189OShe made
stringed instruments of his own design. The body
resembled that of the guitar, the table was pressed,
not carved, there were no f-holes, but instead there
were 6 to 10 round soundholes in the sides. The
State Collection of Old Musical Instruments in
Berlin has a violin and a cello of this kind (Nos. 1593
and 720). Hamm Fritz; Siebenbrunn. b. 6. 4. 19°9 in Markneu-
Haid Georg; Vienna. b. 1864 in Eisenerz, d. 195I in kirchen. Son and pupil of Max H., one of the last
Vienna. Pupil of I. J. Bucher (II) in Vienna. A zither members of this ancient family. Conscientious work
virtuoso, maker of zithers and guitars. Careful on classical models.
repairer. Made zithers of beautiful design and strong Hamm Heinrich Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 2.9.9.
tone. Excellent craftsmanship. From 1945 on he 185° in Markneukirchen. V.m. by profession, but
worked with Anton Ostrizek (I), to whom he passed made zithers.
his models and blueprints ( Aufzeichnungen). Hamm Hermann Friedrich; Markneukirchen, 19th
cent. Good guitars.
Hamm Hermann Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 2.7.II.
1847 in Markneukirchen, d. 2.9.9. 1937. Son and
pupil of Wilhelm Friedrich H. Worked with Johann
Hornsteiner (II) in Passau.
Hamm J ohann Andreas; Klingenthal, Markneukirchen.
b. 17°3 in Klingenthal, d. 9.5.1764. Son of a tailor,
Andreas H. of Klingenthal. On 3I. 7. 172.4he was
admitted to the Klingenthal guild as master. This
HalbmeyerBarbara; Munich, c. 1885. Perhaps daughter raised a protest from the Klingenthal v.ms and so
of Franz H. She made guitars, lutes and zithers. his name had to be deleted from the list of members.
Halbmeyer Franz; Munich. b. c. 185°' V.m. who Next year he moved to Markneukirchen and on
founded in Munich a workshop for guitars, lutes 2.4.7. 172.5 was admitted as a master and citizen
and zithers. there.
Haller G. Albin; Erlbach. b. 16.3.1868 in Hermsgriin Hamm Johann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 1744
(near Markneukirchen). Pupil of Christian Traugott in Markneukirchen, d. 6.10.1817. Became master
Schaller and of the Markneukirchen v.m. school. on 13. 6. 1764. Careful work. Many of his violins
He followed Italian models. Red, reddish-yellow or and violas are modelled on the broad Stainer pattern,
chestnut-brown var. He tried successfully to give and his purfling is more decorative than that by
his instruments an old appearanceand used facsimile other Markneukirchen v.ms. Edges often made of
labels of the models he had copies. ivory. Several labels and a brand.
Hamm Karl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 26.12.1733, President of the International Commission of Experts.
d. 26.9. 1761. Son and pupil of Johann Andreas H. Author of Meisterwerke deutscher Geigenbaukunst,
Became master on 25. II. 1751. His best period is Meisterwerke ita!ienischer Geigenbaukunstand Die D' Eg-
ville de! Gesu. Unfortunately, the firm was com-
1757-1760.
Hamm Max; Siebenbrunn.b. 20. 3.1876, d. 28. 12. 1931. pletely destroyed by bombs in July 1944. Unique
Son of Moritz H. Specialist in the making of guitars. instruments, documents, collections and designs of
Hamm Moritz; Siebenbrunn. 19th cent. zither- and three generations were destroyed by fire. Nevertheless
the two owners managed to rebuild their firm and
guitar-maker.
Hamm Wilhelm Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 28. II. re-established the Verband deutscher Geigenbauer.
1817 in Markneukirchen, d. 30.9. 1881. Pupil of Pridolin H. is one of the founders of International
Christian Gottfried H. Made violins, guitars and Society of Violin- and Bow-makers in Geneva. He
zithers. was also given the freedom of the city of Cremona.
Hamma Alfred; Stuttgart. b. 21.8.1891, d. in action When Emil died in 1958, Pridolin became the sole
19.6. 1917. Son and assistant of Emil H. (I). A V.m. owner, but passed the firm on to his son, Walter, in
of great expectations who died young. His place January 1959.
was taken by his brothers Emil and Alexander.
Alexander was not a v.m., but a sleeping partner
of the firm.
Hamma Emil (I); Stuttgart. b. 11.8.1855, d. 7. II.
1928. Successor of his father, Fridolin H. (I) and
owner of Hamma & Co., under whose management
the firm achieved world-wide reputation. Good judge
of instruments. His brothers, Franz and Albert, who
were dealers settled in Italy, made it possible for him
to journey into places where he was virtually the
first person from abroad to be interested in stringed
instruments. He acquired the best instruments and
brought them with him to Stuttgart.
Hamma Emil (II); Stuttgart. b. 28. 12. 1883, d. 21. I.
1958. Owner, together with his brother Fridolin (II),
of Hamma & Co. He was mainly interested in the
commercial side.
Hamma Fridolin (I); Stuttgart. b. 14. 12. 1818, d.
14.6.1892. Founder of the firm Hamma & Co. of
Stuttgart. Enthusiastic collector of old instruments
who used to sell less valuable instruments to obtain
funds for the more important ones. This continuous
selling and buying developed into a regular trade,
and the firm Hamma & Co. was founded in Stuttgart
which dealt in all types of stringed instruments.
Hamma, however, was not satisfied: he devoted
himself also to v.m. and ran an excellent workshop Hamma Walter; Stuttgart. b. 22. 9. 1916. Son of
for making and repairing stringed instruments. His Fridolin H. (II) who has worked in the firm since
workshop employed good craftsmen such as Fran~ois 1945 and since 1959 has been its head. He learned
Caussin, Neufchateau and Josef Anton Haff (II). v.m. in Mittenwald, Munich and Paris, with Ferdi-
There was no invention or experiment which he nand Wilhelm Jaura, Felix Albert Caressaand Emile
would not have tried. Fran<;ais.He is a member and one of the founders
Hamma Fridolin (II); Stuttgart. b. 17.9. 1881. Son of of the International Society of Violin- and Bow-
Emil H. (I). Learned V.m. between 1896-1900 in
makers.
Markneukirchen and between 1900-1906 in Paris
with Lupot and Bernardel. He travelled to almost
all the major European cities in his search for
precious instruments. Together with his brother
Emil (II) he took over his father's firm, Hamma & Co.,
in Stuttgart in 1928. In 1937 he was invited to
Cremona to help with the exhibition of violins on the
occasion of the 200th anniversary of the death of HammerleTheodor; Vienna. b. 1858, d. 15.2.1930.
Antonio Stradivari. In Cremona he was elected V.m.
Hammig Albrecht Robert; Markneukirchen, Hamburg, 1924-1945 his instrumentswere brandedHEINZ
Leipzig. b. 10. 5. 1849 in Markneukirchen. Son HAMMIG, or HEINZ HAMMIG DRESDEN.
and pupil of Wilhelm August H.; he worked with Hammig Hermann (I); Berlin. b. 1869in Markneu-
his brother Wilhelm Hermann H. (I) in Leipzig kirchen, d. 1924.Eldest son and pupil of Wilhelm
and with Ludwig Bausch until 187°. In 1871 he HermannH. (I).
joined Carl Franz Schmidt in Vienna but also Hammig Hermann (II); Oldenburg. b. 23.9.1936.
worked independently in Markneukirchen and Son of Alfred H. Entirely occupiedwith repairsin
in Vienna. In 1896 he went to Leipzig and joined the workshop of his father, only making new
Julius Heinrich Zimmermann. Skilful craftsmanship instrumentsto order.
and excellent transparent var. with reddish tint. HammigJohann Christian; Markneukirchen.b. 1732,
Hammig Alfred; Markneukirchen, Oldenburg. b. 2. 12. d. 27. 1. 1816.Sop and pupil of JohannGeorg H.,
1899 in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker. Son of a who was also musicallytrained. Becamemasteron
certain Adolf H., maker of woodwind instruments. 22. 2. 1751.At first he usedonly handwrittenlabels,
Pupil of Albin Hums, maker of excellent bows in later printed onesand also a brand: * I. * C. * H. *.
Markneukirchen (1914) and later his assistant. His sons took over his workshop and used labels
Established in 1923 and settled in Oldenburg, where readingJohannHammig & S6hne.
he founded a prosperous family firm, assisted by
his sons,Friedrich (b. 1927), maker of Boehm flutes,
and Hermann (b. 23. 9. 1936), v.m. and good
repairer.
Hammig August; Markneukirchen, C. 1928. Owner of
a factory manufacturing strings.
Hammig Carl Heinrich; Dresden. b. 1877 in Dresden.
Son of Gustav Adolf H. Talented maker.
Hammig Christian August; Markneukirchen. b. 14. 10. Hammig Johann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 17°2,
1833, d. 19.12. 1885. Good copies of Stradivari and d. 26. 12. 1754. Skilful v.m., master from November
Guarneri. Golden-yellow oil var. His purfling 1725.
consists of two narrow ebony lines and an unusually HammigKurt Walter; Markneukirchen.b. 16.8.1895.
broad white stripe. Establishedhimself independentlyin 1919.Guitar-
Hammig Friedrich; Vienna, c. 1801. Settled in Vienna maker.
as a 'manufacturer of musical instruments' and dealt
in violins. He probably made only wind instruments.
Hammig Friedrich August; Markneukirchen. 20th cent.
maker of stringed instruments and strings.
HammigGeorg; Markneukirchen, C.1815-1820. Good Hammig Lippold; Markneukirchen. 19th-2.oth cent.
Vogtland v.m. He seemsto have used his label only Ordinary work. He devoted himself mainly to
rarely. guitar-making.
Hammig Gunther; Markneukirchen. b. 25. 5. 1923 in Hammig Moritz; Markneukirchen, c. 1861. Perhaps
Markneukirchen. Pupil of the Schonbachv.m. school, connected with the following.
assistant teacher at the Mittenwald school. He Hammig Moritz Friedrich; Dresden. b. 2.5.12..1877
Worked for Lippold H. in Markneukirchen. in Markneukirchen. Talented v.m.
Hammig Gustav Adolf; Dresden. b. 1858 in Mark- HammigOskarRobert; Markneukirchen. b. 10.5.1854,
neukirchen, d. after 19°1. Maker of doublebasses, d. 2.1.I. 1917.Pupil of Hermann Friedrich Hamm in
later of violins and cellos. Royal Instrument-maker Markneukirchen.
at the Court of the King of Saxony, and a connoisseur Hammig Otto; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent. maker of
of stringed instruments. His var. is not very good. stringed instruments.
Hammig Heinz; Dresden. b. 8.3.19°5 in Dresden. Hammig Philipp; Berlin. d. 2.8.6.1952..Partner in the
" Son and pupil of Moritz Friedrich H. of Dresden. firm of Wilhelm Hermann H. (II).
He successfully completed his training in 1926, and Hammig Wilhelm August; Markneukirchen, 1837-
passed his master's test in 1938. Afterwards he 1865. Son of Johann Christian H. and grandson of
worked with his father under a common label, Georg H. His violins and cellos reveal good crafts-
Hammig & Sohn. His father died in an air-raid in manship.
1945 and Heinz was established I. I. 1946. He is the HammigWilhelmHermann (I); Leipzig. b. 2.5.3. 1838
Chief of Musical Instruments for the Dresden in Markneukirchen, d. 192.5. Son and pupil of
district. He uses the Guarneri model successfully Wilhelm August H. He worked with C. C. L. Grimm
modified by his father. Repairer of violins, violas, in Berlin. In 1863he establishedhimself in Markneu-
cellos and doublebasses. Uses a recipe for var. kirchen and in 1875he moved to Leipzig. Thorough
prepared by his father and grandfather. Between craftsman.
Hammig Wilhelm Hermann (II); Berlin, 20th cent. (?) in Grossbreitenbach.Sonand pupil of Adolf H.
Founder and senior partner of a firm which he ran HarrassAdolf; Masserberg(in Thuringia), c. 1893-
with Philipp H. 19°1. Inexpensive instruments modelled bn the
Hammig Willi bald; Leipzig, 1875-19°9. Little-known. Italians and Stainer.
HandenbergWilhelm; Leipzig, 17°4-173°. Ordinary
work, with very flat arching.
Handl Michel; Mittenwald, c. ~732. It is next to
impossible to read his name correctly on the hand-
written labels: it could be also read as Schandl or
Gandl. Handl seems to be most probable. Violins
with his labels are modelled on Kloz.
Hansch (Handsch) Gustav; Graz, Odessa. d. 27.10. Harrass Arthur; Chemnitz. b. 9.12. 1888 in Gross-
19°6 in Odessa. Son of Heinrich H. Studied at the breitenb~ch. Son and pupil of Adolf H. Worked
Mittenwald v.m. school. He emigrated to Russia, with Held in Cologne and with Mieter in Brunswick,
and died soon after. He was succeeded by Karl then establishedhimself in Chemnitz in 1925.Became
Stohr (II). master in 1941.
Hansch(Handsch) Heinrich; Graz, 1844-19°0. Skilful Harrass G. Walter; Chemnitz, 20th cent. Probably son
craftsman who followed Guarneri. of Adolf H.
HanselFriedrich; Mittenwald, c. 1899.Orange spirit var.
HanshennigJordan; SeeJordan Hans.
Hardt E.; Stuttgart, c. 1855. Maker of good double-
basses.
Haringer (Haringer, Harringer) Hans; Vienna, c. 1675.
Granted Viennese citizenship as a lute-maker in
December 1675. Though his violins and lutes are
extant, his name cannot be found in any register.
He came from Fussen and died soon after his
Harrass Gunther Georg; Chemnitz, Zwickau. b. 11.4.
marriage on 26. 1. 1676.
192.5 in Chemnitz. Son and pupil of Arthur H.,
HarkendorfHans; Flensburg, c. 1652. W. Heyer lists and trained in Markneukirchen. In 1947-1948 he
an alto viola da gamba (No. 8°3) by this maker. worked in Berlin with Johann Nepomuk Kloz, and
Harlan Peter; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 2. 1898 in later with P. Sandherr. He established himself in
Berlin-Charlottenburg. Maker of guitars who was Zwickau in 1954. Apart from good new stringed
trained by Ernst Kunzel in Markneukirchen and instruments he makes also other early forms of
then worked with various masters. He opened his
instruments; also repairer, keeping up the Harrass
shop in 1921. His guitars are copies ofJ. G. Stauffer
and Torres, and his lutes follow G. F. Wenger. family reputation.
Harmonik A. G.; Tressingen (near Markneukirchen).
19th-20th cent. firm manufacturing accordions,
which also employed v.ms. The name of the pro-
prietor was Koch.
Harnisch Hermann; Darmstadt. b. 1859 in Gera. Son
of Johann Gottlieb H. and his pupil, and also
pupil of Otto B. Bausch. Between 1881 - 1885
he worked in Reval, where he was also active as
a player. In 1885 he was Court Musician in Darm-
stadt. He took over Friedrich Diehl's shop. In 1895 Hartan Carl; Cologne, c. 1874. Mainly repairs, but not
he was appointed Court Supplier of Instruments. finely executed.
Mainly repairer. Hartenstein Karl; Augsburg. 2.oth cent. manufacturer
Harnisch Johann Gottlieb; Gera. b. 1827 in Scheuben- of stringed instruments, especially guitars and
grobsdorf (near Gera). Pupil of L. C. A. Bausch and banjos.
his son Ludwig in Leipzig. Between 1853-1857 he Hartinger Jonas; Fiissen, 162.2.-1642..Followed the
worked at various places, then opened his own shop Brescian School. Orange var. His violas sound
in Gera in 1857. Individual work on Italian models, particularly well.
also repairs. He followed his own theories as regards Hartl Hans; Regensburg, c. 1689. V.m. mentioned in
the shapeand position of the bassbarand soundpost. the musical history of Regensburg by Mettenleiter.
Usually spirit var. He was for many years Court Perhaps identical with Johann Hadl.
instrument-maker. Hartung E.; Gopplasgriin (near Erlbach), c. 192.8.
Ha"ass . . ; Qlze (near Grossbreitenbach).b. 9. 12. 188o Maker of plucked instruments, especiallymandolins.
Harzer A. & Sohne; Klingenthal. 20th cent. firm in 1892. He was an adviser to the Chamber of
of manufacturers and exporters of stringed instru- Commerce and Industry of Lower Austria and
ments and their parts. from 1910 an appointed authority'of the arbitration
HascheGottlieb; Poznan, Berlin. b. 1815 in Drewitz court. We know violins and cellos by him which
(near Wittenberg). He worked in Poznan 1884-1885, are quite good. Also repairer.
and then left for Berlin where he opened his own
shop. Originally a violinist.
HaselbauerPaul; Schoneck, c. 1928. Maker of musical
instruments.
HaselhoiT (Asselhoff)Heinz; Lennep(nearDusseldorf).
b. 23.6. 1910 in Lennep. Good repairer.
Haslwanter Johann; Munich. b. 11.2.1824 in Krinn
(near Mittenwald), d. 4. 9. 1884in Munich. Step-son
and pupil of Ignaz Simon. In 185I he established
himself independently and specialised in zither- Haupt Erhard Walter. Co-author, with Emil Teuchert,
making. In 1866 he succeededIgnaz Simon. of Musikinstrumentenkunde in Wort und Bild (Leipzig,
Haslwanter Johann Otto; Munich, 1880-1915. Son, 1910-1911).
pupil and successorof Johann H. Hauser Antoni; Reutte (in the Tyrol). b. 1726, d. 5. ;.
Hass Hieronymus Albrecht; Hamburg, 1743-1785. 1806 in Reutte. Mentioned by Waldner. He belongs
Though he at first made lutes, he actually became to the ViIs School.
famous for his keyboard instruments. Hauser Hermann; Munich. b. 28. 12. 1882, d. 1952
Hass J. A.; Hamburg,c. 1755.Son,pupil and successor in Munich. Skilful lute- and v.m. who also made
of Hieronymus Albrecht H. He made mainly violas da gamba and d'amore.
clavicembalos. Hausleib (Hauslieb) Lorenz; Nuremberg, c. 1598.
Hassert (Hasert) Johann Christian (1); Eisenach, Member of the gUild in Nuremberg. According to
c. 1728. Earliest known member of the V.m. family. a document (Grossherzogl.Bad. Geh. Landesarchiv.
His gambas were quite popular. Kopie 860) dated ;.7. 1598 he entered the service
of the Elector Friedrich IV of the Palatinate as an
instrument-maker and tuner. He had to obey the
summons when called and at least twice in a year
had to inspect and repair all the instruments, even
the organ, in the Elector's collection, for which he
received the annual salary of 50 fl.
Hauswurz; Sch6nlinde, 20th cent. Three members of
this family made bows in Sch6nlinde.
Havelar Joannes Baptista; Vienna, c. 1920. Work
modelled on Stradivari. Good brown var.
Havelka Jan Baptista; Prague, Linz. d. 1799. Probably
son of Simon Jan H. and perhapshis pupil; otherwise
pupil of Hellmer. His output belongs to the Prague
Hassert (Hasert) Johann Christian (II); Rudolstadt. School. He certainly worked with Johann Georg
b. I. 5. 1759 in Rudolstadt, d. 3. 5. 182.3. Son of Hellmer in Prague, where he made several violins
Johann Georg Christian H. One of the well-known on which he does not give the place of origin and
v.ms of his time who imitated Stainer's arching. uses only his Christian names. Careful work, very
Used good wood. The tone of his violins, however, good tone. Pale brown and brown-red var. His
is small and sharp. labels are copies of the ones used by Hulinski of
H assert (Hasert) Johann Georg Christian; Eisenach, Prague.
Rudolstadt, 1746-1755. Probably son and pupil of
Johann Christian H. (I). Originally he lived in
Eisenach, and moved to Rudolstadt later as a Court
trumpeter. Skilful maker who followed Italia1\
models.
Hassi Conrad; Linz. d. 192.4.Good instruments in the
Tyrolean style.
Haudek Carl; Vienna. b. 2.1.10. 1862. in Vienna,
d. 14.7. 1919. Pupil of Carl Hermann Voigt; he Havelka Simon Jan; Prague, Lim. b. before 1700,
worked with Gabriel Lembock as a foreman and d. c. 1774.Probablypupil of ThomasEdlinger (II).
later succeededLembock, having bought the shop Contemporaryof J. U. Eberle. Brown-yellow var.
 neukirchen in 193°. Outstanding copies of old
masterpieces. He also made two miniature violins
weighing 1.5 grammes each. Excellent repairer.
Beautiful guitars and an especially delicate gamba
made in 1960. The best instruments are marked by
both label and brand.
Havemann Carl Friedrich; Klingenthal, 175°-1785.
Son of David Christian H. Conscientious v.m. with
good musical training.
HavemannDavid Christian; Klingenthal, C.1722-173°.
According to a label, he was an organist in 1722.
He is listed as a master v.m. from 173°.

Havemann Friedrich Wilhelm; Klingenthal, c. 1761.

Son and pupil of Carl Friedrich H. Best-known
member of the family.
Hawliczek (Havlicek) Friedrich; Vienna. d. c. 19°6. He
established himself in 1878, succeeding F. Charwath. Heberlein Albert Thomas; Markneukirchen. b. 5. 10.
He is said to have put finishing touches to violins 1898 in Markneukirchen. V.m.
made in Schonbach (in Bohemia). His shop was Heberlein Alberto; Markneukirchen, La Puebla. d.
taken over by his nephews. .. 12. 1948 in La Puebla (in Mexico). V.m. from
Hawraneck G. A.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. maker Markneukirchen who emigrated to Central America
of bowed and plucked instruments and zithers. and settled in Mexico. Good work, red and red-
Hawraneck Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 16.5.1866. V.m. brown var.
of Czech extraction who worked for the trade. He HeberleinArnold; Siebenbrunn. 20th cent. bow-maker.
is said to have moved from Markneukirchen before Heberlein Arnold Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 25.2.
19°0. 1876 in Markneukirchen. Eldest son and pupil of
Heber. .; Stettin, c. 1860. Musician in the Stettin Heinrich Theodor H. (I), who took over his father's
Theatre who also made violins. shop in 1897.
Heber Carl Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. C. 1712, Heberlein August Eduard; Markneukirchen. b. 2°. 5.
d. 1782. Became master on 20. 3. 1734. He worked 1859 in Markneukirchen, d. I. I. 1919 in Mark-
on the usual Vogtland models and used flat arching neukirchen. Pupil of Gustav Otto. Established himself
and low sides. His labels do not give the place of independently in 1877, and was considered a good
origin. In one of his violins August Diehl found craftsman.
a second label with the following doggerel: HeberleinCarl August; Markneukirchen. b. 9.7.18°5,
Viet falschesnachgemacht d. 21. 3. 1879. Son and pupil of Johann Gottlob H.
Sich da und dart schleicht ein, and later apprenticed to the Dresden Court instru-
Drum sieh mein Petschaftan ment-maker, August Pfritsche. In 1835he opened his
Willst nicht betrogen seyn. own s4op, which was later taken over by his son
Heberlein & Haussler; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Heinrich Theodor H. (I). As well as violins he
Mass production of stringed instruments. made excellent guitars and lutes.
Heberlein Bros.; Markneukirchen, Chicago. 20th cent. HeberleinChristian August (nicknamed 'Spohr'); Mark-
international V.m. firm. neukirchen. b. 1814,d. 1894. Maker of doublebasses,
Heberlein Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 1853, d. 1935. who made violins only as an amateur. He was
Good guitar-maker. responsible for a chin-rest which he called after the
Heberlein Albert August; Markneukirchen, c. 1921. virtuoso Louis Spohr. Afterwards the Markneu-
V.m. whose violins and cellos are highly regarded. kirchen v.ms always called Heberlein 'Spohr'.
Heberlein Albert Theodor; Markneukirchen. b. 23.4. HeberleinChristoph; Markneukirchen. b. 169°, d. 1761.
1880 in Markneukirchen, d. 30.6. 1961. Son and Ordinary work, only seldom labelled.
pupil of Heinrich Theodor H. (I) of Markneu- Heberlein Erich; Markneukirchen. d. 17.8.1932. Be-
kirchen. He spent 4 successful years away from cause he came from Vienna, he was nicknamed
home and established himself independently in Mark- 'der Wiener'.
Heber/ein Ernst Heinrich; Markneukirchen. b. 26.7. felder (II). He was a good violinist, and strove for
1814, d. 10.7. 1894. Son and pupil of .Johann full tone in his instruments, making many interesting
Gottlob H. In his early years he made severalviolins experiments in this connection.
but later devoted himself to the making of guitars. Heber/einJulius; Markneukirchen, c. 19°8. Maker of
Heber/ein Ernst Julius; Markneukirchen. b. 22.12. bowed instruments.
1865, d. 17.12. 1936. V.m. Heber/ein Ludwig Fritz. See Heber/ein Fritz Ludwig.
Heber/einFriedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 2.8.1835 in H eber/einPaul Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 14. 9. 1882.
Markneukirchen, d. 17.4.1895. Maker of guitars. in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker, pupil of H. R.
Heber/einFritz Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 12. 1888 Pfretzschner, with whom he worked for 11 years.
in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of August He established himself independently in 19°7.
Eduard H. He worked with the firm Neu-Cremona
in Liiben. He established himself independently in
Markneukirchen in 1913, where he passed his
master's test in 1920.Individually made instruments.
He was connected with both the v.m. families
Schonfeld and Reichel.
HeberleinPaul Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. I 5. 5. 1872,
d. 18. 5. 1962 in Markneukirchen. Was apprenticed
to his father, Heinrich Theodor H. (I). For 3 yearshe
was the last pupil of August Riechers in Berlin, and
after the latter's death became the manager of his
workshop until 1933 when it closed down.
Heberlein Richard; Nuremberg. b. 1862 in Markneu-
kirchen, d. 1914 in Nuremberg. Pupil of Gustav
Adolf Hammig to whom he was apprenticed between
1876-1879. Then he worked with Gustav Adolf
Heber/einH.; Konigsberg,c. 1895.b.in Markneukirchen, Roth and August Albin Voigt, later with Ernst
but spent some part of his life in Konigsberg. Liebich (II) in Breslau. When he finished his military
Heber/ein Heinrich August; Markneukirchen. 20th training he came to Ludwig Glasel (I) and Heinrich
cent. wholesaler of stringed instruments. Theodor H. (I). Afterwards he went to Berlin and
Heber/einHeinrich Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 31.3. Russia. When he returned to Germany, he became
1847 in Markneukirchen. Maker of doublebasses. foreman to J. Altrichter in Frankfurt an der Oder.
Heber/ein Heinrich Theodor (I); Markneukirchen. Last of all he moved to Nuremberg, opened shop
b. 5. 11.1843, d. 9. II. 19°9. Son and pupil of Carl for J. A. Weidingerand stayedwith him for 5 years.
August H. Between 1861-1863 he worked with In 1894he opened his own shop and becameknown
August Riechers, and then established himself inde- as a skilful craftsman. He was succeededby A~fred
pendently in 1863. He was one of the best v.ms of Lang.
Markneukirchen of his time. He copied early makers HeberleinRichard Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 8. 10. 1873
in great detail. He also taught at the Markneu- in Markneukirchen, d. 9.9. 1956. Maker of double-
kirchen v.m. school. His shop was taken over by his basses.
sons in 1897. Heberlein Theodor Heinrich Paul; Markneukirchen.
b. 21. I I. 19°2 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil
of Paul Wilhelm H. Between 1921-1924 he worked
in his father's workshop and passed the assistant
maker's test with distinction. Then he worked for
another year with his father before going to work
Marhntuhir~tn for Friedrich Reichel, pupil of the old Heberlein
WiOf
* QPHM1
workshop. Afterwards he went to Berlin to join
Ernst Kessler, with whom he had the opportunity
Heber/einHeinrich Theodor (II) ; Markneukirchen. b. 12. of making new instruments and repairing some of the
5. 1851, d. 1897 in Markneukirchen. Average v.m. fine early Italians. In 1927 he passed his master's
Heber/einHeinrich Theodor (III). SeeHeber/einTheodor test. Between 1927-1929 he was in New York,
Heinrich Paul. working for the dealer Carl Fischer. He then returned
Heber/ein Horst Willi; Markneukirchen. b. 5. 5. 19°9 to his homeland and worked in his father's workshop.
in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Willi Reinhard This he took over in 1955 so that now 5 generations
H. who devoted himself to the making of guitars. successfully worked in the shop founded in 1805
Heber/einJohann Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 14.8. by Johann Gottlob H. First-class instruments and
1782, d. 2. 5. 1856. Pupil of Johann Georg Schon- excellent repairs.
HeberleinWilli Reinhard; Markneukirchen. b. I I. I I. exacted from him payment of income-tax long
1880 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Wilhelm Ernst overdue. His work is reminiscent of the instruments
Heinel. Established himself independently in 1904. made by Jan Kulik, but the var. is inferior; Only
Maker of guitars. one of his sons, Franz, was a v.m.
HeberleinWohlfahrt; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Hehre Hugo; Brieg (in Silesia). 20th cent. v.m. and
Heck Rudolf; Stuttgart, c. 1928. Mass-production of organ manufacturer.
stringed instruments. HeideggerAlbert; Passau.b. C. 1825 in Passau,d. 1879
Heckel Friedrich August; Markneukirchen. b. I I. 2. in Passau. Elder son and pupil of Georg H. (I).
1840in Adorf. Lived in Markneukirchen and worked In partnership with his brothers Georg (II) and
for the trade. Eduard he took over his father's workshop. He
Heckel Heinrich Max; Markneukirchen. d. 1938. V.m. mainly made guitars and zithers.
Impersonal work. HeideggerEduard; Passau, Linz. b. 1851 in Passau.
Heckel Heinrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 13. I I. Pupil of his stepfather Johann Hornsteiner (II) in
1856, d. 26. 12. 1894. Little-known v.m. Passau.He went to Neuner in Mittenwald where he
Heckel Karl Willi; Graslitz (in Bohemia), Markneu- attended the v.m. school and studied under Kofler.
kirchen, New York. b. 23. 3. 1898 in Markneu- He also worked in Vienna and Budapest. Firstly he
kirchen. Between 1912-1915 he was apprenticed established himself with his brothers Georg H. (II)
to Hermann Todt with whom he stayed until 1923. and Albert H. in Passau.In 1873 he settled in Linz
Then he joined A. K. Huttl in Graslitz (Kraslice, where he founded a factory for the making of
in Bohemia). Later he returned to Markneukirchen stringed instruments and strings. He himself con-
and opened there his own shop. In 1929he emigrated centrated on making zithers.
to the United Statesfollowing an offer by W. Voigt HeideggerGeorg (I); Passau.b. 22.7.1815 in Passau,
of New. York. He stayed with this firm as adviser d. 16. 3. 1859. Father of Eduard, Albert and Georg
and repairer until the firm closed down in 1937. (II). H. Trained in Adorf, and in his native town
Then he opened his own shop again. Good work, founded a shop producing zithers. When he died, his
highly esteemed.Copies of old masters. Oil or spirit widow, who later married Johann Hornsteiner (II),
var., from light brown to a red-brown tint. managed the shop, which was later taken over by
Heckel Rudolf; Dresden. b. 1857 in Markneukirchen, his sons Albert and Georg (II).
d. 1925. Pupil of Ludwig Glasel. When he finished HeideggerGeorg (II); Passau.b. before 1850 in Passau,
his apprenticeship he went to Adolf Wilhelm Eduard d. 1889.Brother and partner of Albert and Eduard H.
Paulus (of L. C. A. Bausch) and then to Ernst When his father died, he took over his shop together
Liebich (ill), with whom he worked for about with his mother and brother Albert. He made mainly
5 years. Later he worked for some time with August guitars and zithers.
Riechers, then left for Dresden where he opened his Heim E. Author of Neuer Fuhrer durch die Violin
own shop in 1884. He worked in the style of Literatur (Hanover, 1899).
Stradivari and used an oil var. of his own compo- Heim Michael; Vienna. b. 1662 in Wiessensee,d. after
sition. 1715. His violins and lutes are quite common. He
Hecker Martin Helmut; Markneukirchen. b. 20. 8. probably came from Fiissen, where the name Heim
1909 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Georg Walter is common. Good work.
Gutter. HeimeyerAnton; Vienna. 20th cent. maker of stringed
Hegner Franz; Krems. b. 1818 (probably in Sandau), instruments.
d. 4. I. 1866. Son and pupil of Franz Joseph H. Heine! & Co.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. manu-
After the premature death of his father he helped his facturers of stringed instruments.
mother in the managementof the shop. He established Heine! Adolf Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 27.6.1868,
himself independently in 1945. In 1853 he married d. 16. 10. 1922in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Wilhelm
Anna Marie Alpers of Stein, who died in 1856. His Ficker of Markneukirchen. He worked later with
few violins are badly designed and the craftsmanship Piegendorfer in Augsburg. After a short period of
is poor. Mainly repairer. association with his brother Oskar Bernhard H. he
Hegner (Hagner) Franz Joseph; Sandau (in Bohemia), establishedhimself independently in Markneukirchen
Krems. b. c. 1797, d. 27. 6.1837. He must have come in 1893.His few new instruments reveal the influence
to Krems before 1824 because violins made there of Piegendorfer. They are very good. He was also
are dated 1824. His name is only found in the esteemedas a repairer and a connoisseur of classical
archives in 1828. He is usually described as 'maker instruments.
of strings', but on the marriage certificate of his Heine! Ernst; Adorf. b. 26. 5. .882 in Strassel (near
son he is called a 'former maker of instruments', Markneukirchen). Maker of guitars, pupil of Ludwig
though he was only a v.m. He married Maria Albin of Markneukirchen (nicknamed Miillerhans),
Josefa Fischer of Sandau. In spite of his talent, he and became his son-in-law. He established himself
remained a poor man. As late as 1830 Sandau independently in 1909. Good maker who works
 mainly for the trade and does not brand or label his makers. He was also a good repairer and restorer
instruments. of old instruments. He made violins, cellos, double-
Heinel Friedrich Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. 19. I. bassesand violas da gamba. There is also a beautiful
1873, d. c. 8. 5. 1946 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of quintet in the style of the Brescian School, signed by
Wilhelm Ficker. He later worked with Hans Cuno the maker and dated '1893 to 1948'. It was made to
Jaeger in Markneukirchen before opening his own commemorate the 55th anniversary of the firm,
shop there. He was, however, better known as founded by o. B. Heinel in 1893. The wood from
a pianist than a v.m. which the main parts of the instrument were made
Heinel Kurt Bernhard; Markneukirchen. b. 9. I I. 1895 came from a tree which used to be in their garden.
in Markneukirchen, d. ..10.1918 in France. Son and He was also a good musician who helped Rene
pupil of Oskar Bernhard H. Talented v.m. who died Vannes with the Dictionnaire Universe!desLuthiers.
prematurely. He supplied data on over 700 Markneukirchen v.ms
H einelOskar Bernhard; Markneukirchen. b.. 7. 7. 187I and corrected several mistakes. Until 1964 he was
in Markneukirchen, d. 9.8. 1931. Pupil of Hans active as a violin expert in Markneukirchen, and had
Cuno Jaeger in Markneukirchen. Went to Dresden a fine collection of biographies, photographs, labels
to join C. A. Bauer. Later he went to Hamburg to and brands etc. of v.ms present and past.
the well-known restorer August Diehl. He established
himself in Markneukirchen in 1893. Made good
copies of some of the fine early instruments;
connoisseur and repairer of old bowed instruments.
His workshop was often visited by foreign experts
and dealers.His new instruments have an outstanding
quality of tone and excellent var. He mostly copied
Stradivari and Guarneri but had his own model as
well. He did not make many instruments. Printed
labels.

Heinel Oskar Erich; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 2. 19°1

in Markneukirchen, d. 15. 2. 1964. Son and pupil of
Oskar Bernhard H. He worked all his life in Markneu-
kitchen. Specialised in imitating the vat. of early
 beautiful theorbos in Paris, all copies of old instru-
ments. He also made strings.
Heinrich Andreas; Schonbach, Berlin, Vienna, Buda-
pest. b. 1858. Established himself in Schonbach (in
Bohemia) in 1881. Later he went to Berlin, Vienna
and Budapest. He followed the Italian School. Oil
and/or spirit var.
Heinrich Hermann; Bad Brambach, 1878-1925. Maker
of bows.
Heinrich Otto; Berlin, 19th cent. Supposedly the
inventor of a bowed zither, called a Schossvioline,but
he never actually made it. Many v.ms claim they
had invented the Schossvioline,and the real inventor
is not known with any certainty.
Heinz Johann F.; Mittenwald, c. 179°-1795. Worked
in the style of Kloz. Orange var.
Heischkel Max Walter; Erlbach. b. 15.7.1887, d. 28.2..
1958. Pupil of Heinrich Hermann Todt in Markneu-
kirchen; establishedhimself independently in Erlbach
in 19°8. Skilful in making bowed and plucked
instruments.

Heisterber Karl; Hanover, c. 192.8.V.m. who made

every other kind of stringed instruments.
Held Georg; Ellwangen, c. 1788. His name cannot be
found in the Ellwangen registers. Unconfirmed
tradition sayshe was a joiner and musician employed
in the orchestra of the Provost of Ellwangen.
Held Johann Joseph; Euskirchen, Beuel (ne~r Bonn).
b. 17.7. 182.3 in Plamersheim (near Rheinbach),
d. 1904. Son of a musician, and a good flautist at
the age of 12..He was interested in v.m., studied it
privately and tried his hand at it, though he made
his living as a musician. After his marriage he moved
to Euskirchen and in 1861 opened a shop there
selling musical instruments, with a repair workshop.
In 1862.he made acquaintance with the virtuoso
Ole Bull, who lived in Bad Godesberg. In 1878
Ole Bull visited H. and stayed with him as a guest
for a fortnight. During those days they discussed
Bull's idea of giving new violins a balancedresonance.
Held succeededin this by using a sloping bassbar
Heinel Wilhelm Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 2I. 3. 1839 and changing the position of the soundpost. He
in Markneukirchen, d. 4. 3. 191I. Specialised in also invented a substancefor impregnating the table
making zithers. (Substanz zum Impragnierender DeckeJ, which was
Heinemann Moritz; Nuremberg, c. 1928. Maker of supposed to improve the sound. He was succeeded
stringed instruments. by the son of his second marriage.
Heini Franz Xaver; Kempten, c. 1815-1832. V.m. Held Johann Joseph Michael; Bonn, Cologne. b.
Heinrich Alexander; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. maker 14.4. 1880 in Combahn (near Bonn). Son and pupil
of stringed instruments who established himself of Johann Joseph H., whose assistant he was also.
independently in 1919. In 1928 he exhibited some When his father died he took over his shop
 (7. IZ. 19°4). In 19°8 he moved to Cologne and was Hellmersberger Joseph; Vienna. b. 182.8 in Vienna,
quickly acknowledged. His repairs were also very d. 1893. Writer and orchestral conductor. Sworn
good. expert and judge at the exhibitions at Paris and
Heldt Heinz; Nuremberg, c. 1413. An old list of Vienna. Author of Musikinstrumente auf der Alige-
instruments mentions ain Nurnberger Jauten van meinenAgrikultur- und lndustrieausstellungzu Paris I8 J J
Meister Heldt (a Nuremberg lute by Master Heldt). (Vienna, 1858).
Heldt Niklas; Rostock, c. 1599. According to Kopp- Hellmig Carl; Berlin. b. 2.0.4.182.8 in Potsdam, d. c.
mann's Beitriige zur Geschichte der Stadt Rostock(Vol. 1866 in Berlin. He was manager for his father-in-law,
IV, part z, p. 11° - Extract from the list of citizens) Karl Grimm (I) whose workshop he took over after
'Niclas Heldt, ein lutenmacher'acquired citizenship in the latter's death in 1855. He made bowed instruments
15. 9. 1599. from 1844. Good instruments. Careful craftsmanship
Hell Ferdinand; Vienna, c. 1845-1855. Versatile man, and var. His instruments are without exception
mainly maker of wind instruments who experimented labelled C. Grimm. In 1894 the workshop was taken
with all kinds of innovations. He also made several over by Franz Gunther.
violins which have full tone despite their unattractive Hellriegel Franz; Munster. b. 6.2..1875. Son of the
appearance. head of the Markneukirchen v.m. school, who was
Hell Franz; Markneukirchen, Chicago. b. z6. 5. 1896 also curator of the Musical Instruments Department
in Elmshorn (in Norway). Son of the instrument- of the Markneukirchen museum. Pupil of Albrecht
maker Adolf H., pupil of Ernst Reinhold Schmidt Robert Hammig. After he had finished his apprentice-
of Markneukirchen, with whom he also worked. ship he worked with several better German v.ms
He passed his master's test in Markneukirchen. and then established himself independently in
After the First World War he went back to Norway Munster on 10. 8. 1896. Stradivari model. Red spirit
(in 1919) and to the United States (Chicago) in 19ZI. or oil var. of different red shades. Handwritten labels
He worked in both countries. until 1905, thereafter printed ones.
Helldobler Georg and Ferdinand; Munich, c. 185°. Hellwig Friedemann; Lubeck. b. 16.7.1938. Sort of
Father and son who made harps, zithers and guitars. Gunther H. and pupil of his; also attended the
Heller Ambrosius; Stuttgart, c. 1618-16z8. Known Mittenwald v.m. school. As a journeyman he worked
only from a clavichord used in 16z6 in the Stuttgart with J. and A. Beare in London and also with his
Court Orchestra. In 16z8he was an organist (organists father.
and organ-builders of that time also made lutes). Hellwig Gunther; Lubeck. b. 2.1. II. 1903 in Berlin-
Heller Arnold; Vienna, 191Q-19zl. Physician and Charlottenburg. Pupil of the State v.m. school in
good violinist who studied v.m. and began building Mittenwald where he was taught by Michael Reindl.
instruments on 'mathematically precise models'. Later he worked with Otto Mackel in Berlin, Julius
Heller Jorg; Fiissen, c. 1634. Perhaps more correctly Hempel in Hamburg, Karl Lutz in Lucerne and
Helmer (Hellmer). He was admitted to the lute- Arnold Dolmetsch in Haslemere (in England). He
makers' guild on 3. IZ. 1634. established himself independently in Lubeck in 1932..
Hellmer Anton; Vienna, c. 1769. Worked in the style As well as modern stringed instruments he also
of the Prague School. Even his var. is red-brown, makes early forms, mainly violas da gamba. These
as used in Prague at that time. he exports to Sweden, United States, Holland,
Hellmer Joseph; Fiissen, c. 1606-16Iz. Mentioned as Denmark etc. At the Brussels Exhibition, in 1958,
a member of the Fiissen lute-makers' guild. he exhibited a bass viola da gamba. All instruments
Hellmer Magnus (I) (Mang); Fiissen. b. in Horn are made on original models and each part is made
(near Schwangau), d. z6. 3. 1606 in Fiissen. He in the workshop. There is therefore no mass-
married a citizen's daughter from Fiissen, thus production. He is also a good restorer and is in
acquiring citizenship, in 156z. Talented maker; charge of repairs in several museums, e.g. Musik-
father-in-law of Hans Purkholtzer. historiska Museet in Stockholm, St Annen-Museum
Hellmer Magnus (II) (M~ng); Fiissen. b. 157° in in Lubeck, Stadtisches Museum in Brunswick etc.
Fiissen, d. after 1635. In 1606 he was listed among
the members of the Fiissen guild as 'Jung Mang
Hellmer'. Good maker.
Hellmer Mang (Magnus) Anton; Augsburg, c. 1800
- 18zl. Probably came to Augsburg from Fiissen.
He probably did not use labels.
Hellmer Martin Joseph; Vienna. b. 1710 in Vienna,
d. Z7. 1I. 174Z. Guitar-maker. Helm Balthasar; Salzburg, c. 1594. Probably son of
Hellmer Peter; Fiissen, c. 1611. He was admitted to the Christoph H. Lute-maker.
guild as a master on 10. IZ. 1611. Perhaps son of Helm Christoph; Vienna, Salzburg, 1544-1580. Citizen
Magnus H. (II) or Joseph H. of Vienna, as lute-maker from 1544. Soon he moved
 to Salzburg where his name is found in the archives Henz Ernst Hans Conrad; Nuremberg,c. 1672..Litde-
of the local government between I 55°- I 58o. known maker. The StateCollection of Old ,Musical
Helmer Hans; Leipzig, c. 1591. He left Fiissen (the Instruments in Berlin includes an archlute (Archi-
Leipzig citizens' register says expressly 'Fiessen') liutha) by him, No. 711.
and was registered in Leipzig as a lute-maker in I 591. HeppmannF. W.; Dresden, c. 1792..His violins are
Helmer (Hellmer, Hellmann) Johann Martin; Vienna. rare.
b. 1710, d. ZI. I I. 174Z. He lived in the Karner HepworthWilliam; Hamburg, Chemnitz. b. 1846 in
(Kartner) Quarter and took the citizens'oath asa lute- Hamburg, d. 1916in Chemnitz.Organistand writer
and v.m. on 5.5.1741. He died at the early age of 3Z, of English extraction. Author of Mitteilungenfur
having worked on his own for only a short time, Spieler, Besitzer, Handler und Verfertiger von Streich-
and so his instruments are rare. The guild book instrumentensowie fur Saitenjabrikanten(Dresden,
spells his name 'Hellmann'. 1895),published in an English translation asInforma-
Hempel Julius; Hamburg. b. 16. II. 1877in Hamburg. tion for players, owners,dealersand makers of Bow
After studying at grammar school he was apprenticed Instruments (London, 1899); and Eine interessante
to Otto Schiinemann for 4 years. Then he worked Episode von Olli' Bull als Geigenkenner (Zeitschrift fur
for 3 years with Otto Mockel in Berlin. He opened Instrumentenbau, 1913).
his own shop in Hamburg and on I. 3. 19OZhe took Heraltho. Brand of the bow-maker Albert Hermann
over that of F. A. Pfab. Hoyer of Markneukirchen.
Hendel Arno Erwin; Markneukirchen. b. 3°.6. 1880 Herbeck J. Author of Ein beruhmterLautenmacherund
in Markneukirchen, d. z5. 5. 194°. Pupil of Richard Geigenmacher (Historisch-pol. Blatter, 1909) which is
Monnig. Called Pester Hendel (i.e. from Budapest). a biography of Caspar Tiefenbrucker (I).
Then he worked for Robert Nurnberger, Wilhelm Herber Heinrich August; Markneukirchen. d. 1936.
Lederer, Ernst Liebich (III) in Breslau and in Vienna. V.m.
During the Great War he was a prisoner in France Herbig Johann Baptist; Bamberg. b. 1776,d. 16. 3. 182.6.
and worked there in a v.m. workshop where he For 2.years he was apprenticed to his father, Johann
learned to like the French School of making. Upon Veit H., and for a year and a half to an unknown
his return to Germany he settled in Markneukirchen. Tyrolean v.m. When he was 2.3, he became a Court
Master from II. 6. 19z1. Careful copies of the Italian v.m. with the annual salary of 60 fl. and 10 Simra
and French Schools. of corn. He was responsible for the whole list of
Hendel Christian; Schoneck. 18th cent. v.m. and instruments at the Court. An industrious and skilled
maker of flutes who came from Saalig. maker.
Hendel Johann; Schoneck, c. 1768. V.m. Son of Herbig Johann Veit; Bamberg. d. 2.2..5. 1791. On
Christian H. 18. 10. 1777 he succeededAndreas Riess as a Court
Hendel Richard; Klingenthal. b. 3.6.1833. Maker of lute- and v.m. with the annual salary of 60 fl. and
stringed instruments who worked for the trade. 6 Simra of corn.
Henke Fritz; Spandau. b. 1Z. IZ. 1888 in Miihlendorf Herdim. See Dick Heinrich Hermann.
(Friedeberg). Originally a joiner who went to Max Hering G. Author of Oberdie Luftmassein der Geigeund
Schneider of Berlin to learn the v.m. craft. Then he anderes(Zeitschriftfur Instrumentenbau,1905).
worked with Klahre, Wunderlich, Dotzsch, Neuner, Heringer Johann; Fiissen. d. 2.7.6.1639. Found in
Graf, and Jung. He made his first violin in 1919 and Fiissen archives by Dr Leyer. The conjecture that he
passed the masters' test in Berlin in 1948. Original is identical with Johannes Heringer, who was in
model. Prague in 1647 is wrong. He seems to be identical
with Jonas H. (II).
Heringer Johannes; Fiissen. b. 12..8.1641, d. 1.2..1716
in Faulenbach. Probably son of Jonas H. (I) who
established himself independendy in Fiissen in 1668.
His name appears on a deed of sale in 1678 and
again in 1692..
Henke L.; Potsdam, c. 1844. Despite a few exceptions, HeringerJonas (I); Fiissen, 162.2.-1642..On 16. 8. 162.2.
his work is generally poor. His cellos and double- he married Regina Herb and on 18. 12..162.2.he was
bassesare best. admitted to the lute-makers' guild. His output
Henkel Heinrich; Fulda, Frankfurt a. M. b. 1822 in reveals careful craftsmanship. Low arching, powerful
Fulda, d. 1899in Frankfurt a. M. One of the founders and good-quality tone, yellow-red var. Soundholes
of the Frankfurt Musical School, author of Mitteil- in Maggini style; a viola by him resembles the
ungenausder musikalischenVergangenheit Fuldas (Fulda, Brescian School. The name Heringer was found on
1882). a beautifully printed label.
Hennings J. C.; Lubeck, 1828-1836. Amateur but Heringer Jonas (II); Fiissen. d. 2.7.6. 1639 in Fiissen.
skilful repairer of violins. Lute- and v.m.
Heringer (Haringer) Jorg (I); Horingerhof, Buchingen Herold Richard (II); Klingenthal. 20th cent. maker of
(?), 1606-1612. His name is found on tht; list stringed instruments. .

of members of the lute-makers' guild in 1606 and Herrmann Albert Franz; Markneukirchen, Leipzig.
1612. On 23.4.1606 he married Katherina, widow b. 4. 7. 1868 in Markneukirchen, d. I. 7. 1960
of Johann Schwarzenbach.A place called Horinger- Established himself independently in 1893. After
hof-probably the original seat of the family-is 1921he was bow-maker to the Leipzig conservatoire.
situated between Lechbruck and Rosshaupten. He was also President of the Bow-makers' Associ-
Heringer (Hertinger) Jorg (II); Fussen. d. before 1666. ation.
Was admitted to the lute-makers' guild on 26. 12. Herrmann Alfred; Sch6nlind. b. 1890 in Sch6nlind.
1628. He lived in the better part of the town. His His instruments are branded at the bottom of the
widow continued in the trade. back:
Hermer Anton; Leipzig, 1888-1895. Worked for
many years with Wilhelm Hermann Hammig (I)
and established himself independently in 1888.
Hermer Paul; Leipzig. 20th cent. v.m.
Herold Adolf; Klingenthal, c. 1928. V.m. who devoted
himself to the making of cellos and doublebasses. Herrmann August & Sohne; Berlin-Charlottenburg,
He worked for the export firm of C. A. Herold. after 188;. Firm dealing in stringed instruments.
Herold Carl Anton; Klingenthal. 20th cent. exporter The founder of the firm was originally a teacher in
of stringed instruments made by v.ms from Klingen- Tauberbischofsheim who started selling pianos in
thaI and elsewhere.He may have made some instru- Frankfurt a. M. in 188;. Then he began offering
ments himself, though this is not certain. violins for sale and moved to Charlottenburg. There
Herold Christian Karl; Brunndobra. b. 12.3. 1809 is also a workshop and an interesting collection of old
in Brunndobra, d. 12.4. 1874in Sachsenberg.Maker instruments.
Herrmann August Friedrich; Dresden. b. 14. 5. 186;
of doublebasses.
Herold Christian Wilhelm; Brunndobra. b. 26. 3. 1792 in Markneukirchen, d. 26.6. 1945 in Markneu-
in Brunndobra, d. 7.4. 1843. Little-known v.m. kirchen. Son and perhaps also pupil of Friedrich
Herold Conrad Gustav; Klingenthal. Factory for Christian H. Worked with Christian Friedrich
mass-production of instruments, founded in 1793. Wilhelm Knopf in Dresden, established indepen-
Herold Ernst Reinhold; Brunndobra. b. 24.9.1847 dently in 1900. Bow-maker.
in Brunndobra, d. 5. 2. 1927.Son of Christian Karl H. Herrmann Carl Ludwig; Markneukirchen. Schon1ind.
Maker of doublebasses. b. 1866 in Schon1ind, d. 1945. Bow-maker.
Herold Gotthard; Brunndobra, c. 1928. V.m. who
specialisedin the making of cellos and doublebasses.
Probably one of the suppliers of Carl Anton H. in
Klingenthal.
Herold Gottlob (nicknamed 'Steigerlob'); Brunndobra.
b. 1837, d. 1921. Concentrated on repairs.
Herold Gustav Adolf; Klingenthal. 20th cent. maker
of doublebasses.
Herold Johannes; Klingenthal. 20th cent. V.m.
Herold Karl; Brunndobra, c. 1928. Made good stringed HerrmannEdwin Lothar; Markneukirchen..b. 9. 4.
instruments. Those having yellow-brown var. are 1914 in Sch6nlind. Bow-maker. Son of Edwin
especially good. Otto H., grandson and pupil of Albert Franz H.
Herold Karl Anton; Brunndobra. b. 1838, d. 18.2. Descendantof a family in which bows have been
1918. Skilful maker of doublebasses. madefor 2.00years.He is also a descendantof the
Herold Kurt; Brunndobra, 20th cent. A violin by him celebratedbow-maker C. W. Knopf. One of his
was seen by o. E. Heinel of Markneukirchen. The forefathers (C. Friedrich H.) married a certain
instrument had an individual character and the Wilhelmine Knopf.
wood was good.
Herold Reinhold; Brunndol::ra. 20th cent. maker of
doublebasses.
Herold Richard (I); Brunndobra. b. 27.4. 1887. Son
and pupil of Ernst Reinhold H.
 harp-making. He established himself independently
in 19°6.
HerrmannWalter; Schonlind. b. 9. I. 1899in Schonlind.
Son of Carl Ludwig H., established himself in 192.1.
He branded his instruments on the back.
H ersteinerAlois; Mittenwald. 19th cent. v.m.
Hertel Christian; Quittenbach. 19th cent. v.m.
Herwig Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen, c. 189°. One of
HerrmannEdwinOtto; Schonlind. b. 29.6. 1893in Schon- the founders of the firm Gliisel & Herwig, of which
lind. Son and pupil of Albert Franz H. who estab- he obtained complete control in 189°'
lished himself as an independent bow-maker in 1919. Herwig Wilhelm (II); Markn~ukirchen, c. 1895. Indi-
Herrmann Felix; London-Tottenham, Lubeck. 20th vidual style.
cent. dealer in violins who employed makers and
was considered to have been an expert though he
. never made any violins himself. When war broke
out he was compelled to return to Germany and
lived in Lubeck.
He"mann Friedrich Alexander; Markneukirchen.
b. 1787, d. 1867. Bow-maker.
Herrmann Friedrich Christian; Markneukirchen. b. 6. I.
1819 in Zittau, d. 16.6. 1896 in Schonlind. Bow-
maker. His mother, Eva Marketa, was the daughter
of one of the earliest bow-making members of the
guild, Josef Strotz. He established himself inde-
pendently in 1840.
H e"mann Heinrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 176I,
d. 1848. Bow-maker.
He"mann Johann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 174°,
d. 1817. Bow-maker, earliest craftsman of the family
of well-known bow-makers.
Herrmann Karl; Markneukirchen, Erlbach. b. 3°. 5.
1887 in Markneukirchen. Son of the bow-maker
August Friedrich H. Pupil of Max Dolling in
Markneukirchen .who worked with Julius Hempel.
He established himself independently in 1920 and
for some time worked in Wernitzgrun and Erlbach.
Made good imitations. He used his own label but
some of his instruments are branded ANDREAS
MORELLI. Some of his labels bear his portrait.

Herrmann Paul; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. bow- Herz Daniel; Absam. 17th cent. v.m.
maker working for the MIGMA organisation. Herzlieb Franz (I); Graz. b. c. 1797, d. 11.12. 1861.
HerrmannPaul Walter; Schonlind i. Vogtl. b 9. I. 1897, Skilful v.m. and good wood-carver who copied
d. 19. I. 1966. Bow-maker. Stradivari and Guarneri. No arching. He mainly
Herrmann Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 2. 12. 1882 used handsome maplewood. For tables he preferred
in Markneukirchen, d. 1.8. 1945. Pupil of August broad grained spruce. Yellow-brown or red-yellow
Meinel who worked successivelyin Munich, Berlin, var. He was especially popular in the 185os.
Hamburg, Vienna, and lastly with Julius Heinrich Herzlieb Franz (II); Graz. d. I I. 3. 1873. Son and pupil
Zimmermann in Leipzig, where he also learned of Franz H. (I) who worked in Postgasse (today,
 Stubenberggasse).His violins resemble those of his where 2.560instruments were exhibited. In 192.7this
father. He also did repairs. important collection was sold to the city of Leipzig.
The collection was carefully cataloguedby G. Kinsky.
Heyl Joachim David Christian; Wismar. d. 2.2..II. 182.8.
Little-known v.m.
Hiebler Joseph; Augsburg. d. after 1792..The Augsburg
Court calendarmentions him for the last time in 1792..
His work is good though he was too easily satisfied
in his choice of wood. Instruments are modelled on
Stainer,' but the soundholes and corners follow
Amati. The backs and sides are usually of maple-
wood, the necks and scrolls frequently of lime.
His var., yellow or brown, is dull and without lustre,
but the tone is full and clear.
Hieronymus; Cologne (?), 1510-1558. Virdung men-
tions him as early as 15I I and pictures all his
instruments. An illustration was incorporated by
Pratorius in his work SyntagmaMusicum,and Taisnier,
HessBartholomeus; Breslau, C.1585. Maker of musical in his AstrologiaeYsagogica, (Cologne, 1559) mentions
instruments who was employed by the Stuttgart CytharaeHieronymi... tabaeHieronymi, OrganaHiero-
Court orchestra. ny~i, histulaeHieronymi... . Van der Straaten thinks
Hess Wilhelm August; Klingenthal, c. 1810-183°. the versatile Hieronymus was a Cologne lute-maker
V.m. whose instruments are rare. and a friend of Taisnier (cf La Musiqueaux Pays-Bas,
HesseE.; Lehe (near Hanover), c. 1927. V.m. vol. III, p. 2.37).
Hettstedt Ernst; Bad Reichenhall (in Bavaria), c. 1928. Hilan} Franz; Wels. d. 1850 in Wels. Probably learned
V.m. who devoted himself especially to the making v.m. in Pressburg (Bratislava, in Czechoslovakia)and
of lutes. then, as a musician, joined a cavalry regiment, with
Hetz Paul; Kulmbach, c. 1839. V.m. who later emi- which he came to Wels. When the regiment left
grated to Latin America. this town, he stayed behind and became a Thurner-
HeusseFriedrich; Munich, c. 1798. Court maker of meister (i.e. conductor of the municipal orchestra).
musical instruments though it is unlikely he made To obtain suitable wood for violins he was obliged
any violins. to buy whole trees, and the unused wood he sold
Heussler (Heussier) Johann; Munich, c. 1593. Organ- as fuel. On 2..I. 1815 he was granted citizenship as
builder and lute-maker. a fuel..merchant.His shop was on the square (No. 2.4),
Heussler Urban; Munich, 1594-1602. In the Court and there he also died. His widow, Ava Marie, and
bills he is called der kunstreicheOrgelmacher,
or simply his daughter Amalia (b. 1837)moved to Vienna after
'organ-builder'. He also made lutes and harps. An his death, and the workshop was taken over by
item from i602 reads 'To Urban Heussler, organ- Egidi Kohler, while his post of Thurnermeister he had
builder, for two instruments and a double-harp of alre~d y passed on to his brother before 182.
5. Though
cypress-wood, 95 ft.'. In the last years of his life not a great artist, his work was talented and his
he worked with his son-in-law Leonhard Kurtz guitars have a good tone.
(they built the organ in the Michaelis Kirche in Hilan} Franz Seraph; Wels, Vienna. b. 15.5.182.5 in
Munich). Wels, d. 9. 7. 1848. Son of the Thurnermeister Paul H.
Heyden(Hayden) Hans; Nuremberg. b. c. 154°, d. 1613. and pupil of his uncle, Franz H. He was granted
Organist at the Church of St Sebald. Also maker of citizenship on 2.4.I I. 1846. A very talented v.m.
wind and plucked instruments. who worked in Vienna, but died prematurely.
Heyer C. G.; the Saxon Vogtland, c. 1800.O. E. Heinel Hildebrand (Hildebrandt) Michael Christoph; Ham-
reported seeing 5 violins by this maker, seeming to burg. b. 1768, d. 1807. Granted the freedom of the
date back to the early 19th cent. According to his city in 1792..He studied v.m. under the virtuoso
report, they are made in the style of the Markneu- Bernhard Romberg (cellist, b. 1767, d. 1841 in
kirchen Lippold School, though some characteristics Hamburg). He made doublebasses,cellos and violas.
resemble the Klingenthal School. Mainly golden- They were highly valued in the early 19th cent.
yellow var., but one instrument is brown. The Dark red-brown var.
brand and the name are surrounded by 4 asterisks.
Heyer Wilhelm; Cologne. b. 3°. 3. 1849 in Cologne,
d. 20.3.1913 in Cologne. One of the greatest
collectors of old musical instruments. In 19°6 he
founded in his native town an historical museum
Hildebrand Philipp; Stadtamhof, c. 1665. Lute-maker Johann H., possibly this man, lived in Lubeck
and organ-builder who is supposed to have made between 1791-1797.
violas of all types. Hinderstosser Xaver; Augsburg. b. 21.12.1810 in
Hildebrand Zacharias; Leipzig, 18th cent. Is known Zusmarshausen, d. after 1869. V.m. and musician
only as having made a lute-clavecin in 174° on who had a workshop in the famous Fuggerei quarter,
a design by Johann Sebastian Bach. The tone founded by the famous Fugger family still extant in
of the instrument resembles more a theorbo than Germany. He worked for Count Fugger-Baben-
a lute. hausen, who gave him free lodgings.
Hiller Franz; Wiener Neustadt. b. 11.12..184° in Hindle Leopold Georg; Vienna. b. 1766,d. 23. I I. 1839.
Kravsko (near Znojmo/Znaim, in Moravia/). Pupil Maker of doublebasses.His violins are rare and are
of Kramper who came to Wiener Neustadt in 187° not so good. The soundholes of his doublebassesare
and was employed in the workshop of Karl Matthias in the lower bouts. Most ot his income came from
Daum, whose widow he married on 6. 8. 1872.. hiring doublebassesto musicians.
Mediocre work which did not keep up the reputation Hinrich . . ; Ponne (in the Tyrol), c. 179°. He followed
of the Daum workshop. He gave up the trade on Kloz, with many touches of the Tyrolean School.
31.7.1898 and later moved to Znojmo. Beautiful elastic orange var.
Hiller/ Arthur Wilhelm; Mittweida (in Saxony). b. 5. 4. Hinrichs Johann Peter; Hamburg, c. 1796. Became
1869 in Dresden. Pupil of Robert Wild until 1886. master on 8. I. 1796.
Then he travelled in Lower and Upper Austria, Hinrichsen Johann; Hamburg, 1800-185°. Maker of
Hungary as far as Budapest, Switzerland, Tyrol and violas da gamba, lutes and violins.
southern Germany. In 1893 he founded, under
difficult circumstances, a shop in Mittweida. He
copied Stradivari, Amati and Stainer, and used also
an original model with flat arching. Pale yellow
var. of his own composition. In addition to violins
and cellos he also made zithers.
Hiller/ Wilhelm; Berlin, c. 192.8.V.m. Production and
sale of stringed instruments, especially violins.
Hillmer Friedrich; Leipzig, c. 1790--182.0. Inventor
of a 1o-stringed bowed instrument called Po!Jchord
which was shapedlike a doublebassand had a mov- Hirl W.; Vienna, c. 19°°. Maker of musical instru-
able f-board. (cf Allgemeine Musikalische Zei/ung, ments. Kurt Sachs' collection of ancient musical
1799, No. 3°, p. 478). According to Leipziger Allge- instruments lists (p.8, No. 1210) 'Trumpet piano
meineMusikalischeZei/ung, 1840, p. 2.45, a v.m. of for a clown from 1910' and a monochord from the
the same name 'invented' a 5-stringed viola called year 1898 (p. 3°, No. 975).
Violalin. It may have been one and the same man. Hirschs/ein Matthiius; Leipzig, 18th cent. According
Hiltz Paul; Nuremberg, c. 1656. Maker of musical to his label he was only a dealer.
instruments. His descantviola da gamba dating from
1656 is in the Nuremberg Museum.
Himmer Franz; Tennelehe (near Erlangen). 2.oth cent.
v.m.
Himmer Maximilian Vitalis ; Berlin- Wilmersdorf.
b. 13. I. 1871 in New York, d. 1936in Berlin. Went
to the Hildesheim grammar school, ] osephinum,and
studied simultaneously for entry to the High School Hlawsa Johann; Vienna, 20th cent. Came from Bohe-
for Music in Berlin where, from his 19th year, he mia. Good work after Stradivari.
was the pupil of Henrich de Ahn for three years, and Hochbrucker . .; Donauworth, Augsburg. d. c. 1763.
of Joseph Joachim for two years. When he was 2.5, Lute- and v.m. He is sometimes said to have lived
he was crippled in his arm and had to change his in Augsburg, but this cannot be proved. He is
profession: he decided to become a painter and mentioned in the bills of the Donauworth parish as
entered the Academy of Fine Arts. He took up v.m. late as 1762 as a supplier of strings for the church
when he was 34: he was convinced that he had orchestra. In 1764 the strings were supplied by his
discovered a new law in acoustics. His violins widow.
reveal good craftsmanship and deserve recognition. HochschwarzerAndreas; Schwaz. d. c. 1900, a very old
Himmer Wenzel; Sch6neck. d. 1894. V.m. man. Maker of clarinets and flutes but also made
Hinckelmann Wohlert Heinrich; Hamburg, c. 1756. violins and guitars, lacking, however, an artistic
Probably came from Borstendorf where the name merit.
Hinckelmann is quite common. A certain Wohlert HoenesP. Eduard; Munich, c. 1928. Maker of zithers
Hiifer Franz Wilhelm; Taucha (near Leipzig), 1874 ~
appearance of the instrument is clumsy. Distance
19°1. Musician and piano-tuner who from 1874 of purfling from edge 55 mm. The soundholes
on made violins and wind instruments. Average differ very much from those preferred by his ance-
work. stors. The scroll is flat and without individual
Hiifer Ludwig; Cologne. b. 15. 12. 1899 in Cologne- character. The outside of the instrument shows a skil-
Nippes. Pupil of Johann Evangelist Baader of ful hand, the inside is so rough that it suggests
Mittenwald. In 1936 he was admitted to the v.ms' immediately mass-production: evidently he used
guild in Cologne as a master. He established himself factory produced parts. The shop was taken over
independently in 1927 and copied the classical by his son Eduard, who never made any pretence
Italian School. to v.m.

Hoffmann Anton; Vienna. b. 1814, d. 14.7.1871. His Hoffmann Carl; Dresden, c. 1875. Little-known maker.
mother kept an inn facing J. Martin Stoss's work- Hoffmann David; Leipzig, c. -577. His name is found
shop and this opportunity made him interested in in the list of Leipzig citizens from 1577. He is
v.m. from his early youth. After Stoss' death in called 'a maker of musical instruments', and it is
1838 he managed the shop in association with the not certain whether he made any lutes or violins.
widow under the name Stoss & Hoffmann, until He may have been a relative of Veit and Martin H,
he bought it on 17. 10. 1844. His violins are well Hoffmann Eduard (I); Bobinschau. b. 12.6. 185I,
made, and his cellos are even better. Dark red or d. 21.9. 1913. Son and pupil of Ignaz H. (III),
brown oil var. He made many cellos with backs whose workshop and farmstead he took over. He
of limewood, tables are carved from broad grained seemsto have been a gardener in his real profession.
spruce, sidesand scrolls are of oak. These instruments Because cheap mass-produced instruments drove
have dark red-brown spirit var. However, many handmade violins from the market, he began to sell
violins bearing his label were in fact by his partner factory products as well. He travelled with them
(1851-1866) Wilhelm Theodor Gutermann, and throughout southern Germany and Bohemia, and
later by his many assistants, among whom were was known as Geichla-Edewad.He made all types
Edward Bartek, Bela Szepessy,Sandner,J. Hermann of bowed instruments modelled on the styles of his
Voigt, and others. forefathers. Good repairer. He used wood taken
Hoffmann August Andreas; Bobinschau, Habel- from neighbouring forests. During the repair of
schwerdt. b. 3°. 11.1835, d. 6.5.1888. Son of one of his instruments the following remark was
Ignaz H. (III). Originally a bricklayer. His wife scribbled in pencil on the label: Dies wird wohl
brought to him as a dowry a house in Habelschwerdt, lIJeineletzte Arbeit sein,dennich bin all und werdebald
where he opened a shop selling musical instruments. sterben.
He had the opportunity to apply the experience Hoffmann Eduard (II); Bobinschau. b. 4. 8. 1893. Son
gained in his father's workshop. Though he styled and pupil of Eduard H. (I). In 1913 he took over
himself 'maker of musical instruments', we are not the workshop and farmstead. Like his father, he
sure whether he made any violins himself. A violin was actually a gardener who madebowed instruments
bearing his label, dated 1868, has the normal length only in his spare time and in winter. He was also
of 355 mm., the comers are thick and the whole a versatile musician who could play all bowed
instruments and some wind instruments as well.
In 1924 he became the Regenschori and organist
in the Bobinschau church. Some members of the
Bobinschau Hoffmanns are still to be found in
Habelschwerdt. They are not very important, for
they do not make any new instruments, but they
repair and sell all types of musical instruments.
Hoffmann Erich Max; Strassel. b. 20. 1.1906 in
Strassel. Pupil of E. L. Glitter in Markneukirchen.
Hoffmann Franz; Wolfelsdorf. b. 1779, d. 1849. Salomena. He married Anna Rosina Veithin. They
Described himself on his labels as v.m. and maker had 4 children: the eldest, Ignaz (II) became a v.m.
of harps. He made violins on a large pattern On his labels he describes himself as 'lute-maker,
(354 mm.), but becausetheir width is proportionate violin-maker and builder of harps'. His violins are
the instruments do not appear to be over-sized. small, only 350 mm. long. The waist is narrow, and
His wood often has knots, which do not, however, the corners stand out. Wood of fine grain but
impair the quality of tone. The scrolls are really difficult to see because the dark brown-red var.
well and symmetrically carved. His son, Ignaz (III), is very opaque. Bassbar only 2.52.mm. long. The
did not stay in Wolfelsd.orfbut moved to Bobinschau. soundholes are elegant, and reveal a talent for
Hoffmann Friedrich; Ebersdorf, Wolfelsdorf. b. ..5. designing.
1647, d. 8.3. 1714 (buried 8.3.1714). Earliest Hoffmann Ignaz (II); W61felsdorf. b. 15.8. 1720,
known member of the greatest Silesian v.m. family, d. 7. I. 1791. Son and pupil of Ignaz H. (I). The
whose members worked as v.ms and repairers baptismal register of W61felsdorf has the following
until recent times. His name is found in the baptismal item for 172.0: I J. Aug. Eodemist getaufft wordenvon
registers of Ebersdorf in 1676when a son, Heinrich, R. P. GeorgioPau/hal/berSacel/,Ignatius. E/tern seynd
was born to him, and again in 1678, when listing Ignatz Hoffmann, Geigenmacher aI/bier und Rosinageb.
the birth of his son Andreas. On 29.9. 1680 he Veithin. (On August 15, R. P. Georgius Paulhauber
married a second time, his new wife being Salomena Sacell baptised Ignatius Hoffmann, whose parents
Hetzel. They had 2 daughters, Regina and Anna are the v.m. Ignaz Hoffmann and Rosina neeV eithin.)
Marie, and one son, Augustin. After 1685 he moved He married Therese Veithin, who bore him 3 daugh-
to Wolfelsdorf, the birthplace of his second wife. ters: Theresa, Maria Prancisca and Anna Johanna
In 1690 another daughter, Maria Magdalena, was Josefa. We know of his violins, cellos and double-
baptised, and registers again describe him as 'v.m.' basses. He seems to have earned little money
More daughters, Eleonora and Anna Christiana, throu?;h his trade, however, for he devoted most of
and 2 sons, Ignaz (I) and Godefried, were born. his time to farming, which enabled him to make
Ignaz became a v.m. and took over his father's violins only in winter. When his daugher Theresa
workshop. Friedrich won recognition in Wolfels- was baptised in 1766, the registers describe him
dorf, for he was listed as 'v.m. and warden of the as 'v.m. and field-gardener'. He made violins of
court'. We do not know where he learned the trade, large size, 365 mm. long. His soundholes differ
but evidently he had a very good teacher, for his considerably from those of his father. The scroll
output is clean and technically good. We know of is large, and the volutes are oval. Though some of
two of his violas and one violin. The sides have no the parts are carefully made, details of his instruments
edges, the corners are small. The curving at the leave much to be desired. The purRing is only lined
edges is shallow and the arching bears witness that in, not inlaid.
it was made by a skilful hand in the style of the
Bohemian School. Soundholes show individual
character and the scrolls are well cut.

Hoffmann Georg; Frankfurt a. M. b. 21.4. 19°3 in

Frankfurt. Established himself independently in
1928.Conscientiouswork.
Hoffmann Gottlieb (?); Leipzig, c. 1725-173°. Hoffmann Ignaz (III); Wolfelsdorf, Bobinschau. b. 18°7
Younger son of Martin H. According to Baron's in Wolfelsdorf, d. 6.7.1888 in Bobinschau. Son and
Unterst/chung
deslnstrumentesder Laute, he took to pupil of Franz H. Because there was not enough
the making of violins and gambas. Walther's work for two v.ms in Wolfelsdorf, Ignaz moved to
Lexikon (1732)gives the sameinformation. Bobinschau (near Mittenwald), where he bought
Hoffmann Ignaz (I); Wolfelsdorf. b. 5.8. 1695, a farmstead which is still kept by his grandson.
d. 29.3. 1769. Son of Friedrich H. and his wife He married Marianne Werner, on II. II. 1834.
 On 3°. II. 1835 a son, August Andreas, was born Hofmann Carl August; Klingenthal, c. 18°9. One viola
to him, who later became maker of musical instru- has the following inscription: Hofmann aut Klingen-
ments in Habelschwerdt. On 2. 4. 184° his second thaI I8o.9.The maker may be Carl Al1gust, or Josef H.,
son, Robert Franz, was born. He also settled in or. Otto H. However, Carl August is the only one
Habelschwerdt. Ignaz's wife died in 1845 so on recorded in Klingenthal.
17. 2. 1846 he married Ludmila Lux of Bobinschau. Hofmann David; Klingenthal, c. 1810-1812. Worked
She bore him Eduard H. (I), his successor.When old on his own model with Amati and Guarneri features.
he devoted himself entirely to gardening. He made His work is good, though the purfling is too near
violas of small design (400 mm.) with small corners to the edge. Dark yellow-red var.
which give the impression of being broken. Red- Hofmann Emil; Hamburg, c. 1928. Maker of plucked
brown var. His soundholes are rather conspicuous, instruments and their parts and especially of plect-
being very long and slanting. rums for mandolins. He was the son of the organ-
builder E. Hofmann of Hofheim, and called himself
Emil H. Gun.).
Hofmann Heinrich; Adorf. 19th cent. v.m.
Hofmann (Hohmann) Johann; Klingenthal. 20th cent.
v.m.
Hofmann Johann Martin; Schillingsfiirst, c. 18°5.
According to the label he was a Court lute- and v.m.
Hofmann Josef; Klingenthal, c. 177°. Obscure figure.
HofmannJoseph; Bamberg. b. 18. I. 1888inWiirzburg.
Pupil of Philipp Keller of Wiirzburg who worked
with Johann Christian Stiibinger in Vienna, with
Emil Ziist in Zurich and Eugen Gartner in Stuttgart.
He established himself independendy in Zurich in
191I and in Bamberg in 1920. He copies Stradivari
and Guarneri. Only used oil var. Talented v.m.
Hofmann Otto; Herford. 19th cent. v.m.
Hofmann Richard (I); Leipzig. b. 1844 in Delitzsch,
Hoffmann Johann Christian; Leipzig. b. ..4.1683, d. 13. I I. 1918 in Leipzig. Violinist, author of
d. I. 2. 175°. Elder son and pupil of Martin H. In Katechismusder Musikinstrumente(Leipzig, 19°3) and
1722 he was granted citizenship in Leipzig. He was Neuer Fuhrer durch Violin und Viola Literatur
one of the best German v.ms of his time. Apart (Leipzig,19O5).
from some fine lutes, he also made a great number Hofmann Richard (II); Hohendorf. 20th cent. bow-
of excellently toned bowed instruments. His var. maker.
is reminiscent of that of the Amati School. He was Hofmayr Caspar; Steyr, c. 1836. Probably father of
also esteemedfor his repairs. Ignaz H.
Hoffmann Martin; Leipzig. b. 1653 in Leipzig, d. 15. 4. Hofmayr (Hofmeyr) Ignaz; Steyr. 19th cent. v.m.,
1719in Leipzig. Son ofVeit H. Was granted citizen- not without merit.
ship in 1678. A highly esteemed maker, many of Hofner Josef; Bubenreuth. 20th cent. v.m., partner of
whose instruments are known, both lutes and his brothers Karl and Walter.
violins. He made the latter on an original model Hoffler Karl; Bubenreuth. d. 1.9.1955 in Erlangen.
with very pointed comers and thin edges. His He worked together with his brothers Josef and
cellos retain some features of the old gamba shape. Walter.
Hoffmann Moritz; Klein-Schmalkalden, c. 1761. One of Hiifner Walter; Bubenreuth. 20th cent. v.m., partner
his 5-stringed violas di bassowas in the Statecollection of his brothers Josef and Karl.
in Berlin. The table is arched only slightly, the back HohlfeldJohann; Berlin. b. 1711 in Hennersdorf (in
is flat. The soundholes are f-shaped, not the flaming- Silesia), d. 1771. Inventor of a bowed paino. Origin-
sword type usual at that date. ally a maker of laces.
Hoffmann Robert Franz; Bobinschau, Habelschwerdt. HohmannJohann Heinrich; Hamburg, c. 1797. Maker
b. 2. 4. 184° in Bobinschau, d. 1921in Habelschwerdt. of musical instruments who was a Hamburg citizen
Son of Ignaz H. (III) and brother of August Andreas. from 3. II. 1797.
He had a shop in Habelschwerdt where he collected Hiihne Gustav (I); Dresden. 19th cent. v.m. His
repairs to be done by the Hoffmanns in Bobin- workshop was in the Erfurter Strasse.
schau. Hiihne Gustav (II); Weimar, 1835-1885. Son and
Hoffmann Veit; Leipzig, c. 1650-1654. He came to pupil of Gustav H. (I). Court maker of musical
Leipzig from Schmalkalden in 165° and was granted instruments who worked together with his son
citizenship there in 1654. Father of Martin H. under the tide G. Hahne & Sohn. He is also said
 to have worked for some time in Dresden. His worked. He even lived next door to him in Neubad,
violins reveal skilful craftsmanship. in Naglergasse. He died of plague at the age of 22.
HohneKarl; Weimar, c. 1895. Son, pupil and successor Hollmayr (Hallmair) Josef; Ingolstadt, Neuburg.
of Gustav H. (II). Court instrument-maker. He b. c. 1737 in Fiissen, d. c. 1795. Son, and perhaps
imitated Stradivari, Maggini and Guarneri and also also pupil of Balthus H. He lived in Ingolstadt about
made violas d'amore. 1772.In 1773he was granted citizenship in Neuburg,
Hollinger Albin (I); Kiel. b. 5.2. 1875 in Markneu- where he died (cf Neuburg archives). His work
kirchen, d. 23. 5. 1931. Pupil of Heinrich Robert resembles that of the Buchstetters: it is quite good,
Seidel. For nearly 10 years he worked in various the wood well selected,transparent var. of a yellow-
cities in Germany, lastly with Winterling in Hamburg brown tint. Labels either handwritten or printed.
for 2* years. He established himself independently Hollmay,. Lorenz; Munich. b. 5.8.1635 in Vienna,
in Kiel on 1.9. 19°1. His model follows Stradivari; d. 1680 in Munich. Son and pupil of Marcel H.
height of the arching of both back and table 14mm. ; After serving his apprenticeship he travelled and
sides 32 mm.; sloping down from corner to nut probably sought out his relatives in Fiissen. Peter
3°.5 mm. His violins reveal good craftsmanship. Kopff of Munich, for whom he worked for a time,
Oil var. and full velvety tone. may have been a friend of his father. In 1659 he
Hollinger (Hollinger) Albin (II); Rostock. b. 15. 8. 19°3 married the daughter of his master, after he had
in Kiel. Son and pupil of Albin H. (I) who worked given proof to the town council that he had I 50fl.
with Hermann Glassl in Munich and Albin Kessler His bride brought him 100fl., and so he was accepted
in Frankfurt. as a citizen and lute-maker. His workshop was in
Sendlingen Strasse. His name can be found in the
tax-registers between 1659-1680. His good repu-
tation can be judged by the fact that he was employed
by the Bavarian Court as we can seefrom the Munich
Court bills (if. district archives, H. R. 458). His
wife evidently continued in the trade, for in 1681
she was taxed as a 'lute-maker'. He left 8 children,
Hollinger Franke; Kiel. 20th cent. woman v.m., none of whom took up v.m.
descendant of the v.m. family from the Vogt- Hollmayr Marcel; Vienna. b. 1594 in Fiissen, d. 12. 10.
land. 1681in Vienna. Son of a certain Matthias H., trained
Hollinger Hans; Kiel. b. 23. 6. 1906 in Kiel. Son and in Fiissen. He left for Vienna to join Georg Epp who
pupil of Albin H. (I) who later worked with Albin also came from Fiissen. When Epp died his widow
Theodor Schmidt in Markneukirchen. let Hollmayr manage the workshop, evidently to
Hollinger Karl; Kiel, Sch6nbach, Liibeck. b. 4. 5. her satisfaction, for she ma,rried him on 8.6. 1633.
1909. Son and pupil of Albin H. (I). From 193I Though he was a competent maker and his wife had
he worked with his brothers Albin (II) and Hans considerable property and a prosperous shop, he
in Kiel. He passed his master's test in Sch6n- was not granted Viennese citizenship until 1638.
bach (in Bohemia) and taught there at the v.m. His skill and diligence were then recognised, his
school. He gave up the trade during the war but in property grew and he became a highly esteemed
1948 was again named as v.m. in Liibeck. His citizen. His wife died on 26. 4. 1670, and he married
instruments are very good. Sabina Groner on 27. 2. 1672. The second marriage
Hollmayr Balthasar; Fiissen. b. 3. I. 1766 in Fiissen, was an unhappy one: Hollmayr wanted to die and
d. 14. 3. 1755in Fiissen. Son of a butcher, Johann H. made his last will in 1677.
The death-register says he was 'a good man who Hollmayr Tobias; Vienna. b. after 1595 in Fiissen,
made good violins'. d. after 1679. Brother of Marcel H., he learned the
H ollmayr Balthus; Fiissen. d. before 1764. There trade in Fiissen and hoped, like his brother, to
seems to have been some relationship between the achieve good fortune in Vienna. On 14.4. 1652
Hollmayr and Hellmer families, for early members he married Anna Gabler and becamecitizen in 1653.
of the Hellmer family spelled their name also Hell- He establishedhimself independently and had a shop
mair. Balthus H., lute-maker, and his 6 month old on Kohlmarkt. Either most of his lutes were not
son are listed in the Fiissen tax-register in 1737. labelled at all, or his brother, Marcel, sold them as
His widow was still alive in 1774. his own.
l-lollmayr Jacob; Fiissen, 1710-173°. A little-known Holmer Leopold; Nuremberg, c. 17i7. Citizen of
Fiissen v.m. who made lutes. His first name is Nuremberg and master lute- and v.m.
a conjectural reading of an illegible label. Holste Heinrich; Steinkirchen. b. 17. I. 1865 in Stein-
Hollmayr Johann; Vienna. b. c. 1657in Fiissen, d. 18.9. kirchen. He learnedto play the violin and as a 15-yea,r-
1679 in Vienna. Came to Vienna probably because old joined the municipal band. Before he was 18 he
he was a close relative of Marcel H., with whom he had learned two trades becoming a turner and wood
 carver. Next he turned to making violins, and felder, Christian Reichel (1) and Johann Caspar
appears to have been virtu~lly self-taught, having Reichel (I).
gained all necessary knowledge from books. He HopfCaspar(II); Klingenthal.b. 21~8.1711 in Stoll-
made his first violin in 1895. He made, with ever- berg. Perhaps the best v.m. of Klingenthal. His
increasing success, over 400 violins, 10 violas, instruments are good in wood and tone, though they
20 cellos and 9 doublebasses. Through extreme do not have the characteristic shape of the later
diligence he gained considerable skill, and his Hopfmodell. The Klingenthal church register has
instruments reveal fine craftsmanship as well as the following entry from 1711: I1II den2I. Atig.
possessinga full, rich tone. He was helped by his son, starb zti Stolbergam Harz auf der Reisenach Braun-
Jonny H. Branded his instruments as well as using schweigMeister Caspar Hop!, einer der ersten Geigen-
labels. macherallhier und den I J. p. Trin. als I J. Septwurde
Holste Jonny; Steinkirchen. b. 15. 8.1892. Son and ihm allhier Nachmittags eine Gedachtnispredigtgehalten.
pupil of Heinrich H. Talented maker. (On August 21 died, in Stolberg, on his way to
Holzer Georg; Stuttgart. d. 19;6. Skilful v.m. who Brunswick, Master Caspar Hopf, one of the best
worked with A. Sprenger. In 191I he was awarded v.ms hereabouts, and a memorial service was held
an honourable mention at the exhibition at Turin. here on 15 p. Trin., i.e. September 15 in the after-
Holzerlandt Gottfried; Tangermunde, c. 181;. Instru- noon.) He was perhaps the first to have used the
ment-maker who also repaired violins. well-known brand of HOPF. Maximum width of
Holzke Hermann; Bremerhaven, Lehe. b. 21. ;. 1871 his violins is: lower bouts 20.2 cm., upper bouts
in Eichholz (in East. Prussia). Pupil of his grand- 16.2 cm., length of body 35.3 cm., sides 30-31 mm.
father, A. Freytag of Landsberg (in Bohemia). Their tone is not strong but is nevertheless quite
Later he worked in Hopfendorf. When he was 17 he full and mellow.
lost his grandfather. He went to work as an HopfChristian August; Klingenthal, c. 1782. He made
assistant v.m. 2 years later. His work was good and many ordinary instruments, evidently only because
he made enough progress to be able to devote they were in demand, for we know of some very
himself exclusively to v.m. after 1902. After the good violins by him. His nut-brown var. is not bad,
war he transferred his workshop to Lehe, where he the table wood invariably good. Only the run-of-the-
was kept busy. He labelled and branded his instru- mill instruments are unpurfled. He branded his
ments. instruments C. A. HOPF, or simply HOPF.
Homolka Vincenc Emanuel; Vienna, Velvary. b. 8.7. Hopf (Hopf!) Christian Donat; Klingenthal, 1716 -
1826, d. 27.;. 1861 in Velvary. Son and pupil of 1736. Becamem~ster in 1724. Worked on the model
Emanuel Adam H. of Velvary and Josefa nee of Caspar H. (II), who was perhaps his father. Low
Rouckova. He was a talented maker who made.large arching. His instruments are branded on the inside
instruments on his own almost flat model. Sound- of the back HOPF.
holes follow Guarneri del Gesu, centre bouts almost Hopf Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal. b. c. 179°.
straight. The edges are wide and almost flat, An assistant who was listed in early October 18°9.
accentuatedby broad purfling, corners conspicuously His work is not known. He was last heard of in
blunt. Scrolls were skilfully cut, being flat and 1815.
shallow. Dark red or brown or yellow var. Hopf (Hopf!) C. Robert; Brunndobra, c. 1928; Maker
Hopf Carl August; Brunndobra. b. 7.10. 18;2 in. of zithers.
Klingenthal, d 21. I. 1918. Son and pupil of Carl HopfDavid; Klingenthal, c. 1829.His violins show the
Friedrich H. and his successorafter 1892. He used decline of the Hopfmodell. The var. is dull and
the samemodels as his father and also used the same brown, the soundholes are no longer elegant and the
brand. After 1859 he lived in Brunndobra and scroll is too long. He used a brand.
worked mainly for Otto Liebmann and, later, for Hopf David August (I); Klingenthal, 1762-1786.
C. W. Meisel in Klingenthal. One of the characteristic representatives of his
Hopf Carl Friedrich; Klingenthal, Brunndobra. family. Typical Hopfmodell.It was evidently he who
b. 17. 10. 1811 in Klingenthal, d. 22. I. 1892 in branded his instruments xHOPFx.
Brunndobra. Used the well-known Hopfmodell and H opf David August (II); Z wotenthal, c. 1829. Perhaps
worked cleanly so that his Hopf-Geigen were quite son of David August H. (I) whose instruments he
famous. He branded his instruments in the centre copied.
of the back. He lived in Brunndobra after 1850. HopfDavid Christian; Quittenbach, c. 1760. Belonged
HopfCaspar (I); Klingenthal, Markneukirchen. b. 1650 to the Markneukirchen guild. Better than average.
in Graslitz (Kraslice, in Bohemia), d. after 1708. HopfFriedrich Carl; Quittenbach, c. 18°5. V.m. and
He came from Graslitz and apparently first settled doublebass-maker.
in Klingenthal. Between 1680-1690 he was one of Hopf Friedrich Erdmann; Klingenthal, Quittenbach.
the foremost makers of the Markneukirchen guild, b. c. 174°. Competent maker who worked diligently
ranking after Johann Georg Poller, Caspar Schon- and was last established in Quittenbach.
Hopf Friedrich Gottlieb; Klingenthal, 1739-1768. HornsteinerAnton (II); Mittenwald. b. 1866. Perhaps
Probably the son of Christian Donat H. and his pupil. brother of Martin H. (II). Maker of zithers.
He is recorded as master after 1739. Hornsteiner Franz; Mittenwald, 1782.-182.0. Worked
HopfFriedrich Wilhelm; Zwotenthal, 18th-19th cent. on the Kloz model and used a yellow or yellow-
. Little-known maker. His model had high arching. brown var. His scrolls resemble those cut by Jais.
Hopf(Hopff) Georg Caspar; Klingenthal, 17°1-1716. Full tone.
Son of a maker and brother of Johann Michael H. Hornsteiner Franz Georg; Mittenwald, 1790-1800.
Became master on 2.5.II. 17°1 and worked first V.m.
in Markneukirchen and from 1716 in Klingenthal. HornsteinerGeorg (I); Mittenwald, 1735-1760. V.m.
Hopf(Hopff) Georg Friedrich (1); Klingenthal, c. 1718. HornsteinerGeorg (II); Mittenwald, c. 1793. Probably
Known only by name from the guild book. SO11 of Georg H. (I).
Hopf Georg Friedrich (11); Klingenthal, c. 1783. Hornsteiner Gregor (Gregori); Mittenwald, c. 1810.
Ordinary work. He did not use the normal Hopf- Son of Matthias H. His work is somewhat careless.
modelland usually gave Mittenwald as the place of Hornsteiner Ignaz Georg; Mittenwald. b. 2..2..1767,
origin. Perhaps son or grandson of Caspar H. (11). d. after 1794. Son of Anton H. (I). Violin-var. red
HopfJohann Christian; Klingenthal, 1747-1776. His or red-brown.
violins do not follow the family model. Var. inferior. Hornsteiner Jacob; Mittenwald (?). 19th-2.oth cent.
HopfJohann Gottfried; Klingenthal, c. 1784.His name v.m. His labels are in English, and state that his
is found in the list of masters. instruments are copies of Stradivari, made by his
Hopf Johann Michael; Klingenthal, Markneukirchen, own hand. He worked for export.
17°1-1716. Son of a maker who was admitted to the HornsteinerJohann (I); Mittenwald, C. 182.2..Probably
guild together with his brother, Georg Caspar H., son of Georg H. (I). Dealer. His labels are to be
on 2.5.II. 17°1. From 1716 on he lived in Klingen- found only in good violins, though he did not
. thaI. necessarily make them himself.
Hopf Josef; c. 1877. Used red var. Hornsteiner Johann (II); Passau. d. 4.4.1885. Came
Hoppe Erwin; Barmen, c. 192.5.Little-known maker from Mittenwald and passed his master's test in
and repairer. Augsburg. In 1848 he left for Passauto join Georg
Hor Engelbert; Klingenthal, c. 1793. Little-known Heidegger (I) whose widow he afterwards married.
maker. Only a few violins seem to exist. When he started making zithers, he gave up v.m.
Horil Jacob; Vienna, Rome, 172.0-1759. A Czech who altogether.
lived in Vienna and who moved to Rome in 174°. Hornsteiner Johann (Ill); Passau. b. 6. 12..1863 in
He followed the Italian School and produced good Passau.Son, pupil and successorof Johann H. (II).
instruments. Beautiful yellow var. Attended the Mittenwald v.m. school. He only
Horlein Karl Adam; Kitzingen, Wiirzburg. b. 3I. I. made zithers for a while, but later made violins.
182.9in Winkelhof, d. 19°2.. Pupil of J. Vauchel, Hornsteiner Johann (IV); Passau. b. 17. I. 1887 in
was employed for 3 years with Gabriel Lemb6ck Passau, d. 2.3. 9. 192.5 in Passau. Son and pupil of
in Vienna. In 1853 he founded a shop in Kitzingen Johann H. (Ill) who studied at the Mittenwald v.m.
which he moved to Wiirzburg in 1866. He worked school between 1903-1906 and afterwards worked
on an individual model and on that of Stradivari. with his father. Conscientious work.
Oil and spirit var. He made the prototype of Ritter's HornsteinerJoseph (I); Mittenwald, 1730-1780. Good
famous viola, alta. Court instrument-maker to the work, golden-brown var. He also made double-
Duke of Sachsen-Meiningen. In the last years of his basses.
life he finished off half-made violins from Mark- HornsteinerJoseph (II); Mittenwa1d, 1799-182.5. One
neukirchen. of the better v.ms in the family. Probably son of
Horner Oskar Otto; Sch6n1indi. Vogtl. b. 2.9,10. 1872., Joseph H. (I) whose label he copied both in
d. .. 8. 195°. Maker of double-basses, pupil of wording and design. It is difficult to tell the difference
Alex P6llmann (1887-1894). Established himself between his first instruments and those made by
in 1894. Joseph H. (I).
Horning Waldemar; Chemnitz. b. 2.1.II. 1857 in Hornsteiner Joseph (III); Mittenwald, 1810-182.0.
Amsfeld (near Annaberg). Good cellist and member Apparently son of Gregor H. Clean work, good
of the municipal orchestra. An amateur craftsman wood and good yellow-brown var.
who made quite good violins. Hornsteiner Joseph (IV); Volkerwald (in the Tyrol).
Hornsteiner Adolf; Mittenwald, c. 192.8. Maker of b. 2.0.3. 1809 in Seefeld, d. 2.9.4. 1889 in Hall.
stringed instruments. Son and pupil of Kaspar H. (II) with whom he
Hornsteiner Alois; Mittenwald, c. 174°-1741. V.m. worked. According to Dr Franz Waldner he gave
HornsteinerAndreas; Mittenwald. b. 2.6.II. 1763. Son up making violins when his father died, and only
of Anton H. (1). made zithers and did repair work. In 1864 he sold
HornsteinerAnton (1); Mittenwald, 1760-1793. V.m. the Kreuzhausel farmstead and moved to Hall.
HornsteinerJoseph (V); Mittenwald, Berlin. b. 1853 in careful. The tables are sometimesvery thin. Var. pale
Mittenwald. Brother of Martin H. (II) who went brown or chestnut-brown, almost without lustre.
to the Mittenwald v.m. school between 1866-1869. His violas mostly have flaming-sword soundholes.
He founded his own workshop in Berlin in 1888. Scrolls are elegant. Sometimes their place is taken
He was also a recognised authority. On 1. 5. 19°9 by gargoyles, which are not all that well carved.
he retired, and was succeeded by Emil Pliverics.
H ornsteiner Kaspar (I) ; Mittenwald, 179°- 18°°.
Tyrolean style of work.
HornsteinerKaspar (11); Seefeld (in the Tyrol), Kreuz-
hiiusel (near Hall). b. 1778 in Mittenwald, d. .. 10.
1857. Son and perhaps also pupil of Anton H. (1).
According to the findings of Dr Franz Waldner he
married Regina Rauth in Seefeld on 26. 11. 1807
and stayed there until about 1835 when he bought
the farmstead of Kreuzhiiusel in the Volderwald.
His violins, known as Kreuzhiiuselgeigen, are highly
rated in the Inn valley and are made on Italian models.
Flat arching, powerful tone. Thin yellow var.
Hornsteiner Martin (1); Mittenwald, 1765-179°' His
work resemblesthat of Joseph H. (1). His label also Hotze/Franz; Albendorf. b. 18°3, d. 28. 9.1889. Caine
has the same design. Brown-red var. from Kronstadt. In his early years he moved to
Hornsteiner Martin (11); Mittenwald. b. 184°. Eldest Kaiserwald where he married. Later he was in
of 4 brothers, all V.ms. He mostly made zithers for Riickers and Rolling and finally settled in Albendorf.
the trade. The death register contains the following entry':
Hornsteiner Matthias (1); Mittenwald, 1737-1760. 'Fr. Hotzel, maker of musical instruments, d. on
Careful work. Good tone. 28.9. 1889 and was buried on 1. 10. 1889" We do
HornsteinerMatthias (11) (nicknamed 'Dachs'); Mitten- not know where he learned ~.m. He had 4 sons and
wald, 1760-18°3. Best of the Hornsteinet iamily. 3 daughters. Very industrious maker who made all
Extremely good violins on the Kloz model. Elegant types of bowed instruments, but mostly violins into
table wood, red or yellow-brown var. His best which he inserted manuscript labels. One of his
period is between 1765-1795. labels gives Rolling as the place of origin. Probably
HornsteinerNicolo; Mittenwald, 1775-1782. Followed he did not stay there long and moved to Albendorf.
Amati. His instruments were influenced by the Kloz In some of his instruments only his initials, F. H.,
model. Brown var. are to be found, in ink. The bodies of his violins
Hornsteiner Peter (1); Markneukirchen, c. 1824. Pro- vary in shape; from a rounded model to a squareone,
bably only a dealer. adhering, however, to the established sizes. Length
HornsteinerPeter (11); Mittenwald, 19th cent. Followed 347-360 mm., centre width 1°4-117 mm., depth
Stainer. Red-brown var. of sides 28-3° mm. Wood not well chosen. Yellow
Hosp Georg (1); Mittenwald, 1760-1783. Good work. to brown var.
Brown var. Style like that of Matthias Hornstei-
ner (11).Paul de Wit published a label reading Georgius
Hossfrom 1783which maybe one and the sameman.
It is not improbable, however, that there also
existed a Georg Hoss.
Hosp Georg (11); Mittenwald. b. 22. 4. 1755. Son of
Georg H. (1). It is difficult to distinguish his instru-
ments from those made by his father. He used the
same models and the same label.
Hoss Felix; Ftissen. b. 29. 8. 1602 in Ftissen. Was
admitted to the lute-makers' guild on 23.8.1623.
Hoss Rudolph; Munich, 1680-1739. Court lute-maker Hotze! Peter;".Steyr, c. 1804. Maker of organs, clavi-
who worked under Max Emanuel and Carl Albert chords and stringed instruments. Kurt Sachs'
of Bavaria. He can be traced in the Bavarian Court collection lists one of his clavichords (p. 52.,
book of accounts between 1696-17°4. There exist, No. 12.76).
however, violas made by him dated 1682, and the Howorka Franz; Vienna, 1890-1900. Maker of wind
Munich National Museum has a bass-lute bearing instruments who also repaired violins. Not a v.m.
his label and dated 1739. He used good wood and Hoyer A.; Erlbach (near Zwickau), c. 1900. Little-
his model resembles Stainer's. The work is quite known V.m.
Hoyer Adolf; Markneukirchen, c. 19°8. Bow-maker Hoyer Franz; Vienna, 1860-1867. Came probably
who established himself independently in 19°8. from Schonbach (in Bohemia). For a long period
HoyerAlbert Hermann; Markneukirchen.b. 12.5.1888 he worked in Vienna and then opened his own
in Markneukirchen. Maker of bows. Son and pupil shop. Competent work. He remained in a business
of Hermann Wilhelm H. who worked with W. A. connection with his brother who stayedin Schonbach
Pfretzschner and established himself independently and their firm is therefore sometimes called Ge-
in 1911. His bow-sticks were highly rated in Ger- bruder Hoyer. He was succeededby Ignaz Lutz (II).
many. He used the brand: HERALTHO. His own instruments are quite good.
Hoyer Andreas; Quittenbach, 1717-1782. Imperfect Hoyer Friedrich; Klingenthal, Nuremberg, 1785-182.0.
copies of the Stainer model. Good work of Tyrolese School. Brown v., very good
Hoyer Andreas (I); Klingenthal. b. 9. 10. 17°3, d. wood.
2. 5. 1782. Father of Andreas (II) H. He appears Hoyer Gottfried; Wilhelmsburg, c. 192.1.Bow-maker.
in the Klingenthal guild registers in 1729 as master Hoyer Gunther Freimut; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 4. 192.6
v.m. in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Albert Her-
Hoyer Andreas (II); Klingenthal, Nuremberg. b. 9. 4. mann H.
174°, d. 1788in Klingenthal. Perhaps son of Andreas Hoyer Hans Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 2.6.1. 19°1 in
H. (I). He is described as master in the guild books Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Otto Hcrmann H.
in 1729. With the exception of CasparHopf (II) he is Very conscientious work.
considered to have been the best.v.m. in Klingenthal Hoyer Hermann Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 8.1.
in the 18th cent. He seemsalso to have worked in 1843, d. 2.3.12.;192.0. Bow-maker. Conscientious
Nuremberg or at least visited the fairs there. Versatile work.
musician. From 1776 he was established in his Hoyer J. F. ('Enkel'); Klingenthal, c. 192.8.Name of
native town. He used labels and sometimes also a firm making various kinds of musical instru-
branded the instruments with his name, usually on ments.
the back. Hoyer Johann Christoph (I); Klingenthal, 1765-1795.
Hoyer C. A.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. bow-maker. President of the v.m. guild in 1792..
Hoyer Carl August; Klingenthal. b. c. 179°. Son of Hoyer Johann Christoph (II); Quittenbach, 179°-
Carl August Wilhelm H. He was one of the 3 v.m&' 1800. Little-known v.m.
who became masters at the Gelsnitz Town Hall in Hoyer Johann Friedrich; Quittenbach. d. after 1761.
October 18°9. Son or brother (?) of Johann Christoph H. (II)
Hoyer Carl August Wilhelm; Klingenthal, c. 1785. of Quittenbach. His work is poor.
Better than average work. Hoyer Johann Gottlieb (Gottlob); Klingenthal, c. 1767.
Hoyer Carl Christian Sigmund; Klingenthal, c. 1789. V.m.
The guild books mention him in 1789 as a trained Hoyer Johann Michael; Klingenthal, c. 1760. Brother
v.m. of Johann Gottlieb H. V.m.
Hoyer Carl Eduard; Klingenthal, Brunndobra. b. 1821, Hoyer K.; Adorf. 2.oth cent. guitar-maker.
d. 1867. Pupil of Ferdinand Schloss,er(I). Hoyer Kurt Otto; Wehen (in the Taunus). b. 1. 10 192.5
Hoyer Carl Friedrich; Klingenthal, Nuremberg, 1785 - in Markneukirchen. Maker of doublebasses.Pupil
1825. He usually signed himself only Friedrich H. and son of Max Paul H. He passedhis master's test
He also worked in Nuremberg, like Andreas H. (II). in February 1960 and on 1. 1. 1961 took over his
Good work. Tyrolean School. Brown var. father's workshop. He used the same brand as his
Hoyer Carl Wilhelm; Klingenthal. b. c. 1791. Brother father.
of Carl August Wilhelm H. Hoyer Kurt Reinhardt; Mannheim. b. 17.4.19°1 in
Hoyer Christian Friedrich (I); Markneukirchen. d. 10.4. Markneukirchen. Trained lute- and V.m. who learned
1846. V.m. with Ernst Kreul in Markneukirchen. His father,
Hoyer Christian Friedrich (II) ; Markneukirchen. Reinhardt H., taught him to make plucked instru-
b. 13.10. 18°3, d. 28.3. 1885. V.m. ments. In 192.6 he went to Mannheim to assist
Hoyer Christian Gottfried (I); Klingenthal, c. 1755. Heinrich Kessler (II) and he established himself
One of the most respected v.ms in the guild of his there independently in 192.9.
time. Hoyer Max; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 5. 1884 in Mark-
Hoyer Christian Gottfried (II); Quittenbach, c. 1764. neukirchen. Started on his own in 19°3. Conscient-
Good maker. His labels are printed in red. ious work.
Hoyer Ernst; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. maker of Hoyer Max Paul; Wehen (in the Taunus). b. 3.6.1883
violins, zithers, guitars and mandolins. in Zwota. Specialised in doublebasses. Pupil of
Hoyer Ernst Adolf; Brunndobra. b. 7.4.185° in Josef Rubner of Markneukirchen, where he also
Brunndobra. Son and pupil of Carl Eduard H. After started on his own. He was 'Imperial Master of the
his father's death he had to take over the workshop Instrument-making Craft'. Later he moved to
at the age of 17. Careful and industrious maker. Wehen, in the Taunus.
 Huber (Hieber)Gallus; Fiissen.d. 5. 7. 162.8
in Fiissen.
V.m., mentioned in I 599.
Huber Jakob; Ganterschwill (in Si Gallen Canton,
Switzerland), Markneukirchen. b. 2.5.II. 1893 in
Ganterschwill. Pupil of G. P. Meinel in Liestal and
J. E. Ziist in Zurich. He returned to Markneukirchen
and started there on his own in 1918. Conscientious
work.
Huber (Hueber) Johann; Munich, c. 1698. His label
was found in an ordinary lute. Evidently he was not
Hoyer Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 12. I. 1889 in Mark- a Munich citizen.
neukirchen. Bow-maker, nicknamed' Der Parlier'. Huber (Hueber) Johann Georg; Vienna. b. 174° in
After serving his apprenticeship with his father, Vienna, d. 6.3.1772.. Good lute- and v.m., whose
Hermann Wilhelm B., he left for Paris where he instruments are highly rated. He took his citizen's
worked with Eugene Sartory. Then he returned oath on 7.7. 1764. His name is to be found in the
to Markneukirchen. His bows for violins, cellos tax-registers between 1765-1772.. The var. on his
and doublebassesare beautiful and remarkable for instruments is now almost black. Because he died
their design, elasticity and lightness. The sticks young he did not make many instruments: therefore
are branded with his name and the date of pro- they are now rarely met with. He was succeeded
duction. by Philipp Wurm.
Hoyer Otto Fritz; Markneukirchen, Potsdam. b. 26.3. Hubert Christian Gottlob; Bayreuth, Ansbach. b. 1714
1891 in Markneukirchen,
d. 4. I. 1938in Markneu- in Wschowa (Fraustadt, in Poland), d. 1793. Origin-
kirchen. Good work on the lines of the early Italian ally a lute-maker. In 174° he entered the service
makers and the Tyrolean School. of the city orchestra in Bayreuth, and moved with
Hoyer Otto Hermann; Dresden. b. 2.12.1869 in it to Ansbach, where he was appointed Court maker
Dresden. Son ~nd pupil of Hermann Wilhelm H. of musical instruments.
who established himself independently in 1894. HufenreutherFritz; Dessau.b.. 1868.Very talented v.m.
Good work. His doublebass bows ~re especially who followed Stradivari and Guarneri. Red-brown
highly rated. var. Beautiful scrolls. The tone of his instruments is
Hoyer Paul; Altenburg (in Thuringia). 20th cent. usually full.
stringed-instrument -maker. HugelschaferKarl;Nuremberg.b. 14. 4. 1877in Nurem-
Hoyer Reinh~rdt; Markneukirchen. b. 23.8.1875 in berg, d. 18.6.1942. in Nuremberg. Dealer and v.m.
Brunndobra, d. .. I. 1960in Mannheim. Outstanding who also prepared vars.
maker of plucked instruments, descendant of the Huller (Huller) Augustin; Schoneck, 1735-1775. One
early v.m. family of Carl Friedrich' H. of Klingen- of the better-class v.ms of his time.
thai. Huller (Hiller) Joseph; Vienna, c. 182.0.His label was
Hoyer Walter Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 7. 8. 1898 in found in an .ordinary violin.
Markneukirchen. Pupil of August Wilhelm Muller (I) Hummel (Humel) Christian; Nuremberg, c. 17°9-1710.
of Markneukirchen, later assistant of Otto Emil Perhaps son of Matthaus H. (II) of Augsburg, or of
Jacob and of Albin Wunderlich in Markneukirchen, Matthias
of H. of Nuremberg or even
Augsburg. . of Michael H.
where he established himself independently in 1923.
He made good instruments but labelled them with Hummel Matthaus (I) (Matthias); Augsburg. d. c. 167°'
the label of the maker who made the model. For Perhaps a relative of the Nuremberg maker of the
this reason his instruments are not known by his same name. Father-in-law of Thomas Edlinger of
own name. Prague. Though he was actually a lute-maker, he
Hubentha/Friedrich; Gotha. b. 23. 3. 19°3 in Bufleben was usually described as joiner and was a member
(near Gotha). Qualified technician and v.m. since of the joiners' guild.
1947. Pupil of Georg Rein! in Erfurt. He was Hummel Matthaus (II); Augsburg. b. c. 1645. Son of
employed in a v.m. workshop between 1953-1954. Matthaus H. (I). He is expressly described as lute-
Until 1958he concentrated on his work, Formgesetz maker. He was abroad between 1670-1676. Accord-
der Geige,published in Zeitschrift fur lnstrumentenbau ing to Liitgendorff'he was identical with Matthias H.
and in Die Technik,vol. 4 (1952). of Nuremberg.
Huber Franz; Vienna. b. 14.9.19°2. Pupil of Anton HummelMatthias; Nuremberg, 1694-171 5.Wellknown
Poller (II) of Vienna; worked with Karl Niedt in lute- and v.m. His instruments are richly inlaid.
Wurzburg, Emil Scheffler in Bucharest and Leo Hummel Michael; Augsburg. 18th cent. v.m.
Aschauer in Mittenwald. He started on his own Hummel Richard Oskar; Markneukirchen. b. 1885,
in 1936 and became the v.m. to the Vienna Phil- d. in action 9. 8. 1916. Talented v.m. and violinist,
harmonic Orchestra.. of whom much was expected.
Humrich (Hummerich) ..; Berlin, c. 1802. Instrument- is between 177°-1780. His var. is sometimes yellow
maker, probably identical with a man who in 1802 but quite often dark brown. .
became violinist in a chamber orchestra, later Hunger Richard; Halle, 1865-1911. b. in Leipzig and
violinist in the Royal Opera orchestra and in 1815 trained there by Anton Hermer (I). Then he worked
became conductor of the ballet. It is also possible with J. J. Held in Beuel and finally settled in Halle.
that he was identical with the Potsdam musician He is considered to have been a skilful and conscien-
Conrad Gottlieb Hummerich (1786-1795). tious repairer.
Hums Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 28.6.1882, d. 10.4. Hunger Samuel; Borstendorf. b. 1684 in Borstendorf,
1959 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Ernst Robert d. 8.2. 1758. Father of Christoph Friedrich H. He
Knorr (I) of Markneukirchen and later assistant was apparently both v.m. and toll-gatherer. His
of Hermann Wilhelm Prell in Markneukirchen, violas and doublebasses are quite satisfactory and
where he was established in 1904. He made very are often met with.
good bows for which he was highly esteemed Hupfer Max Albin; Sohl (near Miihlhausen). b. 2I. 12.
by experts, e.g. by Professor Julius Ruthstrom 1873 in Bad Elster, d. 1954. He worked in Leipzig
of Stockholm. Hums marked some of his bows and in St Petersburg and established himself in
with the name of Professor H. Marteau. At the Sohl. Good work and careful repairs.
International Exhibition of 1927 in Frankfurt Hiirber (Hurber) Gallus; Fiissen, c. 1606. He was
a. M. he was awarded a silver medal and a State admitted to the v.m. guild in 1606.
Prize. Huther ..; Vienna, c. 1851. In 185I he designed a new
Hums Carl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 12.7. 1794 kind of guitar, which he called a ZitterplanJ resembling
in Markneukirchen, d. 10.4. 1850. V.m. a zither without its fingerboard. The many strings
Hums Ernst (I); Markneukirchen. b. 19. 5. I 837. were stretched horizontally across the table.
V.m. Hutschenreuter Emil; Markneukirchen, Olze. 20tp cent.
Hums Ernst (II); Markneukirchen. 20th cent. maker v.m.
of stringed instruments, strings, parts of instruments Hiittel (Hiitel) Andreas; Markneukirchen, c. 1678
for assembly, and supplier of horse hair. ~ 1680. He emigrated from Graslitz (Kraslice, in
Hums Ernst Heinrich (I); Markneukirchen. b. I I. 5. Bohemia) to Schoneck and then to Markneukirchen,
1837, d. 1.6. 1909. V.m. where he was admitted to the guild in 1678. Since
Hums Ernst Heinrich (II); Markneukirchen. b. I I. 10. he was well known as a skilful maker he was not
1861 in Markneukirchen, d. 25.2.1941. Maker of asked to submit a sample of his work. The emigrants
cellos. in Markneukirchen were excused half of the fee, so
Hums Paul Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 12. 1893 in that they paid only 8 fl.
Markneukirchen. Descendant of the old Markneu- Hiittel Christian Friedrich; Brunndobra. d. 27. 12. 1834.
kirchen v.m. family. Made bowed instruments, lutes V.m. who devoted himself to the manufacture of
and guitars. strings, without much success.
Hums Rudi; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker work- Hiittel Christian Heinrich; Liibeck. b. 12.8.1783 in
ing both independently and also for the firm Klingenthal, d. 23. II. 1841 in Liibeck. Came to
MIGMA. Liibeck from Klingenthal and on 30.6. 1816married
Hums Walther; Breitenfeld. b. 9. I. 1896. Bow-maker the widow of the instrument-maker J. H. Kalies.
who learned his trade between April 1910 and He then took over the workshop of his predecessor
March 1913. He works for MIGMA of Markneu- in Ritterstrasse No. 694 (now Annenstrasse). Good
kirchen. craftsmanship. The tone of his violins is good,
Hiindgen Matthias Joseph; Duren. b. 28. 12. 1805 in though somewhat shrill. Dark var., often entirely
Duren, d. 1874 in Duren. V.m. and organ-builder. black and dull.
He learned organ-building with the firm Gebruder Hiittel Johann Heinrich; Liibeck. b. 16. I I. 18I 6 in
Weil in Dusseldorf. We cannot ascertain where he Liibeck, d. II. 12. 185° in Liibeck. Son and pupil of
learned v.m. He worked abroad and in the Vogt- Christian Heinrich H. When he was only 18, he was
land. He established himself independently in his already making better violins than his father. His
native town in 1835. He made only a few violins instruments are of good wood and the craftsmanship
for he mainly worked as a repairer. is good. Dull var. of dark red-brown tint. Satis-
Hunger Christoph Friedrich; Leipzig, Borstendorf. factory tone.
b. 1718 in Borstendorf, d. 1787 in Leipzig; Son of Hiitter Johann; Graz. d. before 1813. In the Index of
Samuel H. and pupil of A. B. Jauch in Dresden. Houses of the Town of Graz from 1798 he is
Until 1760 he worked in Borstendorf. Then he left mentioned as a householder. In the Index of
for Leipzig where he probably worked with Johann Commerce and Private Persons of the Dukedom of
Christian Hoffman, whose shop he took over on the Styria from 1803 he is described as 'violin- and
latter's death. Conscientious work on Italian models. lute-maker of BarmherzigenstrasseNo. 795'. In 1813
Good maker of violas and cellos. His best period this house was still owned by his widow.

r8r
 I

Ilgenfritz Karl; Nuremberg, C. 1928. He made parts of

plucked instruments, especially of mandolins.
Illing Kurt Albert; Markneukirchen. b. 18. 12. 1904 in
Markneukirchen. Pupil of August Mililer who
worked with E. R. Schmidt and Albert Lorenz in
Markneukirchen.
Irl Georg; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m.
Isser Johann; Horeben, Volderberg (in the Tyrol).
b. 1791in Volderberg, d. 14.4.1852. Dr F. Waldner Jacob Max (I); Markneukirchen.b. 28. 8.1885in Mark-
says in his notes on Tyrolean lute- and v.ms that I. neukirchen. Bow-maker, pupil of Max Oskar J. He
was a peasant in Horeben who made violins in an also worked with August Wilhelm Pfretzschner in
amateur style. Markneukirchen in 1914 and passed his master's
test with Albert Nurnberger in 1923. First-class
doublebass bows.
Jacob Max (II); Wohlhausen. 20th cent. v.m. Con-
J scientious work.
Jacob Max Oskar; Markneukirchen. 19th cent. bow-
maker.
Jacob Albin; Wohlhausen. 2.oth cent. bow-maker. Jacob Oswald; Wohlhausen. 20th cent. v.m. who
JacobAlbin Oskar; Wohlhausen. b. 1.9.1866, d. I. I. worked for the trade.
1939. Pupil of the well-known Markneukirchen v.m. Jacob (Jakob) Otto Emil; Markneukirchen. b. 4.3.1893,
Johann Christian Siiss. The Musikinstrumentenmuseum d. 11.9.1956 in Markneukirchen. V.m., pupil of
in Markneukirchen has a beautiful cello and several Gustav Oskar Prager of Markneukirchen who
very good violin bows made by him. worked with Max Scheffer in Hamburg, with Karl
Jacob Arnold; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 10. 1917 in Richter (I) in Hanover, with Eugen Sprenger in
Markneukirchen, d. 2.3. 9. 1944. Son and pupil of Frankfurt ~. M. and with Philipp Keller in Wurzburg.
Richard J., brother of Martin J. He worked in He started on his own in Markneukirchen in 1919
his father's workshop and showed promise of and passedhis master's test in 1924.In 1928 he took
becoming an outstanding v.m. at the time of his over the firm ofW. Eduard Voigt, founded in 1856.
early death. Successfulrepairer and praiseworthy original maker.
JacobErnst ("Prinz"); Markneukirchen. b. 2.1.2..1883, He used labels bearing the name W. Ed. Voigt.
d. 14. 10. 1964. V.m. . Jacob Paul; Breitenfeld, Wohlhausen. 20th cent. bow-
Jacob Ernst Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 2.. maker who worked mainly for the trade.
1879 in Markneukirchen, d. 2.8.2.. 1939 in Leipzig. Jacob Reinhart Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 21. 11.1875
Established in 1908. Good copies of the old Italian in Markneukirchen, d. 4. 2. 1939. Little-known
masters. maker.
JacobFranz R.; Diisseldorf. 2.othcent. v.m. who mainly JacobRichard (called 'Weissgarber'); Markneukirchen.
did repair work. b. I I. 2. 1877,d. 17. 7. 1960in Markneukirchen. Son
Jacob(Jakob) Johann Georg; Klingenthal, 1748-1779. and pupil of the guitar-maker, Karl August J. An
Instruments with his name have the same merit as outstanding maker who mainly made concert and
those made by the members of the Hoyer and Hopf solo instruments for foremost virtuosi. He made
families. a number of guitars of different model and finish,
Jacob (Jakob) Karl August; Markneukirchen. b. 1848, some of them richly embellished. Instruments made
d. I. I. 1918. A talented guitar-maker. after 1921 are brandedWEISSGARBER, or WEISS-
JacobMartin; Markneukirchen. b. 17.7.1911 in Mark- GERBER.
neukirchen. Guitar-maker, son and pupil of Richard Jacob Walter Franz; Markneukirchen, Stuttgart. b.
J. Originally a teacher who learned guitar-making 2I. 6. 1892.Pupil of Richard Rossbach; worked with
from his father. He passedhis junior assistant's test Neu-Cremona in Berlin, with Hermann Adolf Kessler
in 1946, and his master's test in 1949. Though he in Wiesbaden and with M. Poyda in Barmen. He
received the necessary licence in 1950 he worked
with his father until the latter's death. Today he aT ---
carries on successfully in the tradition of the
family. His best instruments, which are highly
rated, bear the brand WEISSGERBER or WEISS-
GARBER.
 establishedhimselfindependentlyin Stuttgart; when Jaenicke Fritz Robert Gustav Bernhard; Munich,
he wasbombedout, however,he returnedto Mark- Breslau, Basle, Rotterdam. b. 4. 12. 1889 in Berlin.
neukirchen.Excellentviolins; good repairs. Pupil and nephew ofK. Ludemann, worked. with G.
Jacob Willi; Markneukirchen. b. 1888, d. 1938. Fiorini in Munich, E. Liebich (III) in Breslau and
V.m. Paul Meinel in Basle. He followed Stradivari; good
Jacobi. .; Meissen or Fi.issen, 18th cent. According to work. Settled in Rotterdam in 193°.
Hart, he was an excellent lute-maker. He is also Jager Carl; Hildesheim. b. 27. II. 1841 in Neustadt am
mentioned by de Piccolettis, who may be only Hohnstein (in the Harz), d. after 1917. Musician
quoting Hart, however. The name cannot be found who served in the Han over battalion of the Guards
in Meissen. The conjectural explanation is that Hart (GardejagerbataillonJ.He learned v.m. with Erasmus
had in front of him a label of a Fi.issen v.m. (the Schiefler between 1862-1866. He then continued in
Leipzig maker Helmer, who came from Fi.issen, is this work for the next 2 years,and on 1.9. 1868estab-
also said to have come from 'Meissen') the name lished himself independently in Hildesheim as a v.m.
Jacobi being only the first name, possibly of Jacob He copied Stradivari and used a yellow-brown var.
Langenwalder. He positioned the bassbar according to the results
JaegerAdolf; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 10. 19°5 in Mark- of his own calculations. Also the shapeof the 6 blocks
neukirchen. Son and pupil of Oskar J. Good work differs from the normal standard.
modelled on the instruments of his father and his
uncle Hermann.
JaegerHans Cuno; Markneukirchen. b. 25. II. 1858 in
Bad Elster, d. 8. I. 1937 in Klingenthal. Pupil of
Ludwig Glasel (I). In 1876 he started work in
Regensburg with Xaver Kerschensteiner, with whom
he stayed until 188o. After 2 years' service in the fahn Richard; Berlin, c. 1928. V.m. who produced
army as a non-commissioned officer, he returned to parts of mandolins for other makers.
Markneukirchen in 1883 and entered the firm of fahner! Karl; Klosterlausitz. d. 1933. V.m.
Glasel & Herwig. Later he went to Amsterdam as fais Alois; Mittenwald, c. 1848. Best Mittenwald v.m.
manager of the shop belonging to Hampe's widow. of his time. He combined early Tyrolean traditions
In 1885 he again returned to Markneukirchen and with copies of the old Italian masters.
opened his own workshop there. In 191I he moved fais Andreas; Mittenwald, T61z. b. c. 1685, d. after
to Graslitz (in Bohemia). Excellent copies of old 1749. Son of Georg J. and his wife Katharina. In
masterpieces. Skilful craftsmanship and very good 17°7 he was alrea,dy described as lute-maker. This
oil var. is when he made a cello for the dealer J. Braader.
JaegerHerbert; Halle. b. 12.4. 1893 in Breslau. Sor, In 17°9 he was godfather to Johann Carl Kloz, son
and pupil of Hermann J. Good work modelled on of Matthias Kloz. Soon afterwards he moved to
his father's. T61z, where he married on 22.6.1711. His model
Jaeger(Jager) Hermann; Breslau. b. I. I. 1867in Mark- is highly arched with reddish var. The craftsmanship
neukirchen, d. 1942in Breslau. Pupil of Karl Wilhelm is very good. He did not pay much attention to
Weller. Worked in Dresden and with Otto Mockel purfling, and sometimes it is left out completely on
in Berlin. In 189° he started on his own in Breslau the back except for ink lines. The church book of
and worked on his own individual model or after T6lz describes him as 'artist'.
Stradivari. Oil var. fais Anton; Mittenwald. b. 3.2. 1748, d. after 1836.
JaegerHermannLudwig; Markneukirchen, 1912-1925. Son of Franz J. and perhaps also his pupil. His work
Worked mainly for the trade. is modelled on Amati. The table is made of beautiful
JaegerJohann Adam; Markneukirchen. b. 1688,d. 1765. wood. Yellow or yellow-brown var.
The earliest recorded member of the Jaeger v.m.
family. Good v.m. He was admitted to the guild on
15.12.1716 and, having paid 16 thaters,he was not
asked to give a 'master's feast'.
JaegerJohann Georg; Markneukirchen, c. 177°. Perhaps
son of Johann Adam J.
JaegerOskar; Markneukirchen~ b. 24.9. 1873 in Mark-
neukirchen, d. 1955 in Bad Brambach. Pupil of Oskar
Theo Scherzer.He worked with his brother Hermann
J.,and was establishedindependentlyin Markneu-
kirchen in 1896. Very good repairer. He did not
begin making new instruments until 1918.
JaegerOtto; Frankfurt a. d. O. C.19°2.
Jais Franz; Mittenwald, 1720-1757. Followed Kloz. wood. Amber-coloured var. Court V.m. The Court
He excelled in the purfling, the design of the Address Book in 1797-1799 lists his widow, who
soundholes and the cutting of scrolls. Yellow-brown lived in TopfergasseNo.5 84. Probably shecontinued
or red-brown var. in the trade after the death of her husband.
Jais Johann (I); Bozen (Bolzano, in South Tyrol).
b. 1752 in Mittenwald, d. after 1780. Son of Franz J.
Good work in the style of the Tyrolean School.
Brown var.

Jauch (Jauck) Augustin Ignatius; Dresden. b. 3°. 3.

1749, d. before 1812. Son and successorof Andreas
Balthasar J. After the death of his father he succeeded
him as Court Maker. There is no mention of him
Jais Johann (II); Mittenwald, c. 1775. Worked in the
after 1812. He made pianos as well as violins.
style of the Tyrolean School. Red-brown var.
Jauch (Jauck) Johannes; Dresden, 1735-175°. He
Jais Johann (III); Mittenwald, c. 1918. Son of Alois J.
must have known Italian violins, for he copied them.
Worked for the trade.
Jauck Johannes; Graz, 1719-1746. His work reveals
Jais Johannes; T5lz. b. 14. I. 1715, d. 11.6.1765. Son
both Tyrolean and Viennese influence. He followed
and pupil of Andreas J., whose work his style
Jacob Stainer, but the arching is very high.
resembles. He preferred to carve animals' heads
Beautiful wood. The backs as a rule are only faintly
instead of the usual scrolls.
figured. Careful work. The scrolls are especially
JaisJoseph; Mittenwald. b. 17. 3. 175°. Son of Franz J.
fine. Thick red var., resembling that of Matthias
He seemsto have died young.
Alban.
Jail Matthias; Mittenwald. b. 1°. 9. 1755. Youngest
son of Franz J. and his pupil. Very little known.
JaisWilhelm (nicknamed 'Stingl'); Mittenwald, c. 1687.
.J I.
~--~~--~

1.:: r ' k
~rzcii.
oanncs Anno
aut.. lec" 173.$ t

The documents describe him as 'the/isla'. He appears

as v.m. at the same time as Matthias Kloz and was
on of the founders of the flowering Mittenwald v.m.
industry.
Jakob. See also Jacob. Jauck Johannes Georg; Graz, 1752-179°. Probably
Jakob A.; Breslau. 20th cent. v.m. Conscientious work. son of Johannes J. Good wood. Scrolls of pear-
Jani Johann Ernst; Hamburg, c. 1759. He does not wood, brown var. He worked on the Stainer model.
seem ever to have passedhis master's tests. Jauck Joseph Friedrich; Graz (?), c. 1768. One violin
Janicki Josef; Vienna, c. 1885. Made violins, violas and made by him (the place of origin illegible), dated
cellos. 1768, was owned by Lenhart in Litomefice (in
Jany Jakob; Vienna, c. 1800. Lute- and v.m. He took Bohemia).
the citizen's oath on 12.12. 1800. His violins are laura Ferdinand Wilhelm; Vienna, Munich. b. 3°.7.
well made, but they are not works of art. Poorly 1892 in Vienna. Grandson of Wilhelm Josef J. and
chosen wood. Yellow-brown var. Used handwritten nephew of Wilhelm Thomas J. Established hims~lf
labels. independently in Vienna in 1924.
JaraschAnton; Vienna, 1816-1838. Little-known v.m.
who made fairly good violins.

Antln
fIII urL- 1

laura Karl; Vienna. b. 3.8. 1866; Second son of

Wilhelm Josef J. Skilful cello maker.
laura Wilhelm Josef; Vienna. b. 3°.5.183° in Znaim
,Tauch(Jauck) Andreas Balthasar; Dresden. b. c. 17°1, (in Moravia), d. 2. I. 19°8. Started on his own in
d. 16.3. 1785. Probably son of Johannes J. He did 1875,making mainly zithers and guitars.
not follow Stainer, but adhered more to the Cremon- laura Wilhelm Thomas; Vienna. b. 24. II. 1863 in
ese School. His work is careful, with well-chosen Vienna, d. 22.3. 1922. Son of Wilhelm Josef J.
 The only pupil of Wilhelm Theodor Gutermann. parts of his instruments personally. After 1924 he
He established himself independently in 1898 after also made good guitars.
2I years of working with his teacher. He mainly Jobst Johann; Graz. b. 13. 3. 1848in Vienna. Excellent
made cellos after Ruggeri, Maggini and Andrea maker of zithers and guitars who was still active in
Guarneri, following always the best to which he Graz on 18.8.1918.
had access. Using only old and good wood and John Arthur; Hamburg. b. 1887, d. 3.2.1953. V.m.
a beautiful var., he achieved results more than who mainly made cellos and doublebasses. Con-
satisfactory. His violins and cellos have a full tone scientious work.
and are highly rated by performers. He was also Jokisch Reinhard. Author of Katechismus der Violine und
a good repairer, especially skilled in replacing whole des Violinespiels(Leipzig, 1900).
parts of old instruments. He was perhaps the best Jordan Hans; Markneukirchen. b. 1905 in Brunswick.
authority on the Viennese School. In 19°5 he was Pupil of Gustav Adolf Steinel and Peter Harlan,
named v.m. to the Imperial Court Orchestra and with whom he worked till 1931. Established 1931
in 19°7 Court v.m. From 19°9 on he also held in Markneukirchen. Specialised in imitation of
several important posts as connoisseur and Court ancient bowed and plucked instruments.
adviser. Jordan Johann Michael; Markneukirchen, c. 1824.
O. E. Heinel of Markneukirchen repaired a violin
bearing this maker's label.
Jorg ..; Augsburg, c. 1496-1500. A lute-maker Jorg
can be found in the documents, though Jorg is
probably his christian name. The Augsburg tax-
registers name a certain lute-maker Georg between
1511-1527. Georg and Jorg may be one and the
same person. Jorg was quite a common name in
Fiissen, and we may safely conjecture that the
Augsburg maker Jorg was born in Fiissen.
JudenkunigHans. b. in Gmiind, d. 4. 3. 1526 in Vienna.
Lute virtuoso who published one of the first German
tablatures with the title Ain schoneKlinstlicheunder-
weisungin diesemBuechleinLeychtlich zu begreifenden
rechtengrund zu lernenauif der Lautten u. Geygen,mil
vleissgemachtdurch H. J. (Vienna, 1523). The book
is extremely rare: only a few copies of it are known,
Jenicek (Jeniczek) Anton; Vienna, c. 19°4. Maker of one of which was sold in 1928 at Wenter's in Berlin
stringed instruments, and dealer. for 12,000 Marks.
Jennewein..; Author of a biographical study of Jacob Jlihling Franz; Dresden. b. 1838, d. after 1906. One of
Stainer published in the Erinnerungsblatton 6. 7. 1898 the founders of the firm Richter & Jiihling (founded
in Innsbruck. 1880) and the sole owner from 1884-1906. He was
JeremiasAndreas; Vienna, c. 185°. Probably a pupil of well acquainted with Italian instruments and saw to
J. G. Stauffer. He lived in Laimgrube No. 168. He it that his staff worked carefully and painstakingly.
is especially noted for his guitars. He took part in several exhibitions displaying his
JeremiasGerhard Lothar; Bautzen. b. 28. 12. 19°4 in violins, violas, cellos, bows and strings. Apart from
Dresden, d. 25.7. 1961 in Bautzen. Pupil of August other distinctions he was awarded a gold medal at
Wunderlich in Markneukirchen. He worked with the World Exhibition in Brussels, and in Paris in
Georg Winterling in Hamburg and in the Musik- 1900.In the last years of his life - he worked to the
haus LUDWIG in Heilbronn. He passedhis master's very last - he concentrated mainly on var. in which
test in Dresden. From 1949he was one of the owners he was helped by his detailed knowledge of chemistry.
of the firm Hermann H. Jeremias of Bautzen. He
made good new instruments and his restorations
were competent.
Jeremias Hermann H.; Bautzen. 20th cent. firm of
instrument-makers.
Jirowski Anton; Vienna. b. 5.8. 1877 in Vienna. Pupil
of Thomas Zach who worked for 6 years with Carl
Haudek, and then started on his own on 12. II. 19°2.
He followed JosefZach, for he acquired his models
and designs. Good work and good wood. Red var. Jiihling Walter; Dresden. b. 1880. Son and pupil of
One of the few Austrian v.ms who made all the Franz J., and from 1906a director of the firm.
lung Eduard; Garsten. b. 1849 in Karlshof. Prison Kalm A. Author of an article on violin sand the
inspector and self-taught v.m. who, thanks to his trade in them, published in Neue Musikzeitung in
talent, attained great skill, though he worked with 19°1.
the most primitive tools. KaltenbrunnerKarl Richard; Vienna. b. 16. 3. 1878
lung Klaus Dieter; Finkenkrug (near Berlin). b. 19.7. in Vienna. Pupil of Franz Howorka. Until 1899 he
1931 in Finkenkrug. Son and pupil of Kurt J. He worked in Teschen (TesIn, in Bohemia) and then
passed his master's test in 1955 and now works in joined Wilhelm Theodor Gutermann with whom
his father's workshop. He makes violins and violas he remained until 19°4. The following 6 years he
in the traditional style of the workshop, and other was employed by Johann Christian Stiibinger and
violas on an original pattern (42 cm. long) meeting then went to Vienna to Georg Rauer, where he
modern demands; also makes copies of early gambas gained the last touches of accomplishment. He
and violas d'amore. quickly achieved popularity by the skill and
lung Kurt; Finkenkrug (near Berlin). b. 18.4.1899 artistic quality of his work. He made several very
in Dresden. Pupil of Adolf Hammig in Dresden beautiful violins. His repairs are also good. In 1928
from 1913. After the war he worked with Moritz he becamejoint owner of the workshop with Georg
Hammig and devoted himself mainly to making new Rauer and in 1935, on the latter's death, succeeded
instruments. In 1923he went to Helsingfors. In 1925 him.
he passedhis master's test in Dresden. For one year
Kiimbl (Kambel, Kampl, Kamml) Johann Andreas;
he worked in Italy and in 1926 joined Otto Mackel Munich. b. 1699, d. 1.4. 1781 in Munich. Excellent
in Berlin, for whom he worked for I I years, thus lute- and v.m. He married the elder daughter
gaining intimate knowledge of making new, and of Paul Alletsee and became his father-in-Iaw's
repairing old, stringed instruments. After Mackel's successor.After 1738 he was Court lute-maker. His
death he took over the workshop and makes solo name is again found in the accounts of the Bavarian
violins, violas and cellos, as well as imitations of Court between 1757-1778. His second wife, Fran-
old Baroque instruments, using approved models. ziska, was still alive in 1785, referred to as 'widow
He also has several original models, mainly for of the Court lute-maker'. He was succeeded by
violas, which excel in tonal achievement. He uses Gregor Sidtler.
old wood. Oil var. of several tints from Mackel's Kiimbl Johann Cornelius; Munich, c. 1635-164°'
recipes, none of which appear to impair the instru- Little known, but mentioned by Sandysand Forster.
ment's vibrations. Copies of old instruments are Kammerlohr Ludwig; Freising (in Bavaria), c. 1928.
coated with a spirit-and-oil var. The instruments have
Maker of stringed instruments.
a label with Baroque framing. The back, table and KammeyerJohannes Christoph; Mannheim, c. 1792.
sides bear a brand in the form of a maple leaf. In the Mannheim Museum of Antiques there is
fungcurth Heinrich Wilhelm; Hamburg, c. 1782. Maker a small brass tablet with the engraved inscription:
of musical instruments who was granted citizen's JohannesChristoph KammeyerMusikalischerInstrumen-
rights in Hamburg on 15. II. 1782. tenmacherI7.92.
fungmannDesiderius Karl; Berlin, c. 1943. V.m. Kiimpffe Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 4.4. 1866, d.
furack G.; Kattenborn, c. 1881. V.m. and repairer. 15. 12. 1949. Pupil of Karl Wilhelm Kessler (II)
JurgensGerhard; Hamburg. 20th cent. v.m. who made and the Markneukirchen v.m. school. He worked
violins and guitars. Very good repairer. with Wilhelm Hermann Hammig (I) in Leipzig for
futzi Heinrich; Berlin-Niederschonhausen, c. 1928. 2! years, with Otto Schiinemann in Hamburg for
Maker of zithers and mandolins. a year, and for over 3 years with Heinrich Theodor
Heberlein (I) in Markneukirchen. He started in his
native town on I. II. I ~9°' Violins on Italian and
French models.
K Kiimpffe August; Markneukirchen. 19th-20th cent.
string-maker.
Kiimpffe Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 19.6. 19°2 in
KatbsaugEberhart; Nuremberg, c. 1433. Documents Markneukirchen, d. 2. 7. 1928. Son of the string-
kept in the archives in Nuremberg expressly describe maker August K., and nephew of Albin K. Pupil of
him as 'lute-maker'. the Markneukirchen v.m. school. Promising work,
Katies Johann Heinrich; Lubeck. b. 1767 in Wesloe until his untimely death.
(near Lubeck), d. 11.6.1814. Good v.m. On Kanamiiller (Kannamiiller) Franz; Obernzell, c. 1836
17. 10. 1805he married Elsabe Margarethe Behrotter - 1848. Probably only made violins in his spare
(b. 1779), by whom he had only I daughter, Marga- time. He had considerable skill, and his instruments
rethe Elisabeth, who died in infancy on 15. 6. 1808. look good and sound quite well. His violins resemble
His widow married the v.m. Christian Heinrich the Kloz model: dark-brown var., elegant soundholes
Huttel, who succeededhim. and deep-cut scroll. The name Kanamiiller can be
 KloZ I796 (fertiggemachtGeorgKarner I797). Karner's
violins are very good.
Karner Johann Georg; Enns, 1810-183°. Judging by
the name he probably came from Mittenwald;
from the work, however, he seemsto have learned
v.m. in Schonbach (in Bohemia). He preferred
a highly arched model and used yellow var. Poor
wood. In addition to labels he also branded his
instruments: * 1-- K *.
Karner Joseph; Mittenwald, c. 175Z.Little-knownv.m.
Karner Stephan; Mittenwald, 1835-184z. Good work
in the Kloz style. Beautiful wood, brown oil var.
of good quality.
KaschendorfSee Castendorfer.
Kaspar Matthias; Dusseldorf, c. 1737. A viola d'amore
by him with rich ivory and mother-of-pearl inlay
bears a label on which the name is very difficult to
read; only the first letters can be deciphered with
certainty. The sides are purple-blue. The instrument
bears the carved head of a Moor. Pale yellow var.
Kasper Dominik; Wangen im Allgau, 1865-1876.
Maker of zithers and guitars who also repaired
violins.
Kasper Franz; Wangen im Allgau, 1898-1910. Son
and successorof Dominik K. Farmer and v.m. Good
repairer.
KastensDaniel; Ebingen (in Wurttemberg), c. 1843.
Not a v.m. but a joiner. A guitar bearing his label
reveals ordinary work. His repairs ruined violins
rather than improved them.
KastensKarl; Ebingen, c. 1885.Perhapsson of Daniel K.
Only repairer.
Kasthendorff.SeeCastendorfer.
Kastl Franz; Heilbrunn (near Tolz), c. 1756. His
violins, reminiscent of the work of the Ramsau
School, are of inferior wood, but sometimes sound
quite well.
Kaudetzky (Koutecky) Franz; Marburg a. d. L., 1837
- 184z. Talented v.m. who followed the model of
Joseph Guarneri filius Andreae. Red-brown var.
KeefeldWilhelm. b. z. 4. 1868 in Mainz. Musicologist.
Associated with Greifswald University in 19°1.
Author of Zur Kenntnis der ersten deutschenOpern,
Hamburg I678-I738.
KefferFranz; Reitendorf,Ischl, 1793-18zz. The Reiten-
dorf archives reveal him as an owner of the house
No.1 between 1793-18zz. Son of a certain JosefK.,
he had a shop in Ischl and a reserved pew in the
parish church. He died about 18zz. His violins are
seldom labelled, though the Lambach monastery had
a violin by him bearing the date 1806.
Keffer Johann (I) ; Goisern, c. 178o. Son of Josef K. (I),
younger brother of Josef K. (II).
Keffer (Kefer) Johann (II); Ramsau, c. 1781. His
violins sound well. Backs and scrolls of beech-
and pear-wood. He lived in Ramsau at No.3 1 and
the registers record him as a maker of violins. Also
his son and grandchildren made violins, though
 quite unimportant ones; the last descendants only He learned much from Gustav Braun with whom he
made children's violins, var. red. was associated in Zandvoort and in Hamburg.
Keffer Johann (III); Goisern, Ischl, 1790- 1810. Lived He always wanted to devote himself to v.m. Thus,
in Reitendorf near Ischl and was born either in when Friedrich Meindl died in 1894, he bought the
Goisern or Ramsau. His violins are made on a large latter's shop and settled as a repairer in Wiirzburg.
flat model. Good wood, yellow-red var. and full Later he joined Wilhelm Voigt to gain further
tone. But his scrolls are characterless. experience. He copied Stradivari but worked also
Keffer Josef (I); Ramsau (near Goisern), 1725-1742. on an original model. Golden-yellow or golden-red
Small output, but very good violins. The first v.m. var. of his own composition. The plates are tuned
in the family. He lived at No. 31, the house being according to the theories of Dr Grossmann, and the
called the Geigenmacherhaus. result is that his instruments sound well, especially
Keffer Josef (II); Goisern. b. 17. 10. 1739 in Ramsau, the cellos. When K. A. Horlein died, Keller acquired
d. 14.9. 1813 in Goisern. Son and pupil of Josef his models and all the effects of his workshop. In
K. (I). Perhaps the best v.m. in the family; an 19°2 Keller was commissioned by Professor Her-
industrious maker. Quite good var. In addition to mann Ritter to make for him a viola alta. This re-
labels he also branded his instruments with the sulted in the formation of a string quartet by August
initials J. K. Gottfried Ritter, Hermann's brother, for whom
Keffer Matthias; Goisern, 1725-1737. Good maker. Keller made, in addition to violins and a viola alta,
He used beautiful wood and red-brown var. I.nstru- a tenor violin (a completely new type of instrument)
ments on a large model. and a viola bassa.He both labelled and branded his
instruments.
Kellermann Albrecht; Cologne. 20th cent. maker of
zithers and repairer ~f stringed instruments.
KellermannM. G. Samuel; Zerbst (in Anhalt). b. 18~1
in Hohenziatz. ".J3etweeri
1876- 1895he was first cellist
of the Schaumburg-Lippe Court Orchestra. He
Kegel (Kogl) Hans; Fussen, c. 149°. Little-known visited workshops in Markneukirchen, and also
lute-maker. Citizen of Fussen from 9. I I. 1495. the workshop of L. C. A. Bausch in Leipzig and of
Kegel (Kogl) Ulrich; Lubeck, c. 1591. A lawsuit on Jacob Erritzoe in Hanover and August Riechers,and
29. 7. 1591 described him as a lute-maker. He seems gradually taught himself v.m. In 1880 he opened
to have belonged to the Fussen family, who came his shop in Biickeburg. After 1897 he became the
later to Lubeck. Supplier of musical instruments to the Anhalt Court.
Kegel (Kogl) Wolf; Fussen. d. 1565. Probably brother Mainly repairer, but also made new instruments in
of Ulrich K. of Lubeck. Careful work. the style of the great Italian makers. Oil var. of his
KeilBernhard; Gotha. d. c. 1868in Eisenach. Dealer in own composition, yellow, golden-yellow or amber
zithers. We are not sure whether he actually made tint. Manufacturer of rosin for violins and double-
the zithers bearing his name or not. basses.

Keller Gustav; Munich. 20th cent. maker of guitars

and zithers. KeipienC. A.; Zehdenick (in Brandenburg),c. 1834.
Keller Johann (I); Diirrengriin (near Cheb, in Bohemia), Probably musician or joiner who tried his hand
Landwiist. b. 28. 12. 1894 in Diirrengriin, d. 19.4. at v.m.
1951. Pupil of Max Dolling of Markneukirchen.
He worked in Diirrengriin and left with his son in
1920 for Landwiist.
Keller Johann (II); Landwiist (near Markneukirchen).
b. 15.6.1919 in Diirrengriin. Maker of stringed
instruments. Son of Johann K. (I).
Keller Otto; Frankfurt a. M., c. 193°. Son of Philipp K.
Keller Philipp; Wiirzburg. b. 3°.4. 1868 in Wiirzburg,
d. after 1933. He studied the cello for 6 years at
Wiirzburg Conservatoire. Taught himself v.m. from
all the available text-books and by being in constant
touch with the best v.ms in Germany and abroad.
 Kempter Andreas; Dillingen. b. 1706 in Lechbruck
(in Allgau), d. 1786 in Dillingen. Trained in Fiissen.
About 172.5he came to Dillingen, where on 13.4.
1732.he married A.. Maria Bairin and was granted
citizen's rights. He plied his trade in Dillingen for
over 50 years. The church registers describe him as
artijiciosuscheliifactor. He was highly:esteemed both
as lute-maker and as v.m. He used Staine;r..'s model
but with his own individual characteristics. The
tone of his instruments is full and beatitifuLHis var.,
usually in thin layers, is also very good.
Kern (Khern) Thomas; Vienna, c. 1580. Lute-maker
who became citizen in 1580.
Kerner Otto Willi; Zittau (in Saxony). b. 19. 9. 1892.
in Markneukirchen, d. 2.6.3. 1956 in Zittau. Son
of a v.m., pupil of Adolf Heinel of Markneukirchen.
He later worked with Anton Poller (II) in Vienna
and with Karl Julius Muller in Augsburg, where he
learned to make guitar-type instruments. Having
passedhis master's test he established himself inde-
pendently in Zittau in 192.0.He mainly used the
Stradivari model.

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Kerschensteiner
Franz; Regensburg. b. 9. 11. 1869. Son
and pupil of Xaver K. and his partner after 1910.
. J(1I~f.. ',.. '~., - ~,J He studied music.
VfCa
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Kerschensteiner Xaver; Regensburg. b. 7. 5.1839 in

Parsberg (in Bavaria), d. 1935. Pupil of Peter
Schulz, with whom he trained for 4 years before
going abroad. Then he worked in Munich with
KennedyH. Author of Die Zither in der Vergangenheit, Georg Tiefenbrunner (1) and Karl Echinger, in
Gegenwart und Zukunft. Historische Studie (Tolz, Linz with Rudolf Strotzinger, in Vi~nna with David
1896). Bittner and in Wtirzburg with Franz Xaver Meindl.
Kern Balthasar; Prutting (in Bavaria), c. 1928. In 1865 he returned to Regensburg ~nd joined his
Maker of stringed instruments, especially bowed former teacher as partner. Beautiful wood, good
ones. craftsmanship and fine var. are the main character-
Kern Hermann August; Markneukirchen. b. 12.4.1873 istics of his instruments, which soon becamehighly
in Markneukirchen. When he had learned the trade valued, and were sold as far afield as England. Spirit
he left Markneukirchen and worked with various and oil var. from a recipe found in a book dated 1744.
makers. In addition to bowed instruments he also made
Kern Johann; Dittling, c. 1825. Maker of zithers. excellent zithers.

~
 KesslerFriedrich Johann Christian; Markneukirchen.
b. 24. 1. 19°3. Maker of guitars;. son and pupil of
Richard K. He used the following brands: Kessler,
fet;ft aDoOl' Libelle, Amorette, Sing, Artist and Tossenliesel.
KesslerAlbin; Frankfurt a. M. b. 1855, d. 1945. V.m.
KesslerAugust Wilhelm (I); Adorf, c. 1809.
KesslerAugust Wilhelm (II); Markneukirchen. b. 10.7.
1862 in Markneukirchen. Unimportant v.m.
KesslerAugust Wilhelm (III); Markneukirchen. b. 3. 9.
1871. Brother of Wilhelm Albin K. and pupil of
Albin Kurzend6rfer. He made lutes and mandolins.
KesslerChristian Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 18. I I.
1774, d. 27.2. 1850. V.m.
Kessler Christian Gottfried (I); Markneukirchen. b. Kessler Georg Adam (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1746,
25. I I. 1800, d. 17. 7. 1869. He established himself d. 2. 5. 1808. Younger son of Wolff Konrad K.
independently at the age of 22. Admitted to the guild after the normal exami-
Kessler Christian Gottfried (II) ; Markneukirchen, nation on 2. II. 1768. He also spelled his name
Kassler.
1882-1925. Maker of bows for violins and double-
Kessler Georg Adam (II); Markneukirchen. b. 7. 9.
basses.
Kessler Ernst; Charlottenburg (near Berlin). b. 9. 9. 1769, d. 25. 10. 1845.
1856 in Markneukirchen, d. 4. II. 1931. Brother Kessler H. A.; Markneukirchen. b. 1870 in Markneu-
of PaUl K., and pupil of August Albin Voigt. He kirchen.
worked with Louis Otto in Dusseldorf and in 1874 KesslerHans Julius; Markneukirchen. b. 17.6.1892.
in Berlin with August Riechers.He was with Riechers Maker of guitars. Son and pupil of Richard K. He
again in 1880 and two years later started on his used the samebrands as his brother Friedrich Johann
own in Berlin. Mainly made copies of Stradivari Christian K.
of the period between 1696-1723. His instruments Kessler Heinrich (I); Markneukirchen. 19th cent. maker
of guitars and zithers.
reveal accomplished craftsmanship and good tone.
Beautiful old wood and good var. Painstaking crafts- Kessler Heinrich (II) ; Mannheim. b. 9. 4. 1853 in
manship and the faithful reproduction of early Markneukirchen. Son of Heinrich K. (I), pupil of
makers. He was also well known for his bows. Gustav Adolf Hammig of Dresden. For a long spell
he worked with Johann Padewet in Karlsruhe. On
His instruments are branded under the label. He
27. I. 1880 he acquired H. Eckart's shop in Mann-
had a second shop in Berlin which was managed
heim, and in 1898 became Hoflieferant zum Gross-
by his son Ernst Johann.
herzogvon Baden.
KesslerHeinrich Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 1.6. 1865.
Son and pupil of Karl Wilhelm K. (II). Worked with
Wilhelm Hermann Hammig (I) in Leipzig and
started on his own in 1891.
Kessler Heinrich August; Markneukirchen. b. 22.7.
1841, d. c. 1889. V.m.
Kessler Hermann Adolf; Wiesbaden. b. 28.2. 1869
in Markneukirchen. Son of Karl Wilhelm K. (I)
.. .t K esst.fr
Ernst ,
fee.Itan 110'19
BI:!f1
7 tn~
. t4C ~ and pupil of Ernst Petzold. Between 1886-1889
he worked in Hamburg and between 1892-1898
in Frankfurt a. M. In 1898 he established himself in
Wiesbaden. He followed Guarneri and Stradivari.
Oil var.
, if
s
V f n i ~Ci sSICi &Ci
~.\ A t;c,C,t;f
li ft
pt;fc :11,
KesslerHermann Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 8. 9.187°.
V.m.
ec.It aOftOi'dJ/ fio KesslerJohann Adam; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 12. 1771,
d. 6. I. 1803. V.m.
KesslerJohann Christian (I); Markneukirchen. b. 9. 8.
1762, d. 21. 10. 1797. Little-known v.m.
KesslerErnst Johann; Berlin. b. 1.3.1885 in Berlin. KesslerJohann Christian (II) ; Markneukirchen. b. 20. I.
Son of Ernst K. He studied until 19°2, learned v.m. 1793, d. 21.8. 1877. Son of Johatln Christian K. (I).
with his father and later became the manager of his Though he was blind during the last years of his life,
second shop in Berlin. he somehow kept working to the end.
Kessler Johann Christian (III); Markneukirchen. with these soundholes. Oil var. and careful crafts-
b. 17.4. 1819, d. 3°. I. 1875. V.m. manship. His widow Luise (neeTrampler) continued
Kessler Johann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 1735, in the shop, selling in addition pianos and sheet
d. 8. I. 1801. Elder son of Wolff Konrad K. Became music.
master on 9. 6. 1756. His highly arched violins often Kessler (Kassler) Wolff Konrad; Markneukirchen.
have a lion's head instead of a scroll. b. c. 17°°, d. 1763. Trained in Markneukirchen.
Kessler Johann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. I. 3. Became citizen and master v.m. on 21. 5. 1723, and
1766, d. 7. 2. 1828. V.m. acquired a high reputation as maker.
KesslerKarl August; Markneukirchen. b. 20. 1. 18I 6, KeverhausF. Author of Die Konstruktion des Geigen-
d. 18.8.1874. V.m. korpers aus den TeilJangender Saite (Leipzig, 1929).
KesslerKarl Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen. b. 20. 10. KiederleGeorg; Coburg. 20th cent. v.m.
1824, d. 4. 3. 1880. V.m. KiederleHans Hermann; Coburg. V.m.
KesslerKarl Wilhelm (II); Markneukirchen. b. 25. II. Kiederle Hermann; Coburg. b. 16. II. 193°. Graduate
1832, d. 18.9. 19°5. Pupil of Stein in Markneu- of the State v.m. school in Mittenwald. Later he
kirchen, with whom he stayed until 1852, when he worked with Georg K. in Coburg, and Henri Jean
started his own business. Vermeer in Basle. He started on his own in 1956.
KesslerKarl Wilhelm (III); Markneukirchen. b. 186o, He models his work on Guarneri del Gesu.
d. 28. II. 19°7. Son of Karl Wilhelm K. (II) and Ki~f Dominik; Bozen (Bolzano, in the South Tyrol),
talented V.m. like his father. 1740-177°. V.m.
Kessler Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 31. 10. 189° in Kiefer Albert; Trier. b. 1910.V.m. who also specialised
Markneukirchen. Maker of guitars. Son and pupil in making lutes and guitars.
of Richard K. He used the samebrands ashis brothers Kieger Joseph; Mittenwald, c. 1810-1815. V.m.
Friedrich Johann and Hans Julius. Kielow Eryk; Berlin. b. 1896 in Lodz. Pupil of Adolf
KesslerMax Conrad; Leipzig. b. 22.4. 1872 in Gohlis Heinrich Pfretzschner in Markneukirchen, worked
(near Leipzig), d. 4.7. 1899. V.m. with O. Mockel and then established himself in
Kessler Oskar; Schneidemiihl. 20th cent, maker of Berlin.
bowed instruments. Kiendl Anton; Vienna. b. 3. 6. 18I 6 in Mittenwald,
KesslerPaul; Markneukirchen. b. 7.3. 1879, d. 1"3.I. d. 13. ~. 187I in Vienna. Learned v.m. in Mittenwald
1931. Pupil of Ernst Hermann Kretzschmann. and worked with A. Engleder at the time when
Youngest brother of Ernst K., with whom he worked Wilhelm Theodor Gutermann was apprenticed
in Berlin for 7 years. He established himself inde- there. In 1843 he settled in Vienna. All the time he
pendently in his native town in 19°8. Repairer who worked at the perfection of his favourite instrument,
also made good new violins and cellos. the zither. He introduced tuning in fifths and
KesslerRichard; Markneukirchen. b. 27.8.1864, d. 2. 4. enlarged the number of strings, which widened the
1943. Excellent plucked instruments and concert scope of the instrument. He also substantially
guitars with the brand KESSLER. improved the bowed zither. His annual output was
KesslerWilhelm; Adorf. b. 1868, d. 1955. Maker of over 800 zithers. Though he did not make many
violins once he settled in Vienna, those that are
guitars.
KesslerWilhelm Albin; Frankfurt a. M. b. 10. I. 1856 known are very good.
in Markneukirchen, d. 7.2. 1945 in Bad Homburg Kiendl Karl (I); Modling, Vienna, b. 185° in Graseck
(in the Tyrol). Son and pupil of Karl Wilhelm K. (in Upper Bavaria). In 1862 he went to his uncle
(II). Worked for one year with Wenzel Lenk in in Vienna, Anton K., and first trained as zither-
Frankfurt. Between 1879-1891 he was the manager maker. Between 1868-1870 he was in Mittenwald
for L. Noebe. In 1892 he started on his own in with Johann Reiter to learn v.m. Then he went to
Frankfurt. He mainly followed Stradivari. Excellent Munich to join Georg Tiefenbrunner (I) where he
and completely transparent oil var. of an orange tint. mainly made guitars. In 1872 he opened his own
Good wood and careful craftsmanship. shop in Modling (near Vienna). His violins are
Kessler Wilhelm August; Mannheim. b. 10. I I. 186o modelled on the old masters and on an original
in Markneukirchen, d. 1917. Son and pupil of design, too. Oil var. Zithers always on an original
Heinrich August K. Having received a good musical pattern. He was also responsible for several inven-
training in his youth he spent his army service with tions, e.g. the zithers Eureka, Eutonia, etc.
the band. Between 1883-1887 he worked as an Kiendl Karl (II); Vienna. b. 2I. I I. 1879 in Modling
assistant, and then opened his own workshop. He (near Vienna). He made good violins, guitars and
modelled his instruments on Stradivari, though the zithers.
placing and shape of the soundholes are deliberately Kiener Theodor; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Maker of
different: they are a cross between Stradivari and stringed instruments, bows and strings.
Guarneri but the lower curve is more like Amati. Kilian Hermann; Munich. b. 27.2.1875 in Freiburg,
Kessler hoped to improve the tone of his violins d. 193°. The son of a U.S. citizen, Friedrich K.,
 he went to New York as a child and returned to Sciences at Wiirzburg University. Author of Mus-
Germany with his parents in 1887 to study music. urgia universalesJive ars magnaconsoniet dissoniin X
libros (Rome, 1650). .
A fine cellist who gave concert recitals in Germany
and Italy. He was also member of the well-known KistenmacherJohann; Mannheim, 2.oth cent. V.m.
Munich string quartet, led at that time by his brother, Klar K., Dr. Author of an article, Der Konftikt des
Professor Theodor K. He was always very interested Geigenmachers J. Stainer mil der kirchlichen Behorde,
in v.m. and its history, knew several v.ms well and I 66.9, published in Tiroler Stimmen on 13.6. 1896.
quarrelled with others and finally, at the age of 2.8, The article describes the appointment of Jacob
upon the advice of Giuseppe Fiorini, started studying Stainer as Court v.m. to the governor of the Tyrol,
v.m. Becausehe was talented and extremely industri- Archduke Ferdinand Karl, and his quarrel with the
ous he was able to devote himself entirely to v..m. Church authorities.
only two years later. In 19°9 he opened his own Klauda Frantisek; Brno (in Moravia), Vienna, c. 192.0.
shop which, in 1912.,became associated with the Nephew and pupil of Karl Goll (I). He worked with
Court music shop (Alfred Schmids Nachfolger). Goll from 1916-1942. (finishing his apprenticeship
At the same time he took over the v.m. workshop in 192.0)and in 1945 went to Vienna.
of this firm. In later years he also made good lutes Klein Anton; Markneukirchen. 19th cent. v.m. and
and guitars. Careful and conscientious work. After maker of doublebasses.Father of Max K.
Anton Zunterer's death in 1917 he was also Court Klein Franz; Winselburg. 19th and 2.oth. V.m.
adviser on stringed instruments. . Klein Gustav Adolf; Winselburg i. Vogtl., GerafThii-
Kindermann Johann M.; Nuremberg, c. 162.1. The ringen, Boda. b. 13. 5. 185I in Brunndobra, d.
Berlin Museum has an arpanetteby him (see Cata- 5.2.. 1936 in Boda. V.m. Son and pupil of Franz K.
logue, p. 41, No. 2.74). in Winselburg.
KinnemannFriedrich; Neuhaldensleben. b. 17.4.18°9 Klein Herbert; Gmiind, Heidenheim. b. 2.2..5.19°7
in Wudicke (near Rathenow), d. 2.2..2..1860 in in Markneuldrchen. Worked with his brother
Neuhaldensleben. Learned another trade in Zerbst Rudolf K. in Reichenau (in Czechoslovakia). He
but started making stringed instruments. Because established himself independently in Gmiind and
he was successfulat this he gave up his original trade later worked in Heidenheim. Very good work.
and devoted himself entirely to v.m. He established Klein Max; Koblenz. b. 19°1 in Markneukirchen. Son
a workshop but closedit a yearlater becausethere were of Anton K. of Markneukirchen. Max K. is on the
not enough customersand he then returned to G. Stahl- examining board of the Association of German V.ms.
knecht. The instruments reveal a non-professional Klein Rudolf; Reichenau,Boda (near Tannenbergsthal).
hand but were nevertheless carefully made. b. 14. 3. 1882.in Boda. Maker of guitars and bowed
Kinpolth Johann Christian; Vienna, c. 1760. He seems instruments.
to have stayed in Vienna for only a short time for Klein Willy; Rostock. b. 2.8.12..19°3 in Eichholz
he was not a member of the guild nor was he granted (near Wismar). Originally a joiner who later learned
citizen's rights. v.m. Maker of various stringed instruments and
Kinsky Georg; Cologne. b. 1882. in Marienwerde. repairer of bowed and plucked instruments.
Doctor of Philosophy, writer of music and Curator
of the Heyer museum in Cologne. He is the author
of a 3-volume catalogue of the collection of musical
instruments, MusikhistorischesMuseum van Wilhelm ..~fN~OS':r.Q~
Heyer in Koln (Cologne, 1912.),the second volume
of which contains over 5°° illustrations of instru-
ments and labels and 1°92.items. An abridged version
of the catalogue was published in 1913 containing
2.5° pages with 32. illustrations. Kinsky emigrated Willy Klein
~
to the United States before 194°. lo"'ck
Kirchhoff.. ; Zschachwitz (near Dresden). 2.oth cent.
v.m. Good work. Red var.
Kirchner Heinrich; Vienna, 2.othcent. Mass-production
of stringed instruments. Kleinhans Johann Georg (1); Faulenbach. d. 16. IZ.
Kirchner Karl; Graz, c. 1912..Came from Vienna and 1716. Married in 17°6 and again in 1713. Otherwise
established himself as v.m. about 1910 but soon hardly known.
left Graz again. Kleinhans Johann Georg (II); Fussen, 1752.-1771.
KirchwegerLudwig; Frankenthal, c. 1867. Lawyer who V.m. Probably son of Johann Georg K. (1).
made violins in his spare time. KleinsteuberM. (?); Gotha, c. 179°. Joiner who made
KirscherAthanasius; Wiirzburg. b. 2..5. 1602.in Geisa, harps, zithers, lutes and possibly violins as well.
d. 2.8.II. 1660 in Rome. Professor of Natural Johann Wilhelm Bindernagel was his pupil. A certain
 G. C. Kleinsteuber settled in Berlin about 18oo and Kling Georg; Vienna, c. 1675. Granted Viennese
made guitars and pedal harps; this may be the same citizenship as a lute-maker in May 1675.
man. Klinger Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1779. Son of
Klemm Carl August; Leipzig, 181o-184°. V.m. Christian Gottlieb K. Little-known v.m.
Klemm Johann Georg (I); Markneukirchen. d. before Klinger Christian Gottlieb; Klingenthal, b. 2.0.3. 173° in
1743. Citizen of Markneukirchen and, like his father, Klingenthal, d. 2.7.3. 1792..The guild's accountsbook
a turner~ Because he did not belong to any of the callshim a 'masterv .m.'. Perhapshe wasadescendantof
guilds and made mainly violin pegs, he asked for the Klinger family which gaveits nameto Klingenthal.
admittance to the v.m. guild. Though his request Klinger Christoph (I); Rattenberg am Inn. b. before
was grantedon 2.8.II. 171° he wasforbidden to try 162.0, d. 17.4. 1677. Contemporary and fellow-
his hand at anything that required a v.m.'s skill, countryman of Jacob Stainer. In 1647he was a citizen
unless he first learned the trade properly. of Rattenberg where he served in the militia. The
Klemm Johann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. b. 2.7.5. documents describe him as 'violin-maker, innkeeper
172.7,d. 16. 8. 1791. V.m. who worked on similar and musician'. He first married Maria Stockl, and
lines to Ficker. He rarely used labels. after her death married Maria Rotwel, having alto-
Klemm Johann Georg (III); Helbingsdorf, 18th cent. gether 1° children. In a private collection in Veendam
Kinsky mentions him as the maker of a lute in the there was a beautiful violin by him with a lion's head.
former Loup collection. Possibly identical with The label bore the name ChristophorusKlinger and the
Johann Georg K. (II). date 1634 (1654?)' The place of origin is illegible.
Klemm Johann Georg (IV); Markneukirchen. b. I. 3. Klinger Christoph (II); Rattenberg am Inn. b. 14.4.
1763, d. 2.1.I. 1835. Son of Johann Georg K. (I) 1657, d. 14.8. 17°2.in Halle. Third son of the first
and his successor.Their instruments are very similar marriage of Christoph K. (I). Claimed to have been
and can only be distinguished by the dates. a pupil of Stainer as early as in 1666. When his
Klemm Johann Gottfried; Radeberg. b. 1737 in father died, he established himself independently
Radeberg, d. after 1763. Lute- and V.m. whose work in Rattenberg, in 1677. He acquired citizenship and
is now rare. A bass-zither by him is in the Scheuler in 1678 married Justina Lampurg~r of Hall. The
Collection. A rather primitive Turin Waldzither was documents describe him variously as Geigenmacher
in the Heyer Collection in Cologne. Because he (v.m.), Musiker (musician), Sanger(singer), and one
called himself 'junior' we may surmise that his entry even calls him Musterschreiber in der Landmilitz
father, who was a turner by profession, also made (model clerk in the militia).
musical instruments. Klingler. See Klinger.
Klemm Karl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 5. 1765, Klipphahn Max; Augsburg. b. 1887 in Markneukirchen.
d. 7.4.1801. Good businessman who employed Good craftsmanship.
many Markneukirchen v.ms. He also made good KliPphahn Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 13.10.1879 in
violins himself which, however, always bear traces Markneukirchen, d. after 194°. Bow-maker.
of assistanceby others. KlopfteischKarl Fr.; Kaltenwestheim (on the Rhine),
Klenk H.; Hanau a. M., c. 192.8.Maker of crun-rests Weimar. b. 2.6.3. 187°. Teacher at an elementary
and bridges. school who taught himself v.m. and tried to make
Klier Franz Joseph; Bubenreuth (near Erlangen). violins scientifically with strict adherence to the
b. 12..4. 19°1 in Schonbach (in Bohemia). He laws of acoustics etc. After many years of trial he
adopted various models: Stradivari, Guarneri, achieved some remarkable results. In 19°9 he left
C. Giuseppe Testore, Fr. Ruggeri, Nicolo Amati, for Weimar and devoted himself solely to v.m.
Jacob Stainer and others. Yellow-red oil var. His model is carefully computed, the craftsmanship
Klimits (Klimitsch) Joseph; Vienna. b. c. 1783, d. 6. I. is excellent and the tone absolutely satisfactory.
1866. Maker of violins and guitars in the style of the KloZ Aegidius. See KloZ Egidi.
Viennese School. He was not much of an artist, KloZ Aegidius Sebastian (Egidi (II)); Mittenwald.
however, and his guitars and violins are inferior. b. 1733, d. 18°5. Eldest son of Sebastian K. (I).
One of the best v.ms of his time, though he was
often carelessin his work. The violins have usually
~..,,~ ~ -"'"'..,.
dark red-brown var., graceful soundholes and
:1<
'.. ji ,,' elongated scrolls. The arching of the table is usually
O~tpij r fint.t.t~ thicker than that of the back. He was a great connois-
(2:" ~ ..I seur of wood and tone. He also followed Stainer and
f~?!f!n f£nrl f;fe~tm(iJM~
apparently even put Stainer's labels into a great
1"1;
:;rj~
~1;i!iN.. ~""vV c
l.cc~/) many of his instruments-a practice unfortunately
followed by other members of the Kloz family.
~ f'
He married Maria Gerblin and in 1799was a council-
lor in Mittenwald.
 The Kloz Family
(from J. Baader'sRecords)
Katharina
b. 1716
Matthias (III)
b. 1718,
d. after 1770
Bernardin
Georg (I) b. 1719,
b.3I.3.I687, d. 1720
d. 31. 8. 1737
Hieronymus
Katharina' b. 1722
b. 4. 12. 1688
Karl Boromiius
Maria b. 1723
b. 1690
Karl
Barbara Anna b.1726
b. 165I b. 1693
JosephCarl
Matthias (I) ~Matthias b. 173I,
b.II.6.1653, b. 1694, d. 2. 6. 1739
d. 16. 8. 1743 d. 25. 7.1699
Sabine -Sebastian (I) _(see next page)
b. 18. I. 1696,
Paul Kloz Urban Josepha d. after 1767 -N.N.
was already b. 16. 5. 1627. b. 1736
married 1619, d. 25. II. 1691 Andreas Johann Baptist
d. 13.9.1681 b. 1662 b. 9. 7. 1706 .Anna
b. 1737
Johann Johann Carl
b. 1664 b. 29. I. 1709
Machthild
b. 26. 2. 1666
- Theres
b. 15. 10. 1713
Magdalena
b. 1738

Agatha
do 21.60 1719 b. 1740
Augustinus
b. 1668 Theres
b. 1743.
d. 1744

Wolfgang
Ferdinand
b. 1744

KlozAntonJoseph; Mittenwald. b. 12..6.1787, d. 1835. is no Aegidius Kloz to be found in the documents

Son and pupil of Joseph Anton K. He did not gain of the 17th cent. It is unlikely that this senior Aegi-
any renown, for he was mainly a dealer. Though dius belonged to the descendants of Matthias K.
he had the same Christian names as his father, he Certainly his work does not resemblethe work of the
always put the name Anton first. 18th cent. Aegidius Sebastian K. His violins are
KloZ Balthasar (I); Mittenwald. b. 7. 3. 1854, d. after much b~tter and more important than the instruments
1925. Son of the scroll-carver and wood-merchant made by the latter. The appearanceof these violins
Nikolaus K. (I) (b. 1814, d. 1861) and pupil of his supports an ancient tradition which claims that one
uncle, Simon Tiefenbrunner. Until 1888 he worked Aegidius Kloz was a direct pupil of Jacob Stainer.'
mainly for Neuner & Hornsteiner. He started on his Unless we suppose that an unknown 18th cent.
own in 189°. His sons were trained by him to become forger pasted into certain violins of an unknown
v.ms and later became partners in his workshop. maker labels bearing the name of Aegidius K., we
All of them are proud of being direct descendants may consider him to have been the father of GeOl:g
of Matthias K. (I), and try to keep up the reputation K. (II), who was likewise not one of the descendants
of the family. of Matthias K. (I).
KloZ Balthasar (II); Mittenwald. b. 23. 1. 1885. Pupil KloZ Egidi (II). See KloZ Aegidius Sebastian.
of his father, Balthasar K. (I). Partner of his father KloZ Ferdinand. See KloZ Wolfgang Ferdinand.
in his workshop. KloZ Georg (I); Mittenwald. b. 31.3.1687, d. 31.8.
KloZ Egidi (1) (Aegidius); Mittenwald, 1675-1727. 1737. Son of the first marriage of Matthias K. (I).
We know a great number of old Tyrolean School The parish registers call him cheiyfactorand he seems
violins labelled Aegidius Kloz. Nevertheless there to have held some kind of office of honour. Good
 Maria
Franziska
b.1725
~Maria
Agnes (I)
b. 1729 Maria Anna
b. 24. 7. 1757
-Maria
Agnes (II) -daughter
b.1731 b. 1759
Anton Joseph Nikolaus (I) Balthasar (I)
-Aegidius
Sebastian
b. 1733,
- -Joseph
Anton
b. 22. 1. 1760,
-b. IZ. 7.1787. -b.
d. 1835
6. IZ. 1814. -b.
d.1861
7. 3,1854.
d. after 19Z5
Sebastian(1) d. 18°5
d. 1822
-Sebastian (II)
(Sebastian -Johann b. 3°. 10. 1762,
Anton) Thomas d. 1825
b. 18. I. 1696, b. 2. 12. 1735,
d. after 1767 d. 6. 3. 1736 -Aegidius
b. 15.8.1764
Magdalena ~daughter
b. 1737 b. 1765
Maria Anna ~daughter
b. 1741 b. 1767

Joseph -[ Joseph
Thomas
b.8.3.1743 Matthias (IV)
b. c. 1780.
-Elisabeth d. c. 1868
b. 1745
Anna
Katharina
b 8, 7 1748

work, model somewhat wider than that of Sebastian him. His violins are somewhat arched and are var.
K. His yellow-brown or red-brown var. is good. red-brown. Used both handwritten and printed
His well-made instruments may still be found in labels.
many collections. The ornamental surrounds of the
labels of Aegidius Sebastian, Matthias (III) and
Georg Kloz are identical.

KloZ Hans; Mittenwald. b. 6. 10. 19°5 in Mittenwald.

Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m. school and of Adolf
Sprenger (I); worked with Dr Eugen Gartner in
Stuttgart and started on his own in 1936. He used
a beautiful dark-brown oil var. and modelled his
work on Sprenger and Gartner.
KloZ Johann Carl; Mittenwald. b. 29. 1. 17°9, said to
have been still alive in 179°. Son of Matthias K. (I)
and his wife Ursula (neeSchlaucher). His baptismal
godfather was the v.m. Andreas Jais. He was married
to Margarethe Knilling. He was considered to have
been one of the best v.ms of the family. Skilful
craftsmanship based on the small Amati model.
Dark-brown var.
KloZ Georg (II) (Georg Carl); Mittenwald. b. 1723,
d. 1797. He was not a descendant of Matthias K.
and should not be confused with Georg K. (I).
This maker's name can be found in the registers in
1756 when a son, Wilhelm Dionysus, was born to
KloZ Johann Nepomuk; Berlin. b. 4.6.19°3 in KloZ Matthias (I); Mittenwald. b. 11.6. 1656 (not
Mittenwald. Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m. school 1670), d. 1743 (not 1720). Fout:1der of the v.m.
between 1916-1919. He worked with Matthias industry in Mittenwald. The eldest son of a certain
Wernle until 1922, and later with Neuner & Horn- Urban K., he learned the trade in Fiissen or Vils,
steiner. Later he worked for Gustav Graseck in or perhaps even with Stainer. His final training was
Munich and Pliverics & Mockel in Berlin. In 1927 in Italy, where for 6 years he worked with Giovanni
he was one of the partners of this firm, but in 1947 Railich in Padua. His work was nevertheless influ-
he started on his own in Berlin. Good work. enced by Stainer. He found the right place for his
KloZ Joseph (I). See KloZ Joseph Thomas. craft in Mittenwald, for there was plenty of good
KloZ Joseph (II); Mittenwald. b. 1771, d. 1831. Son wood and many potential customers. He employed
of Joseph Thomas K. To distinguish his work from assistants and t,<>ok apprentices, and was very
his father's (which is often labelled 'Joseph Kloz'), successful. It is probably that in his later years he
he frequently called himself Joseph Kloz junior. went to Italy again. Sometimes he put Stainer labels
Said to have been a good violinist. Careful work. into his violins. The craftsmanship is good, the tone
also; on the other hand, the wood is not particularly
handsome. The var. has a dark ground colour
with a yellowish gloss. It would not be true to rate
him above all the other members of the family, for
his son Sebastian made better instruments. He was
fully conversant with the commercial side of his
enterprise, which was later taken over by the
KloZ Joseph (III); Mittenwald. b. 6.3.1879. Eldest Neuners. After 1730 the firm Gebriider Neuner
son and pupil of Balthasar K. (I). Red-brown var. came to the fore and slowly monopolised the whole
KlozJosephAnton; Mittenwald. b. 22. I. 1760,d. 1822. Mittenwald v.m. trade. The name Kloz was some-
Son of Aegidius SebastianK. and Marie neeGarblin. times spelled Klotz, Khlotz or Glotz.
He seemsto have worked as a v.m. in winter only.
His labels often read only' Anton Kloz' and it is
not at all certain whether the instruments are by
him or by his son. Neither the son nor the father,
however, rate among the outstanding members of
the family.
KloZ Joseph Thomas; Mittenwald. b. 8. 3. 1743,d. after
1809. He generally only used his first christian name.
Son and pupil of SebastianK. and Regina,neeMayr.
Best v.m. of the whole family, a real artist. It is
a great pity that he did not make more instruments. KloZ Matthias (II); Mittenwald. b. 23. 2. 1664,d. after
Wood and craftsmanship always outstanding, the 1725. Son of a certain Adam K. who was not a v.m.
arching somewhat flatter than that of the contempo- (d. 31.12. 17°1 at the age of 9°). Lute-maker and
rary Mittenwald masters. Soundholes short and citizen of Mittenwald. He should not be confused
almost always beautifully carved. Lemon-yellow, with the famous Matthias K. (I); they were only
reddish or brown var. distant relatives.
KloZ Matthias (III); Mittenwald. b. 1718, d. after
177°. Son of Georg K. His violins can be distin-
guished from those made by his relatives, for the
var. has now become quite black.

KloZ Matthias (IV); Mittenwald. b. C.1780,d. c. 1868.

KloZ Karl; Mittenwald. b. 1726. Son of Georg K. Son of Joseph Thomas K. During much of his
and Anna neeSprenger. Mediocre work. There was, lifetime he was the only v.m. in the family. He
however, another Karl K., namely a son of Johann never married.
Carl K., who may have died in his infancy, though KloZ Max; Mittenwald. b. 12. 10. 1896,d. 1916.Son
this is not certain. and pupil of Balthasar K. (I).
KloZ Michael; Mittenwald, 1750-179°. An ordinary Knabel Carl; Glogau, c. 1895. Violin repairer.
violin bearing the name of Michael K. is known to KnauscherJohann Georg; Schwabach, 1783-18°5.
us. In the entire family we can find only one Michael The handwritten label known to us is so in-
K. This was a son of Johann Carl K., but he died distinct that the name can also be read Knapscher.
in his infancy, and so could not have made any Free use of the Stainer model. His cellos are
violins. Michael K., 'v.m.' seems,therefore, not to best.
have been a descendant of Matthias K. (I). Knichte/Erdmann; Altenburg, c. 1768.It is only known
KloZ Nikolaus (1); Mittenwald. b. 6. 12. 1814, d. 1861 that he, 'a v.m. and maker of musical instruments'
in Mittenwald. Amateur v.m. who mainly made requested the government in 1768 to prohibit
parts of instruments for local makers. foreign v.ms and dealers offering their instru-
KloZ Nikolaus (II); Mittenwald. b. 20. 3. 1892,d. 25. 9. ments for sale at the Altenburg annual fair.
1914. Son and pupil of Balthasar K. (1). There were probably in fact several v.ms of this
KloZ Sebastian (I) (Sebastian Anton); Mittenwald. name.
b. 18. 1. 1696, d. after 1767. Son of the first marriage Knichtel Johann Georg; Schoneck. b. 17°8, d. 179°.
of Matthias K. (1). His violins follow Stainer in style V.m. His younger brother Erdmann K. was appar-
but with lower arching; the soundholes are narrower ently also a v.m., and may be identical with the
and the corners more pointed. His var. is denser above.
and better than that of his father. It is of various Knichtel Johann Michael; Lubeck. d. 14.12.1797.
shades,mostly red-brown or dark-brown and some- V.m., granted citizenship on 17.6. 1762 and on
times similar to Alban's var. He mostly used manu- 9. 5. 1765 married Catharina Elisabeth Kleissen-
script labels before 173°, printed ones later. Kalies. When he died, she continued in the trade
until her own death on 1.8.18°5. Good craftsman-
ship, though both wood and var. leave much to be
desired. Sharp tone.
Kni/ling Andreas; Mittenwald, c. 1768. Little known.
Knilling Anton; Mittenwald, c. 1760-177°. Was
already married in 1763. Good violins, only the var.
is dull brown.
Knilling
Obscure Anton
v .m. Alois;- Mittenwald. b. 22.7.1765.
~

Knilling Georg; Mittenwald. b. 1769. Son of Anton K.

Standard work.
Knilling Johann (I); Mittenwald, c. 175°. One of the
best makers in the family.
KnillingJohann (II); Mittenwald. b. 1822,d. 19°5. The
last v.m. from Mittenwald to travel in his early
years, mainly to Passau.In old age he used to do var.
for dealers.
Knilling Johann Joseph (I); Mittenwald. b. 20. 8. 1763,
KloZ Sebastian (II); Mittenwald. b. 3°. 10. 1762, d. after 1838. Son of Anton K. Talented v.m. who
d. 1825. Son of Aegidius Sebastian K. and Marie copied Amati.
nee Gerblin; grandson of Sebastian K. (I). Little Knilling Johann Joseph (II); Mittenwald. b. 1853.
individuality of instruments: they seem to have Went to the Mittenwald v.m. school between 1866-
been made of parts from different makers. 1869. Later he learned to make zithers. For several
KloZ Wolfgang Ferdinand; Mittenwald. b. 1744,d. after years he worked with Xaver Kerschensteiner in
1788. Son of JohanA' Carl K.-and Mat;garethe nee Regensburg, then established himself in Mittenwald.
Knilling. Good v.m. and businessman. His work His work is quite good.
reveals traditional family characteristics.
KluibenschfidlJosef; 1nnsbruck, c. 1861. V.m. revealing
little individual character.
Knilling Joseph; Mittenwald, c. 1765.Perhapsbrother
of Johann K. (I). Can be distinguishedfrom the
other membersof the family by his yellow var.
Knilling Joseph Matthias; Mittenwald. b. 6. 2. 1767,
d. 1838.Son of Anton K. He usuallysignedhimself Knitl Franz; Freising. b. 1744 in Mittenwald, d. 19.2.
only 'Matthias Knilling'. One of the most talented 1791 in Freising. It seems that he first worked in
makers from Mittenwald. His work we consider Mittenwald and only came to Freising in 1769.
to have much the samemerit as the Frenchman Lute- and v.m. to the Bishop of Freising. His
Fran<;oisLouis Pique. His beautiful soft red oil var. violins are modelled on Amati and Stradivari, but
was usually applied in thick layers. are narrow across the waist and have slender sound-
holes. The tone is not powerful but very pleasant.
He was succeededby Josef Doser, who married his
widow.
Knitl (Knittel, Knittl) Joseph; Mittenwald, 1756 -
179°. Probably brother of Franz K. Good work in
the Kloz style. Yellow-brown var.
Knoop Wilhelm; Meiningen, c. 1845. Member of the
Knilling Matthias; Mittenwald, 1753-1760. Not to Meiningen Court orchestra who made a few violins
be confused with Joseph Matthias K., who was a far in the style of Stainer. He used an Italian label.
better maker. Knoor Paul; Markneukirchen. SeeKnorr Paul.
Knilling Paul Anton; Mittenwald. b. 25. I. 1759, Knopf Albert Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 22.4.1885
d. after 1812. Son of Johann K. (I); followed the in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Oskar Bernhard Heinel
Kloz School. who worked successively with Georg Winterling
Knilling Philipp; Mittenwald, c. 1753-1762. His in Hamburg, Albert Gotz (I) and Edmund Glasel
violins follow the Italian style, rather than that of in Markneukirchen, with Adolf Zopfel in Magdeburg
Kloz. and with Julius Heinrich Zimmermann in Leipzig.
Knilling Philipp Bernhardt; Mittenwald, c. 1821. Pedlar Good craftsmanship and experienced repair work.
who dealt in violins, some of which he made himself, Knopf Christian Friedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen,
visiting all the monasteries in Southern Bavaria; Dresden. b. 2. 9. 1815 in Markneukirchen, d. 26. 4.
he often went by river as far as Vienna, where he 1897. Bow-maker who trained a great number of
also sold violins. gifted pupils.
Knipp Johann Heinrich David; Helsa. b. c. 1749 in Knopf Christian Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 9.
Horsingen (in Altmark), d. 3. 2. 1807.On 28.9. 1783 1767, d. 12.9. 1837. Good bow-maker.
he married the widow Anna Martha Stoll, nee Knopf Erich; Raubling (in Upper Bavaria), 20th cent.
Finkenstadt. After her death he married Elisabeth Qualified engineer, chemist and maker of excellent
Schlegel, on 24. 8. 1800. He seems to have been violin vars.
a joiner by trade: both model and var. are ugly. Knopf Ernst Heinrich; Markneukirchen, Leipzig.
KnischRobert; Vienna. b. 13. I. 1897.Pupil of Wilhelm b. 27. 6. 1868 in Markneukirchen, d. 9. 9. 1917.
Thomas Jaura, with whom he worked until 1923, Pupil of August Theodor Scherzerand of the Mark-
when he established himself independently. Red- neukirchen v.m. school. He established himself in-
brown oil var. dependently in 189° in Markneukirchen and in 1898
transferred his shop to Leipzig. Oil and spirit var.
He was not a member of the great Knopf v.m.
family.
Knopf Heinrich (I); Dresden, Berlin. b. 1. 3. 1839 in
Markneukirchen, d. 1. 3. 1875 in Berlin. Pupil of
his uncle Christian Friedrich Wilhelm K. He made
about 3° violins but devoted himself mainly to bow-
making and achieved great skill. He worked as an
assistantfor Otto Bausch, C. C. L. Grimm, Nikolaus
Kittel and Richard Weichold. In 1868 he moved to
 Berlin and from that time on he branded his bows with the wholesaler Hugo Bauer in Berlin. He
with his own name. establishedhimself independently in Markneukirchen
Knopf Heinrich (II); Berlin, Moscow, 1873-1887. in 1924. Outstanding copies of the old "masters
b. in Markneukirchen. For some time he was a fore- and excellent repairs. His finest instruments are
man in the Lowendall v.m. factory and then estab- branded P*K. He also used printed labels.
lished himself independently in Berlin. His violins are Knorr Wilhelm; Mittenwald. d. c. 189°. Bow-maker in
ordinary but his bows are good. Later he went to Mittenwald.
Moscow, where he worked in the branch of Zimmer- KnossingJohann Hubert; Leipzig, c. 18°7. V.m.
mann's shop. He died of consumption in Moscow. Kniipfer Albert Gustav; Wernitzgriin. b. 13. 5. 1877,
Knopf Heinrich (III); Markneukirchen. 20th cent. v.m. d. 16. 3. 1962 in Wernitzgriin. Pupil of his brother
Knopf Johann Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, Dresden. August Friedrich K. He worked with Ernst Reinhold
b.4. 12. 1835in Markneukirchen, d. c. 1914.Worked Schmidt in Markneukirchen and with Hermann
first in his native town and later in Dresden as bow- Glass in Wernitzgriin. In April 19°4 he established
and v.m. He is considered by some to have been himself independently in Wernitzgriin. Skilful maker
one of the best bow-makers who ever lived in who made new instruments in his own style and
Germany. also in the style of old masters. Handwritten
Knopf Karl Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 5.3. 1803, labels.
d. 2. II. 1860. Son and perhaps pupil of Christian Kniipfer August Friedrich; Eubabriin. b. 5.4. 1870 in
Wilhelm K. Skilful bow-maker. Eubabriin. Specialisedin doublebasses.
Knopf Ludwig; Berlin. b. in Markneukirchen. 19th cent. KniipferFerdinand; Erlbach. b. 14. 10. 189oinErlbach.
Brother of Heinrich K. (II). Excellent bow-maker. Pupil of Oswald Greil.
Knorr Albert; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 9. 1876 in Kniipfer Otto Albert; Wernitzgriin. b. 25.3.19°6.
Markneukirchen, d. 4. II. 1939. Pupil of Max Son and pupil of Albert Gustav K. Specialist in
Dolling. Good craftsman and repairer. "plucked instruments.
Knorr Albert Albrecht; Markneukirchen. b. 14. 9. Koch& SterzelA. G.; Dresden, 19th cent. Factory
1906 in Breitenfeld (near Markneukirchen). Son production of stringed instruments, fingerboards,
of Albert K. Made violins and guitars. Conscientious heads and chin-rests.
work. Koch. .. See Harmonik A. G.
Knorr Arthur; Markneukirchen. b. 10.9.1886 in KochF. J.; Dresden, 20th cent. Professor under whose
Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Ernst Robert K. supervision craftsmen made instruments, with quite
(1). Excellent bow-maker. The bows are branded good results.
A.K. Koch Georg; Hamburg, c. 1771. Perhaps son of
Knorr Ernst Robert (1); Markneukirchen. b. I. 3. 1845, Johann K. (I). Maker of musical instruments who
d. 1932. Talented bow-maker. Pupil of his father, became citizen on 25. 1. 1771.
Wilhelm K. He established himself independently Koch Heinrich Christoph (I); Rudolstadt. b. 1O.1O.
in 1902 and in 1906 joined with his brother-in-law 1749, d. 19.3. 1816. Son of a Duke's servant and
to found the well-known firm of Knorr & Strobel. chamber musician, Johann Nicolo K. He also became
Knorr Ernst Robert (II); Markneukirchen. b. 7. 7. 1879 a musician, mainly occupied with chamber music,
in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Ernst Robert K. but also made a few instruments for the orchestra.
(I). Excellent bow-maker.
Knorr Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 10. 1882 in Mark-
neukirchen. Pupil of Max Dolling in Markneukirchen
who worked with Heinrich Glitter in Breslau and

Koch Heinrich Christoph (II); Rudolstadt, c. 1826.

His existence is known from a lyre-shaped guitar
in the collection of early musical instruments in
Berlin. Probably son and pupil of Heinrich Chris-
toph K. (1).
 Koch Johann (I); Hamburg, c. 1737.Maker of musical instructed in the building of psalteries, harps, citterns
instruments. Became citizen on 7. 6. 1737. and Nonnengeigen. His new instruments were branded
Koch Johann (II); Hamburg, c. 1767. Perhaps son of with a cross on the neckplate and have a nitro var.
Johann K. (I). We know that on 12.6.1767 he KoehlerFranz; Stockerau (in Lower Austria), c. 195°.
became citizen as Instrumentenmacher. Stringed instrument maker.
Kochel Louis; Vienna. b. 14. I. 1800 in Stein a. D., KoehlerKonrad; Erlbach. b. 3°. 12. 1882,d. 12.7.1951
d. 3.6. 1877 in Vienna. Author of JohannJosef Fux: in Bad Elster. Pupil of Ernst Richard Monnig,
Hofcompositor und Hofcapellmeisterdes Kaisers Leo- who worked with Adolf Zeitler, Albin Wunderlich
pold 1., Joseph1. und Karl VI. (Vienna, 1868-1872) and August Herrmann in Frankfurt a. M. He also
with chapters on instruments and their makers in worked abroad for several years before establishing
the services of these rulers. himself in 19°8. Good work on classical models.
Careful repairer. '
KochendorferA. F.; Stuttgart. d. 1913 in Stuttgart.
Owner of a factory for stringed instruments, espe-
cially zithers, founded in 1867and later called E. R. &
E. Kochendorfer.
Kochendorfer Friedrich; Stuttgart, Mittenwald. b. 15. 7.
1873 in Stuttgart. Son of A. F. Kochendorfer. Pupil
of the Schunemann school. After several years of
travelling as a junior assistant he was estaQlished
in 1895 as a v.m. in Stuttgart. In 19°6 he was the
chairman of the board of the Mittenwald school. Koennemann Adolf; Nordhausen, Leipzig. b. 185I in
He made stringed instruments after Stradivari, Altona, d. 3.7. 1898. Excellent chemist whose
Guarneri and Maggini. Yellow-red var. interest in v.m. brought him to study ancient Italian
violin vars. After many experiments he succeeded
-

i ",iii
'

in making a var. of great elasticity. His results are

" ""
ii

among the best of all who have tried to solve this

1'."'[. rD. Itllf;;I'tU,
" ,
problem in a practical manner.
~r~r"AA.f.I'.I Koerner Johann Christian; Klingenthal, 1747-1776.
Listed as a v.m, in the accounts book of the v.ms'
guild in 1747 and 1776, but his work appearsnot to
have survived.
Kofler Josef; Mittenwald, 1883-1914. After Johann
Kriner left he taught for a year at the Mittenwald
v.m. school. He made parts for dealers and makers.
Kogl (Khogl) Hans; Vienna. b. 6. 6. 163I, d. c. 1680.
Koded Josef; Schweidnitz. b. 1783 in Liebau (in Came probably from Fussen. Perhaps son of Baltha-
Silesia). Came to Schweidnitz about 1810 and found sar K. of Prague. Having had the opportunity to
employment with the widow of J. C. Fiebig,whom study the instruments of the early Brescian School,
he married in 18I 2. He was granted citizen's rights he tried to copy them. He used a small narrow
in Schweidnitz on 19. 9. 18I 2. His date and place model with unobtrusive comers and arching remi-
of death cannot be ascertained. Good instruments, niscent of that of Gasparo da Salo; the soundholes
though without individuality. are even more similar. Small scroll: the volute is
Koedel (Kodel) Wilhelm; Eiching. b. 8. 8. 1892 in not greater than the width of the hole in the head.
Adorf. Was apprenticed to the guitar-maker, A. Mei- Brown or yellow-red var. In his late years he used
nel, then worked with Franz Halbmeyer in Munich a broader model. Printed labels: the handwritten
and specialised in guitars. ones on which his name is spelled Kogl, without an
Koederitz Johann Georg; Jena, 1765-1775. Yellow 'h', are probably fictitious. Many of his instruments
wax var. now have labels of Italian makers, mostly of the
Koehler. See also Kohler. Genoese School.
KoehlerBernhard Willy Erich; Berkfelde (nearOranien-
burg). b. 24. 10. 1893 in Berlin. An engineer who
experimented in the production of German Fiedels
and instructed others, in special courses, in the
method of constructing these instruments. He
gained his early experience with Karl Frank in
Mittenwald. Later he learned with Peter MarIan.
He, made instruments on the Chanot model, in Kogi (Khogl) Johann; Fiissen. b. 25.9.1598. His
6 different sizes. The pupils in his courses were also family probably came from the farm of Kogl am

~
 Kogelbach (Rosshaupten, near Tiefenbruck). For
a long time he was known only as a lute-maker,
but he also made primitive violins. The work is quite
good, the soundholes very well cut. Red-brown oil
var.
Kohl Franz; Leipzig, Gablonz (Jablonec), Vienna,
Schonbach. b. 5.7.1873, d. 15.5.1939. Worked
mainly for the trade.
Kohl (Koll) Hans; Munich, 1573-1599. Famous lute-
maker who was in the services of the Bavarian
Court. His name is found in the Court accounts in
the Munich District Archives from Christmas 1573 Kolb Hans; Ingolstadt. b. 17. II. 1633.He is described
to early spring 1599. At that time he presumably and praised as a lute-maker. He came from Fiissen
died. The Court employed him between I 580- and in 1660 established himself independently in
1583. Ingolstadt.
Kohler Alfred; Erlbach. 20th cent. maker of musical Kolb (Kolb) Nikolaus; Markneukirchen, c. 1678. He
instruments. was born in Schoneck, and on 22. II. 1678 admitted
Kohler Bernhard Willi Erich. See Koehler Bernhard to the Markneukirchen guild as a v.m.
Willi Erich. Kolditz (Koldiz) Matthias Johann; Munich, 1733 -
Kohler Conrad. See KoehlerKonrad. 1760. It is highly improbable that he came from the
Kohler Egidi; Wels. b. 3°. II. 1820 in Kirchberg Tyrol, as is sometimes stated. His model is more
(near Schonbach, in Bohemia), d. 2. I I. 19°9. He slender, less highly arched than usual at that time
learned his craft in Schonbach, later went abroad and the sidesare also somewhat shallower. Handsome
and between 1842-1846 he worked in Salzburg wood, skilful cutting of the scroll. When making
with Johann Stohr. When Franz Hilanj died in cellos he preferred large models. In addition to
Wels he acquired his workshop on 6. 7. 1846 f-holes he often incorporated a rosette under the
and worked there for 61 years. A skilful maker fingerboard.
of guitars and violins, whose reputation spread Kb'llmer Georg Nicolaus; Crawinkel. b. 19.8.1775,
as far afield as Russia, where he had many d. after 1840. Pupil and perhaps son of Johann
customers. Valentin K. The most talented v.m. of the whole
Kohler Helmut Conrad; Erlbach. b. 19. 8. 1914, d. family. He must have worked in some of the best
24. 8. 1943 in Chistyakovo (in Russia). Son and German workshops: his violins are copies of Jacob
pupil of Konrad K. Stainer and various Italian models and have good
Kohler Johann Christian; Frankfurt a. M. b. 31.7.1714 sound. He travelled about, selling his instruments
in Rosenburg (in Prussia), d. after 1760. Originally like many of the Vogtland makers, whose labels he
a lute-maker who later concentrated on the building imitated.
of organs. In 174° he married the widow of the
Darmstadt organ-builder Weegmann and then lived
in Frankfurt where he was registered as organ-
manufacturer in 1753. He was also organ-builder for Erfunbtn 1IonJacob .!ain't
Hessen-Darmstadt and Nassau-Usingen. A theorbo-
in 1aofom ptoP! :J9!niponfum
lute from the year 1759 is known to be in Frank-
furt.
Kohler Karl; Constance. b. 21.9.1891 in Schonbach Ko'//mer Johann Friedrich; Crawinkel, c. 1760-177°.
(in Bohemia). Pupil of Johann Winter (II). He Perhaps the first v.m. of the family. Talented maker,
worked as an assistantwith Julius Heinrich Zimmer- even though his model has inaccurate proportions
mann in Leipzig, Ludwig Noebe in Bad Homburg, and is not pleasing to the eye.
Albin Wilfer in Leipzig. He passedhis master's test Ka//mer Johann Michael; Crawinkel, c. 177°. Younger
twice - in 1919 in Schonbach, and again in 1925, brother of Johann Friedrich K. He belongs to the
in Augsburg. He was established in Constance in sameschool, and probably worked with his brother.
1928. Well known as a competent repairer; his new Ka//mer Johann Nikolaus; Crawinkel. b. 2.4.2..1794,
instruments are on the models of Stradivari, Guarneri d. after 1845. Perhaps son of Johann Michael K.
del Gesu and Nicolo Amati. He tried to improve on the models customary in
KohnemannDietrich; Harsum (near Hildesheim). b. Crawinkel, and had some skill.
22. 2. 1798 in Harsum. Son of the musician Ka//merJohann Valentin; Crawinkel, 1781-1800. This
Conrad Kohnemann and Constanze (nee Kink- member of the family becamefamous mainly because
leeb). Musician and v.m. Careful copies of Nicolo of a cello in the Berlin collection of ancient musical
Amati. instruments which has the characteristic outlines of
 the Crawinkel School: cumbersomeshapeand pointed Hollmayr probably inherited the workshop. The year
corners. A well-made violin with beautiful wood and of his death has not been ascertained. The labels
with thin yellow var., dated 1781, was owned by printed from wooden type sometimes spell his name
a certain Ernst Geisser: the model had deep-cut Khopff.
centre bouts. The label is printed in Gothic type. KoppeFriedrich; Tangermiinde, c. 1815. The birth-
register of Tangermiinde describes him as 'maker
of musical instruments'.
Korner August; Brunndobra, c. 1914. V.m.
Korner C. Edward; Klingenthal, c. 19z8. Factory
production of stringed instruments and strings.
Ko"rner Edgar; Brunndobra. b. 193I in Brunndobra.
V.m. '
K%wratnik Johann; Glatz (in Silesia). b. C. 1851 in Korner Ferdinand Gabriel; Brunndobra. b. 1848, d.
Negnarow. Established himself independently in 19z8. Son and pupil of Wilhelm K.
Glatz in 1879. Korner K. M.; Brunndobra. zoth cent. v.m., not
Konig Albert Paul; Altona. b. 27.3.1880 in Markneu- identical with the two following makers, but equally
kirchen. Brother of Max K. in Munich, and pupil of unimportant.
Karl Wilhelm Kessler between 1894-1897. Then he Korner Max Alfred; Brunndobra, zoth cent. Unim-
worked in Berlin, Dresden, Stuttgart etc. 11:11906 portant maker.
he took over the workshop of Friedrich August Korner Max Arne; Brunndobra. b. .. 5. 19°8 in Brunn-
Glass (II) in Altona. His violins and cellos used to dobra. Son and pupil of Max Alfred K. He attended
be very popular. Very good repairer, too. the v.m. school in Klingenthal.
Konig Max; Munich. b. 9.2. 1870 in Markneukirchen. Korner Wilhelm; Brunndobra. b. 18zo, d. 19°0.
Son of a music teacher, pupil of Ernst Richard Kassler (KosIer) Ferdinand Andreas; Regensburg,
Monnig. Between 1888-1904 he worked with the 177°-1776. Pupil of Buchstetter, whose work he
foremost makers in Germany, England, Ireland and painstakingly copied. He made violins, violas, cellos
Switzerland. He also learned first-class restoring. and doublebasses.
In 1904 he established himself independently in Kolling Werner; Cologne, 17th or 18th cent. Name
Munich, copying Guarneri del Gesu and Stradivari. found in a lute in the Darmstadt museum.
Konsa/ik Edmund; Jena, 1868-1904. Grandson of the Krahl Albert Oskar; Meerane (in Saxony). b. 1877 in
v.m. Jakob August Otto, whose style he followed. Erfurt. Pupil of Emil Beyer, with whom he worked
between 1891-1898. After his military service he
returned to his teacher. In 19OZhe went to Meerane
where he establishedhimself independently and took
over the workshop of Franz Goth, whose widow he
married.
Kram Andreas Ernst; Nuremberg, 1760-1783. Lute-
Kop Heinrich; Hamburg. 1686-17°7. Probably son and zither-maker. His work is good but not out-
of Johann K. His zithems are in Munich, Goslav, standing.
Berlin and the Hague. Kramer Heinrich; Vienna, 1680-1718. Became citizen
Kop Johann; Hamburg, c. 1660. Son of a Hamburg of Vienna on 19. 5. 168z. A lute by him dated 1715,
citizen. Expressly described as 'lute-maker'. He is richly embellished,was owned by Freiherr von Lanna
found in the records from 1629-1693; he became in Prague.
citizen of Hamburg on 20. I. 166o. Kramer Johann; Markneukirchen. b. 14.6. 19°8 in
Kopcke Andreas;Lubeck,c. 1531.He is only known Markneukirchen. Pupil of Ernst Heinrich Roth who
by a note in the Marian book of 153I, which says. worked with Deichsel in Berlin and with Gebriider
Andreas Kopcke, ein Lutenmaker in der Hundestrate Hug & Co. in Zurich.
vor eynszarck synemevater... I M 2 5ch. Kramich. See Kranuch.
Kopff Hans; Fussen, 1602-163°' His name appears Kranabeller Franz; Klagenfurt, Vienna (?), c. 1841.
in 1606 as one of the founders of the lute-makers' Was in Klagenfurt in the 1840Sbut later apparently
guild and evidently he was the youngest member moved to Vienna. His violins are carefully made, but
of all. It seemsthat he died in 163°. unattractive.
Kopff Peter; Munich. b. 20.2. 16°7, d. after 167°'
Probably came from Fussen.His work is elegant and
careful, the instruments being made from fine wood
and usually beautifully embellished. In 1659 his
daughter Anna Marie married the lute-maker Lorenz
Hollmayr, who came from Vienna as bis assistant.
 Kranuch (Kramich) ..; Augsburg, c. 1477. Lute-maker var. His instruments often vary greatly in shape:
whose name is found in the Augsburg tax-register. either he experimented or these instruments were
Kranzer Leopold; St Thomas am Blasenstein.b. 15. 11. made bv others for him.
1797 in St Thomas, d. 28.4. 1874. Son of a small-
holder. It seemsthat he was apprenticed to Mainrad
Frank of Linz, whose model and wood he often ~
~i~~
~'
i i.
i
i, K '"
ci..o...'rludi
C ifi

copied. But the scroll is somewhat thicker and the

var. pale yellow. He also made cellos and double-
G~ %
~ ;!1I"I;.~"'.fi;Li-
~-""~~F\"'.
basses.It is a pity he never received adequatetuition,
i"'~~I"~
iii,
i
c - *.~
111 'tYi- ..'
$g"f 11i
for his talent was great. As it is, many of his
instruments have a number of faults: the arching
is too high and the table-grain is not parallel to the
axis of the instrument. Instead of normal tools he
used only an ordinary pocket-knife. He had a son
of the same name who made several violins when
young but later followed a different profession.
Krdsnj (Krassny) Jakob; Vienna, 1839-1858. V.m. of
Czech extraction who in 1839 lived in the Alser
suburb at No. 251 and in 1858 at No. 276. In 1839
he exhibited in Vienna 4 violins, made of mahogany,
cedar and cypress-wood; also a cellos, a harp and
a guitar.
KratschmannJohann (Jan); Brunn (in Moravia), Vienna,
Znaim (in Moravia). b. 1831, d. 27.2.1870. Son of
Franz Josef K. who worked in Moravia. He never
achieved the standard of his father. Because his
father died when he was only 14, he was mainly
taught by Johann Kunzl, who was his mother's Krause M. A.; Querfurt, C. 1823. Organ-builder and
assistant. In 1850 he moved to Brunn and sold his stringed instrument maker.
shop to Johann Kliment (I) in 1868. An unhappy Krauss A.; Raun (in Saxony). 20th cent. bow-maker.
man who finally committed suicide. KraussBerthold Robert; Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.1903
Kratz Alfred P.; Krefeld, c. 1928. V.m. in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Robert Ernst
Kratz Joseph Eduard; Hillscheid, Metz, Montabaur. K., later teacher at the v.m. school. Good work,
b. 1864, d. 13. 10. 1921. V.m. born and trained careful repairs.
in Germany, but established in Metz, in France. He
was the son of Peter Paul K.
Kratz Peter Paul; Hillscheid, Koblenz, Metz. b. 1825,
d. 1893in Metz. Pupil of Karl Echinger in Wurzburg,
later of Gabriel Lembock in Vienna. He first settled
in Hillscheid, later, between 1879-1886, in Koblenz
and finally joined his son Joseph Eduard in Metz.
Versatile maker, though mainly working on repairs.
Kraus Alexander, Baron. b. 12. 10. 1820 in Florence,
d. 1904. Collector of musical instruments who
published a catalogue of his collection and several Krauss F. A.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. v.m.
papers on the musical instruments of Micronesia and KraussHermann; Erding, Landshut. b. 23.10.1868 in
Polynesia. Markneukirchen. Pupil of Hermann Moritz Dolling
Kraus Anton. Name found in a violin dated 1805 from in Markneukirchen. He worked in Markneukirchen
Innsbruck. It is suspect, however. The style is and then with Piegendorfer in Augsburg and August
definitely that of the Vogtland. Kriner (II) in Freising. In 1898 he started on his
Kraus Robert; Erlbach. b. in the late 19th cent., d. 1956. own in Erding and a year later he moved to Landshut,
Pupil of August Anton Reichel who also went to the where he succeededGeorg Kriner. Copied Stradivari.
v.m. school in Markneukirchen. Yellow or red-brown var. He also made good
Krausch Georg Adam; Vienna, 1802-1829. Became mandolins and guitars.
citizen as master v.m. on 12. 3. 1802. He moved to Krauss (Kraus) Johann Adam; Markneukirchen.
Iglau (Jihlava, in Moravia), where he was still alive b. 14.6.1764, d. 4.2.1815. Goodv.m. Brother-in-law
in 1829. His violin~ are well made, with medium of Georg Adam Kessler and great-grandfather of
arching sloping up from the purfling. Good yellow Hermann Adolf Kessler of Wiesbaden.
 over by his son-in-law, Georg Tiefenbrunner (I) in
1842. .
Krenn Josef; Vienna. b. 9.7. 1884 in Linz-Urfahr.
Pupil of Josef Winter in Linz who also worked with
Albin Wilfer in Leipzig and J. C. Stiibingerand
R. Kaltenbrunner in Vienna. Established in 1921and
Krauss Johann Heinrich; Zwota, c. 1731. Blacksmith modelled his violins on Stradivari. He also made
who sold violins. many gambas and barytones.
KraussMartin Johann; Enns (in Austria), c. 18°4. V.m. Krentzner (Krenzner, Krentzer) Johann Kaspar; Salz-
Krauss Robert Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 31.5.1874 burg, 1749-1782. His model resembles that of
in Markneukirchen, d. 19. II. 1945. Worked with Matthias Thir bl,lt the work is somewhat inferior.
Robert Nurnberger and with Ludwig Lowenthal in KretzschmannArnold Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 19°°,
Berlin. Good work. d. 1937. Mass-production of guitars.
Kretzschmann Carl Friedrich (I); Markneukirchen.
b. 28. 12. 1755, d. 10.2. 1837. Son, pupil and
successorof Hans Adam K.
Kretzschmann Carl Friedrich (II); Markneukirchen.
b. 26.9.1781, d. 23.7.185°. Brother of Johann
Georg K. (II). Their work is so similar that they
must have had the same teacher (perhaps their
father, whose name is not known) and they must
also have worked together.
KretzschmannCarl Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 5.
Kraut H.; Kassel, c. 1934. The one violin known is 1860, d. 19. II. 1895. Son, pupil and successor of
on a long model with large soundholes and handsome Wilhelm Julius K. Talented v.m.
back. Good individual character. Handwritten label. KretzschmannCarl Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen. b.
Krebs J.; Bonn, 1840-1860. Musician who undertook 7.2.18°7, d. 25. 12. 1872. V.m. of little importance.
the repairing of old violins. Kretzschmann Carl Wilhelm (II) ; Markneukirchen.
Kreimbl Matthias; Kremsmiinster, c. 1678. The Bene- b. 27.10.183°, d. 16. II. 1865. V.m. with no
dictine Abbey of Kremsmiinster possessesa lute by
individuality.
him dated 1678. KretzschmannChristian Gottfried (I); Markneukirchen.
KreinsbergGustav; Markneukirchen, c. 1900. Partner b. 23. II. 1773, d. 8.4.1842 (?). Started on his own
of the large v.m. establishmentLederer & Kreinsberg, quite early in life but later worked for the trade and
founded by Karl Wilhelm Lederer (I) in Markneu- ceasedto use his own labels. Violins which he made
kirchen. himself are not bad in tone but the work is ordinary.
Krenke Georg; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Maker of Unattractive var.
musical instruments. Kretzschmann Christian Gottfried (II); Markneukirchen.
Krenn Franz; Munich, 1812-1843. Unimportant v.m. b. 3.7. 1780, d. 9.6. 1832. Obscure v.m.
and his repairs do not reveal great skill either. But Kretzschmann Christian Gottfried (III); Markneu-
he later made zithers and was quite successful. He kirchen. b. 2.7. 1782, d. 26. 10. 1822. Obscure V.m.
also manufactured strings. The workshop was taken Kretzschmann Christian Gottlob; Markneukirchen.
b. 23.3.1811, d. 22.12.1853. Insignificant v.m.
Kretzschmann Ernst August; Markneukirchen. b. 19. I I.
1859. Lived in Hungary for a long time. Clever
imitations of the old masters.
Kretzschmann Ernst Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 5.
187°, d. 28.4.1919. He worked with Hermann Todt
and August Wunderlich before starting on his own
in 1894. Individual style.
KretzschmannErnst Paul; Markneukirchen, c. 1928.
V.m. and manufacturer of bowed and plucked
instruments and retailer of various other musical
instruments.
Kretzschmann Friedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen.
b. 26. 12. 18°3. V.m.
KretzschmannGeorg Carl; Markneukirchen. b. 17°2,
d. 4.10.1783. Came from Wohlhausen. Became
master 20. 5. 1723. One of the best Markneukirchen
 v.ms of his time. In 1766 and 1769 he was warden KretzschmannPaul Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. 20th
of his guild. The documents spell his name Krezsch- cent. v.m.
mann or even Krezschmar. The Court Orchestra Kretzschmann Wilhelm Julius; Markneukirchen. b.
in Gothen possesseda viola d'amore by him dated 28. II. 1832, d. 8.10.1894. Very talented v.m.
1739. Kretzschmar Gebriider;Markneukirchen, c. 1920.A v.m.
Kretzschmann H. ; Markneukirchen, 2.othcent. Establish- firm owned by the v.m., Carl August K. and the
ed in 192.4. lute-maker, Richard Otto K.
KretzschmannHans; Markneukirchen. b. I. II. 1892.. KretzschmarCarl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 1737,
d. 2..I. 1944. Good bow-maker. d. 2. 4. 1773. Son of the full-time chairman of the
KretzschmannHans Adam; Markneukirchen. b. 15. 6. v.m. guild, Gottfried K. Because of his father's
1716 in Wohlhausen, d. 2.2..6.1771. Perhaps brother position, when Carl Friedrich joined the guild as
of Georg Carl K. The Markneukirchen guild book a maker on 6. 6. 17~9,he was allowed to pay reduced
says that he came from Wohlhausen and as a entry fees as though he were a master's son. He was
'foreigner' had to pay 3° thalers and donate 'one very talented, but died prematurely.
tun of beer' when he fully qualified on 2..I. 1738. Kretzschmar Georg; Dresden, 1574-1588. An organ-
KretzschmannHans Georg (I); Markneukirchen. b. builder and maker of musical instruments. In 1574
c. 1715. Was admitted to the guild asa master on he made an organ for the castle church in Annaberg
2.0.5. 1739. He married the youngest daughter of for which he received 200ft. In 1587 he made
Johann Martin Schonfelder. another organ for the Freiberg castle church for
KretzschmannHans Georg (II); Markneukirchen. b. which he received 25° thalers.
1737, d. 6. 7. 1773. Son and pupil of Hans Adam K. KretzschmarHeinrich August; Markneukirchen, Chi-
He was admitted to the guild as master on 2..6. 1762.. cago. b. 14.6. 1876 in Weisenburg. Emigrated to
Kretzschmann Hans Georg (III) ; Markneukirchen. the U.S.A. and worked with Oskar Piotsch in
b. 4.7. 174°, d. 4.2.. 1813. Perhaps pupil of one of Chicago. Established in 19°1.
the Fickers. KretzschmarHeinz; GohfNiederrhein. b. 28.5. 193°.
KretzschmannHeinrich Alexander; Markneukirchen. Son of Kurt August K., pupil of Max August
b. 2.0.7. 1872..Brother of Ernst Hermann K. Similar Schlegelin Markneukirchen. He manageshis father's
work. shop.
KretzschmannHeinrich Ferdinand; Markneukirchen. KretzschmarKurt August; Berlin, Goh. b. 3°. 10. 1891
b. 3°. I. 1848. Y.m. in Markneukirchen, d. 3°. 10. 1931 in Goh. Pupil of
KretzschmannHeinrich Karl; Markneukirchen. b. 10. I. August Theodor Scherzer in Markneukirchen. He
182.2.,d. 11.7.1880. Mass production of guitars. worked with Richard Paulus in Freiburg and with
Kretzschmann(Kretschmar) Johann Adam; Markneu- Antonin Pilar in Berlin. He established himself
kirchen, Prague. b. 2.7.9. 175°, d. 2.1 2..1796. Son of independently in 1919 and in 1928 moved to Goh.
Hans Adam K. He was accepted into the guild after KretzschmarOtto Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 21.5.
submitting the prescribed sample of work on 7. 8. 1881, d. .. II. 1958 in Altenburg. Pupil of Arnold
1769.Later he went to Prague from Markneukirchen. Voigt in Markneukirchen and later of Oskar Albin
Kretzschmann Johann Georg (I); Markneukirchen. Zimmer in Markneukirchen. He then worked with
b. 2.7.7.1767, d. 15.7.1811. Y.m. W. Bestgen & Sohn in Berne, with Eugen Gartner
KretzschmannJohann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. in Stuttgart, with August Stark in Stassfurt and
b. 2.2..7.1783, d. 5.2.. 1831. Y.m. with Julius Ludemann in Cologne. He established
KretzschmannJohann Gottfried (I); Markneukirchen. himself independently in 1919 in Markneukirchen.
b. 1731, d. 2..12..1783. Son and pupil of Georg Between 1927-1936 he worked in Ulm and after
. Carl K. Became master on 7.6.1751. 1936 in Altenburg.
KretzschmannJohann Gottfried (II); Markneukirchen. Kretzschmar Richard Otto; Markneukirchen. b.
b. 1744, d. 10.6. 18°9. Son and pupil of Hans II. 10. 1897, missed since 1944. Bow-maker who
Adam K. He was admitted to the guild as master later made lutes and guitars.
on 2.I. 5. 1766, after fulfilling the prescribed con- KretzschmarWilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 16.6. 1878
ditions and submitting a sample of his work. in Wiesenburg. Pupil of Arnold Voigt in Markneu-
KretzschmannJohann Gottfried (III); Markneukirchen. kirchen and Albin Wilfer in Leipzig and son-in-law
b. c. 1739. Son and pupil of Hans Georg K. (I). He of Ernst Richard Monnig. He was nicknamed 'der
was admitted to the guild as master on 10.6. 1767 alte Peter'. His instruments are good.
after fulfilling the prescribed conditions a,nd sub- Kreul Albert; Augsburg. 20th cent. bow-maker.
mitting 2.finely inlaid violins. Kreul Ernst Walter; Markneukirchen. b. 22.6. 1895,
KretzschmannPaul Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 15. 4. d. 12. 10. 1944. Son and pupil of Ernst Carl K. of
1892., d. 15.10.1951. Son and pupil of Heinrich Plesna (in Bohemia). He worked with Julius Heinrich
Alexander K. He established himself independently Zimmermann in Leipzig, and was established in
in 1919. Conscientious work. 1921.
Kreul Hans (I); Brambach, 1910-1914. Talented bow-
maker, established in 1914.
Kreul Hans (II); Tiibingen, c. 192.8.Maker of plucked
instruments, mainly mandolins.
Kreul Max Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 2.6.8.1892. in
Markneukirchen, d. 4.4. 1957. Son and pupil of
Ernst K. Admitted to the guild in 192.3. Conscientious
work. He passedhis master's test in Markneukirchen
on 12..7. 192.4.
Kreul Rudi; Markneukirchen. b. 3.1.192.5. Son of
Ernst Carl K. who was apprenticed to his uncle,
Max K. He also worked with Willy Dorsch.
Kreutner Simon; Niederhart (in Zillerthal). b. 2.6.10.
1846 in Niederhart. Son of a farmer. He tried his
hand at various crafts, including joinery. When he
was 17 he already knew how to repair zithers, guitars
and violins, and started making new instruments.
Their fine appearanceand tone won quick recognition
from musicians. He had an excellent eye for wood,
had good taste and was well acquainted.awith the
problems and techniques of var.
Kreutzer (Krentzer) Johann Kaspar; Salzburg, 1749
- 1782..The Salzburg Carolino-Augusteum Museum
possessesa violin by him dated 1782..
Kreutzinger Josef (I); Markneukirchen. b. 19.9. 1904
in Schonbach (in Bohemia). Pupil of Johann Scheck
of Schonbach who also worked with Josef Scheck
in Schonbach and went to the local v.m. school.
He started on his own in Markneukirchen and
passed his master's test there in 1947. Clever imita-
tions of old instruments.
Kreutzinger Josef (II); Garmisch. 2.oth cent. v.m.
Kreyer Otto; Krefeld. b. 4. II. 1893. Followed Stradi-
vari and Guarneri.
KrichbaumJohann Karl; Prague, Vienna. b. 14. 10. 1738
in Penzing (near Vienna), d. after 1787. Son of
Matthias K., a gardener in Vienna, and his wife,
Agnes. He was baptised in Penzing, the place where
his parents were married. Pupil of Josef Stadelmann
in Vienna. He went to Prague before 1760, for there
are in existence instruments made by him in Prague
in 1760.In 1770he was working with Wenzel Eberle.
He is not mentioned in Prague after 1773. One of
his violins dated 1770 gives Vienna as the place of
origin. He became citizen of Vienna on 2.0.6. 1778.
The tax-registers from 1779 describe him as 'lute-
and v.m.'. He used to make backs and sides
from well-figured maple. His violins are higWy
arched and have a beautiful tone. Neat purfling
running from the centre of the corners. The edges
are beautifully rounded off, the C-curves are round,
following Stradivari. The head is in original style,
short and well-cut. Soundholes are rounded in the
style of Stainer. The head usually has an extra hole
for the A string. He used a good brown var. Bina
once repaired a violin by him which had black var,
The var. was original, as were the tailpiece and
the pegs.
 Stuttgart, as well as in Frankfurt a. d. O. In 1888 he married Anna Reiter, a miller's daughter, who was
succeeded Friedrich Wittstadt, whose widow he very gifted at varnishing violins. He died prematurely,
married. He also dealt in old musical instruments. leaving 3 sons.
Experienced dealer and connoisseur. KrogmannJohann Christoph; Hamburg, c. 1780.Became
Kriner Josef August; Landshut. b. 9. 3. 1836in Lands- citizen of Hamburg as a v.m. on 13. 10. 1780.
hut. Son and pupil of Lorenz K. (I), and pupil of KronhoJerHans; ? In Reymund Fugers' Musikkammer
Georg Tiefenbrunner in Munich. Later he worked there was 'an old lute by Hans Kronhofer' (1566).
in Munich with Karl Echinger, Alois Engleder in Kruger Bruno; Randen. b. Z4. 9.1906. Amateur V.m.
Budapest, Karl Padewet in Munich, with Johann who worked after Stradivari.
Padewet in Karlsruhe and with Adolf Bauer in Kruger Karl. Author of Wie baueich mir selbsteineGeige
Stuttgart. In March 1864 he took over his father's (Berlin-Schoneberg, 19z8), a booklet for amateurs.
workshop. He copied Stradivari, Guarneri and Kruse D.; Hamburg, c. 1800. His guitars used to be
Ruggeri. His own model reveals extremely neat quite popular.
purfling and a full, though delicate, tone. His best Kruse Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, zoth cent. Mediocre
instruments have oil var., the cheaper instruments and inconsistent work. The var. is hard and yellow.
spirit var. He also made good guitars and zithers. He used both labels and brand.
Kriner Lorenz (I); Mittenwald, Landshut. b. 180S in Kube Walter; Dresden. 19th cent. harp-repairer.
Mittenwald, d. 1864. Son and pupil of Simon K. Kuchlbauer Johann; Aach (in Baden), c. 185z. Un-
who worked with Xaver Thumhardt (I) in Munich important v.m.
and with Josef Fischer in Regensburg. He first settled Kuchler (Khuechler) Hans; Vienna, 1596-1615. Lute-
in Mittenwald, later moved to Landshut where he maker who in May 1596 became citizen of
succeeded his uncle Franz K. and married Anna Vienna.
Schmid, the widow of a v.m. Talented v.m. who also Kugler Max; Munich, 19th cent. Perhapsson of Paul K.
made good zithers and guitars. There were 3 sons, He made mostly zithers and his violins are only
and one of them, Josef August, succeededhim. occasionally met with.
Kriner Lorenz (II); Stuttgart, New York. b. 1838 in Kugler Paul; Munich (?), c. 1799.Only one violin, dated
Landshut. Son and pupil of Lorenz K. (I). In 1863 1799, is known. No place of origin is given.
he settled in Stuttgart and there founded a v.m. Kuhle Karl; Vienna, c. 18zl. Joiner who also made
factory, which he managed until 1878, when he musical instruments, mainly harps.
emigrated to the U.S.A. In addition to bearing Kuhnert ..; Mittenwald. zoth cent. v.m.
a label his violins are branded. Kuhr ..; Hamburg, c. 1799. The list of Hamburg
Kriner Martin; Altotting, Konigsberg, 187S-1897. He citizens described him as a 'maker of musical
learned the trade in Mittenwald. Then he worked instruments' on 15. z. 1799.However, he was chiefly
for 18 years with Riechers in Berlin. When he a dealer.
started on his own account, he worked first in KuhtreiberGustav; Vienna, c. 1900-1910. Was appren-
Altotting and then moved to Konigsberg, where he ticed to G. Lembock and described himself as
quickly won renown as an exceptionally talented 'maker of bowed instruments'. Mainly dealer and
v.m. repaIrs.
Kriner (Krinner) Matthiius; Stuttgart. b. 1843 in Kulhawy(Kulhavy) Anton; Vienna, 1800--1831. Native
Mittenwald. Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m. school of Bohemia. He became citizen of Vienna as master
and of Johann K. After 1872.he worked in Berlin v.m. on 4. 5. 1804.In his first period the instruments
with Ludwig Neuner and August Riechers.In 1892.he he made were crude, of ordinary wood and with
founded a workshop in Stuttgart and concentrated dark-brown var. Later his skill improved and he
mainly on repairs. New work modelled on Guarneri copied the beautiful flat Stradivari model. The wood
and Stradivari. Yellow-red spirit var. he used was figured maple and the var. pale yellow
Kriner Matthias; Mittenwald, c. 1760. His violins are and transparent. For some reason the scrolls retained
rare. There is a record that he was already married some of their former clumsiness. All his violins
in 1763. and cellos have the same purfling on the edges of
Kriner Simon; Mittenwald. b. 1779 or 178I, d. 182.I. the scroll as on the table and back. Good tone.
Son of a weaver, apprenticed to Anton Jais and Instruments made before 1810 are less sought after,
also worked with Joseph (II) and Matthias (II) but his later violins, which have yellow var., are well
Hornsteiner. Great talent; one of the best v.ms of rated.
his time in Mittenwald. He was familiar with
Italian instruments, which he copied. Very clever
dealer, one of the owners of the Baader and bttel
publishing house. He travelled with his instruments
(carried Tyrolean-fashion on his back) in France,
England and a long way into Russia. In 1804 he
Kulman Franz; Saarbriicken. b. 18.2.19°8. Trained in the other handwritten, from the numbers on which
Mittenwald, then associated with F. C. Louis in it could be deduced that he was a prolific maker.
Saarbriicken and Armin ,~Neumann of Danzig. KiirschnerGeorg; Graz, c. 184°. Maker of zithers. He
Established independently in 193°. Stradivari and was suceededby Ludwig Tauber.
Guarneri del Gesu models. KiirschnerOswin Oskar; WohIhausen. b. 11.12.1888
Kuntzel Lorenz; Breslau, Berlin. b. 28.4. 1789 in Hof, in WohIhausen. Pupil of Adolf Carl Zeitler of Mark-
d. 1864 in Berlin. Piano-manufacturer who worked neukirchen. He worked with Julius Heinrich
with Rosenkranz in Dresden and with Streicher in Zimmermann in Leipzig. He established himself
Vienna. From there he went to Italy to learn v.m. independently in 1922 in Wohlhausen. Industrious
with a certain Zesserini (?). Later he worked with maker who worked mainly for the trade so that his
Kaspar Strnad in Prague and with Fichd in Breslau, violins are rarely met with.
where he opened his own shop in 1820. He is Kurth Theodor; Berlin. b. 20. 7. 186o.Pupil of Oswald
mentioned by the Breslau registers between 1832 Mackel, with whom he worked for 6 years. In
and 1843.In 1858he moved to Berlin and was named 1885 he started on his own in Berlin. Used his own
Court maker of musical instruments. His model is models. His violins and cellos are credited with
very flat with fairly broad edges. The grain in the a powerful tone and easy resonance. Fine work-
table appears dark, the var. is pale yellow or red- manship.
brown. Careful workmanship. He ascribed great Kurtz Leonhard; Munich. 17th cent. organ-builder
importance to beautiful, and if possible old, wood. and lute-maker. Son-in-law of Urban Heussler.
He studied the relationship of the thicknesses and Kurz G. M.; Regensburg, c. 1858. Not an outstanding
intended to write a, text-book for V.m. with the v,m. He joined his fellow-student, T. Frauendorfer,
connoisseur Reich. Both of them died before they to form the firm Kurz & Frauendorfer. Both of
could realise their plan. them were pupils of Jacob Schmidbauer, whose
KUnzel Ernst; Markneukirchen, Hohendorf, c. 1910. ;. skill, however, they never equalled.
Good bow-maker. Kurz Johannes; Nuremberg, c. 1787. V.m.
KuppersPeter Paul. Author of Bin Beitrag zur Geschichte Kurzendorffer Albin Heinrich; Markneukirchen.
des MusikinstrumentenmacherGewerbemil besonderer b. 11.10.1855, d. 23.2.1924. Son and pupil of
Rucksichtauf Leipzig (Leipzig, 1886). Heinrich Hermann K. Guitar-maker.
Kuppert Otto; Neurode (in Germany). b. 9.8.1888 KurzendorfferAugust Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 28.9.
in Haynau (in Silesia), d. 24. 3. 1945 in Neurode. 1868. An obscure figure, probably worked chiefly
Teacher and amateur v.m. As a prisoner-of-war in for the trade.
the First World War he made his first violin, with Kurzendorffer August Hermann; Markneukirchen.
primitive tools, to be played in the prison camp band. b. 3°.6. 1863. Little-known v.m.
When he was releasedhe was apprenticed to Georg Kurzendorffer Christian Heinrich; Markneukirchen.
Lossel in Hausdorf (near Neurode) and later Alfons b. 15. 5. 1804, d. 23.7.1842. Son of Johann Georg
Weitok in Breslau. He passed the master's test in K. (III).
Breslau on 26. 3. 1926. Stradivari model. He also Kurzendorffer Ernst Friedrich; Markneukirchen.
made various experiments, and varnished the b. 14.8. 1832. Little-known v.m.
instruments golden-yellow to brown. As a repairer Kurzendiirffer Ernst Moritz; Markneukirchen, Stutt-
he had the opportunity to study the violins of the gart. b. 1.3.1857, d. 1914. Maker of zithers. Brother
best Glatz makers and published a paper, Der of Ernst Friedrich K. He worked with A. F. Kochen-
Geigenbauin der Grafschaft Glatz, with illustrations dorfer in Stuttgart, where he was later established.
and labels. KurzendorfferFriedrich August (I); Markneukirchen.
Kursch Carl David; Berlin, c. 1808. In one well-made b. 5.9. 1802,d. 24. 7. 187°. Son of Johann Georg K.
guitar, resembling the style of Johann Georg (III).
Thielemann, two labels were found, one printed, Kurzendorffer Friedrich August (II); Markneukirchen.
b. 14.9.1852. Brother of Ernst Friedrich K. V.m.
Kurzendorffer Fritz Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 12.9.
1898. Son and pupil of Albin Heinrich K. who
specialisedin making violins.
Kurzendorffer Georg Heinrich; Markneukirchen.
b. 17°7, d. 28. 2. 1757. Son of Johann Georg K. (I).
Became master on 6. 2. 173°.
Kurzendorffer Heinrich Hermann; Markneukirchen.
19th cent. guitar-maker.
Kurzendorffer Horst Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 29. I I.
19°8. Maker of mandolins, pupil of E. L. Gutter.
Established in 1949.
Kurzendorffer Johann Adam (I) ; Markneukirchen, Berlin. From his 8th year he took violin lessonsand
c. 1677. An immigrant from Graslitz (in Bohemia). from the age of 14' he studied at the Stern Conser-
One of the founders of the Markneukirchen guild, vatoire. Following his inclination he joined Michael
and the first known member of the v.m. family. Strobl. He studied acoustics and var., both theore-
Kurzendo"r
ffer Johann Adam (II); Markneukirchen, tically and practically, and then established himself
C.1732. SonofJohannAdamK. (I). Admitted to the independently in 19°9. He almost exclusively made
guild on 3. I. 1732. precise copies of instruments either actually owned
Kurzendorffer Johann (Hans) Georg (I) ; Markneu- by him, or lent to him for this specific purpose.
kirchen. b. c. 1685, d. after 173°. Became master Lambert J. A.; Berlin, c. 1760. A v.m. from Mirecourt
on 14.7. 17°4. who established himself in Berlin in 1760. Probably
Kurzendorffer Johann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. son of Jean Nicolas L. of Paris.
b. 1736, d. 24. 12. 18°3. Son and pupil of Georg Laminit (Lamonit) Peter; Atigsburg, c. 1480-1484.
Heinrich K. Became master on 28. 5. 1760. The Augsburg tax-registers describe him expressly
Kurzendorffer Johann Georg (III); Markneukirchen. as a lute-maker.
b. 26. II. 1769, d. 31.8.1814. Obscure figure. Lamot Louis; Salzburg. 18th cent. v.m. of' French
KurzendorfferKurt; Markneukirchen. b. 28. 5. 1894 in extraction. A viola d'amore made by him is in the
Markneukirchen. Lute- and v.m. Pupil of Arnold Salzburg museum.
Heberlein. He worked with H. Hauser in Munich, Lampl Michael; Oberweissbach (?). 19th cent. v.m.
with Ludemann in Cologne and then with his father- who also made guitars.
in-law, Ernst Gutter, whose shop he inherited. Landauer Sebastian; Nuremberg, c. 1582. Lute-maker
Careful work. who supplied instruments and strings to the Stuttgart
Court orchestra.
Lang Alfred; Nuremberg, c. 1928. V.m. who also
K.ri made lutes. Successorin 1914 of Richard Heberlein.
Lang Benedikt; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m. who special-
Geiren- u. lautenmacher -
ised in making doublebasses.
Markneukirehen Sa. J Lang Friedrich; Nuremberg, c. 1608. Municipal piper,
CoptenRach ecllten InstrumenteD o. adviser to the Court, lute- and v.m.
Rep.riert Lang Joseph; Vienna, c. 1824. A zither made by him
was auctioned by Helbing in Munich on 10. 6. 1913.
Lang Karl; Salzburg. b. 16. 5. 19°7. Pupil of Professor
Kurzendorffer Max Otto; Markneukirchen. b. I Z. I z. Georg Brandner; worked with Heinrich Hermann
188z, d. 6.9.1949. Son and.pupil of Albin Heinrich Todt in Markneukirchen, with Paul Stossin Dresden
K. Conscientious work. and with Ernst Hartmann in Erfurt. He started on
Kusse/Joseph; Fiissen. b. lZ. 5. 1596, d. 9. II. 1659. his own in 1929. He copied Stradivari and used
Admitted to the lute-makers' guild on Z9. I I. 16z6. spirit-and-oil var.
Hardly any of his work is still extant. LangeFranz; Eulenburg, c. 1920.Little-known repairer.
Kuttner August; Giintersleben, c. 185I. By all accoUnts LangenhaarJohann Andreas; Crawinkel, c. 189°-19°°.
pupil of Johann Nikolaus Arthmann. He made only The last maker in Crawinkel. He made violins,
a few wortWess violins. doublebassesand zithers.
LangenhahnB.; Breslau, c. 1871. Name known only by
a repair label.
Langenvalter(Langenwalder) Jakob; Fussen. d. 3°.3.
1633. Talented lute-maker who was one of the found-
ers of the lute-makers' guild in Fussen in 1606.
LangenwalderJoseph; Fussen, c. 1625. The Gesellschaft
der Musikfreunde (Society of Friends of Music) in
Lach (Lachen) Melchior; Bozen (Balzano, in South Vienna has a large theorbo made by him.
Tyrol), c. 1606. Lute-maker. LangerNicolaus; Mannheim. b. c. 1745in Meckenheim
Lacher (Lecher) Konrad; VIm, Stuttgart, c. 157z-1576. (in Pfalz), d. 31. I. 1827 in Mannheim. It seems
Highly esteemed lute-maker who was summoned that he resided in Neustadt until 1785. About 1803
to Stuttgart in 1575 to make severalinstruments Col,lnt Karl Friedrich appointed him as lute-maker
for the Court Orchestra, including lutes, violins to the Court of Baden and he became master on
and the so-called 'new violin', bought in Venice and 28.3. 1810. He used an unattractive original model
Ferrara. The Court Orchestra bought several lutes with high arching (the back is even more highly
from him in 157Z. arched than the table). The corners are blunt, the
Lachmann Erich; Berlin. b. I 5. 4. 1886. Pupil of soundholes big and clumsy. Wood is badly selected
Michael Strobl. Attended a grammar school in and cut and the sides are too deep. Thin brown var.
 His lutes and violas d'amore are better. His labels Lederer Oswald; Markneukirchen. d. 1938. Guitar-
have the Court coat-of-arms in the centre. maker.
LangerwischJohann Friedrich; Leipzig. b. 1788 in Lederer Wilhelm; Schoneck. b. I 7~I in Schoneck,
Klostergorchhof (near Angermunde), d. 9. 12. 1856 d. there 181I. V.m.
in Leipzig. Maker of guitars and pianos like his Leeb Andreas Carl; Vienna, Pressburg (Bratislava in
brother Johann Georg L. Czechoslovakia), 1784-1813. Probably son of
LangerwischJohann Georg; Leipzig. b. 1780 in Ham- Johann Georg L. from Pressburg. The lists of Vien-
burg, d. after 18;8. Cameto Leipzig c. 18°7. He made nese citizens has an entry according to which
good guitars but later concentrated on the manu- 'Leeb AndreJ Lauten und Geigenmacher J neuesGewerb'

facture of pianos. He also converted lutes into guitars. took the citizen's oath on 18. I I. 1784. His name is
LanghammerC. Anton; Bremen. d. 1. 1. 1910. Settled found in the tax-registers between 1785-1787.
in Bremen c. 1875 and was considered to have been It seemsthat after: 1787 he worked for some years
a good v.m. He was also highly esteemedasa repairer. in Pressburg. Dr Geyer mentions a handwritten label
Laskovsky Ignatius; Hamburg, c. 179°. Maker of which reads' Andreas Carolus Leeb Posonii I7.9° No-
mu,sical instruments. Became citizen on 19. ;. 179°. 67" He was a very talented v.m., one of the first
Laub Hermann; c. 178;. Name found on a label in in Vienna to renounce the Stainer model. In his
a violin of good craftsmanship, with dark brown first period he experimented with low arching in
var. It is almost illegible: in places the writing is cellos with the result that some instruments actually
completely rubbed off, and the place cannot be appear to be sunken on the bassbar side. He copied
distinguished. Stradivari but rounded the edges like N. Amati.
LautenbacherAnton; Fussen, c.1802. Popular v.m. The varying form of his instruments testify to his
who founded his own establishment. constant experimentation. His earliest instruments
Lauza Wilhelm Thomas; Vienna, 19th cent. Started are dark-brown, almost black, and are made of
his own business in Vienna. He modelled his work faintly figured maple. Later both wood and yellow-
on Stradivari. brown var. are much better. He seems to have
LechnerFranz; Munich, 1864-19°;. Maker of zithers applied often-though not always-a thin coating
and dealer who also repaired violins. In 1864 he of glue before var. His violins have good tone and
founded a shop selling bowed instruments. the workmanship is careful in every respect. The
LechnerHans; Munich. 17th cent. organ-builder who labels have opus numbers, each year beginning with
also made lutes and dulcimers. the number I. His cellos have large labels. He
Ledebur Karl, Baron; Berlin. b. 20. 4. 1806 in Schil- also did some very good repairs. Although he died
desche (near Bielefeld), d. 25.10. 1872. Author of relatively young, he had made a large number of
Tonkiist/er/exikonBer/ins van denii/testenZeiten his auf instruments and must have been very industrious.
die Gegenwart(Berlin, 1861). His dark-brown violins are rated inferior to those
Lederer Alfred 0.; Wernitzgrun, c. 1928. V.m., who that are yellow-brown.
made various kinds of stringed instruments. Leeb Carl; Vienna. 19th cent. Careful work. Beautiful
LedererArno; Wernitzgriin, c. 1928. Maker of musical golden-yellow var., good sound.
instruments and their parts. Leeb Johann Carl; Vienna. b. 1792, d. 6.5.1819.
Lederer Conrad Louis; Wernitzgrun, Strasbourg Probably son of Andreas Carl L. whose standard
(Strassburg). b. ;0. 12. 1887 in Wernitzgriin. Son of of work he never attained. A very talented maker
the factory-owner Ernst Ludwig L. who made who died at the age of 27 and so made only a few
musical instruments, especially wind instruments. instruments. He used yellow-red var., evenly spread.
He was apprenticed to Hans Filipp until 1891, then He evidently did not put any labels into his instru-
worked with August Theodor Scherzer, Wilhelm ments.
August Wunderlich and Karl Wilhelm Kessler (III). Leicht Albert; Hohendorf (near Brambach). b. 14. 8.
In 1897 he was with Eugen Gartner. In 19°8 he left 1898 in Hohendorf. Bow-maker. Son and pupil of
for Strasbourg to join Gustav Wolf and started there Max L. with whom he worked until 1922 when he
on his own in 1928. His work was highly esteemed. started on his own. Like his father and his brother,
Lederer Hermann; 19th-20th cent. maker of plucked Herbert Rudolf L., he was a good representative of
instruments. the craft.
LedererJohann; Munich, 19th cent. Owner of a factory
in Rosenthal-Schulhausen(near Schrannenha1le)Who
also repaired violins.
LedererKarl Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen. b. 18o; in . A"".1 "..."! .
Schoneck, d. 8. 8. 1862. Son of Wilhelm L., founder
of the firm Lederer & Kreinsberg.
Lederer Karl Wilhelm (II); Markneukirchen. b. 5. 9. Leicht Alfred; Berlin. b. 1.9.19°1 in Hohendorf. Son
1864 in Markneukirchen, d. after 1926. of Max L. First began bow-making in his father's
 workshop and 1923-1925 took up v.m. with Emil colour changed into unattractive brownish-grey,
Stark. Between 1932-1934 he worked with Max especially on the table, which became blotchy. He
Mackel in Berlin, where he later started on his own. seemsto have experimented with other types 'of var.
Good craftsmanship following classicalmodels. His too, for some of his violins have fine red var. Violins
bows are good and are branded; the instruments bearing his name but originating after 1758 are the
have handwritten labels. work of assistants who stayed with the widow.
Leicht Herbert Rudolf; Hamburg, Hohendorf, Berlin. Leidolff's instruments are to be found in many
b. 10.4. 19°7 in Hohendorf (near Radiumbad collections.
Brambach). Son and pupil of Max L. Bow- and v.m.
When he finished his grammar school studies he
worked as an apprentice and assistant. He also
learned to play and to construct violins. Inspired by
some beautiful models of Max Mockel, he made
several violins. In 1935 he was working with his
brother Alfred. Two years later he setded in Ham-
burg and in the sameyear earned a master's diploma.
He was not satisfied in Hamburg, however, and
moved to Hohendorf, where he was still working
in the 195os. His instruments are labelled from Berlin,
Hamburg or Hohendorf. Instruments made by
himself have a special label. His bows are marked
R. H. Leicht, Hamburg or R. Herbert Leicht.
Leicht Ingfried; Berlin. b. 18. 3. 1936 in Berlin. Son Leidolff (Leydolph) Joseph Ferdinand; Vienna, 1756-
and pupil of Alfred L. He was trained in Bubenreuth 1780. Became citizen as master v.m. on 3°.4. 1756.
and Mittenwald. He passed his master's test in His name can be found in the tax-registers between
Munich in 1962 and now works with his father; his 1757-1774. The civic registers from 1774 contain
instruments have handwritten labels. an entry: 'der Leydotphkommt mitleidig'. In the same
Leicht Max; Hohendorf. b. 12.6.1878 in Hohendorf, year the workshop was taken over by Marianus
d. .. 5. 1965. Bow-maker. Pupil of Ernst Schwab. Petz. Good copies of Amati, occasionally after
Established in 1896; good work. Stainer. His violins are much more elegant than those
Leidolif Christoph Nikolaus; Vienna, 1774-1788. by Johann Christoph L. The arching is less severe
Perhaps son of Johann Christoph L. whose style his and the workmanship clean. Good choice of wood.
instruments resemble. High arching, brownish var., Apart from several violins which are now quite
good craftsmanship and wood and beautiful mellow black, we know of other instruments which have
tone are all characteristic features of his instruments. a transparent yellow-red var. The tables of the
Leidolff (Leytolf) Ignatius; Vienna, 1699-1714. Son of cellos are obviously too thin.
Nicolaus L. He was described as lute-maker and
became citizen on 2.6. 17°2. Good v.m.
Leidolff (Leydolfl) Johann Christoph; Vienna. b. 169°,
d. 28.6.1758. Son of Nicolaus Leidolffand, judging "SO~CPf>
~ti~l'lff-~a"trn;"nb
by the work, also his pupil. He became a master ~tigr"It1\l\i)cr tll ~gltn I
on 2. 9. 1715. His name is found in the tax-registers
of 1749 and 1758. It can be proved that he supplied i
17 c
,..
'
""",~"

...,
'- .-
violins to the Imperial Court Orchestra but it is not
definite that he was really appointed Court v.m. as
is sometimes stated. Certainly his labels do not
mention that he was. After his death, his widow
continued in the shop until she died in 177°. The
violins are made on an original Stainer model with
a somewhat angular outline and soundholes. The
arching is frequendy high. The scroll is typically
Viennese and often made of pear-wood. The
purfling and linings are carefully done and the
workmanship as a whole is meticulous. Unfortun-
ately the appearanceof his instruments is marred by
the stain he used before var., for he, like most of
the contemporary Viennese v.ms, saturated the wood
in potassium chromate. The original rich brown
Leido/ffNicolaus; Vienna. d. 1710. The earliest known instruments on which his copies were modelled but
member of the Leidolffv.m. family; probably pupil the copies are branded G. L. The tone of his violins
of Hans K6gl. On his travels he evidently went as is good, the var. yellow to reddish- brown and
far as Italy. He was granted Viennese citizenship in transparent but somewhat glassy. He also made
August 1673. He should not be confused with severalinteresting experiments, e.g. a longer bassbar,
Christoph Nikolaus L., who lived about 100 a table of cedar-wood, etc., but with few positive
years later. The soundholes and scrolls seem to results. His cellos are modelled on Stradivari.
follow Testore. Reddish-yellow var. with golden Lembock's violins from after 1875 are the work of
tint. His violins are often wrongly sold as Italian his pupils and are less important. Good repairer.
instruments. However, it is said that he sometimes revarnished
old instruments if the original var. did not appeal to
him. He used many different labels and a brand.
He was succeededbv Carl Haudek.

Leipelt Friedrich; Glatz (in Silesia). b. c. 1850 in

Habelschwerdt. Settled in Glatz as musical instru-
ment maker in 1883.
Leissmiiller Christoph; Krinn (Kriinn) (near Mitten- Lemmert Friedrich Wilhelm; Wismar, c. 1840. V.m.
wald), 1763-1793. Industrious and talented v.m. Lenk G.; Erlbach, c. 1928. Mass-production of parts
whose violins have full tone and are quite frequently for assembly.
met with. Lenk Otto Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 1.6.1887 in
Leissmiiller Martin; Krinn (Kriinn) (near Mittenwald), Markneukirchen, d. I I. 8. 1964. Pupil of Albin
1754-179°. Well-made violins with medium Ludwig Paulus in Markneukirchen who worked with
arching. The var. is not so good. the Markneukirchen makers Max Dolling, Oskar
Leistner Arno; Klingenthal, Nuremberg. 20th cent. Zimmer and Karl Wilhelm Kessler (III), and later also
maker of mandolins. with Karl Niedt in Wiirzburg. In 1925 he passedthe
Leitz Ferdinand; Mittenwald, 1820-1845. V.m. master's test in Markneukirchen and for many years
LembockGabriel; Vienna. b. 16. 10. 1814 in Budapest- was the foreman of the v.m. department of F. & R.
Of en, d. after 27.3.1892 in Vienna. Pupil of Peter Enders of Markneukirchen. He was also the Chair-
Teufelsdorfer of Budapest. Then he moved to man of the panel of sworn experts of the V.ms'
Vienna and joined Anton Fischer, whose son-in-law Association. Master's text passed on I. 8. 1925.
and successor he later became. In 184° he opened Lenk Wenzel; Frankfurt a. M. b. 1840 in Schonbach
his own workshop in Mariahilferstrasse 'At the sign (in Bohemia), d. c. 1889. Pupil of Karl Wilhelm
of the White Angel' (now No. 26); but when Bern- Kessler. (I) of Markneukirchen. He worked for
hard Stoss died, he took over the latter's premises 5 years in Berlin, then with Ernst Liebich (II) in
in Griinangerstrasse. When the Gesellschaftder Breslau, also in Vienna, Budapest and Munich.
Musikfreunde (Society of Friends of Music) built Finally he settled in Frankfurt. He modelled his
its magnificent new house in the Canovagasse,he work on Stradivari.
transferred his shop there, for at that time he was LentnerF., Dr, Professor at the University oflnnsbruck
already supplier to the Conservatoire. He is one of and author of an interesting study called Jacob
those v.ms who are not only craftsmen but real Stainer: Lebenslaufim Lichte archivalischerForschung,
artists. He was as skilful in repairing as in the making published in 1888intheZeitschriftfiir lnstrumentenbau,
of new instruments. He copied several models; and of Jacob Stainers Gerichtshandel,published on
best of all being his imitations ofPaganini's 'Cannon' 14.7. 1898 in Botejiir Tirol und Voralberg.
made by Guarneri. He made these violins for many Leonhardt Christian Gottfried; Klingenthal, c. 1789.
years and on his labels mentioned the original. Son of Johann Friedrich L. who worked mainly
He also used Guarneri features in general for another for the Hopf family.
model and even Maggini (with double purfling). Leonhardt Johann Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1757.
He also liked to reproduce the labels of the original Known only from the guild's documents.
LeonhardtJohann Gottfried; Klingenthal, c. 1786.V.m. and had the opportunity of playing for several years
Leonhardt Konrad; Munich. b. 14. II. 19°7. Pupil of with the Dresden Mozartvereinorchestra, under the
Georg Winterling of Hamburg who worked with conductorship of Alois Schmitt. In order to study
Johann StUber in the Hague and with Eugen instruments by great makers he travelled to Berlin,
Sprenger in Frankfurt. He travelled in France, the Vienna and London. In 1898 he settled in Garmisch
Netherlands, Austria and Czechoslovakia. In 1934 where he had ample opportunity to acquaint himself
he started his own business in Munich. Until 1932. with wood much more thoroughly than could be
he modelled his instruments on old Italian makers, done in workshops or in books. In 1912 he moved
but later he used models of his own design. He used back to Dresden and started working in Hellerau.
glossy copal var., later propolis. In 1958 he was His craftsmanship was meticulous: and he spared
appointed director of the Mittenwald v.m. school. no effort to have everything absolutely accurate.
Leonhardt (Leonhard) Paul; Markneukirchen, Auer- His violins are Italian in character,and very attractive.
bach. b. c. 1868. Moved to Auerbach in 194°. Brother Lewin Erich; Berlin, c. 1800. Sold Mirecourt violins
of Robert Oskar L. marked:
KONSER
Leonhardt (Leonhard) Robert Oskar; Markneukirchen. VATORY

--,~c
b. 2.2..10. 1872., d. I. 3. 1945 in Markneukirchen. VIOLIN
Pupil of Ernst Albert Voigt in Markneukirchen.
He worked with Heinrich Theodor Heberlein (I) Leykom G.; Brambach, c. 1910. Good bow-maker.
in Markneukirchen, but later gave up the profession. i"idl Anton; Mittenwald (?), c. 17°°' Hart lists this name
Leonhardt Robert Walter; Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.4. and date without giving any place or further details.
19°1. Son of Robert Oskar L. and pupil 'of Albin LidlJohannes; Mittenwald, c. 1775. Little-knownv.m.
Ludwig Paulus. He worked with W. Otto and Louis Liebel Carl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 1735,
Otto in Dusseldorf and with Max Mackel in Berlin d. 26.6. 18°3. Son of a tailor, Georg L. He was
and started on his own in 192.2..Good work and admitted to the v.m. guild as master on 2I. I I.
skilful repairs. 1752. His work is little known.
Liebel Christian; Quittenbach, c. 1756. Talented v.m.
who used good but plain maple and a brilliant red
var. It seems that he modelled his instruments on
\~ the Tyrolean School. The inside work is much better
than that of the average instruments made by his
- -,,"C .. countrymen in the late 18th cent. Unfortunately
the dates on his labels are usually so faded as to be
~~J,~:~~t:~:I;Sa... no longer legible.
Liebel Johannes; Markneukirchen, c. 18°3. Probably
son of Carl Friedrich L. Though he gives Mittenwald
as the place where his instruments were made, they
do not at all resemble the Mittenwald School.
Leopold Ludwig; Markneukirchen,c. 184°. Medium- Liebel Leonhardt Robert Gustav; Erlbach. b. 2. I. 1870
arched violins. in Erlbach. Worked in Breitenbach for some time
Leopoldseder Joseph; c. 1852. Place unknown. Little- and then returned to Erlbach. He made violins for
known v.m. from Southern Germany whose label the trade.
was found in a very ordinary violin. Liebetreu H.; Dessau, c. 1806. His violins are poor;
LevienJulius; Berlin. b. 2I. 4. 1862 in Elbing, d. 29. I. but his guitars are generally better.
1935 in Brussels. Doctor of medicine who practised Liebich (Liebig) ..; Breslau, c. 1810-1820. Little-
in Berlin between 1889-1894. In 1894 he went to known v.m.
Paris and there he made his first violin, under the Liebich (Liebig) Ernst (I); Breslau. b. 27. 10. 1796
supervision of Leo Fischesser.He studied acoustics, in Reibnitz (near Hirschberg in Silesia), d. 1876
made various acoustic experiments and analysedvar. . in Breslau. Pupil of his uncle, Johann Gottfried L.,
He was firmly convinced that he had discovered the whose shop he took over in 1824. A talented maker
methods of old masters. His greatest successwas who modelled his instruments on Stradivari and
a quartet exhibited in Berlin in 1912. Guarneri. He also made harps and guitars.
Lewicki Hans; Garmisch, Hellerau (near Dresden). Liebich (Liebig) Ernst (II); Breslau. b. 183°, d. 1884.
b. 22.2.1864 in Zurich, d. 1934 in Hellerau. Spent Son, pupil and successorErnst L. (I). His instruments
his youth in Riga, Aachen and Dresden, where his resemble those made by his father.
father was a teacher at the local Technical High Liebich (Liebig) Ernst (III); Breslau. b. 25. 5. 1862
School. He studied at the grammar school of the Saxon in Breslau. Son and pupil of Ernst L. (II). He worked
Grenadier's Regiment and later was apprenticed to with David Bittner and Carl Hermann Voigt in
Ferdinand Patzelt. He also studied the violin and cello Vienna. After the death of his father he took over
 his workshop. Satisfactory work on the models of Linder Hans; Augsburg. b. c. I 549, d. after 1615. The
fa,mous makers
and spirit var. - and also
Court on one
adviser of former
and his own.Court
Oil Augsburg v.m. list of 1615 includes, as well as
Rudolf Bossart and Sixtus Rauwolf, the lute-maker
maker of musical instruments to the Duke of Hans Linder, aged 66.
Coburg-Gotha. Lindmair Bernhard; Vienna, c. 1548. Registered lute-
Liebich (Liebig) Gottfried; Breslau, c. 1683. V.m. maker in Vienna in 1548.
Liebich (Liebig) Gottlieb; Hermsdorf, 18th cent. Good Lindner Johann Jakob; Dresden, c. 1697. Seems to
craftsmanship modelled on Stainer. The var. is dark have been in Court service. His label is in a lute in
and unattractive. Only a few instruments are purfled. the collection of musical instruments in the Bach
Liebich (Liebig) Gottlob; Schreiberhau, 2.oth cent. Museum in Eisenach.
Modelled his violins on Stainer. Lindorfer Michael; Weimar. b. 2.9.9.1944 in Weimar.
Liebich (Liebig) Johann Gottfried; Breslau. b. c. 1755, Son and pupil of Willi L. He becamea master at the
d. 182.4.Came from a v.m. family and was perhaps early age of 14. He assists his father in copying
son of Gottlieb L. He settled in Breslau about 179° the works of ancient masters and in expert repair
and opened a workshop. His work is good and work.
reminiscent of the Prague School. LindorferWilli; Oberweimar. b. 2.1.6. 1904in Gleichen-
Liebich (Liebig) Johann Gottlieb (Gottlob); Hamburg, wiesen (near Hildburgshausen). Apprenticed with
Breslau, c. 1791. Maker of musical instruments who Otto Mackel from 192.7,after working for a while
became citizen on 2.1.10. 1791. He probably be- as a wood-carver. He assisted Emil Herrmann in
longed to the Breslau family and evidently later Berlin, and in 1945 established himself in Weimar.
moved back to Breslau. He is notable chiefly for his excellent copies of old
Liebl A.; Griesbach (Rotthal). b. 1867 in Griesbach. masters, but also for some excellent repairs.
Son and pupil of Johann Nepomuk L. who was Link Johann; Weissenfels, c. 192.8. Firm of banjo
established independently in 1882..In 1889 he took manufacturers.
over his father's shop. V.m. and repairer. Lipowski Felix Josef. Author of a Musiklexikon
Liebl Friedrich Georg; Quittenbach, c. 1774. Estab- (Munich, 181I), which contains valuable information
lished in 1774. on German v.ms.
Liebl Johann; Griesbach (Rotthal). b. 177°, d. 2.8. 2.. Lipp Benedict; Mittenwald. b. 2.2..3. 1762.in Mitten-
184°. Competent v.m. and maker of zithers. His waldoYounger son of Ignaz L. Apparently he worked
work is reminiscent of the Mittenwald School. only with his father.
Liebl JohannNepomuk; Griesbach(Rotthal). b. 1811, Lipp Ignaz; Mittenwald, 1740-1762.. V.m. of the Kloz
d. 2.2..10. 1889.Son, pupil and successorof Johann L. School.
Talented v.m. and maker of zithers. Lipp Joh~nn Georg; Mittenwald. b. 18.4.1756 in
Liebmann Otto; Klingenthal. b. 1855. In 1879 he Mittenwald. Son of Ignaz L. The var. is brown and
founded the firm Otto Liebmann & Co., which ordinary. Tyrolean School. There is in existence
employed many v.ms. a violin which is obviously his work.
Liekow Carl Wilhelm; Hamburg, c. 1799.Becamecitizen Lipp Julius August; Mittenwald, C. 1760. Least
on 2.6.4. 1799 as a 'maker of musical instruments'. important member of the family. He tried unsuccess-
Liepold Carl Anton; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent. v.m. fully to imitate Italian var. His own var. is dark-
Lieves Eduard; Konigsberg, 19th cent. He described brown.
himself as Mechanicusund musikalischerInstrumenten- Lipp Martin; Dillingen. b. 2.3.8. 1809 in Mittenwald,
macher.By all accounts a piano-manufacturer who d. 13.6.1843. He settled in Dillingen, where there
also made guitars but no violins. The richly orna- had not been a v.m. since Andreas Kempter left in
mented guitars with ebony and mother-of-pearl
purfling, which have a beautiful tone, reveal his
best work.
Liharzik .. ; Valasske Mezirici (in Moravia), Vienna.
b. 1812.,d. 1866 in Vienna. Physician and amateur
v.m. who had instruments made according to his
own mathematical and acoustical computations, and
who branded them LIHARZIK.
Limprecht Carl; Elberfeld, c. 1895. It seemsthat he did
not make the violins in which his labels were found.
LindemannHermann; Radebeul (in Saxony), late 19th
cent. Museums in Copenhagen and Cologne have
Akkordzithers bearing his name, though they were
actually made by Christian Gutter, who sold his
patent to Lindemann in 1883.
 1 835. In Dillingen he married Maria Antonia Hoss Lobi Wenzel; Markneukirchen. 18th cent. v.m.
on 20.3.1833. He was a talented maker and only Lobzien Heinrich; Rostock. b. 1860 in Elmenhorst,
his premature death prevented full recognition of d. 1933 in Rostock. Originally a joiner who was
his art. apprenticed to Albert Ellersieck. He started on his
Lipp Matthias; Benedict (in Bavaria), c. 1760.Probably own in 1885. His model reproduces in the main
camefrom Mittenwald. His work has all the features Stradivari features. He made his own spirit var.
of the Kloz School. but it was unattractive and dull. Made clever copies
Lipp Stanislaus; Mittenwald. b. 4.12.1751. His giving the appearanceof age.
instruments are rarely met with and he seemsto have Locatelli Ignatius; Innsbruck, c. 1764. V.m. who was
used labels only infrequently. a member of the declining Tyrolean School. He
Lippert Karl; Markneukirchen. b. 9.7.1870 in Mark- apparently stayed in Innsbruck for a while. His
neukirchen, d. 20. 2. 1934. Conscientious work. violins are very highly arched and seldom purfled.
Lippert Karl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 23. 12. Lochner G. V. K., Dr. Writer and mathematician.
1892 in Markneukirchen, d. 1952. Brother of Author of Nachrichtenaus demJahre IJ47, published
Reinhold Ernst L. and pupil of his father Karl L. in Quellenschriftenzur Kunstgeschichte (Vienna, 1875)
He opened a workshop in partnership with his containing interesting documents on v.ms of the
brother Reinhold Ernst L. 16th and 17th cents. He also published a paper on
Lippert Reinhold Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 27. 7. the v.m. Hans Frey.
1895 in Markneukirchen, d. 15. 1. 1952. Son and LoesselGeorg; Dorsten, Breslau (in Silesia), Herwest
pupil of Karl L. For several years he worked with (in Westphalia). b. 11.6.1882 in Oberstephansdorf
P. Robert Penzel. He later went into partnership (near Breslau). An amateur v.m. As a young teacher
with his brother Karl Friedrich. Good work. he repaired church and school violins, thus gaining
Lippich. .. Author of an article Ober die Wirkungsweise a practical outlet for knowledge gleaned from his
des Violinbogens,published in Mitteilungender deutschen theoretical studies and from visits to the v.m.
mathematischen Gesellschaftin Prag (Vienna, 1892). Alfons Weitok in Breslau. He was therefore allowed
Lippitsch Heinrich; Graz. b. after 1850,d. 1879in Bosnia. to pass the master's test on 29. 3. 1924 without
Pupil of Franz Herzlieb (II) and also his successor. having first to pass an assistant's test. Stradivari
Talented v.m. who, however, committed suicide. model. His instruments are first coated with propolis
Lippold Carl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 20.8.1772, and then a spirit var. of his own composition, with
d. 1. 1. 1854. Son and pupil of Johann Georg L. a golden-yellow, yellow-red to chestnut-brown tint,
His violins are rated on a par with those of the is applied. By 1963he had made 150 violins, 6 violas
Ficker family. Careful work with good yellow- and I cello. Among his pupils there is also a teacher
brown var. Very pleasant tone. and v.m. from Neurode.
Lippold (Lippoldt) Johann Georg; Markneukirche~.
b. 1739, d. 4.9. 1824. Son and possibly pupil of
Wolf Erhardt L. Best v.m. in the family. His violins
reveal good work. Became citizen on 28. 5. 1760.
Lippold Johann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 1737,
d. 7.7. 1806. Son of Wolf Nikolaus L. Becamecitizen
and master v.m. on 6.6. 1759.
Lippold Johann Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 7.
1777, d. 6. 10. 1808. Son and pupil of Johann
Georg L.
Lippold Johannes; Graslitz (in Bohemia), Markneu-
kirchen, c. 1670. A v.m. from Graslitz who left for
religious reasons and went to Markneukirchen,
where he carried on in his trade.
Lippold Wolf Erhardt; Markneukirchen. b. 1696,
d. 17.4. 1768. Son and pupil of Wolf Nikolaus L.
He may have been born in Klingenthal. He was Liiffler A.; Breitenfeld, c. 1914. Bow-maker.
admitted to the guild as a master v.m. on 3. 6. 1719. Liiffler Johann; Mittenwald, 1885-1910. V.m. who
Talented and highly esteemedv.m., and one of the only made guitars. He was not fully engaged by his
wardens of the guild. profession, for he became a night-watchman.
Lippold (Lippoldt) Wolf Nikolaus; Klingenthal, Mark- Liiffler Otto; Breitenfeld. b. 25.4. 1899. Bow-maker
neukirchen. d. after 1736. Founder of the family. who was apprenticed between 1.4.1913-1.4. 1916.
He is often known simply as Nikolaus Lippold. He works for MIGMA in Markneukirchen.
Lirscher Johann Georg; Wels, c. 1774. Established in Lorenz Adolf; Wernitzgrun (near Markneukirchen).
Wels in 1774. b. 1858 in Wernitzgrun, d. 1939. V.m.
 LorenzAlbert; Markr,cul~irctei D. :';-4. 1887.V.m. on his wind instruments (and some improvements
who foundeda workshopprcou,;i.lg ancientmusical to the bass-clarinet, made in 1782). Supplier to the
Court. .
instruments.Very good craf(smanship.
Louis Franz Conrad; Saarbriicken. b. 31.6. 1870 in
Dudweiler. Son of a turner who also sold musical
instruments. He was allowed to devote himself to
v.m. only after he had learned turner's trade. He
learned the craft in Markneukirchen and then worked
with Ernst Kessler in Berlin for 2 years. He made his
Lorenz Felix Waldemar; Wernitzgriin. b. 3.5.1885 instruments after Stradivari, Guarneri and an original
in Wernitzgriin, d. 13.2.195°. Bow-maker. Con- model. Beautiful oil var. The arching is sometimes
scientious work. so high that one can see the soundpost through the
Lorenz Johann Adam; Markneukirchen. b. 1688, soundholes. Some labels bear his signature, others
d. 22. I. 1763. Earliest known v.m. of this name. are printed.
His father was a citizen of Markneukirchen and LowendallStar Works; Berlin, from 1866.A workshop in
probably immigrated from Bohemia. He was not Berlin, founded by the dealer and v.m. Ludwig Lo-
admitted to the guild until 7. 12. 17°9, after he had wenthal (b. 5.12. I 840in Konigsberg, in East Prussia),
married a v.m.'s daughter. in partnership with his son. Concentrated on overseas
Lorenz Johann Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1792. An trade. In the really artistic instruments manufactured
entry in the records of the guild reads as follows: by his workshop labels bearing the name Lowendall
'Today, 9.2. 1792, Johann Friedrich Lorenz was (which he used in America) are to be found. He
admitted to the guild, for which he will pay 6 thallers invented a soundpost described in his pamphlet
for the master's diploma, 18 groschenfor transfer, Resonator Violin-Stimmbalken fur Streichinstrumente
2 thallers 1.0the Voigtsberg office, 4 groschento the (Berlin, 1900). The workshop won many medals at
poor and I thaller 9 groschenfor a bucketful of beer.' exhibitions.
He branded his violins Friedrich Lorenz.
Lubocki Richard; Leipzig, Dortmund. b. 16.8.1874
Lorenz Johann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 1713, in Riga. Originally a player. He learned to play
d. 7. II. 1772. Probably son of Johann Adam L. violin and cello from the age of 12. Later he went
Became master on 14. 10. 173°. He was a warden to the Warsaw Conservatoire and became a pianist.
of the guild in 1768, 1769 and 1772.
He was interested in v.m. from his early years, and
Lorenz Kurt; Erlbach. b. 25. II. 19°5. Maker of bowed as soon as he went to Leipzig he joined G. Wunder-
and plucked instruments. lich as an apprentice and eventually becamea master
Lorenz L.; Marxhausen. 19th cent. v.m. v.m. He then established himself independendy in
Lorenz Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 5. 1885 in Fleissen
Leipzig and later moved to Dortmund, where he
(Plesna,in Bohemia). Pupil of Oskar Prager; worked
was highly esteemed.
with Wilhelm Durrschmidt and Paul Franz Rammig.
LudemannJulius; Cologne. b. 1858. Pupil of Wilhelm
Established in 1926.
Hermann Hammig of Leipzig. After a period
Lotter Franz Xaver; Koppel, 1831-1~51. Probably
studying and travelling, he was established in 1875
a peasant who made zithers and violins in winter.
in his native town. He modelled his instruments on
His repairs have invariably destroyed the instruments
Stradivari and Guarneri. Used oil and spirit var.
he worked on and his highly arched violins are
LUdemann K.; Berlin, 1884-1920. Pupil of his brother,
abominable.
Julius L. Worked with Riechers, Mockel and Otto.
Losser Gustav. 20th cent. Published in the Zeitschrift
He mainly made cellos. After 1900he was the Court
fur Instrumenienbau(No. 9, XX) an article on the
Supplier to Prince Joachim Albrecht of Prussia.
construction of violins.
On 1.7. 1920 his workshop was taken over by
Lotz Robert; Gotha. b. 11.2.1817 in Gotha, d. c. 1864
Markus Sandherr.
in Dresden. Son of the oboist Johann Hieronymus L.
Ludicke Friedrich; Chemnitz. 19th cent. v.m.
of Gotha. His violins are rare, but his guitars are
Ludwig Albin (nicknamed Mullerhans); Markneu-
more often met with. He moved to his daughter in
kirchen, Hohendorf. 19th-20th cent. v.m. and
Dresden in the 1860s.
bow-maker. Teacher and later father-in-law of
Ernst Adolf Heinel.
?J~ Ludwig Gustav; Schonberg. b. 28.7. 1868 in Heben-
dotE. Was apprenticed at Schonbach (in Bohemia)
~~._-~~- - - -"
and later worked with Gustav Stark in Rohrbach.
;ct\ (~oton. He was working in Schonberg in the early 20th cent.
Good craftsmanship.
Lotz 'Theodor; Pressburg, Vienna, 1782.-.810. Several Ludwig Johann (Hans) Georg; Markneukirchen, Klin-
of his violins are known. His reputation rests mainly genthal, 1680-1716. One of the last Klingenthal

~
 wood, elegant shape, transparent var. and excellent MARMA (Musikhaus und Werkstatten); Mark-
tone. He also makes violas and violoncellos. neukirchen. 20th cent. factory founded in Mainz
Magius E. A. B. von; Hanover, c. 1847. Army officer for the exploitation of Franck-Reiner's process to
who became a well-known expert and collector. improve tone quality (Tonveredelungsverfahrendes
Mahlke Johann; Berlin, 1883-1897. Good new Franck-Reiner), and now owned by the state.
violins and cellos, including some clever imitations Marschalk E., Baron. Author of Die BambergerHof-
of ancient Italian instruments. Good repairs, inclu- musik (1885), containing valuable information
ding some done for the Royal collection of ancient on v.ms employed by the Bishops of Bam-
musical instruments. berg.
MahrerFranz; Wels. b. 1825,d. 20.3.1879. Instrument- Marschall Wilhelm; Elbing, c. 1824. Probably son of
maker, assistant of Johannes M. the joiner Johann Friedrich M. who was described
Mahrer Johannes; Wels, 1837-1880. Guitar-player on 27. 9. 1772as 'the youngest master' of the joiners'
who made violins and guitars. His low-built violins guild. It can be surmised that he was also a joiner
have a brown var. in his main profession, for he seems only to have
Maier..; Traunstein, c. 1811.Municipal musician who been connected with instruments through repairing
repaired violins. them.
Maisch Anton; Ochsenhausen (in Wiirttemberg) , Martens Johann; Lubeck, 1880-1897. Musician who,
c. 1827. His repair label is in a doublebass now in without essential knowledge and skill, repaired
the Berlin Museum (seeCatalogue,p. 144, No. 1410). a great number of violins. He was convinced he
MaldonerJohann Stephan; Fiissen. b. c. 1720,d. c. 1799. understood var. and therefore often washed off
The Fiissen registers of 1774 list him as a lute-maker the original var. of instruments and in its place
with 2 sons, Hans Michael (b. 1770) and Mang applied his own inferior linseed coating.
(Magnus) Anton (b. 1773). He may have learned Martin. . ; Leipzig. Date unknown. Bow-maker.
the trade in Mittenwald, for his violins resemble Martin Arthur; Markneukirchen, Lobtau-Dresden.
that school more than the Fiissen one. Mostly b. 17.9.187° in Gunzen. When he was 14 he became
ordinary work, in the main cellos and doublebasses, apprenticed to Ernst Wilhelm Neumarker in Schon-
though he also made some attractive instruments eck. Four years later he worked for Gustav Adolf
which had a full tone. Roth in Markneukirchen and then went to Breslau
Maldoner Joseph Stephan; Fiissen, c. 1702. We know to join Ernst Liebich (III). Finally he worked with
of one 6-stringed viola da gamba made by him, Ernst Kessler in Berlin for 6 years. He started on his
with yellow var. own in Markneukirchen. Some years later he
Maldoner Michael; Fiissen. b. c. 1697, d. 1.5.1774. transferred his workshop to Lobtau (near Dresden).
Lute-maker, mentioned in the tax-registers of 1741 He made new violins on his own model and used
as 'town-councillor and father of a son, Dominicus'. oil var. of original composition.
One of his violins (undated) is kept in Fiissen. Martin C. A.; Annaberg, c. 1860. V.m.
Ma//ach Fritz; Kaiserslautern, c. 1906. Successor of Martin Christian Gottfried; Gunzen. d. 1846. Son and
Friedrich Pfaff. pupil of Hans Nicolas M.
Marck Johann Joachim; Hamburg, c. 1797. V.m. Martin Ernst Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 3°.8.1887,
Became citizen on 12. 5. 1797. d. 6.3.1955. Son and pupil of Wilhelm Ernst M.,
Markert Ignaz ; Luby, Prague, CeskeBudejovice, Buben- whose shop he successfully managed in association
reuth. Pupil of Josef Kreutzinger (II) in Schonbach with his brother Max Alfred M. Careful and talented
who later worked with Frantisek KHz and Karel v.m.
Josef Dvorak of Prague and for Coufalik in Ceske
Budejovice. In 1950 he left for Bubenreuth. He
works mainly after Stradivari and Guarneri. Golden-
yellow oil var.
Marks Ferdinand; Bochum. 20th cent. maker of lutes
and guitars. Successor of Otto Ludwig in 1927.
Marks Wilhelm; Munich. b. 1847, d. 20.7.1936.
Maker of musical instruments. In addition to violins
he made zithers, guitars, etc.
Markstein ..; Vienna, c. 1918. Technician who tried
to produce by artificial means (e.g. pressing and
other mechanical means)the changeswhich normally
take place in wood by time, vibration, etc. A company
for the exploitation of his invention was founded
which manufactured violins under the trademark
TIM (Ton-Instrumente-Markstein).
Martin G.; Raun. 20th cent. bow-maker.
Martin Hans Nicolas; Gunzen (near Schoneck). 19th
cent. v.m.
Martin Helene Johanna; Markneukirchen, c. 1921.
V.m.
Martin Johann; Gunzen (near Schoneck). Date un-
known. Originally a bricklayer. By all accounts he Martin Johann Adam (VI); Markneukirchen. b. 28. 8.
later also made violins. 1767 in Markneukirchen, d. 21.7. 183°. Son of
Martin Johann Adam (I); Bruck (near Wildstein, Johann Adam M. (IV). Becausehe died only 2 years
in Bohemia), Markneukirchen, C. 1726. Perhaps later than his father, it is often difficult to distinguish
the earliest member of the Vogtland v.m. family of their instruments from one,another.
Martins. The labels he used do not give the actual Martin Johann Gabriel; Gunzen, d. 1837. V.m. His
place of origin, only the country. For business 2 sons, Johann Gottlieb M. and Christian Friedrich
reasons he seems to have followed the practice of M. are said to have been v.ms, but their work is
other Vogtland v.ms and used 'Prag' on his labels unknown.
instead of 'Bruck'. He never actually settled in Martin Johann (Hans) Georg; Markneukirchen. b.
Markneukirchen and certainly was not a member of 1718, d. 20. 12. 1775. Became citizen as a master
the local guild. The first Martin, Johann Adam (III), v.m. on 5.2.1742. He was probably a son of Johann
to have been admitted to the guild, in 1760, was Adam M. (I). His violins sound well and generally
described as a 'foreigner'. Ordinary Vogtland style. are made of better wood than instruments by many
Martin Johann Adam (II); Markneukirchen. b. 28. 9. of his countrymen.
1710, d. 1.9. 1778. Tailor and dealer in violins. Martin Karl Gottlob; Gunzen, c. 1802. V.m. Son and
He was married to Anna Margarete (nee Heinel) pupil of Hans Nicolas M. He married in 1802.
(b. I. 10. 1712). Martin Leopold; Galliano (in the South Tyrol), 19th
Martin Johann Adam (III); Markneukirchen. b. 24. 8. cent. v.m.
1739, d. 24. I. 1808. Became citizen as master v.m. Martin Max Alfred; Markneukirchen. b. 18. 3. 1891.
on 28. 5. 1760. He is described as 'foreigner' in the Second son and pupil of Wilhelm Ernst M. and his
guild's book. On his labels he only signed himself worthy successor (in partnership with his brother
Adam Martin. Quite often he did not insert any Ernst Otto). Talented maker of violins and violas.
date, and thus it was later easy to fill in earlier dates He specialised in the cello, on which he was an
and to make the instruments more valuable. Labels excellent player.
dated earlier than 1760 are therefore fictitious. Martin Michael; Gunzen, c. 1741. The Erlbach church
His model is the one curre.ntly used in Vogtland. registers from 1741 describe him as 'dealer in
Yellowish or yellow-brown var. violins'.
Martin Richard (I); Voigtsberg, c. 189°. According to
Heinel of Markneukirchen, a manuscript repair
label exists in one violin (No. 1125).
Martin Richard (II); Breitenfeld. 20th cent. bow-
maker.
Martin Walter; Brunswick. b. 12.6.1910 in Markneu-
kirchen. Good craftsman.
Martin Johann Adam (IV); Markneukirchen. b. 12..4. Martin Wilhelm Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 14.12.
1745, d. 2.6.2..182.8.Son of Johann Adam M. (I). 1862, d. 6. 12. 19°7. Pupil of Ernst Glasel. Good
He was admitted to the guild on 2.1. 5. 1766 after v.m. and bow-maker who established himself
fulfilling the usual requirements. independently in 1883. Painstaking craftsmanship
Martin Johann Adam (V); Markneukirchen, c. 1774. following Italian models. Good var. He quickly
A 'foreigner'; perhaps son of Johann Adam M. (I) gained a large number of customers, particularly
from Bruck. Becamemaster v.m. and citizen in 1774. from the United States. Very successful copies of
His model differs in certain details from the one Nicolas Lupot. His 2 sons, Ernst Otto and Max
usually used by his contemporaries in Markneu- Alfred, succeededhim.
kirchen. His var. is much paler and tinted yellow. Martini Johann Friedrich; Lobeda, c. 183°. Supposed
Full tone. to have been a pupil of Jakob August Otto.
Marx Alwin Hermann Gustav; Leipzig. b. 15. 12. 1884
in Leipzig, d. 7.7.1945. Pupil of Anton Hermer.
He started on his own in 19°3.
Marx Justus; Kassel. b. 28. 12. 1869 in Kassel.
Pupil of Heinrich Reinhold between 1885-1888.
For further training he went to Schonbach and
 Markneukirchen. He started on his own in 1891. Ml!yereschMatthias Edmund; Markneukirchen, c. 1893.
Marx Otto; Leipzig. b. 4. 3. 1871. Restorer of old V.m. Typical Markneukirchen w<?rk. Pale yellow
musical instruments. var.
Marx Rudi Kurt; Leipzig. b. 14.7. 192.4.V.m. Mayr Adam; Munich, c. 1710. Perhaps father of
Marz Albin August; Markneukirchen. b. 2.8.3. 1868 Sebastian M., whose instruments resemble his. He
in Fleissen (in Bohemia). lived at Au (near Munich). Skilful craftsman, whose
Masta//er Karl; Vienna. b. 2.1.8.19°7. Pupil and violins are good both in wood and work. His var.,
grandson of Karl Richard Kaltenbrunner with whom however, is dull and opaque.
he worked until 1958. In that year Kaltenbrunner Mayr Andreas Ferdinand (Ferdinand Andreas); Salz-
died and Mastaller took over the workshop. burg. b. 1690 in Vienna, d. after 1764. May have
Matern Johann Christoph; Warmbrunn. 18th cent. been apprenticed, in Vienna. In the archives of
v.m. Salzburg in 1721 he is mentioned as 'Court lute-
Mathes J. A.; Berlin. 182.5-183°. Maker of guitars, and v.m.'. He was a busy, talented and careful
lutes and pianos. maker. Stainer model. Dark-red var., good wood.
Mathias Thaddeus; Niirtingen, 1695-1712.. Grillet His instruments have a full tone. He used several
lists his nameand a label and considershis instruments labels: some of them give only one of his Christian
to be ordinary. Unless he only stayed in Niirtingen names, either Andreas or Andra, sometimes only
temporarily, the name is wrongly deciphered, for Ferdinand.
there has never been a Mathias family in Niirtingen.
MattesonJohann; Hamburg. b. 2.8.9.1681 inHamburg,
d. 17.4. 1764. Author of many works containing
valuable information on musical instruments and
their makers.
Matthes Friedrich (Ferdinand) August; Berlin, c. 182.6.
Succeeded J. G. Thielemann in 182.1. He made
guitars. The Cologne museum owns a lyre-guitar by
him dated 182.6,and a similar instrument is in the Mayr JohannMichael; Hallein, c. 1810.V.m.
Bach House in Eisenach. Mayr Leo; Ingolstadt. b. 27. 6. 1928 in Munich.
Mattstadt Johann Friedrich; Berlin, 18th cent. Third- Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m. school.Worked with
rate v.m. whose instruments are rarely met with. J. K. Padewet.Establishedin Ingolstadt in 195I.
Maussie// Leonhard; Nuremberg. b. 9. I. 1685 in
Nuremberg, d. after 1760. Son of the Nuremberg
joiner Andreas M. and grandson of Matthias M.
in Augsburg, with whom he was apparently appren-
ticed. On 12..3. 1708 he married Helena Margarete
Andrea, daughter of a confectioner and grocer in
Nuremberg. The marriage certificate describes him Mayr Sebastian; Munich, c. 1728. Perhaps son of
as 'honest and full of art'. On his travels he went Adam M. Judging by his work and name he was
as far as the Tyrol and Italy. Copied Stainer and probably related to Andreas Ferdinand M.
D. Tecchler. He preferred high arching and narrow Mayrhofer Anton (I); Passau, 18th cent. Probably
soundholes.Good craftsmanship,purfling often made father of the better-known Anton M. (II).
of fish bone. Instead of scrolls he liked to carve heads MayrhoferAnton (II); Passau,c. 177°. b. in Austria. His
of women or lions. Yellow-brown or dark golden- violins are quite frequently encountered. Mediocre
yellow var. Pleasant tone, but rather viola-like in craftsmanship.
quality. German and Latin labels. Mecum Christian; Cologne, 185°-1875. b. C. 1802.
Mayer Andreas; Bad Schandau. V.m. who was about Member of an orchestrain his earlier years.Established
7° in 1958. as a v.m. in 185° and made violins and violas, but
Mayer Johannes; Stuttgart. d. 9. I I. 162.6. Son and no cellos. Good repairer, though he ruined several
pupil of Sixtus M. Like his father he understood beautiful violins by washing off the original var. and
all types of musical instruments and supplied the applying his own.
Court Orchestra, with which he was employed as Medler Carl; Berlin-Biesdorf, c. 1928. V.m. who
Ka/kant. He was succeeded by Ludwig Ober- specialisedin making banjos.
mann. Meger Josef; Zwettl. 19th cent. Austrian v.m. and
Mayer Martin; Kempten, 192.0-192.7. V.m. manufacturer of guitars.
Mayer Sixtus; Stuttgart, 1578-1598. Good musician Mehne Eugen; Breslau, Gelsenkirchen. b. I. 10. 1883
and musical instruments maker, who worked for the in Dresden. Established independently in 1922 and
Court Orchestra from I 578. He knew how to repair then moved to Gelsenkirchen. Good work in the
all kinds of musical instruments, even organs. style of the Italian masters. Skilful repairer.
Meidling Anton; Augsburg, 16th cent. A richly inlaid there in 1922. Good craftsmanship following the
clavichord in the Vienna museum bears his label. early classical makers.
Meier Albert Arno; Adorf. b. 13.5.1905. Guitar- Meinel August (I); Klingenthal, c. 1819. Good v.m.
maker. , His model is somewhat rectangular, the corners
Meier Pauselius Willy; Hamburg. b. 10.5.1895 in often pointed, brown lifeless var. Table wood
Hamburg. Well-known guitar virtuoso who in 1921 satisfactory, back and sides often plain.
obtained a master's certificate as guitar-maker and Meinel August (II); Meerane (near Dresden), Liestal
v.m. He invented a new guitar which offers great (in Switzerland). b. 3I. 10. 1868in Markneukirchen.
possibilities and satisfies all demands both in sound Worked in Liestal. He was still there in 19°2, but
and in form. then moved to Dresden.
Meierl Hans (I); Markneukirchen. b. 29.7. 1874 in Meinel Christian August; Klingenthal, Zweibruder-
Bruck (in Bohemia). Pupil of Moritz Geipel who grund, 1755-1784. Ordinary v.m.
worked with August Dolling, Ernst Schiller and Meinel Christian Friedrich (I); Klingenthal, Markneu-
Adolf Dolling. He was established independently kirchen, 173°-1755. His wife was a v.m.'s daughter.
in 1899 and made stringed instruments. He was admitted to the guild on 16. 10. 173°. His
instruments are modelled on the early Hopf pattern.
Yellow-brown var. He branded his instruments with
,
..
"
an emblem on the back.
Meinel Christian Friedrich (II); Klingenthal, 1795 -
a1836. Modelledvar.his work on. Stradivari and used
-'~(~

"'"', ..";
golden-red
. .Jf'..vk~rt.M~
M einelChristian Hermann; Markneukirchen, 19th cent.
Besides bowed instruments he also made plucked
ones, especially zithers.
Meinel Christoph; Zweibrudergrund, c. 1672. Known
Meierl Hans (II); Markneukirchen. b. 12.2.1894 in from a damaged label in a descant viola da bracchio
Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Hans M. (I). in Heyer's museum in Cologne.
He worked with his father from 1922. Beautiful MeinelErich; Wernitzgrun. 20th cent. maker of plucked
plucked instruments. instruments.
Meindel Franz Xaver; Wi.irzburg, 1832-1864. Came Meinel Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 1865 in Markneu-
from Munich to Wi.irzburg and in 1832 opened a kirchen, d. 1937. Guitar-maker.
workshop there, making zithers. He only occasionally Meinel Eugen; Markneukirchen. 19th cent. v.m.
made new violins. Careful repairer. Meine/Friedrich Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 6.8. 1872
Meindl Friedrich; Wi.irzburg, d. 1894. Son and pupil in Markneukirchen, d. 1953. Son and pupil of
of Franz Xaver M. Concentrated on making bowed Christian Hermann M. Outstanding maker of zithers.
instruments. In 1864 he took over his father's He also developed a zither tuned in fifths and a bass-
workshop. Very careful work. He made many violins zither, so making a quartet resembling a violin
and cellos, using beautiful wood and a spirit var. quartet.
of his own composition (golden-yellow base and Meinel Friedrich Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 26. I.
cherry-red finish).. 19°4 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Friedrich
Adolf M. When he finished his apprenticeship he
went to university, where he studied physics,
chemistry and musical history. He is the author of
several articles and pamphlets, e. g. Ober Prequenz-
kurven von Geigen (1937). Since 19;1.5he has been
experimenting in his laboratory with the construction
of violins on scientific principles.
Meinel Friedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 18. I.
1737, d. 18. 5. 1802. Son and pupil of Christian
Friedrich M. (I) and his successor. V.m. from
2I. 5. 1755. His violins are generally good. He used
his father's model and yellow-brown var.

Meine/ Alfred; Erlbach. b. 14.4.1900 in Erlbach.

Y.m.
Meine/ Arnold Kurt; Erlbach, Berlin. b. 2. 4. 1897 in
Erlbach. Worked in Berlin and established himself
Meine'Fritz; Markneukirchen.b. 23.8. 1885in Mark- neukirchen. Son and pupil of Louis Moritz M. Very
neukirchen,d. 4.9. 1962.Pupil ofW. A. Pfretzschner talented lute-maker.
who worked for many years with Franz Albert Meine/Richard Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 10. 1910
Nurnberger (II) in Markneukirchen.He established in Markneukirchen. Son, pupil and partner of
himself independentlyin 1918. He made excellent Friedrich Adolf M.
bows in the style of the early Nuremberg School. Meine/ Rolf; Erlbach. b. 19. II. 1922 in Erlbach. Son
and pupil of Arnold Kurt M. He was working in his
father's workshop c. 195°.
Meine/Thomas; Klingenthal, c. 1725. The earliest and
most talented member of the Klingenthal family. He
may have travelled to Italy.
Meine/ Wilhelm (I); Klingenthal, 179°-1866. V.m.
Meine/ Wilhelm (II); Klingenthal, c. 1928. Maker of
zithers.
Meiner Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, 1876-1926. V.m.
Meinel Georg Christian; Klingenthal, c. 1742. The MeinertzenJakob; Berlin, 1693-1712. Judging by his
guild's account book lists him as a maker. work he could have been a pupil of Joachim Tielke.
Meinel Georg Christoph; Zweibriidergrund, c. 177°. He was Kurfiirst/icher Konig/. Hofgeigenmacher and
Probably father of Christian August M. One of his later was appointed Royal Court v.m., which is
violins, of slender form, has a 2-piece back and the reason why nothing on him can be found in
sides made of apple-wood. Brown var., slightly the Berlin archives.
paler on the back. Length 393 mm., upper bouts Meinho/d Walter; Markneukirchen. b. 9. 6. 19°6 in
180 mm., lower bouts 228 mm., centre bouts Erlbach. Pupil of Eduard Tauscher in Erlbach. He
I I 5 mm. passed his master's test in 1948, and started on his
Meinel Georg Karl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. own in Markneukirchen. He also makes plucked
26.3. 1775, d. 3. 12. 1847. His instruments lack instruments. A member of MIGMA, and therefore
individual character. Inferior wood. supplier of his instruments to that assotiation. His
MeinelHermann; Klingenthal. b. 8. 5. 1831. V.m. who instruments are identified both by the MIG MA label
made inferior instruments lacking artistic merit. and his signature.
Meinel Hugo; Halberstadt. 20th cent. v.m. Meise/ Amand; Frankenstein (in Silesia). b. 7. 9. 1828
Meinel Johann Christian; Markneukirchen. b. 19.9. in Klingenthal, d. 23. 9. 1893 in Frankenstein. Pupil
1770,d. 8. 9. 1827.Talented son of Friedrich Wilhelm and son of Christian Friedrich M. He worked with
M. In 1820 he was elected president of the guild. his father until about 185°, when he left for Breslau
His work resembles that of the Hopf and Ficker and joined Ernst Liebich (III). He established him-
families. self in Frankenstein in 1864. Made imitations of
Meinel Johann Christoph; Klingenthal, c. 1786. His Stradivari and Amati. His violins have a beautiful
model is not attractive. Plain backs. tone. When he died, his widow managed the shop
Meinel Johann Friedrich (I); Klingenthal, 1736-1762. until it was taken over by his son Friedrich M.
By all accounts a good v.m. None of his instruments in 19°° until he later moved to.Breslau.
however are extant.
M einel Johann Friedrich (II); Klingenthal, c. I 834.
His violins are good.
Meinel Johann Gottlieb; Klingenthal, 1767-1782.
Probably son and pupil of Johann Friedrich M. (I).
Meinel Johann Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 19°7.
Established himself independently in 1938. He Meisel C. W. (sen.); Klingenthal. Name of a factory
models his instruments on the Cremonese School. founded in 1735, by Georg M.
MeinelJohann Michael; Klingenthal, c. 1761.Probably Meisel Carl; Falkenstein (in Saxony), c. 1928. Maker
brother of Johann Gottlieb M. but less talented. of stringed instruments.
MeinelKarl August (nicknamed 'Meinel-Fuchs') ; Mark- Meisel Christian; Klingenthal, c. 1924. Worked for the
neukirchen, 19th cent. Made mostly guitars. trade.
Meinel Louis Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 13.7.1865, Meisel Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal, 1791-185°'
d. 24.6. 1939 in Markneukirchen. V.m., pupil His model is small and is a combination of Guarneri
(1879-1882) of Ernst Glasel in Markneukirchen, and Stradivari. The soundholes are cut after Guarneri
with whom he then worked until 19°6 when he but they somehow resemble those of Guadagnini.
started on his won. The corners are wide and unattractive. The table is
.Meinel Otto; Bad Brambach, c. 1926. Bow-maker. wide-grained and the grain of the sides is not per-
Meinel Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 31.3. 1892 in Mark- pendicular to the table, which overlaps the sides.
 Scrolls are made after Guarneri, but are narrow and
deep-cut. Oil var. of yellow or light-brown tint. He
used labels printed from a copper engraving.

Meise/Karl Ludwig (Carl Louis); Klingenthal. b. 14.10.

1847, d. C. 1914-1918. Pupil of his father, Friedrich
August M. (1). When he was 20 he made his first
Meisel Friedrich; Breslau. b. 13. 5. 1874. Son and violins. Because his father was very ill he did not
successorof Amand M. Member of the testing com- travel in his youth, as was then the custom. Com-
mission of the Association of German V.ms. pleted his training in 1869 when he started on his
MeiselFriedrich August (I); Klingenthal. b. 17. 10.1817, own. He used every opportunity to study Italian
d. 19. 8. 1894. Talented maker. Several good violins violins.
by him are known to us.
MeiselFriedrich August (II); Klingenthal, 1895-1900.
Maker of stringed instruments. ~
Meisel Friedrich Wilhelm; Klingenthal, 1769-1799.
Skilful maker who copied Italian models. The long
soundholes and centre bouts are unattractive.
Meise!Kurt Johannes; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 9. 19°7
in Markneukirchen. Established in 1938in his native
town. Good new work influenced by early makers
and careful repairs.

MeiselGeorg; Klingenthal. V.m., and founder in 1735

of the firm C. W. Meisel (sen.).
Meisel Gustav; Klingenthal, c. 1928. Maker of
zithers.
Meisel Hugo Albert; Markneukirchen. b. 23. I. 1891 Meisel Kurt Oswald; Klingenthal. b. 7.8. 19°3 in
in Klingenthal. Pupil of E. R. Schmidt; worked Klingenthal. Son and pupil of Oswald Karl M. Later
with Karl Julius Muller in Augsburg and with he worked with Josef Jachym Vedral in The Hague
Theodor Wirtz in Bonn. He established himself in but then returned to Klingenthal and taught at the
1919 and has made bowed and plucked instru- v.m. school between 192.8-1939. From 1945-1946
ments. he worked for Anton Schreiber and Anton Lugert
MeiselJohann Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal. d. 1803. in Hamburg and in the '50S for E. Hess in Lehe
Son and pupil of Johann Georg M., v.m. from Un- (near Hanover).
terklingenthal. Later he devoted himself exclusively Meisel Moritz; Klingenthal. b. 2.1.10.1860, d. 1945.
to the rllaking of strings and was the founder of the Worked on the Hopf model and usedred or yellow var.
string-makinj!, industry in Klingenthal. MeiselOswald; Liegnitz, c. 188o.Chiefly a wind-instru-
MeiselJohann Christoph; Klingenthal. 19th cent. v.m. ment-maker who may also have made some violins.
Son and pupil of Johann Georg M. Meisel Oswald Karl; Klingenthal. b. 2.8.8.1878 in
Meisel Johann Georg; Klingenthal, 1730-1784. Said Klingenthal, d. 8. I. 1935. Son and pupil of Karl
to have been the son of Karl Christian M. One of the Ludwig M. Good work influenced by the Italian
best Klingenthal v.ms who is said to have travelled School.
as far as Italy, where he got to know the Guadagnini Meisel Richard; Klingenthal. b. 3°. II. 1857. Maker
model which he sometimes later copied. of stringed instruments.
Meisel Karl Christian; Unterklingenthal, 1761 to Meisel Wilhelm; Erlbach, c. 188o.Good v.m.
1768. Son and pupil of Georg M. Ordinary MeisingerHans (called Ritter); Augsburg, c. 1447. One
work. He was very prolific. His labels are printed of the earliest German lute-makers, known only
in red. by name.
MeisnerJohann Friedrich; Lubeck. b. C. 17°° in Ober- MertensJohann Heinrich; Hamburg, c. 1798. Maker of
lausitz, d. I. 4. 177° in Lubeck. His birthplace is musical instruments. Took citizenship on 16. 3. 1798.
mentioned in one of his applications. He was a Merz August; Altenburg. b. 185i in Klingenthal,
musician who played violin and flute. On his travels d. 17. 6. 1910. Pupil of his uncle, Christian M. For
he came via Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg to 3 years he worked with Ludwig Bausch in Leipzig.
Lubeck, where he applied for the post of municipal Established independently in Altenburg in 1877. In
musician in 1734. He was granted the freedom of 1885 he was appointed Court bow- and v.m. He
Lubeck 20.9.1742 and took his oath on 12. 10. 1742. copied Stradivari and Guarneri. He also undertook
In the same year he married his first wife (neeDon- repairs. Oil var. of his own composition.
ner). He married a second time on 22. 6. 1752 (to Merz Christian; Zwickau. b. .. 5. 1817, d. 9.5. 1899.
Magdalene Hanthorn, daughter of a cloth-maker Learned v.m. in Zwickau. After several years of
from Saxony). He wasalwaysdescribedas'lute-maker travelling he settled in Zwickau and concentrated
and municipal musician'. He was the best Lubeck mainly on the restoration of old instruments.
v.m. of the 18th cent. His violins sound well, though Merz Johann Christoph; Klingenthal, c. 1800. Brown
sometimes quite sharp. Dark var. var.
Meiss Johann Heinrich; Munzbach (in Thuringia), Merz Otto; Vienna. 19th cent. bow-manufacturer.
183°-1861. Maker of doublebasses. MesserschmidtJ.; Neuwallenburg, c. 1876. Probably a
Meitze! Hugo; Klingenthal. 19th cent. v.m. Conscien- joiner who occasionally repaired violins. Becausehe
tious work. Brown hard var. Beautifully carved often revarnished unnecessarily and poorly he may
scrolls. unfortunately have ruined many good instruments.
Me!z! Johann Georg; Straubing, 183°-1842. It is not Mest (Most) Jakob; Fiissen. d. ?II. 1615. Member
known with whom he was apprenticed. He worked of the Fiissen guild in 1606. He probably retired in
in Munich and later came to Straubing, probably as 1612. His descendantsstill live round Fiissen. There
assistantto G. Alois Thumhardt, whom he succeeded are musicians among them, but no v.ms.
in 183°. He bought the shop and house, and became Mest(Most) Raphael; Fiissen, 1616-1650.Perhaps son
citizen on29. 10.183°.Eight years later,on23. 3. 1838, of Jakob M. and possibly pupil of Michael Hartung
he gotofficiaJ permission to make and sell all types of in Padua.In 1616he was admitted to the lute-makers'
stringed and bowed instruments and their parts. He guild. A year earlier he had married Marie Endres.
was succeeded by Andreas Joseph Grob. , Metta/ . . ; Freiberg, early 19th cent. The State Collec-
Menette Joseph: Innsbruck, c. 1697. Emanuel Adam tion in Berlin had a lyre-guitar bearing the label
Homolka of Prague sold to a certain Dr Necas Metta/lnstrumentenmacher in Freyberg.It was assumed
a highly arched violin by this maker. Small attractive to have been made by a maker of metal (brass)
model and beautiful brown var. He seems to have instruments, but the instrument reveals the hand of a
worked in Innsbruck only temporarily. skilled lute-maker. The name Mettal can be traced
Menzinger Gustav; Frankfurt a. M. b. 19.8.1867 in to Bohemia and is originally Czech. There was a
Insterburg (in East Prussia). From 1882 on pupil of large family of v.ms in Schonbach (in Bohemia).
his uncle Gustav Adolf Schrader. He also worked Metten/eiterDominik; Thannhausen. b. 20. 5. 1822 in
with Eduard Heidegger in Linz, with A. Riechers Thannhausen, d. 2. 5. 1868 in Regensburg. Author
in Berlin, with Josef Hamberger (II) in Vienna and of Musikgeschichte der Stadt Regensburg (1866).
with Max Amberger (I) in Munich, after which he Mettha/ Matthias; Rohrbach, 18th cent. In 1797 he
was soon recalled by Riechers to Berlin. Riecherscan promised the president of the Markneukirchen v.m.
be considered as his real teacher. Later he worked guild that he would never accept foreigners as
with Michal Kanich (I) in Warsaw. To improve still apprentices and that he would never employ foreign
more he entered Schunemann's v.m. school in assistants.
Schwerin. In 1892he went to Hamburg to L. Noebe, Metzinger Michael; Aschaffenburg. b. 27.10. 1807 in
with whom he stayed until 19°3, when in October Aschaffenburg, d. 22.2. 1886. Maker of zithers.
of that year he established himself independently Metzner Kurt. Author of Kunst und Wissenschaftim
in Frankfurt a. M. Skilful and experienced v.m. Geigenbau,.zeitgemiisseRandbemerkungcines Nicht-
Careful repairer. Jachmannes (Frankfurt a. M., 1920).
Mergentha!Roman; Vienna, 19th-20th cent. repairer Meusied/er.SeeNeusied/er.
of stringed instruments. Meus/erWilhelm; Mittenwald, c. 1861. Probably mem-
Merk Joseph; Mittenwald. b. 8. 3. 1892 in Mitten- ber of the Meisel family. Anton Hiiller of Graslitz
waldo Maker of guitars and plucked instruments. possessedviolins with the label:
Merke! Anton Karl; Adorf, c.1820. His violins are Wilhelm Meusler
inferior copies of Amati.
biirgerlicher Geigenmacher
Merke! Johann Friedrich; Stuttgart, c. 18°3. Lute-
maker and maker of guitars. He made only a few Meyer Adolph; Dresden, Markneukirchen, 1781-1798.
violins. Violins from the year 1787 have a label giving Dres-
 den as the place of origin. Another violin dated 1798 manship, mediocre tone. Handwritten labels. Repairs
was made in Markneukirchen. Meyer may have are marked by a rubber stamp.
changed his place of work quite often. Good crafts- Meyer Johann Matthias; Hamburg, c. 1758. Probably
son of Magnus Andreas M. Their work is very
manship.
Meyer Alfred Alois; Mebschatz (near Dresden). similar.
b. 2.7.2..19°4 in L6bau. Amateur v.m. Meyer Josef; Pfaffenhausen(?), c. 1668. In one private
Meyer Alfred Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. I. I. 1872. collection there is a tenor violin with a label which
in Wernitzgriin, d. 12..I. 1947 in Markneukirchen. is very difficult to decipher. G. Kinsky readsthe place
Established himself independently in 19°4. A highly of origin as Braffenhausen or Grafenhausen.
esteemedmaker of cellos and doublebasses. Meyer Karl Anton; Gorlitz. b. 3°. 10. 1744, d. 14. I.
Meyer Alfred Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 13.9.19°4 1797. Inventor of a bowed piano, called a Bogen-
in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Alfred Gus- fliigel. It cannot be a,scertainedwhether he made any
tav M. He worked with his father and after his death other instruments, because his name is not to be
continued in the workshop, making fine cellos and foundin theGorlitz registersnor in theGeschossbiichern.
doublebasses.His instruments have both a printed MeyerMagnusAndreas;Hamburg,1732-1753.Probab-
label and a brand. ly a pupil of Tielke, whom he copied. Became
citizen on 27. 2. 1733, as a maker of musical instru-
ments. Yellow or yellow-brown var. Flat model.
The cello now in the Goteborg Museum, bearing
the label M. Meyer, may also be his work.
Meyerasch.; Dresden. 20th cent. V.m.
Meyn Ernst; Stettin. b. c. 1899. V.m.
M. H. The Brussels Museum has in its collection a
small lute with a long fingerboard and double peg-
box. Under the rosette is a coat-of-arms and the
initials M. H. It may be the work of Magnus Hellmer.
Meyer Carl L.; Rixdorf, c. 19°1. Worked as an assistant Michael Hermann; Hohendorf, c. 1925. Bow-maker.
craftsman for 4° years. He was a dancing master who Michels H.; Konigsberg, c.1875. Good repairer of
lived in Paris for a long time. Later he became a bowed instruments.
popular preacher. He established himself independ- MIGMA (Musikinstrumenten-Handwerker-Genos-
endy in Rixdorf in 19°1. senschaft G. m. b. H.); Markneukirchen, 20th cent.
Meyer Daniel; Lubeck, Riga, c. 1597. There is an entry Famous manufacturers of musical instruments in
in the registers of the Lubeck Lower Town, for the centre of the craft, which makes, sells and buys
2.2..7.1600, which mentions an Ernestine Cledorp, musical instruments and has connections throughout
widow of Jurgen Lampe (d. 1585)who had married, the world. Today it comprises about 4°0 individual
as her secondhusband, a maker of zithers, Daniel M. workshops which make bowed and plucked instru-
According to her, Meyer left for Riga about 1597 ments, woodwind, brass instruments and parts. The
and died there. workshops produce both individual instruments to
Meyer Emil; Markneukirchen. b. 12..1O,1882.in Mark- order and others made en masse.
neukirchen. Established on his own in 1911. His
instruments are popular in Germany.
Meyer Friedrich Wilhelm; Schlingdorf. b. 2.1.1.1892.
in Buer (near Osnabruck), d. 2..4. 1949. Amateur
v.m. who made only a few violins, which, however,
are very good.
Meyer Fritz. Author of BeriihmteGeigenfind ihre Schick-
sale (Cologne, 192.0)and Beriihmte Geiger find Gei-
gerinnen(Leipzig, 1910).
Meyer Heinrich; Freiburg. b. c. 1830 in Brunswick,
d. c. 1895 in Freiburg. Originally a musician and
amateur v.m. For 16 years he had been Court
musician in Karlsruhe. In 1883he setded in Freiburg
as v.m. It is not certain whether he made any new
instruments himself, but we do know that between
1884-1886 he employed others and that during
this time his workshop produced instruments in
the Markneukirchen style. The table wood is good, Milch Anton; Mainz, 1870-1881. Mediocre work. He
the back is mosdy of German maple. Clean crafts- seems to have worked in Basle with his relatives,
 Louis and BalthasarM. In 1881 his workshop was ments. After many experiments he succeeded in
taken over by Gustav Gunther of Halle who settled designing a form of violin between the models of
in Magdeburg. Maggini and Stradivari. Becausehe carefully com-
Mitsching Leopold; Elberfeld. b. 1865 in Dusseldorf. puted not only the outlines, but also the arching
Apprenticed to Ferdinand Moser, maker of wood- and thickness of wood, even the tone of his instru-
wind instruments, with whom he worked for ments seemsto shadow the tone of instruments made
12 years. He restored old stringed instruments. by those two Italian masters. His violins soon be-
After only a short period as assistant he settled in came popular. He also edited an edition of Apian-
Elberfeld and made musical instruments for military Benewitz's textbook.
bands. Among the products of his workshop are
7 notable violins, all of them highly praised.
Macke/Helmuth; Bonn. b. c. 1903, d. 1958. V.m. who
founded the M'6ckel Prize and donated each year
a violin for it. The results of the competition for this
prize were announced in Siegburg.
Macke/ Max; St Petersburg, Berlin. b. 1873 in Berlin.
Second son and pupil of Oswald M. In 1897 he left
for Russia and also worked in Warsaw, Moscow, and
with Nicolas Geisser in St Petersburg. He started on Moeck Hermann Alexander; CelIe. b. 1922in Liine-
his own on 1. 10. 1899. He modelled his work often burg. Studied musical history, art history and philo-
on Stradivari but more so on Guarneri del Gesu. sophy. He wrote a thesis on recorders. Since 1960
After many years in Russia he returned to Berlin. He he has been the director of a firm which bears his
followed principles establishedby his brother. name.
Moeck Hermann JoHannes;CelIe. b. 9.7. 1896 in
Elbing. Studied commerce after finishing grammar-
school. In 1914 he enlisted as a volunteer, but be-
cause of injury to his right hand he was discharged
in 1917.He becamea music-publisher in 1928.From
his small publishing house grew a large music-pub-
lishing firm and workshop producing musical instru-
ments, but only Baroque instruments: recorders,
gambas, harpsichords, etc. Later this developed into
the largest recorder-manufacturing firm. He retired
in 1960 and devoted himself to the making of early
musical instruments, using the label of the piano-
maker, Franz Upmann, an old workshop in Celle.
Owner of one of the largest collection of old musical
instruments in Europe.

Mockel Oswald; Berlin. b. 7. 4. 1843 in Carlsberg,

d. 12..3. 1912..Pupil of Karl Grimm (I) and G. Chris-
tian Adam. He established himself independently
in 1869 and was one of the best v. ms in Berlin. He
copied old Italian masters. His violins and violas
have rather thick plates. He was extremely good at
repairing damaged instruments, and was also a
talented bow-maker.
Mockel Otto; Dresden, Berlin. b. 1869 in Berlin. Son
and pupil of Oswald M. To improve his work he
went to London, where he stayed several years
before returning to Berlin to become foreman of his Mohr Philipp; Hamburg, c. 165°. Lute- and v.m.
father's workshop. He also established a shop in Gerber's dictionary (vol. I, p. 958) calls him' famous';
Dresden. He was successfulboth as a maker of new Sandysand Forster praise him too; and according to
instruments and as a repairer. He was an accom- Hart he made violas and gambas. He is not known
plished artist with sound theoretical knowledge, and in Hamburg, however, and he never was registered
worked out a new theory for the table and back of there.
the violin which gives a plausible account of the Moissal Frederick Georg; Klingenthal, c. 1814. Red-
principles on which great v.ms based their instru- brown var.
Mo/gedeyJohannes Rudolf; Konigsberg. b. 1876 in is an excellent repairer and connoisseur of old instru-
Konigsberg. After graduating from a Rea/schu/e he ments. Excellent oil var. Instruments made by his
taught himself v.m. and then worked with Martin own hand have both label and brand.
Kriner for 2 years. He establishedhimself independ- Monnig Kurt; Hamburg, 20th cent. Maker of stringed
ently in 1895. Copied Stradivari and Guarneri. Oil instruments.
var. He also studied chemistry at the Technical High Monnig Oskar; Markneukirchen. b. 8.10.1876. Pupil
School to learn more about vars. Though he made of E. A. Kretzschmann.
several experiments he always denied that he was Monnig Richard Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 9.5.1876
responsible for the 'inventions' ascribed to him. in Markneukirchen, d. 1963. Excellent violins made
Painstaking craftsmanship and excellent repairs. on the model of his well-known uncle, Adolf M. of
Moller Reinhard; Bamberg, 19th cent. A dancing- Budapest,mainly Stradivari and Guarneri characteris-
master who styled himself Vio/inreparateur. tics. La,rge models for orchestral and solo playing.
Moller Valentin; Ziegenhain (in Hessen-Kassel),c.1834. Good var., mostly of a yellow tint.
Joiner who made some extra money by repairing Monning August Hermann; Markneukirchen, c.1927.
old musical instruments. He is said to have also made Bow-maker.
guitars. His repair labels, dating up to 184°, are Monning Johannes; Markneukirchen, c. 193°. Son of
quite common. August Hermann M., whose workshop he took over.
Monnich Kurt; Siebenbrunn, c. 1928. Wholesaler who Morgenroth& Harrass; Gehren (in Thuringia), c. 1895.
sold bowed, plucked and wind instruments and Mass-producersof violins.
manufactured strings. It is not certain whether he Moritz Alfred; Dresden, c. 1897. V.m.
actually made any instruments himself. Mosbock Otto; Vienna, c. 1928. Mass-producer of
Monnig Ernst Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 14. 5. 1850, stringed instruments.
d. 22.8. 1928 in Markneukirchen. Learned the trade Mosch Johann Traugott; Borstendorf. b. 9. 9. 1736,
with his well-known brother Adolf M. in Budapest. d. 3°. 7. 1781. Son of a certain Johann M., and
Worked with AntonIn Sitt in Prague and with perhaps pupil of Samuel Hunger, whose work his
L. C. A. Bausch in Leipzig. Established himself resembles.
independently in Markneukirchen. He worked MoserGeorg; Schwaz(in the Tyrol). b. c. 1774,d. 25. 8.
mainly on Sitt's model. Excellent repairer and con- 1822. His name is found in a violin of Mittenwald
noisseur of old musical instruments. appearance.The death registers of Schwaz describe
Monnig Friedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 19.6. him as Musik-lnstrumentalHandler. He may not have
1864. V.m. actually made any violins.
Monnig Fritz (I); Markneukirchen. b. 12. I. 189° in Most. SeeMest.
Markneukirchen. Pupil of Moritz Eduard Schmidt; MoZ Caspar Georg; Wallerstein. b. 24. 4. 1766 in
worked successively with Albin Hollinger in Kiel, Wallerstein, d. 7. 10. 1798. Son of a certain Josef
Georg Winterling in Hamburg and Wilhelm Her- Georg M. On 27. 2. 1794 he married Magdalene
mann Hammig (II) in Berlin. Became master on Hasslerin of Klosterzimmern. The registers call him
18.8. 1913. Good work in the style of old ma,sters. CheliumJaber. Modest v.m. Neither wood nor var.
Monnig Fritz (II); Vienna, c. 1928. V.m. who also can compensatefor the ugly shape of his violins. He
made outstanding guitars. was Court v.m. to Count Ottingen-Wallerstein.
Monnig Heinrich Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 16. 3. MoZ Georg Caspar; Wallerstein, c.1788. Joiner and
1853. V.m. v.m.
Monnig Herbert; Frankfurt a. M. b. 3°. 5. 1896 in MoZ Johann Caspar; Wallerstein. b. 1718, d. 1794.
Markneukirchen. Pupil of Otto Adolf Heinel. He Joiner and maker of musical instruments.
worked in the workshops of Adolf Zopfel in Magde- Muhlbauer Stephan; Stuttgart, VIm, 1880-1895.
burg and of Paul Richard Seckendorf in Frankfurt. Talented v.m. who made various inventions, e. g.
In 1935 he was admitted to the guild as a master a collapsible cello (with a very poor tone), metal
v.m. He became one of the partners of Wilhelm pegs, etc. Later he becamean electrician.
Albin Kessler's firm, and in 1945 its sole owner. MuhlhausFerdinand; Tennelehe (near Erlangen), 20th
Good work in the style of old Italian masters. cent. Made mainly cellos.
Monnig Herbert Moritz; Ebingen. b. 25.12.19°9 in Muller .. ; Neukirchen (near Eger, in Bohemia), Mark-
Markneukirchen. Pupil of Kurt A. Gutter in neukirchen, c. 1791. V.m. who came to Markneu-
Markneukirchen. He worked with Max Otto, with kirchen from a place of similar name in Bohemia.
Alois Sandner, from whom he learned the art of Muller Arthur. Author of Blicke in die Vergangenheit
carving scrolls, with C. Meyer Heide in Friedrichs- Klingenthals und der umliegenden Orte, Brunndobra u. s. w.
feld and with Karl Niedt in Wurzburg. Qualified as (Leipzig,1897).
master v.m. in 1936. Since 1945 he has been the Muller August; Dessau,20th cent. Little-know v.m.
foreman of the workshops of Johann Jehle in Muller August Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen.b. 8. 3.
Ebingen. He makes outstanding new instruments and 1858,d. 23. 10. 1921.
 v.ms. On 27.9. 1680 he was admitted to the Mark- as a 'maker of musical instruments'. He acquired
neukirchen guild as master. In 1712he was one of the citizenship in 1676. In the same year he married
guild wardens. He is mentioned in the account book Elsabe Stoven. He had 1 son and 1 daughter.
up to 1716. Lutz Anton; Vienna. b. 31. 10. 1814, d. 14. I. 1896.
Ludwig Otto; Bochum. 20th cent. maker of plucked Founder of a firm which sold chiefly Bohemian
instruments. In 1927 he handed over his workshop instruments. Some good work.
to F. Marks. Lutz Ignaz; Vienna. b. 1843 in Schonbach, d. 19°7.
Luer Robert; Gera, c. 1928. V.m. who restricted his Son and pupil of Anton L. After he had served his
output to violins and cellos. apprenticeship, he travelled all over Austria and
Lugert Anton; Hamburg. b. 22.9.1894 in Schonbach Hungary and the greater part of Germany and Italy.
(in Bohemia). Pupil of Karl Fischer. Worked as an In 1868 he settled in Vienna, where he succeeded
assistantin Graslitz, with F. C. Louis in Saarbrucken, Franz Hoyer. In 1878 he became the guild's expert.
later in Cologne and Berlin and then was the manager He also made zithers, guitars, piano-harps and
of Theodor Kurt's branch in Leipzig. Later he piano-zithers of original construction. Together
joined G. Winterling in Hamburg whose shop he with his son he was most interested in vars, and
took over in association with Anton Schreiber on made many experiments to imitate the old Italian
1. 11. 1920. He was a very talented v.m. who main- violin var. He achieved success in individual
tained the good reputation of the shop. instances. The violins used for these experiments
LulsdorifJosef; Cologne. b. 3.2.1868 in Dusseldorf. were made in Schonbach (in Bohemia). In 19°9 the
Worked in Cologne with Julius Ludemann, later workshop closed down and there are now many
in Erfurt with E. Beyer and Bremen with A. E. 'Lutz' violins on the market, with evidence of
Fischer. In 1894he establishedhimself independently unsuccessful var. experiments; they are quite
in Cologne. He was one of the adjudicators of the worthless.
First Netherlands' Music Exhibition in Rotterdam Lutz Theodor; Brunn, Pressburg, Vienna. b. c. 17°°,
in 1909. He was also a founder of the Association of d. after 178z. His known instruments date from
German V.ms. 1740-178z. He worked skilfully and carefully as
LulsdorifErich von; Berlin. b. 23.4.1917 in Cologne. did most members of the Lutz family. Sometimeshe
Conscientious work. is called Lotz Theo. He was a Court maker of
Lupot Fran<;ois; Stuttgart, Orleans. b. 5.7.1725, d. musical instruments in Vienna. Pale-brown var.
1804. From 1758 to 1770 he worked in Stuttgart and of fairly good quality. Highly arched violins.
Ludwigsburg. Although a Frenchman, he had Lux Franz (I); Vienna, c. 1857.Brother ofWendelin L.
considerable influence on German violin-making. In 1857 his workshop was in the Landstrasse in
Vienna. He concentrated mainly on selling violins
made in Eger (in Bohemia).
Lux Franz (II); Vienna, c. 1910. Son of Franz L. (I),
pupil of his uncle, Wendelin L. He succeededto the
workshop founded by his father.
Lux Wendelin; Vienna, d. 1896.Pupil of Anton Kiendl,
maker of zithers. When he started on his own he
LutgendorffWillibald Leo, Freiherr von; Lubeck. b. 8.7. concentrated on dealing in violins. Careful and
1856in Augsburg, d. 31.12.1937 in Weimar. Director clever repairer. His 'bass-guitars' were especially
of the Lubeck Museum of Painting, author of a most good.
important work on v.m., Die Geigen-find Lauten-
machervan Mitte/a/ter bis zur Gegenwart.The first
volume (424 pp.) contains a scholarly and historical M
study of different European schools of stringed and
bowed instrument makers. The second volume
Machold Heinz; Bremen. b. 17. II. 1920 in Chemnitz.
(670 pp.) contains over 6,000 entries on v.ms from
Son and pupil of Oskar Machold.
allover the world and from all periods, 98 engravings
Machold Oskar; Karl Marx Stadt (Chemnitz). b.
of instruments, 854 reproductions of labels and
24. 6. 1895 in GeIse (Thuringia). He works after
numerous engravings and portraits with the text.
Stradivari, Guarneri and Maggini. Carefully selected
It was published by Frankfurter Verlags-Anstalt
A. G. in Frankfurt a. M. in 1922.
Lutgens Heinrich (I); Lubeck, c. 1655. Fiddler and
musical instrument maker of whom we know only
that he had 2 sons and a daughter.
Lutgens Heinrich (II); Lubeck, 1676-1699. Probably
son of Heinrich L. (I). He too, was described only
 Muller August Wilhelm (II); Markneukirchen. b. 16. 3. Muller Karl; Viennna, c. 1836. Bavarian peasant,born
1887. V.m. and maker of guitars. He established blind. In 1836 he invented a harp-guitar with 7 pe-
himself independently in 192.1. dals, played by means of a keyboard. He was an
Muller Augustin; Schoneck. d. 17~7. In his time he excellent musician, and performed on the instru-
was considered a very good v.m. ment before the royal family.
Muller Carl Ferdinand; Solitude (near Riga,), Stuttgart. Muller Karl Albert; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 3. 1865 in
b. 9. 3. 1800 in Kursk, d. 1884 in Stuttgart. About Dresden. Son of a painter and grandson of Christian
1~30 he acquired the estatesAnnenhof and Damm- Wilhelm M. He was brought up in an orphanage
hof, where he took up v.m. without tany previous and apprenticed to Carl Moritz Ficker, with whom
technical training, in about I 8~~. In 1867 he moved he stayed for 6 years. For the next 5 yearshe worked
to Riga and in 1871 to Stuttgart where he stayed till with Moritz Eduard Schmidt and then established
his death. He made over 2.0 violins, 2. violas and himself independently. He mainly worked for Hein-
2. cellos which he gave to poor musicians, with the rich Hermann Todt.
exception of one violin which was given to his Muller Karl Bernhard; Markneukirchen. b. 1. 8. 1893
nephew, W. R. Kuhlmann in Berlin. in Markneukirchen. Pupil and assistant of Albin
Muller Christian Friedrich; Markneukirchen, c. 17~0. Kampffe. He also worked for Richard Hunger in
Perhaps grandfather of Christian Wilhelm M. and Halle, Wilhelm Hermann Hammig (II) in Berlin,
probably an immigrant. Heinrich Theodor Heberlein (II) in Markneukirchen
Muller Christian Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 2.3. 3. and Adolf Carl Zeitler; started on his own in 1925.
1801,d. 2.0.3. 18~7.Had a good training. Apart from He came from a Markneukirchen V.m. family
many instruments made for the trade he produced which opened its first workshop in Markneukirchen
several good violins, which are unfortunately marred in 1764. Good craftsmanship on the early classical
by an unattractive var. models. He also made guitars and lutes.
Muller Emil; Schoneck, 2.oth cent. Good craftsman.
Ordinary scroll. Hard spirit var. of yellow-ochre tint.
Muller F. K.; Bubenreuth (near Erlangen), 2.oth cent.
Bow-maker.
Muller Georg; Regensburg, c. 1670.Perhapsthe succes-
sor of Hans Wondner, whose style his work resem-
bles.
Muller Hans; Leipzig, Berlin. b. 19. 2.. 19O~in Leipzig.
Son of the guitar-mak<;r, Otto Albin M. of Leipzig,
who came originally from Markneukirchen. He was
apprenticed to Robert and Richard Nurnberger in
Markneukirchen between 1919-192.3. On his travels
he also went to Kattowitz (in Poland). Between
192.4-192.8 he worked with Stowasser in Graz,
then from 192.8-1940 with Georg Ullmann in
Berlin and Milan. He established himself independ-
ently in Berlin and passed the master's test under Muller Karl Julius; Augsburg. b. 23. 12. 1871 in
Albin Wunderlich in Berlin. Good work and com- Noblitz. Talented v.m. and lute-maker. He was
petent repairs. also a good cellist. He employed many good v.ms.
Muller Karl Paul Harry; Frankfurt a. O. b. 24. I. 1906
in Sch6neck. Pupil of Otto Windisch (1920-1923)
and of the piano-maker Karl Ritter in Hanover.
He later worked with Karl Sattler in Pforzheim,
with Robert Barth in Stuttgart and with the dealers
J. C. Hofstatter & Co. in Warsaw (in New York,
U.S.A.). Became master v.m. in 1929. During the
Second World War he was a prisoner-of-war in
Muller Herbert (I); Lubeck, c. 1926. V.m.
Muller Herbert (II); Bad Brambach, c. 1928. Maker of
plucked instruments..
Muller Hermann; Dresden, c. 1928. Owner of the firm
J. T. Muller.
Muller J. T.; Dresden, before 1928.Factory-owner
producing zithers and harmoniums,succeededby
HermannM.

~
 MlischkeAnton; Frankfurt a. M. d. 1938. Little-known
v.m.
Mt(schke(Muska) Johann; Frankfurt a. M. b. 1841 in
Iglau (Jihlava, in Moravia). Pupil of Jakub Krampera;
worked with Andreas Engleder in Munich. In 1867
he opened his own workshop in Frankfurt and de-
voted himself mainly to repairs. Skilful v.m. and
connoisseur; he was chairman of the examining
committee of the Association of German V.ms in
Wiesbaden.
MUSIKINSTRUMENTENMUSEUM; Markneu-
kirchen. Founded in 1883 by the teacher Paul
Apian-Benewitz, author of the well-known book on
bow- and v.m. At present the director is Erich
Wild, who is the author of a history of Markneu-
Russia, but afterwards returned to his native town, kirchen and of several valuable works on the history
where he opened a new workshop. Skilful craftsman, of the making of musical instruments. The museum
imitating the old masters. has a large and valuable collection of musical in-
Muller Konrad; Nuremberg, C.1520. One of the few struments from all times and countries. One depart-
Nuremberg lute-makers known to us. We know ment has a number of admirable German stringed
a beautiful pochette violin made by him, richly instruments with outstanding specimens of Vogt-
carved, which is now kept in the Copenhagen Musi- land v.m. Also exhibited is a v.m.'s workshop in
cal Museum. the style of the last century. There was also estab-
Muller Kurt; Breitenfeld, 20th cent. Owner of a factory lished a Society of Friends of this museum, formed
mass-producing mandolins. mostly of makers of musical instruments, with the
Muller Matthias; Vienna, c. 1801.In 1801 he invented violin expert Oskar Erich Heinel as chairman.
in Vienna a kind of piano with two keyboards called
a Dittanaclasis.
Muller Otto; Aachen. b. 1880 in Aachen. Son of
August M. of Dessau and pupil of Georg Ludwig
Dolling. He worked with Richard Heberlein in
Nuremberg and with Eugen Gartner in Stuttgart.
He established himself independently in 19°6.
Muller Otto Albin; Leipzig. 19th cent. zither-maker.
Muller Paul Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 22. 12. 1872,
d. 27. II. 1946. Talented maker.
Muller Walter; Breitenfeld, C.1939. Bow-maker.
Muntzer (Miintzer) Cuntz; Wiirzburg, c. 153°. Lute-
maker who lived in the Bastheim quarter and was MUSIMA (Y. E. B. Musikinstrumentenbau); Mark-
taxed for property the sum of 80 ft. (Doc. 11°9 of neukirchen, 20th cent. The largest enterprise for
the Wiirzburg municipal archives). production of bowed and plucked instruments in
Munzner Klaus; Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz). b. 20. 4. Eastern Germany. Besides factory production they
194°. In 1955he left for Markneukirchen and trained also build individual violins, viol~s and cellos for
as v.m. with VEB Musima. He also worked as concert and solo players. The instruments have no
assistant with the bow-maker Paul Weidhaas. His
workshop is in Karl-Marx-Stadt, Zillerstrasse No.7.
He makes excellent copies of Italian masters but his
instrument have personal characteristics,too. He uses
mature wood and good var. He also repairs instru-
ments and bows. His var. is made from propolis.
 labels.Only the word MUSIMA is used.V. E. B. the present cent., according to O. E. Heinel of
is an abbreviation for Volkseigene Betrieh (The Markneukirchen.Good work, deepsides.
people'sown business). Nebel Hans; Mittenwald, Vienna,' Stuttgart, New
MuthesiusIngo; Hanover. b. 3°. 6. 1927. Pupil of York. b. 2. 7. 1892 in Mittenwald. Went to the
FerdinandWilhelm Jaura.He worked with Gunther Mittenwald v.m. school and then worked with
Hellwig in Lubeck.He establishedhimselfindepend- Johann Christian Stiibinger in Vienna and Eugen
ently in 1954.Original model. Spirit or oil var. of Gartner in Stuttgart. Shortly afterwardshe emig-
original composition. As well as repairing and rated to the United Statesand joined Rudolph Wur-
restoringold instrumentshe mainly makesviolasand litzer, with whom he stayedfor 14 years.He estab-
gambas. lished himself independendyin 1945.Good work
in the style of Italian classicalmasters.

NedwedWalter; Graz. b. 10. I. 1909.Pupil of Alois M.

Naese Gustav; Dresden.d. 25. I. 1899.Talentedv.m.
Palfner. Worked for Moritz Girak, a piano-manu-
who was also a dealer in musical instruments.
facturer. He established himself independently in
Nageiin (Nagele, Nageli) Conrad; Constance, 1797- 1949. Made copies of Stradivari. Golden-yellow to
183°. A certain Conrad Nagele, probably this
pale-brown oil vat.
maker, received citizenship of Constance on 31. 7.
NegeleGeorg; VIm, c. 1617. Lute-maker of whom we
1797. One year later he acquired the house Zum
only know that he supplied strings to the Stuttgart
roten Goggeihahn(nowadays Wasserbergstrasse35).
chamber orchestra.
He must have died soon after 183°, for his daughter
NeitschmannRichard; Leipzig, Lindenau, c. 1920. Out-
Maria inherited the house in about 1833. Printed
standing lute-maker and author of several interest-
label. Not very good work.
ing works on the making of plucked instruments.
Nejediy Gustav & Co.; Markneukirchen, c. 1928.
Factory producing stringed and wind instruments.
Nelkenbrecher Rudolf; Zeitz (in Saxony), c. 1928. V.m.
NeubauerGerhard; Vienna. b. II. 4. 1932. Pupil of
Anton Guggenberger of Vienna. Worked with
Franz Nowy (I) in Vienna and established himself
independently in 1955. Copied Stainer, Stradivari
and Guarneri. Good repairer of old instruments.
Neuber Clemens; Klingenthal. 20th cent. v.m. spe-
Naglstetter Sebastian; Salzburg, c. 1568. May also have cialising in the making of violin-zithers.
made lutes, but the Salzburg list of citizens describes Neuberg .., Baron von; Vienna, c. 1860.Amateur who
him as 'maker of strings from Pfarrkirchen'. made severalordinary violins and violas. Dull red var.
Nairz Gottfried (I); Munich. b. 2. 5. 1873in Munich, Neu-Cremona,. Berlin, 20th cent. Company formed to
d. 1927 in Munich. Brother of Joseph N. (II). manufacture violins according to the theories of
Worked for Giuseppe Fiorini and Hermann Kilian. Dr Max Grossmann (q.v.). No doubt it produced
Nairz Gottfried (II); Munich. b. 28.4. 19°7 in Munich. some good instruments, but the owner, Dr Bielen-
Son of Gottfried N. (I) and pupil of Hermann Kilian. berg, who financed the company, died without
He settled in Munich where he was still working in having seen any of the expected success.
the 1950s. Conscientious work. NeuknechtAnton; Munich, c. 1585. Several authorities
Nairz Joseph (I); Munich. b. 1830 in Mittenwald, describe him as a lute-maker and date him - errone-
d. 1896. Ordinary work. ously - as belonging to the 17th cent. It is only
Nairz Joseph (II); Munich. b. 1868in Munich, d. 1944. known that he made an organ for the Bavarian
Ordinary work. Court (for which he received 356 florins) in 1584.
Neisler..; Fraustadt (in Grenzmark), 17th-18th cent. This organ seemsto have been temporarily installed
Name found in an early gamba. in the Munich Church of St Michael.
NaliZ Gottfried; Munich, 20th cent. This v.m. is NeumannArmin; Berlin, Frankfurt a. M. b. 1907 in
known only from his violins, which were made in Danzig, d. c. 1950 in Frankfurt. V.m. who learned
 the trade in Berlin and established himself in Prank- Neuner Barthel; Mittenwald. b. 20. 8. 1708. Son of
furtin 1945. Willibald N. He was called ludi magister.
Neumiirker Carl August (1); Schoneck. b. 1791,d. 1864. Neuner Eduard; Innsbruck, c. 1882. A Czech working
Son and pupil of Carl Gottlob N. His violins are poor in Innsbruck.
with an inferior brown var. Neuner Hans; Berlin, Mittenwald. b. 1878, d. 1934.
Son of Ludwig N. (II). He followed the Kloz model.
Excellent cellist. For 8 years he studied with Louis
Lubeck in Berlin. About 1899 he was already Court
v.m. to the Prussian and Bavarian kings. Took
over his father's shop in Berlin in 1897. He was also
from 1920 the owner of the violin factory
Neuner & Hornsteiner.
Neumarker Carl August (II); Schoneck. b. 1812, Neuner Johann (I); Mittenwald. b. 12. 12. 1731,
d. 1887.Son and pupil of Carl August N. (I). d. 1764. He was one of the first Mittenwald v.ms
NeumarkerCarl Gottlieb; Schoneck.b. 1816,d. 1896. to travel with his products; he went as far afield
Sonand pupil of Carl August N. (I). Talentedv.m., as Russia. He married Theresa Witting.
honorarycitizenof Schoneck. Neuner Johann (II) (nicknamed Holebeck); Mitten-
NeumarkerCarl Gottlob; Schoneck.b. 1760,d. 1838. wald, 1800-1815. As well as violins he also
Earliest known memberof the family; v.m. from made guitars, which he signed in pencil on the
the age of 14. Good craftsman. table.
Neumarker Ernst Wilhelm; Schoneck. b. 9. 10. Neuner Johann (III) (nicknamed 'Noder-Hans'); Mit-
1822, d. C. 1902. Son and pupil of Carl August tenwald. b. 17. I. 18°9. Son of Matthias N. (III).
N. (I). He was the most talented member of the He married Marianne Hornsteiner.
family. Neuner Joseph; Passau, 1790-1812. V.m.
NeumarkerFranz Wilhelm; Hanover. b. 27. 12. 1848 Neuner Ludwig (I); Mittenwald, c. 1830. It is not
in Schoneck,d. 22. 7. 1929in Hanover. Son and certain whether he actually made violins or only
pupil of Ernst Wilhelm N. Worked in Glogau, sold them.
Vienna, Milan and Berlin. He establishedhimself Neuner Ludwig (II); Mittenwald, Berlin. b. 1840,
independentlyin June 1875.He madeviolins follow- d. 2.2.6. 1897. He learned the trade in Munich,
ing minor Italian models but also had an original Berlin and Paris, where he worked for 7 years with
model (patented in 1882). Good craftsmanship. J. B. Vuillaume and learned to play the cello with
Good spirit or oil vat. Franchomme. When he returned to Germany he
NeumarkerJohann Christoph; Schoneck(?), c. 1760. became a partner of Neuner & Hornsteiner and
V.m. in 1867 opened a shop in Berlin. A skilful crafts-
Neumarker Willy; Hanover. b. 1883 in Hanover. man who had a programme of his own, namely 'to
Son of Franz Wilhelm N. with whom he also make stringed instruments as an art through the
worked. true imitation of Italian models'. Unfortunately,
NeumeisterWalter; Adorf, c. 192.8.Maker of plucked Berlin did not prove a suitable place for his efforts.
instruments. He was too good a businessmannot to have noticed
Neunberg..; Meiderich (near Duisburg), 20th cent. that he could make much more money by selling
Good work, branded. cheap Mittenwald violins than by making really fine
Neuner & Hornsteiner; Mittenwald, 1750 - present. new ones. His expert training was utilised by all Mit-
V.m. factory, founded in 1750. At first it was called tenwald v.ms who worked for Neuner & Horn-
Gebriider Neuner; from 1812 Matthias Neuner, and stein. He was succeededby his only son, Hans.
later Neuner & Hornsteiner. After Baader & Co., Neuner Martin; Mittenwald, c. 1836. V.m.
the largest manufacturers of violins in Mittenwald, Neuner Matthias (I); Mittenwald. b. 3°. 7. 1618. Son
with their own saw-mill, 180 employees, and an ofPeterN.
annual output of about 15,000 instruments. In the Neuner Matthias (II) (Mathaus); Mittenwald. b. 12. 9.
late 19th cent. the firm was owned by the dealer 1762. Son of Johann N. (I). He married Kordula
Altenoder and by Ludwig Neuner (II). About 1920 Kriner.
the sole owner of the firm was Hans Neuner. Neuner Matthias (III); Mittenwald, 1795-183°'
Though a skilful v.m. he was a still better business-
man. He enlarged the inherited workshop and
through journeys abroad he greatly increased
the importance of the firm Neuner & Horn-
steiner. Violins bearing his name were made by him
in his earlier years. Later he employed minor v.ms
in Mittenwald and started factory production. The
 later violins lack real distinction, whereas the earlier tax-registers until 1787, when he apparently moved
ones have individual character. to Russia, though there are no documents to prove
Neuner Matthias (IV); Mittenwald. b. 5.8. 1799. Son this. Because he stayed in Vienna. for only a short
of Matthias N. (II). He married Theresa Bader time it is understandable that his instruments are
(b. II. 2..1803). few and far between.
Neuner Matthias (V); Mittenwald. b. 1831, d. 2.6.2.. Nic/as (Niklas) Johann Georg; Hallein. b. C.1712,
189°. Son of Matthias N. (IV), whose label he used d. 3°. 3. 1788. The death-register describes him as
(the printed number 94 is not the instrument number, 'v.m. and musician'.
but the number of the house). One of the partners of Nic/as (Niklas) Stephan; Hallein. b. 1737, d.
Neuner & Hornsteiner and sometime mayor of 24. 1I. 1778. The death-register describes him as
Mittenwald. 'v.m. and musician'.

Neuner Simon; Mittenwald. b. 24. 10. 1646. Son of Nicolai Heinrich Gottfried; Lubeck. Baptised 24. 5.
Matthias N. (I). He was called ludi magister. 1780, d. 1831 in Lubeck. Musician who also made
Neuner Willibald; Mittenwald. b. 7. 7. 1667. Son of lutes etc. He becamepoor and died in the workhouse
SimonN. of St Anne.
Neupert J. C.; Bamberg, c. 1881. Maker of zithers. Nieburg Hennig; Brunswick, c. 1662. Documents from
Neusiedler Hans; Nuremberg. b. 2. 2. 1508 in Press- 1662 describe him as 'joiner, maker of clavichords,
burg (in Slovakia). d. 2. 2. 1563. Famous lute-maker harps and other stringed instruments'.
and lute-player who made many improvements to Niedan Erich; Gera. b. 28. 1. 1903. Pupil of Robert
this instrument. His lutes are not longer obtainable, Luer. He established himself independently in 1936.
but his book on lutes Lautenbuch(two vols) is well Niedan Rudolf Erhardt; Gera, c. 1956. Son and pupil
known. The lutenist Melchior N. was probably his of Erich N.
brother. Hans' work is described by Baron in the NiederheitmannFriedrich. Author of Cremona,a book
following way: 'The said Hans Neusiedler also took on Italian v.ms (1877; 7th edn 1928, edited and
to the making of lutes as well as playing them and corrected by Dr W. Altmann though this contains
I saw one, dated 1553, somewhat large, of strange some of the same errors as all previous edns). The
foreign wood and of quite good proportions, latest edn was revised by Albert Berr: Cremona.Eine
(Untersuchungen des Instrumentesder Lauten, p. 93). Charakteristik der italienischenGeigenbauerund ihrer
Cf. also Georg Andreas Wills' Nurnberger Gelehrten- Instrumente,with pictures and labels (Leipzig, 1928).
lexikon (1757) (vol. III, p. 32) and its continuation He also published Die Meister der Geigenbaukunst in
by Nepitsch (vol. VII. suppl. 3, fol. 23). Hart spells Italien und lYrol (Vienna, Hamburg, 1876).
the name Meusiedler (no dubt due to a printer's Niedt Karl; Wurzburg. b. 17. 12. 1872 in Schweinfurt,
error) and this spelling is since then found in other d. 195o. Pupil of Ernst Friedrich Reichel in Markneu-
books. kirchen. After serving his apprenticeship and working
NeusiedlerMelchior; Augsburg. b. 15°7 in Pressburg as an assistant between 1887-1897, he opened his
(in Slovakia), d. 159° in Nuremberg. Brother of own workshop in Wurzburg on 1. 9. 1897.At first he
Hans N. who lived in Augsburg from 1552. In worked on an original model, using yellow-red
Venice in I 566 he published music for the lute. amber var., but later he copied Stradivari and
He is also said to have made lutes himself. Guarneri. His imitations of the var. of Lupot and
NeutschmannRichard; Landenau (near Leipzig), 20th J. B. V uillaume are especially interesting. His
cent. Mass-production of stringed instruments and craftsmanship is careful and the tone of his instru-
accordions. ments good and resonant.
Nickel (Niggel, Nikel, NickI) Sebastian; Vienna,
1782-1787. Perhaps son of Sympert Niggel (I).
The craftsmanship and var. resemble the work of
Joseph Ferdinand Leidolff so closely that it can be
assumedhe was the latter's pupil. In 1782he succeed-
ed Marlanus Petz (Petz was Leidolff's successor),to
whom he may have been related (both the Petz and
Nickel families came from Fiissen). He took his Niemann Gebriider(Brothers); Dermbach, C.1928. Fac-
citizen's oath on 11.5.1782. His name is found in tory producing plucked instruments.
Niemeyer Adalbert; Munich, c. 19°0. Professor who mentenbaues in Hafl1burg (Mitteilung des Vereins fur
made a peculiar one-stringed instrument, the body Hamburgs Geschichte, B, VIIh).
of which is made of a coconut covered with drum- Nobitschek Bruno W.; Innsbruck, c. 192.0.Brother of
skin, called a cococello. Josef Oskar N. and like him a skilful v.m. and
Nieschmann Heinrich; Stendal, 2.oth cent. Known repairer.
chiefly as a repairer. Nobitschek Josef Oskar; Innsbruck. b.2.. 5. 1881 in
Niessen Matthias; Aachen. b. 3°. 8. 1894 in Rheydt. Pressnitz (in Bohemia). Son and pupil of Josef N.
Settled in Aachen in 192.8 and was still working of Pressnitz. He worked with Oswald Mackel and
there about 1950. Good craftsmanship and careful Heinrich August Friedel in Berlin. He established
repairs. Connoisseur of old instruments. himself independently in Innsbruck in 19°6. His
Niether Otto C. F.; Hanover, Brunswick, 1893-192.2.. violins reveal beautiful craftsmanship and have
Maker of zithers and bowed instruments. a magnificent tone.
Nigg Gottfried; Fiissen, c. 174I. Lute-maker who came Noebe Ludwig; Bad Homburg. b. 1844in Schwerin-
from Gunzenberg. His name is found in an entry Mecklenburg. Musician. In 1865 he established
for 1741 in the Fiissen tax-registers. a'shop selling violins, and this soon won a good
Nigg Sympert (I) (Koloman); Fiissen. p. 14. 10. 17°2., reputation. He also experimented, though many
d. 3°. 10. 1759. Son of a maltster, Magnus N. In 1737 of his inventions proved impracticable.
the registers list him as having two sons, Thomas Niilck Joachim Friedrich; Lubeck, 1799-1802.. Maker
and Hans Michael. The death-register calls him of musical instruments, organs and pianos. He
testudinarius,i.e. lute-maker. received citizen's rights in 1799.
Nigg Sympert (II); Fiissen, c. 1774. Perhaps the Nord Heinz; Bielefeld. b. 15. I I. 191I in St~dthagen
youngest son of Sympert N. (I). His name is to be (near Hanover). Worked with Max Schuster in
found in the tax-registers for 1774. Markneukirchen and Karl Sandherr. When Sandherr
Nigg Thomas; Fiissen. b. 18. 12..1733, d. after 1774. left Bielefeld in 19; I he took over the workshop.
Son of Sympert N. (I). The Fiissen tax-registers Copied Italian models, but has also an original
of 1774 give his age as 4° years and his profession pattern.
aslute-maker. Nowy (Novy) Franz (I); Vienna. b. I I. 5. 1875.Son and
NiggelSympert (I); Fiissen, 17th-18th cent. Probably pupil of Michael N. (I). Beautiful guitars and zithers.
worked in Fiissen. His name is occasionally found Nowy Franz (II); Vienna. b. 9.6. 19°8 in Vienna. Son
in low-arched violins, the plates of which are of two and pupil of Franz N. (I), whose shop he took
pieces. Pure brown var. over in 195;. He works on an original model. He
Niggel Sympert (II); Fiissen. b. 14.4. 1710 in Schwan- makes all types of stringed instruments.
gau, d. 17.7.1785. Son of a certain Matthias N.
As a cheliferariusde Schwangauhe married Maria
Regina Ott on 2.6.9. 174°. The most important
Fiissen v.m. of the 18th cent. The death-register
contains the following entry: SympertusNiggl viduus ~jf'-"'--"'1".jf'y", 0..
"~~~""'~~~~~~.< ,,~ "It.t."
..",inn

obiit Il VII IlK; chelijiciumfacile celebrerrimus,vir n!;?fR~DfE.. $:I.i~.:Q..

sanctesimplex et rectus.His work is a combination of
Stainer and Alban: careful craftsmanship, low arch-
ing, good wood, but his var. (of light red, red-brown
or brown-black tint) is somewhat brittle and peels
off easily. Several of his violins are marked not only
with a label, but have also a brand.

fDEfSt(RWfRK5tA tt~ (:~ f:EIRe

Niggl Korbinian; Braunau, 1849-1865. He either
~1te.'u
1.~lft IDA~ t ftY Irn~
KVI'~ nf ~'" #..,n
C-T ff LYft
~1£ U .
AeMR"TUR£R
belonged to the Fiissen family or was the son of
Sebastian NickI. Not outstanding work.
Niggl Ruppertus; Fiissen, c. 1754. A lute by him dated
1754 was exhibited at the international exhibition of
opNr.~ Gebaut """""

plucked instruments in Munich.

Nirrnheim H., Dr. Author of Zur Geschichte desInstru-
Nowy (Novy) Karl; Vienna. b. 9. 2. 1879, d. 3.8.1922. NurnbergerKarl Albert (I); Markneukirchen. b. 28. 8.
Son and pupil of Michael N. (1). Careful crafts- 1886, d. 15. 2.1931. Second son of Franz Albert N.
manship. Beautiful yellow-red var. (II). Established himself independently in 19°8.
Nowy (Novy) Michael (1); Vienna. b. 28. 5. 1847. Very skilful bow-maker.
Pupil of Anton Kiendl. Maker of guitars and zithers. NurnbergerKarl Albert (II); Markneukirchen. b. 22. 4.
Nowy (Novy) Michael (II); Vienna. b. 5.8.1881. Son 19°6 in Markneukirchen. Bow-maker; son and
and pupil of Michael N. (I). Skilful guitar-maker. pupil of Karl Albert N. (I); worked with his father.
Nun Gondolf Franz; Nikolsburg, Markneukirchen, NurnbergerKarl Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 17. 10.
c. 195°. The Markneukirchen Musikinstrumenten- 1793, d. 12.8.1868. Son and pupil of Johann Georg
Museumhas a violin by him. N. Originally a v.m., who made bows from his
NurnbergerAdolph; Markneukirchen. b. 1846, d. 1914. 18th year. He learned bow-making with Christian
Nephew of Johann Christoph N. For a long period Friedrich Knopf. In 1824 he founded a workshop
he was trained and employed by Johann Christian which was later taken over by his grandson and
Suss.Good bow-maker. grea,t-grandson. Skilful maker of doublebass bows.
Nurnberger August (called Suss after one of his rela- Nurnberger Philipp Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 29. I.
tives); Markneukirchen. b. c. 1875, d. after 1912. 1882,d. 6.4. 1946.Son and pupil of Franz Albert (II).
Bow-maker. He emigrated to Novato (in Califor- Established bow-maker from 1897.
nia). Nurnberger Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 10. 1892
NurnbergerFranz Albert (I); Markneukirchen. b. 18. 8. in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Robert Hein-
1826, d. 20. 5. 1895. Son of Karl Gottlob N. Gifted rich N. In 1922 he was established in his native
and renowned bow-maker. Founder of the bow- town. Good work.
makers' guild in Markneukirchen. NurnbergerRobert Heinrich; Markneukirchen. b. 3I. 7.
NurnbergerFranz Albert (II); Markneukirchen. b. 24. 4. 1858, d. 25. 2. 1922. Pupil of Carl Friedrich Pfretz-
1854. Son and pupil of Franz Albert N. (I). In 1880 schner (II) who worked with Heinrich Theodor
he founded a workshop and soon became one of Heberlein (I). Good work.
the most important bow-makers in Germany. He
followed J. B. Vuillaume, Tourte, Voirin and James
Tubbs. His bows, which are of similar merit to
those made in France, are marked with a rubber
stamp: Albert Nurnberger. 0
NurnbergerH. Robert; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 7. 1862.
Son of Franz Albert N. (1). Pupil from 1876 of Carl
Friedrich Pfretzschner (II). Later he worked with ObenausEugen; Markneukirchen. Maker of guitars,
Heinrich Theodor Heberlein (I) and with August manager of the Sinfonia company.
Riechers in Berlin. He later established himself OberkirschJohann Karl; Rhodt (near Landau, in the
independently in Markneukirchen. Excellent bow- Palatinate). b. 2.0.4. 1800 in Muhlhausen, d. after
maker. 1850. Tailor and musician who devoted himself to
Nurnberger Johann Adam; Klingenthal. b.1727 in v.m. and did good repairs. His own violins betray,
Klingenthal, d. 8. 8. 18°9 in Markneukirchen. Pupil however, a,n unskilled hand. He is sa,id to have
of Johann Christian Uebel. Skilful v.m. His father moved to the U.S.A. about 1850.
had apparently immigr~ted from Wunsiedel in ObermaierAlexander; Lubeck. b. 14.4. 1872.in Dres-
Bavaria for religious reasons and settled in Hohen- den. Technician who studied at the Dresden Con-
doff (near Brambach). The son came to Markneu- servatoire. When he finished his studies he took up
kirchen already mature in years, for he was granted singing as a profession and was employed by various
citizenship and admitted to the guild on 26. I. 1761. theatres in major German cities. He was also in Riga
Earliest member of the Nurnberger v.m. family in for a long time; then he went to North America
Markneukirchen. He married the youngest daughter and Mexico, where he worked as a technician. Later
of Johann Reichel (I). he returned to Germany and was recalled from
NurnbergerJohann Christoph; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 3. Berlin to the Lubeck municipal theatre. In 1914 he
1839, d. 28. II. 1899. Bow-maker. Worked for 5 made his first lute. Though he was self-taught, his
years with J. B. Vuillaume in Paris. His son, an inn- craftsmanship is painstaking: he made all parts of
keeper, also made bows. his instruments himself and achieved good tone.
Nurnberger Johann Georg; M~rkneukirchen, Pausa. Obrecht Berta; Vienna. b. 6. 6. 192.7. Pupil of Karl
b. 19. 8. 1763, d. 1829. Son and pupil of Johann Richard Kaltenbrunner. She worked with Nils
Adam N. He apparently travelled with violins and Lekander in Stockholm. Became master in 1955,
sold them at annual fairs. He settled in Pausa (near passing tests as a pupil of Kaltenbrunner. In 1964
Plauen). Shortly before his death he returned to she was working with Kaltenbrunner's grandson
Markneukirchen. Karl Mastaller.
ObrechtJoseph; Vienna, c. 1928. V.m. who did careful OpfermannJohann Georg; Gotha. Baptised 4.8. 17S4
repair work. He also made plucked instruments. in Gotha, d. after 1797. Son of Johann o. Like his
OehmsAdolf; Hanover, c. 1928. Maker of stringed father, he was an oboist in the Gotha military
instruments. band, who also made violins on his father's model.
Geller Karl; Salzburg, 20th cent. Manufacturer of Orlecke Heinrich Christian; Tange.rmiinde, c. 1829.
musical instruments and strings. Documents describe him as maker of musical in-
Gelling Johann Valentin; Crawinkel. b. 3°. 5. 1822, struments. He dealt in violins.
d. 1899. Good maker of musical instruments. His Osbama;Markneukirchen. Trademark of Oswald.Bach-
violins have a not very attractive form, but their mann.
tone is good. OstermayerElias; Augsburg, c. 16°9. Lute-maker who
Oertel Louis; Hanover, 19th-20th cent. v.m. He was sold strings to the Stuttgart Court Orchestra.
still alive in 195°. The Berlin Museum has one violin OstermunchnerAndreas; Mittenwald, c. 1720-173°.
by him with yellow-red var. and a printed label. In 1720 he joined Johann Tentzel as apprentice
Ohlhaver Heinrich; Hamburg, c.1918-1921. Dealer and worked for him for S years.
who never made violins, nor even played them. He Ostertag..; Hamburg, c. 189°. Talented v.m. who
claimed that through 'occult means' he learned the worked in England for a long time, and temporarily
secret of Stradivari, which helped him to improve also in Hamburg and Silesia.
factory-made instruments, sometimes with success. Ostler Andreas; Breslau, 1730-177°. Made several
These violins he called Revalo-Violins (his name beautiful violins and cellos in the style of Stainer.
spelledbackwards). Beautiful wood. His var. is mostly yellow or brown.
OhmeAdam Gottfried; Freiberg (in Saxony), 19th cent. The labels are usually printed in Gothic capital
In addition to organs and keyboard instruments he letters.
made several harps and guitars.
aka Fr. Author of Jakob Stainer,der trite deutsche
Meister
im Geigenbau(Berlin, 1854).
alert Albrecht (Albert); Lubeck. d. 1642.Was described
as Lauten- find Violenmacher(lute- and viol-maker);
lived by the Horse Market.
Olrichs Dietrich; Lubeck, c. 1650-1668. Lute-maker
who also made violas. The baptismal registers spell
. the name Ulrich OelersOlersen.He was a godfather
in 165°' In 165I he lived at the goldenemCreutz auf Ostler Anton; Mittenwald. b. II. 12. 1895 in Mitten-
Sahl, in 1668 in the kurze Kbnigstrasse.He seemsto waldo Was especially talented at music and carving.
have married several times. Probably a relative of At the age of I ~ he entered the Mittenwald v.m.
Albert alert. school. Then he went first to Ludwig Barth in
Onken Karl; Bremen, c. 1890-19°0. Decorator and Munich, then to Nancy and from there to Saar-
dealer in vars and paints. From 1888 he sold and briicken, where he joined F. C. Louis, with whom
attempted to make violins. Amateur work. he stayed until war broke out. In 1918 he returned,
Opel Walter; Stettin, Weimar. b. 2. 6. 1897 in Erlbach. took over his parents' home and in 1919 married
V.m. who learned the trade in Erlbach. Worked in Anna Glasl. He was a real artist, one of the most
Strassbourg and Cologne, and later with Adolf talented v.ms of his time. Beautiful oil var. of
Pfretzschner in Stettin. In 1922he establishedhimself orange tint.
independently in Stettin and took over Pfretzschner's Ostler Franz; Vienna. d. 2. 7.1729. Took his citizens'
shop. There he worked with great successuntil 1946, oath on 20. 3. 1706. The arching of his violins is
when he moved to Weimar. He makes fine new not too high, the wood is satisfactory, back and
instruments mainly after Stradivari and Guarneri. ribs really handsome. The scroll is invariably made
Very good repairer. Brand: W. OPEL, WEIMAR. of pear-wood. Golden-yellow var. with reddist tint.
His violas d'amore seem to have been made with
special care.

OpfermannJohann; Gotha. d. 26.7. 1789. Oboist in

the Gotha military band who made some violins OstlerJohann; Mittenwald, 19th cent. o. E. Heinel
with high arching and dark var. mentionsa beautifulviolin madeof Bavarianmaple,
 with two-piece back, wood of attractive figure, low Ott Hans; Nuremberg, 1434-1463. The most famous
arching after Guarneri del Gesu. Yellow-red Val. Nuremberg lute-maker. A lute by him, kept at
with reddish-brown edges. Wartburg, was owned by the Duke of Saxony-
Ostrizek Anton (I); Vienna. b. 5.6.1889, d. 195I. Weimar. His name is printed on his labels in Gothic
Pupil of Franz Travnfcek of Brunn. He worked capitals.
with Victor Enzensperger in Vienna and stayed Ott Johannes; Fiissen.. b. 20. 4. 1674, d. 14. 6. 1736.
with him as foreman until the latter's death. He Good v.m.; specialisedin doublebasses.
established himself independently in 192.1and was Otto August Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 19.2.1865,
highly esteemed by musicians both for his repairs d. before 1904. V.m. Brother of Rudi O.
and for his new violins. Otto Bernhard August; Markneukirchen. b. II. II.
Ostrizek Anton (II); Vienna. b. 31. 3..1911 in Vienna. 1882 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of August Theodor
Son and pupil of Anton o. (I). He worked with Adolf Scherzerin Markneukirchen. He establishedhimself
Fritsch in Schonbach (in Bohemia) and with Albert independently in 1910. He was one of the first
Schlegel in Markneukirchen. He established himself makers, who, in co-operation with Dr Philipp of
independently in 1939. Stradivari and Guarneri Dobel, began to use propolis for vat.
models. Yellow to orange oil var. Painstaking crafts- Otto Carl Christian; Halle. b. 1792 in Weimar, d. 1853.
man, especially in those parts which require extreme Second son and pupil of Jakob August O. Diligent
patience.In 1945 he becamea partner of Georg v.m.
Haid, who made mainly zithers and guitars. After
the latter's death in 1951 he became the sole owher
of both firms. He took over all Haid's models and
designs and continued to uphold the tradition of
his father and of Georg Haid with carefully made,
good-toned instruments.

Otto Carl Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 8. I. 1857.V.m.,

pupil of Ludwig Christian August Bauschin Leipzig.
Otto Ernst Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 3. 1863,
d. 6. II. 1917.
Otto Georg August Gottfried; Jena. b. 5. 10. 1789 in
Weimar, d. 2..6. 1857 in Jena. Son, pupil and suc-
cessor of Jakob August o. He took the citizens'
oath in Jena on 3°. 9. 1818. He was as careful as
his father and perhaps even more talented. Some
labels of his abbreviate his third name Gottl., evi-
dently due to a printer's error.
Otto Gustav; Markneukirchen, 1851-19°5. Pupil of
C;:;:~I',...," f1)'".... /~ Ludwig Bausch in Leipzig. He became citizen of
Markneukirchen in 1851.
~~~'*'~~'cX~
,. Z
r::)yIJ ~ Otto Gustav Karl; Markneukirchen. b. 8. II. 1859 in
u~~"";J:"_~.,y"
"'" ~ 4'V'P,~,~- ~ :,",1/
~},~ '.z...,
Markneukirchen, d. 2.7.12..192.4.Y.m. Good work,
careful repairs.
Otto Heinrich Ferdinand; Markneukirchen. b. 2.I. I I.
Otho Karl August; Leipzig. b. 24.4. 1836in Frohburg, 1834, d. 19°5. Skilful v.m.
d. 1892. V.m. who made various experiments. Most Otto Heinrich Wilhelm; Amsterdam, Berlin. b. 1796,
famous of them is a 5-stringed doublebass (C-E- d. 1858. Son and pupil of Jakob August O. After
A-D-G) which was highly praised by Wagner, serving his apprenticeship he left for Amsterdam
Bulow, Nikisch, etc. It never became popular, how- where his brother Carl Wilhelm Friedrich had in
ever, because it is awkward to play. In 1888 he vain sought fortune some years before. Heinrich
gave up his workshop and sold the stock to the Wilhelm was no more fortunate and returned to
Hug brothers. Germany and settled in Berlin. Skilful maker. Careful
Ott Georg; Fussen, c. 1620. Lute-maker whose work , and precise work. He copied the Italians with good
is not know. Perhaps father of Andreas O. of taste and understanding. Unfortunately almost all
Prague. of his violins are rather thin in the wood.
 Otto Herbert Berthold; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 10. independently in Dusseldorf. He was greatly in-
1903 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Oskar ~uenced by Riechers and is considered to have been
Robert O. He took over his father's workshop and o~e of the latter's pupils. He was one of the few
passedhis master's test on 26. I I. 1938. Apart from vJms to make stringed instruments entirely by his
bowed instruments he also makes plucked instru- own hand. His workmanship and finish are excellent.
ments. At first he followed Amati and Guarneri, later only
Otto Jakob August; Weimar, Jena, Halle. b. 1760 in Stradivari. Rich dark-red var. He also did excellent
Gotha, d. 1829 in Lobeda. He learned to play the repairs. From 1894 on he also used an oil var. which
violin with Franz Anton Ernst in Gotha. The latter he prepared himself, and in 1900 he started to make
recognised his talent as v.m. and taught him the 5-stringed doublebasses on his own pattern infll.l.-
craft. His violins prove that problems of art cannot enced by Stradivari.
be solved by applying 'scientific' methods. Good
repairs. Otto is also the author of Ober denBau fInd
Louis Otto
die Erha/tung der GeigefInd a/fer Bogeninstrumente
aber den Bau der Bogeninstrumente
der vorzug/ichsten
and
and Die Arbeiten
lnstrumentenmacher.He was extreme-
fectt D?ij:Jiro1811
ly industrious and was appointed supplier of
musical instruments to the Weimar Court. His name
appearsnot only in Weimar and Jena, but also (tem- Otto Ludwig; Erfurt, Cologne, St Petersburg. b. 16.'"9.
porarily) in Halle, Magdeburg (1816), and in Leipzig 181.1in Jena, d. 10. 1..1887in St Petersburg. Son and
~nd Berlin, where he only wanted to prepare the pupil of Georg August Gottfried o. He first settled in
ground for his sons. From 1788 he also made Erfurt, and about 1855 moved to Cologne, where he
guitars on Italian patterns. He used both handwritten stayed until the '70S. Afterwards he moved to
and printed labels. St Petersburg. Very skilful maker who unfortun-
Otto Johann Karl August; Ludwigslust. b. 26.9.1801, ately was not recognised in his lifetime. Imitations
d. I I. 5. 1883 in Ludwigslust. Son and pupil of of Stradivari. Beautiful oil var.
Jakob August O. In 1830 he settled in Ludwigslust Otto Oskar Robert; Markneukirchen. b. 16.3.1867,
in Mecklenburg and in the same year married d. 18. 1..1943 in Markneukirchen. V.m., pupil of
Augusta Weinreben. He was appointed Court August Theodor Scherzer in Markneukirchen;
Supplier of musical instruments. His violins are worked with Hans Cuno Jaeger in Markneukirchen.
good. His best period was between 1840-1865. Otto Oskar Theodor; Markneukirchen. b. 9.9.1857
Later he bought 'boxes' from factories and made in Markneukirchen. V.m. Average work.
instruments of them. Violins made by his own Otto Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 1.6.I. 1871. Standard
hand have a good tone, but his var. is dark, opaque work.
and too brittle. Otto Paul Max (nicknamed 'Hamburger'); Markneu-
Otto Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 20.8. 1905 in Mark- kirchen. b. 13.7.1880, d. 1.7.II. 1945. Pupil of Fried-
neukirchen. Specialisedin making scrolls for musical rich Wilhelm Weller and Arthur Martin. He worked
instruments. with Heinrich Rudolf Gutter in Breslau, Rudolf
Otto Kurt Theodor; Eisenach. b. 21.7. 1890in Mark- Heckel in Dresden and the last two years of his life
neukirchen. Son and pupil of Oskar Theodor o. with Ernst Kessler in Berlin. Established in Markneu-
in Markneukirchen. He worked with Philipp Keller kirchen in 19°4. Copied Italian models, but also used
in Wiirzburg. He later established himself inde- an original pattern. Spirit and oil var. His name be-
pendently in Markneukirchen and in 1929 moved to came known to the public through a miniature
Eisenach, where he became curator of the Bach violin, carved from ivory, with a body length of
Museum. He also undertook repairs. only 4.5 cm. It took him 9 months to make this
miniature masterpiece-a great waste of time. He
passed his master's test in Markneukirchen on
8.11..191.3.
l""" ,..or.
" or.j. '" If"""-
" '.'(;:1.6."1or,..'"
'" "'I1i'" '!! i' Otto Rudi; Erfurt. b. 19.7. 19°6 in Markneukirchen.
Son and pupil of Paul Max o. who finished his
.rfft.14.~ training with P. Robert Penzel.He worked in the
workshopsof Ernst Kesslerin Berlin, of H. Traut-
Otto Louis; Dusseldorf. b. 15. 7. 1844 in Ludwigslust, mannin Brunswickand of A. E. Fischerin Bremen.
d. 16. I. 1920. Son and pupil of Johann Karl August In 1946 he settled in Erfurt, where he won
O. On I. 12. 1865 he joined his cousin Ludwig O. recognition as a repairer. Good work after Italian
in Cologne, where he stayed until 22.4. 1866. Then modtls.
h~ joined August Riechers in Hanover, remaining Otto Theodor; Markneukirchen.b. 9. 9.1857in Mark-
until 22.9. 1872. Next day he established himself ~eukirchen,d. after 1914.V.m. Characterless.

~
Otto Ulrich; Karlsruhe. b. 20. I. 1872 in Markneu- (I); finished his education with August Riechers. He
kirchen. Son of the string-maker Ernst Ludwig O. establishedhimself in 1873as succ~ssorof his father.
He was apprenticed (1886-1890) to his uncle Rein- He had a sound theoretical knowledge of acoustical
hold Paulus. Worked for many years with Ernst and other physical laws which apply in v.m. He made
Liebich (III), Ernst Kessler and Ernst Geisser.When violins of all types (also zithers etc.) after Stradivari.
he left St Petersburg he joined Johann Padewet (II) He used a beautiful oil var. without impregnating
in Karlsruhe. He established himself independently the wood first. His cheaper violins have a spirit var.
in November 1904. Like his father, he was also Court Supplier of musical
Otto Wilhelm; Dusseldorf. b. 13.8. 1875 in Dussel- instruments.
dorf. Son and pupil of Louis O. Between 1899-1900 PadewetJohann Karl; Karlsruhe. b. 27.7. 1887. Son
he was in Paris, and then worked with his father, of Johann P. (II) and, after 19°7, his successor.His
whom he later succeeded.Imitations of Stradivari. father died when he was only 15, and he finished his
Usually oil var. training at Mittenwald. Then he worked with
Giuseppe Fiorini in Munich and Georg Winterling
in Hamburg. Afterwards he took over his father's
shop. Careful craftsmanship and good var. The tone
of his violins is quite good.

OverbeckWladimir; Bad Harzburg. 20th cent. v.m.

Pabst Hans. See Papst Hans.

PackhiiuserGeorg; Greifswald. b. 1897 in Konigsberg,
d. in April 1959 in Greifswald. For over 20 years he
made violins following the theories of Professor
Fuhr. PadewetKarl; Munich. b. I. I. 182.3in Vienna, d. 2.3.3.
PadewetJohann (I); Basle, Karlsruhe. b. 24.4. 1819 in 1896.Brother of Johann P. (I). In 1856he established
Vienna, d. 25. I. 1872 in Karlsruhe. Very skilful himself independently and was highly esteemed as
v.m. He learned his trade in Vienna. In 1837 he was a repairer. His own violins are on the model of
working in Budapest, later left for Germany and Stradivari. Careful work and powerful tone.
went to Karlsruhe. In this town he was foreman for Paesold Wilhelm; Charlottenburg, 19th cent. Sup-
Matthias Sprenger for several years. In 1844 he posedly came from Fleissen. Violins by him, are rare.
opened his own workshop in Basle. When Sprenger Palfner Alois; Graz. b. 1884 in Graz. Maker of zithers.
decided to emigrate to the United States, Padewet He served his apprenticeship in Vienna with Carl Her-
transferred his workshop to Karlsruhe (in 1846) mann Voigt. Later he worked with Franz Xaver
and later became supplier of musical instruments. Guttler in Vienna, and in 19°7 settled in Graz, where
he started on his own. Copies of Stradivari, soft oil
var. with orange tint. He also makes good bows and
does repairs.

Padewet Johann (II); Karlsruhe. b. 2.3.8. 1850 in Palma Karl F.; Vienna, 1883-1912. Worked for a.long
Karlsruhe, d. 5. I. 19°2..Son and pupil of Johann P. time with 19naz Johann Bucher (I) and Wilhelm
 Theodor Gutermann, where he mainly made guitars. he opened a workshop in Berlin..In 1883 he moved
He is also highly esteemedas v.m. After the death to Dresden. He was one of those v.ms who try to
of Johann Bott he took over the latter's shop, but improve on known methods. He therefore followed
died soon after. While there he devoted himself to classical examples only insofar as they met the de-
mands of modern higher pitch. He exhibited
repairs.
Pantzer Johann Christian Heinrich; Klingenthal, a quartet with tables made of balsam-pinein Bologna
1776-1792. Son, pupil and successor of Johann and was awarded first prize for it. His instruments
Karl P. In 1792 he was one of the wardens of the are usually praised.
guild, and must have been an important man.
Pantzer Johann Karl; Klingenthal, 1737-1741. The
J'.
'
L' I J\ 'l 'Z..r..L'L 'I'
guild book of accounts lists him as a maker in 1737. .

His work is careful and both var. and wood are good. [ ) I>L'~
\.r.. I )L"r
r ".
Papst Hans; Zwickau, Landwiist. b. 8.7.1921 in .189~.
Zwickau. Pupil of Johann Keller (I) in Diirrengriin.
He may have worked also in Bohemia, but we do not
know for how long. Later he appears in Landwiist Patzelt Johann Ferdinand; Vienna, Berlin. b. 1828
near Markneukirchen. in Budapest, d. 1876 in Berlin. Son and pupil of
Part/. See Bartl. Ferdinand P. of Budapest. He worked with Josef
Piiso/dRoderich; Bad Brambach, Bubenreuth, c. 1928. Engleder and Peter Schulz in Regensburg. For some
Bow-maker who used the brand Go/dauge.He also time he was the partner of his father. After his mar-
made violins; golden-yellow var. riage he moved to Vienna. When Carl Hellmig died
Pater Johann; Karlsruhe. 19th-20th cent. V.m. in Berlin in 1866 he joined the Grimm workshop
Little-known. under Franz Gunther as artistic manager. Real
Patban Vincenz; Vienna. b. 1860 in Nieder Krupai artist, good violinist and connoisseur of old master-
(near Nemecky Brod), d. 1894 in Vienna. Between pieces. He was a good repairer. In some of his
1874-1878 he was apprenticed to the dealer Stark violins there is a label with the following slogan:
in Vienna. Then he worked with Bernhard Enzens-
perger (II), with Gebriider Placht and Thomas Zach Fluch jeder Hand,
Die im Unverstand
in Vienna, and with Placht's branch and Janos Sto- Von der Geig was scheert
wasser in Budapest. For most of the rest of his life Die ist nichts werth.
he worked for Johann Swosil in Vienna. Talented
v.m. He liked the Maggini model, and made violins Patzold Florian; Heinrichswalde (in Silesia). d. C.1920.
with double purfling, stars and other ornaments, but Descendant of an amateur v.m. family. He got wood
he also copied Nicolo Amati, Guarneri del Gesu and for the tables from coopers, and sometimes used
Stradivari. One of his last violins is made after Silesian maple-wood. One of his violins was found
Guarneri, var. purple-red and bears the number among instruments in the church of Hausdorf (near
I I 5.For cheaperviolins he used an inferior brownish Neurode).
spirit var. which detracts from his normally very
good craftsmanship.

Paul Johann Balthasar; Klingenthal, c. 1737. Known

Patzelt Gebriider; Berlin, 1876-1887. After the death only from guild documents that he was a 'master
of Johann Ferdinand P. his sons established the firm v.m..,
Gebriider Patzelt. Ferdinand P. moved to Dresden. Paul Johann Christoph; Klingenthal, c. 1776. Son of
His brother managed the Berlin shop until 1887 and Johann Balthasar P. He followed the Hopf model.
then he, too, moved to Dresden and gave up the Paul Johann Daniel; Gotha, c. 1861. Guitar-maker.
trade. Pauli Joseph; Linz. b. c. 1770in Tachau (in Bohemia),
Patzelt Ferdinand; Dresden. b. 1854 in Vienna. Son d. 7. 3. 1846. On 17. 3. 1812 he acquired adpersonam
and pupil of Johann Ferdinand P. Managed the the right to make violins in Linz, where he had al-
workshop of C. C. L. Grimm in Berlin. When he ready lived for some time. He resided at No. 101
finished his apprenticeship he wanted to become (today Hofgasse 14) and was a skilful v.m. who must
a painter and entered the Berlin Academy of Arts. also have worked, judging by his instruments, in
However, the premature death of his father com- Vienna for some time. Individual instruments made
pelled him to return to v.m. Together with his brother by him resemble the work of Johann Georg Thir.

~
 Usually he modelled his violin~ on Stainer and Amati.
Good work, red-brown but rather dull var. His
model is long, but robust.

Pauli Wenzel; Salzburg, c. 1800.Possibly son and pupil

of Johann Gottfried P. of Tachau (in Bohemia).
Little-known v.m. whose model is reminiscent
of Stradivari. Red-brown var.
Paulus & Heinrich; Bad Brambach, 20th cent. Firm of
bow-makers.
Paulus Adolf (I); Markneukirchen, c. 1880. V.m.
Paulus Adolf (II); Leipzig, Berlin-Friedenau. b. 1874
in Markneukirchen, d. 31.8. 1948. Son and pupil
of Adolf Wilhelm Eduard P. He studied at the
Leipzig Conservatoire and simultaneously worked
in his father's workshop, which he took over in 1899
under the old name of Ludwig Bausch & Sohn.
In 1908 he closed the shop in Leipzig and went to
Berlin, where he devoted himself to the making
of lutes and guitars. His bowed instruments are also
very good.
Paulus Adolf Wilhelm Eduard; Leipzig. b. 3.3.1843
in Markneukirchen, d. 13.7. 1899. For two years he
was apprenticed to his father, Karl Vitus P., and
later to Ludwig Bausch. From 1860 he worked with
L. Bausch and his sons. In 1873 he took over their
shop but continued in the trade under the old name,
Ludwig Bausch & Sohn. He used Italian models and
also a model of his own. Soft golden-yellow var.
The plates are thinned according to an original
system.
Paulus Albert Reinhold; Markneukirchen, c. 1880.
V.m. -
PaulusAlbin Ludwig; Markneukirchen. b. 16.4. 1866, Paulus Armin Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 18.6.19°9
d. 12.6. 1946. Pupil of Hermann Moritz Dolling . in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Konrad
who worked with Arnold Bernhardt (I) and Rein- Friedrich P. He worked with his father.
hold P. He spent a year and a half with Rudolf Paulus August; Dresden. b. 185I in Markneukirchen.
Heckel in Dresden, then three and a half years with After 1893 owner of the firm Richard Weichold.
A. Hammig. In I 890he returned home and established From 19°2 Supplier to the Imperial Court. Under his
himself independently. In 1895 he was appointed management the firm achieved world-wide renown
Kgl. Sachs. Hofinstrumentenmacher.Copied Amati, through the strings it produced. The v.m. shop was
Stradivari and Guarneri. His better violins have oil managed by Reinhold P. The firm donated to the
var. Dresden Conservatoire annually one violin made in
 his workshop and every five years a cello. The firm outstandingv.m. His bows, however,are very good
also had a great stock of valuable old musical and are well made.He was Supplierto the P1:ussian
instruments. Court.
Paulus August Reinhold; Markneukirchen. b. 2I. I. PaulusKarl; WoWhausen,c. 189°' Perhapsrelated to
1868in Breitenfeld, d. 20. 6. 1933in Markneukirchen. ChristianAugust P. Worked for the trade.
Pupil of Ludwig Glasel (II), with whom he stayed Paulus Karl Anton; Markneukirchen, b. 3°. 9. 183°.
until he had to enter military service. Afterwards he V.m.
worked in Berlin. He returned to Markneukirchen Paulus Karl Vitus; Markneukirchen, b. 15. 6. 1815.
where he became foreman in the factory of V.m.
Roth & Lederer. PaulusKonrad Friedrich; Markneukirchen.b. 27.12.
Paulus Balthasar;? c. 1746. Hitherto unknown member 1879. Pupil of his brother Albin Ludwig P. He
of the family. The inventory list for 1773 of the worked with Johann Pater in Karlsruhe, with
former Kothener Hofkapelle lists a green violin, August Friedrich Herrmann in Markneukirchen
BalthasarPaulus I746. and with Louis Otto in Dusseldorf.He established
Paulus Christian August; Wohlhausen. b. 18. II. 1862 himself independently in 19°3. Manufacturer of
in Wohlhausen, d. 4. 2.1899. V.m. Son of Karl bows and pluckedinstruments.
Anton P. He worked mainly for the trade.
Paulus Ernst August; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 6. 1889
in Wohlhausen. Pupil of Oskar Bernhard Meinel
in Markneukirchen. For many years he worked for
Ernst Reinhold Schmidt of Markneukirchen, whose
workshop he managed until it closed down. He
was also a skilful repairer.
Paulus Heinrich; Bad Brambach. 20th cent. Bow-
maker.
Paulus Heinrich Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. I I. 10.
1854, d. 16. I. 1871. Very skilful v.m. who died
Paulus Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 1.7.1896. Son and
prematurely.
Paulus Herbert; Markneukirchen. b. 8. 3. 1903 in pupil of Albin Ludwig P. Passed his master's test
Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of August Rein- in 1928. After the death of his father he took over
hold P. the workshop.
Paulus Johannes 0.; Markneukirchen. b. 29. I. 1916. Paulus Ludwig Bernhard; Wohlhausen. b. 19.8.1871
Pupil of Adolf Kurt Schuster in Markneukirchen. in Markneukirchen, d. after 1929. Good work.
He worked with his father, Otto Paul P., in Mark- Paulus Moritz; St Petersburg, Warsaw, Hamburg.
neukirchen. He established himself independently d. c. 1895 in Hamburg. Brother of Wilhelm and
in 1955 and models his violins on August Rau. AdolfP. (II). Worked mostly for the trade. He went
Shellac var. to Hamburg after 189°.
Paulus Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 5.6.1891 in Mark-
neukirchen. Bow-maker, pupil of Friedrich Wilhelm
Monnig in Markneukirchen.

Paulus Johann Georg; Potsdam, 1790-1793. Though

he occasionally made good violins he was not an

Paulus Otto Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 20. II. 1881 in

Markneukirchen, d. 12.2.1956. Pupil of his brother
Albin Ludwig P. Worked with Fritz Tiedemann in
Wolfenbiittel. He established himself independently
in Markneukirchen in 1904. Careful work. He passed
his master's test on 23. 3. 1914.
Paulus Reinhold; Markneukirchen, Dresden. b. 1848
in Markneukirchen. Worked with Ludwig Bausch,
Hermann Otto, Ernst Liebich (II) and ~ugust
 Riechers. In 1879 he opened his own shop in Mark- apprenticeship he left for Schwerin in 1892.to join
neukirchen which he gave up in 1893. He joined the Otto Schiinemann, with whom he stayed until 1898.
firm of Richard Weichold of Dresden, under August Later he worked for a period of time in France and
P., as manager of the v.m. workshop. Skilful v.m. England, and then establishedhimself independently
and repairer. Used very beautiful wood and var. in his native town. Skilful maker who worked ex-
Paulus Richard (I); Freiburg. b. 11. 12. 1884, d. 19. 9. tremely carefully. His patterns were Guarneri del Gesu
1959. Son of a string-maker, Richard P., and pupil and Stradivari, particularly the latter's Messiah
of August Theodor Scherzerfrom 1899 to 19°2. He violin.
then worked with Eugen Gartner in Stuttgart,
Julius Heinrich Zimmermann in Leipzig and with
Philipp Keller in Wiirzburg. He established himself
independently in Freiburg on 15.3.19°9. Good
v.m. and repairer.

PenzelRobert Paul; Adorf. b. 5. 10. 1872 in Adorf.

Pupil (1887-1891) of Ernst Reinhold Schmidt
in Markneukirchen. He also worked in Dresden
with Rudolf Heckel. In 1897 he established himself
independently in Adorf. Copied early masters. He
used a rubber stamp, not a label.
Ferger Franz Michael; Freising (in Bavaria), c. 1794.
Good maker who seemsto have followed the Fiissen
School. One cello by him has a mellow and firm tone.
The table is dark brown, the back is black. The
soundholes are rounded and the scroll original in
style.
Ferger (Berger) Maximilian; Landshut, c. 1755. V.m.
PaulusRichard (II); Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Passed and maker of strings in Landshut, where he acquired
his master's test in 1920. citizenship in 1755. He was the successorof Johann
Paulus Robert; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. String- Ulrich Fischer.
maker who also sold violins, cellos etc. There is no PergetteHans; Munich, 1599-1602. V.m.
proof that he ever made instruments himself. PernegerJoseph; Linz, 20th cent. maker of guitars
PaulusWilhelm; Berlin. d. 189°. Brother of Moritz P. and zithers.
Came from Markneukirchen, where he learned the Perr Hans; Vienna, c.1600. Little-known v.m. who
trade. Versatile v.m. who established himself inde- probably came from the Salzkammergut. His
pendently in Berlin in 1880. . descendants were still making violins in the 18th
Payne Albert; Leipzig. b. 3.6. 1842, d. 1.4.1921 in cent. Good work.
Leipzig. Author of an article on Caspar Tieffen-
brucker and the origin of the violin, published in
Paul de Wit's review.
PayneArthur. SeeEhrlich A.
Peer Hans. See Perr Hans.
Peer Michael; Goisem, 1766-1787. Flat model.
Yellow-red or amber var.
PenzelGerhard K.; Stuttgart. Little-known v.m.
Penzel Hermann August; Bad Brambach, Breslau. Perr Josef; Goisem, 1785-1810. Large flat model and
b. 2. 5. 1876 in Oberbrambach. Bow-maker, who yellow var. Ordinary work.
established himself independently in 1896. Good Perr Michael; Goisem, 1766-1787. Ordinary work.
work. Beautiful amber-yellow or golden-yellow var.
Penzel Max Emil; Erlbach. b. 21. 12. 1878, d. 3°. 12. Perr (peer) Paul; Ramsau (near Salzburg), c. 1735.
1933. Bow-maker. Musician and v.m. His name occurs more frequently
Penzel Paul; Adorf, c. 1896. Followed Amati and in the Goisem registers (where the parish of Ramsau
Stainer. belonged).
Penzel P. Robert; Markneukirchen. b. 2. I. 1873 in Pert Michael; Goisem, c. 17°2..Ordinary work. Known
Markneukirchen, d. 20. 7. 1938. Having served his only from one violin.
Pescheck
C. A. Author of Die bb"hmischenExulantenin ally his instruments follow the Viennese School and
Sachsen(Leipzig, 1857). he used the dark var. favoured in Vienna. The
Peter; Vienna, c.1418-1436. He is mentioned as Imperial eagle on his label may point to some privi-
LautenmacherPeter and evidently is the first known lege. He also styled himself Violinmacher (not
lute-maker of Vienna. Geigenmacher, as was usual) and this too seems to
Peters Christian; Lubeck, c.1806. Amateur who indicate that he was not brought up in Vienna.
repaired violins poorly.
PetersMichael; Wegberg, c. 1801.Probably an amateur
who repaired musical instruments. The Snoeck
collection contained a viola bastarda with the follow-
ing handwritten label:
Petz Marianus; Vienna. d. I. Ii. 1787. Originally came
Dieses lnstermend from ViIs or Fiissen. In 1774 he took over the
ist gemacht anno
workshop of Joseph Ferdinand Leidolff, with whom
1627
Arranschirt ven he seems to have worked for some time. Citizen's
Michael Peters oath taken on 12. 12. 1774. A lute- and v. m., he
lived in the Schotten quarter, at Tiefer Graben
Petri Johann Samuel. b. 1. 8. 1738 in Sorau, d. in No. 363. His name is found in the tax-registers
Bautzen. Author of Anleitung zur praktischenMusik between 1775-1781. His instruments are carefully
(Leipzig, 1782.),the third part of which is concerned made and closely, sometimes indiscernibly, resemble
with bows and bow-making. those of Leidolff.
Petz . . ; Fiissen, c. 177°. Perhaps identical with Mari-
anus P. The first name on the label was torn off, and
the violin ruined by the death-watch beetle. Beautiful
scroll.
Petz (Betz) Franz; ViIs. b. 2..12..17°2., d. 2.1.4.1772.
in ViIs. Son ofa certain Johann P. On 17.4. 1747he
married a widow, Monika Schwarz. Apart from
these dates,ascertainedby Dr Franz Waldner, nothing
is known of his life. His violins reveal good Tyrolean
work. He usually spelled his name Betz. PetzmayerJohann; Munich, c. 1823.In 1823he invented
Petz Jakob (I); Viis. b. 2.2..7. 1742.,d. 2.1.1. 182.4.Son
a 4-stringed instrument called a Streichzither.
of a certain Johann Georg P. On 2.7.1. 1772. he Petzold August Ferdinand; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 4.
married the widow Anna Maria Schwend. He was 1825.V. m.
one of the best makers in ViIs. Careful craftsmanshipPetzoldAugust Robert; Markneukirchen. b. 4. I I. 1850,
modelled on Stainer, Kloz and Amati. Good wood. d.l.3.1875.V.m.
His violins have a rich soft tone. Petzold Ernst Hans; Wernitzgriin, b. 15. II. 1891 in
Wernitzgriin. Pupil and son of Ernst Wilhelm P.
He established himself independently in 1909.
Petzold Ernst Hermann; Markneukirchen, Leipzig.
b. 24. II. 1856, d.1942 in Leipzig. Little-known
maker.
Petzold Franz Paul; Gablonz (in Bohemia), Chemnitz.
b. 1865 in Sch6neck. Pupil of Gustav Roth. He
established himself independently in Gablonz in
1885. Later he moved to Chemnitz. Spirit var.
Petzold Hermann; Markneukirchen, Gera, Berlin.
b. 7. 10. 1880 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil
of Ernst Hermann P. Worked in several German
towns, including Nuremberg and Hamburg; then
settled in his birthplace, later in Gera, 193I in Berlin.
Solid, careful work.
Petzold Johann Walter; Chemnitz, c.1936. Son of
Petz Jakob (II); Vienna, c. 1832. Possibly a relative Franz Paul P.
of Marianus P. His work is reminiscent of Schonbach Petzold Otto Hermann Wilhelm; Bremerhaven, Mark-
products. Certainly his scrolls were made there. neukirchen. b. 13. 3. 1906 in Bremerhaven. V.m.
Cheaperviolins of his were certainly made in Schon- Pupil of his grandfather Ernst Hermann P. (I): When
bach and he only pasted his labels into them. Gener- he had servedhis apprenticeshiphe left for New York,
 where he joined Fred J. Markert & Co. There he had FlennerJohann Georg; Innsbruck. 20th cent. v.m.
the opportunity, working as he did under Theodor Pffitzner 0.; Kiel. 20th cent. maker of stringed instru-
Paulus (formerly of St Petersburg and Chicago) and ments.
Paul Pilat (II) (formerly of Budapest), to learn PfretzschnerA. G; Markneukirchen, 19th-20th cent.
thoroughly about repairs and get himself acquainted The owners of this firm, employing several v.ms,
with Italian masterpieces and their construction. were Adolf and Kurt P. Originally, AdolfP. became
In 191.6 he returned to Germany and established owner of M. C. R. Andorff, and later this firm was
himself independently in Bremerhaven, where he taken over by his son Kurt and a foreman of theirs
stayed until 1941.,when he was enlisted. In 1944 of long standing, Max Martin. It was then named
his shop was bombed, so that after the war he did not Deutsche Signal-Instrumentenfabrik Pfretzschner
return to Bremerhaven but joined his family in & Martin, vormals M. C. R. Andorff. Later it was
Markneukirchen. In 1959 he finally returned to called simply Pfretschner A. G.
Bremerhaven, where he is kept busy making new PfretzschnerAdolf; Stettin. b. 1849in Markneukirchen,
and repairing old instruments. All parts of his d. before 1922. Second son of Carl Gottlob P., pupil
instruments are made by his own hand. Crafts- of his elder brother, Carl Friedrich P. (II). In 1922he
manship with individual characteristics.He usesboth was succeededby Walter Opel.
an original model and copies also Italian masters.
Especially noteworthy is his var., which he studied
for 35 years, with good results: he uses a var.,
transparent and clear, of his own composition. Also
the full and elastic tone of his instruments accounts
for some of the popularity which they enjoy. One
of his instruments is in the Markneukirchen museum.

PfretzschnerAdolf Heinrich; Markneukirchen. b. 4. 6.

1869.V. m.
Pfretzschner August; Markneukirchen. b. c. 1810, d.
1865. Son and pupil of Christian Gottfried P. Skilful
maker who unfortunately took to drink and died
in poverty.
Petzold Siegfried; Markneukirchen, Berlin. b. 13. 8. PfretzschnerAugustWilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 11.2.
19°5 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Ernst 1871 inMarkneukirchen,d. 31. 10. 1939.Bow-maker.
Hermann P. (II). He also went to the Markneu- Pfretzschner Berthold; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 6. 1889.
kirchen v.m. school. He later worked with Adolf Son and pupil of Hermann Richard P., whose partner
Fuchs in Linz, with Adolf Stiibinger in Vienna, he later became.Bow-maker.
with Karl Otto Zimmer in Budapest and various Pfretzschner Bruno; Markneukirchen. b. 24. 2. 1880.
other v.ms in Switzerland and France. He established Pupil of Paul Ritter (I) in Schoneck.
himself and was granted the title of master by the Pfretzschner Carl Friedrich (I); Markneukirchen. b.
guild on 2.1.II. 1931.In 1933he transferred his shop 1743, d. 25.5. 1798. Became master on 21.5.1766.
to Berlin, where he was still working in 195°. He alternately used high and low arching.
Good work.
PetzoldWalter Oskar; Markneukirchen. b. 2.7.12..19°°,
Carl. Friedrich Pfretrfchner,
d.2.. 5. I95I.V.m. pro~ Vi~>lino carRelpontellt
Pfab Friedrich August; Hamburg. b. 182.2.in Zwota, RomJint Cr!e~ol)a A. 1173
d. 3. 6. 19°4. He learned the trade in Klingenthal.
In 1844 he was working with Julius Sauke in Ham-
burg and then came to Vienna to Pius Bernhard
Anton Stoss. In 1852.he established himself inde-
pendently in Hamburg. He made violins and cellos
on an original model, somewhat reminiscent of
Stradivari. Good connoisseur of old instruments.
His shop was taken over by Julius Hempel on
1.3.19°2.. Pfretzschner Carl Friedrich (II); Markneukirchen.
Pfaff Friedrich; Siebenbrunn. d. 2.5.5. 1898 in Sch6n- b. 17. II. 1845 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil
eck. Owner of a factory producing musical instru- of Carl Gottlob P. When his father died he went
ments. His assets passed into the hands of Fritz to Leipzig to finish his training with Ludwig
Mallach of Kaiserslauten. Bausch. Skilful v. m. Both his sons became v.ms.

~
Pfretzschner Carl Friedrich (III); Markneukirchen. doubtful whether he really made the violins now
b. after 187°. Elder son of Carl Friedrich P. (II)~ bearing his name.
PfretzschnerCarl Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 23. I. PfretzschnerJohann Elias (II); Markneukirchen. b. c.
18°7, d. 28. 8. 1863. Son and pupil of Christian 17°9. Probably son of Johann Elias P. (I). He was
Gottfried P. For 4 years he worked in Dresden admitted to the guild as master on 6. 2..173°.
and Hamburg. When he returned, he established Pfretzschner Johann Elias (III); Markneukirchen,
himself and married the daughter of the v.m. c.1780. Son of Johann Adam P. (II). He used a
Carl Friedrich Ficker (called Fickerhansel). He was variation of the Hopf model. The back is usually
one of the most skilful German v.ms of his better than the table. Scrolls and soundholes are
time. ugly.
PfretzschnerChristian Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. Pfretzschner Johann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b.
1.12. 1784 in Markneukirchen, d. 29.3. 1857. He 1733, d. 9.8.1771. Son of Johann Elias P. (I).
limited himself to the making of large numbers of Became master on 5. 10. 1751. He was one of those
cheap violins. His two sons also became v.ms. Markneukirchen v.ms who gave Cremona as the
PfretzschnerChristian Gottlob ; Markneukirchen, c. 1766, place of origin of their instruments and Stainer as
b. c. 1746. For some time he worked abroad; when the inventor of" the violin. He died early; often
he returned he was admitted to the guild as master spelled his name simply Pfretschner.
on 7. 7. 1766. Pfretzschner Johann Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b.
PfretzschnerFriedrich Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. after 15.8. 1753,d. 12..7.182.3.Originally used the Stainer
1872. Son of Carl Friedrich P. (II). model. Later he tried to copy Stradivari. Good
PfretzschnerHermann; Markneukirchen. b. 20. 12. 1876. craftsmanship, long narrow pattern, arching at first
Son and pupil of Hermann Richard P., whom he usually quite high, later flat with narrow edge.
succeededin 1921. Soundholes are elegant, scroll small with a long
Pfretzschner Hermann Richard; Markneukirchen. b. hollow for the A-string.
1857, d. 21. 10. 1921. Bow-maker. Pupil of his
father, Richard P. In 1874 he went to Paris to finish
his training with J. B. Vuillaume. He established
himself independently in Markneukirchen in 188o.
In 19°1 he was appointed Court Supplier of musical
instruments. He followed J. B. Vuillaume, Tourte
and Voirin and adopted also an original model,
known as the Wilhelm Bow, named after tb.efamous Pfretzschner Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 15. 2.. 1832.,
violinist. The sticks of his bows are var. and branded d. 9. 9. 1893. Skilful bow-maker.
with the maker's name in black. Pfretzschner Theodor; Markneukirchen. b. 9. 7. 1915.
Pfretzschner Johann Adam (I); Markneukircheu. b. Son and pupil of Hermann P.
c. 1696, d. after 1738. Son of Johann Elias P. He was PfretzschnerWerner; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 5. 19°5.
admitted to the guild on 15.12. 1716. He was sup- Pupil of Adolf Heinrich P. Later he worked with
posed to have devoted himself to the commercial G. Walther in Munich and afterwards with Johannes
side of the trade. Bruckner, Oskar Albin Zimmer, D. G. Glier & Sohn,
Pfretzschner Johann Adam (II); Markneukirchen. MARMA, and with Karl Ruth in Uppsala. He
b. c. 1720, d. after 175°. Nephew of Johann Adam P. eventually gave up the trade.
(I). Master from 13. II. 1738. Pfrim Adam; Leipzig, Wurzburg, c. 18°9-1810.
Pfretzschner Johann Carl; Markneukirchen. b. 1739, Probably a bow-maker.
d. 12.8.1797. Probably son of Johann Adam P. (I).
He is expressly described as 'the son of a v.m.'.
Master from 28. 5. 1760. The title was conferred on
him together with 6 other young v.ms.
Pfretzschner Johann Elias (I); Markneukirchen. b.
c. 1680, d. after 173°. Earliest known member of
the family. He was not a v.m. by trade but he may
have been the first dealer in violins to settle in Mark.
neukirchen. When he had realised that it would be PfundnerLeonhard; Passau,c. 1589. Lute- and zither-
greatly advantageous for him to be admitted to the maker.
trade, he applied for admittance. On 13.3.1713 he Pfuntmair Lienhart; Munich, c. 1566. Maker of musical
made a contract with the guild, according to which he instruments who also made lutes for the Bavarian
pledged himself to concentrate solely on selling and Court.
buying instruments. After paying 2I thalers he was Pfuntmichel Johannes; Mittelwalde (in Silesia, near
admitted to the guild on 15.6. 1713. It is therefore Breslau)?, c. 1808.There is no record of av.m. of this

293
 name in Mittenwald in Bavaria. The only other PiesendelErnstAlbin; Markneukirchen. b. 14. 10. 1865.
possibility is Mittelwalde in Silesia, but there, too, He was a member of the family to which the famous
he is unknown. virtuoso, Johann Georg Piesendel (d. 1755 in Dres-
PhiliPs (Philipp) Johannes; Antwerp, Koblenz, c. 1733. den), also belonged.
Almost unknown v.m. Pilar Anton (I); Berlin. b. 1°. 6. 188I in Alt Paka (in
Pichler Marcel; Hallein, c. 1673.Lute- and v.m. He was Bohemia). Pupil of Benjamin Patocka who worked
probably one of the founders of the v.m. industry in Kuttenberg and in Graz. Then he went to Oswald
in Hallein. He is not to be found in the local registers, Mockel, with whom he stayed for 8 years. He estab-
and may have come from a different place. The lished himself independently at Easter, 19°9. He
members of his family had various trades and it seems soon gained a large circle of customers. He has been
that they made violins in their spare time only. His praised both for his new work and for his repairs.
name is spelled Pichler, Bichler, Puechler, even Pilar Anton (II); Beilin. b. 5. 8. 19°5. Son of Anton P.
Puerchler. He may have been the son of the Salzburg (I) and pupil of Willi Paul Gotz in Markneukirchen.
master Marzell Puechler. There is an old story Qualified as a master in 1935. Established with his
according to which Stainer had in his work- brother Jaroslav under the supervision of their
shop a skilful V.m. by the name of Pichler, father. Copies of Italian instruments. His work is
who often acted as deputy for the ailing master. highly rated.
It does not seem probable, however, that either Pilar Jaroslav; Berlin. b. 2. 4. 19°9. Brother and partner
the Hallein P. or the Salzburg Puechler were of Anton P. (II). Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m.
assistants of Stainer. school. Completed his training in 1935.
PichlerMarcel; Sa,lzburg,c. 1763. Pilat Johann J.; Leoben, C.1928. Mass-production of
stringed and wind instruments.
Piltz (Pilz) Gottfried; Markneukirchen, 1732-1752.
A musician who settled in Markneukirchen and
taught himself v.m. As there was the precedent of
Simeon Pollman, who was admitted to the guild
without having been regularly taught the trade, Piltz
was allowed to join the guild as a 'co-master' on
PiegendorferGeorg; Augsburg. b. 9. 2..1849 in Kliiham payment of 15 thalers.
(in Lower Bavaria), d. 1906 in Augsburg. One of Piltz Hans Georg; Markneukirchen, C.1752. Son of
the best Bavarian V.ms. He was interested in music Gottfried P. His name, like the name of his father,
from his early days, but was apprenticed to a cabinet- cannot be found in the Markneukirchen registers.
maker. He had already worked in various towns He seemstherefore to have been born and to have
when war broke out in 1866. In 1874 he was asked died elsewhere, but he was admitted to the Mark-
to repair a damaged vioJin, which he did so success- neukirchen guild as mast~r on 21. II. 1752.
fully that everyone recommended him to take up PisaIIA.; Berlin, c. 1856. His repair label was found by
v.m. professionally. Having already studied Wett- 0.. E. Heinel in an old violin.
engel's Lehrbuchand other text-books he had good Pliverics Emil; Berlin. b. 15. 5. 1878 in Oedenburg
preliminary knowledge of this trade. In 187~ he (Sopron, in Hungary), d. 2. I I. 1964. For 5 years he
joined Friedrich Christian Edler (I), who taught him was taught by August Setzer of Budapest. From
for a year. Two years later Piegendorfer made his 1895to 19°9 he worked with a number of makers-
first violin on an original model. In 1879 he became Oswald Mockel, Giuseppe Fiorini, J. E. Ziist, Ernst
a member of the Augsburg municipal orchestra. In Kessler, Karl Van der Meer and Foetisch Freres. He
1880he married in Augsburg and opened a big violin used every opportunity to gain experiencein France
repair workshop. Then he took over August Scherf- and Italy. On I. 5. 19°9 he took over the shop of Joseph
lein's shop and sta,rted to make new instruments Hornsteiner (V) in Berlin, which he ran under the
regularly. He followed Stradivari and Guarneri, name of Josef Hornsteiner Nachfl. Emil Pliverics.
using beautiful old wood and yellow var. He was He made all parts of his violins himself. Good
a gentle, untiring artist who also wrote a mono- copies of famous masterpieces.He was also highly
graph on Swabian v.ms 1600-1900 (Leipzig, 19Oz). esteemedfor repairs.
He was succeededby Otto Ebner. Pliverics Rudolf Ernst; Berlin. b. 11.8. 1912 in Berlin.
Son of Emil P. Pupil of his father and of Rudolf
Schuster (I) in Graz. In 1942 he became the partner
of his father in Berlin. Until 195° he was the secre-
tary of the bow- and v.ms association.
Pocht Erhard; Arzl (near Innsbruck), 1460-1468.
A highly esteemedTyrolean lute-maker, who, accord-
ing to Dr Waldner, was mainly kept employedby
 the music-loving Duke Sigismund. For two lutes he sembles that of his Vogtland contemporaries. Not
received 6 florins, a large sum of money at that time. a prolific maker.
Poe//mann.See also Bo/monand Pol/mann. PohlandKarl Hermann; Klingenthal. 19th cent. v.m.
Poel/mann Alex Hermann; Siebenbrunn, Dresden. Pohland Max; Brunndobra, c. 192.8.Maker of violins
b. 7.4. 1864 in Adorf, d. 28.4. 1937 in Dresden. and cellos.
In 1888 he opened a workshop in Siebenbrunn, Pohland(Poeland) Max Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 2.5. 2..
which he later transferred to Dresden. He specialised 1888, d. 2.0.5. 1949 in Markneukirchen. Worked in
in the making of cellos and doublebasses. Vienna, Hanover and Mannheim. Good work. He
was also respected as repairer.
PohlandOtto; Klingenthal. b. 187°. Son of Friedrich
Hermann P. He learned the trade from 1884-1888
and after that year worked independently.
PohlandWilhelm (I); Brunndobra. b. 1832.in Brunn-
dobra, d. 1918. Great-grandson of Hans (i.e.
] ohann) Andreas P.
PohlandWilhelm (II); Brunndobra. b. 1862.in Brunn-
dobra, d. 1944. Son and pupil of Wilhelm P. (I).
Pohland Wilhelm (III); Klingenthal. b. 15. 7. 189° in
Brunndobra. V. m.
Polka Elise (nee Vogel); Munich. b. 13. I. 182.2.in
Leipzig, d. 15. 5. 1899in Munich. Author of Paganini
und die Geigenbauer (1876), translated into Italian as
Paganini ed i fabricante di vialini (Ravasini, 1892).
Paller (Boller) Anton (I); Mittenwald. b. 12..I. 1766.
Son of Michael P. (I). He had the average skill of his
Mittenwald contemporaries. One of the less import-
ant representatives of the Kloz School.
Paller Anton (II); Vienna. b. 4. 2..1873 in Fleissen (in
Bohemia). Apprenticed to Josef Ringer in Absroth.
To get further training he went to Markneukirchen.
Later he worked in Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin, Amster-
Poe//mannJohann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 2.5.3. dam, Prague and finally in Vienna with Ignaz Lutz
1756 in Markneukirchen, d. 3.7. 1819. His instru- (II) and]. C. Sttibinger. Having gained experience
ments are good but rarely met with. and practice in making new and repairing classical
Poe//mannJohann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 2.8.9. instruments, he established himself independently
1783,d. 3°. 3.1854.Probablysonof Johann Georg P. He in Vienna in 19°4. His craftsmanship is good,
made mainly plucked instruments, especially guitars. beautiful wood, oil var. of reddish-brown tint. He
Poe//mannMax Erich; Markneukirchen. b. 5. 4. 1897in worked mainly after Stradivari.
Siebenbrunn. Son and pupil of Alex Hermann P.
He worked in Leipzig and Dresden. Became master
v.m. in 194°; established himself independently in
Markneukirchen, where he was still working in 195°.
Good work following classical models.
Poh/and C. Gustav; Brunnd6bra, c. 192.8. Mass-pro-
duction of bowed and plucked instruments, bows
and strings.
Poh/andFranzHerold; Markneukirchen. b. 1878,d. 1938. Paller Franz Paul; Munich. 20th cent. v.m.
Specialised in making guitars. Paller (Boller) Johann; Mittenwald, c. 1761-1769.
Poh/andFriedrich Hermann; Klingenthal, 1865-1875. Ordinary work in the style of the Kloz School.
Y.m. Good wood. Brown var. His f-holes and scrolls are
Poh/and (Boland) Johann Andreas; Brunnd6bra. d. sometimes quite graceful.
after 1765. Probably son of Johann Christian P. Paller (Boller, Paller) Johann Georg J.; Markneukir-
Was very skilful and used good wood, but worked chen, c. 1677.Camefrom Graslitz (in Bohemia). One
on an inferior model: his violins are too short. The of the founders of the v.ms' guild in Markneu-
f-holes are unattractive, and purfling is only indicated kirchen.
by lines in black ink. Paller (Boller) Korbinian; Mittenwald, c. 1779. Good
Poh/and (Boeland) Johann Christian; Klingenthal, work in the style of the Kloz School. His violins
c. 1755. Son of Johann Andreas P. His work re- have a soft tone.
Paller (Boller) Michael (I); Mittenwald, 1741-18°3. with the rest of the instrument brown-black. The
Like Korbinian P., good craftsman, sometimes even unimpregnated violins are yellowish-black.
better than his namesake.His most important violins
date from between 1765-1782. These violins have
a pleasing form and attractive f-holes. Otherwise
he has the same style as most Mittenwald makers.
Paller Michael (II); Mittenwald, c. 1846. His work
does not equal that of his forebears, but nevertheless
he was quite skilful. His violins are not entirely
the work of his own hands. His model has Amati
outlines. Red-brown var.
Posch (Bosch)Anton, Stephan;Vienna.b. 17°1,d. 3.9.
Paller Richard; Vienna, C.1928. V.m. and good re-
1749. Son of Anton P. and perhaps even his pupil.
pairer. From 1746 on he occupied the post of Court lute-
Paller Ulrich; Mittenwald, c. 1783. His work resembles
maker. The Court schemaof 1729 calls him 'assistant
that of Michael P. (I) but is not so good.
lute-maker'. The work and the var. resemble his
PollmannKurt; Schoneck, c. 1928. Maker of bodies for
father's style; he associatedwith him in the making
plucked instruments.
of violins from his I 2th year. His model is highly
piJJlmannSimeon; Markneukirchen, 1688-1696. The
arched. Like his father, he lived in the Karntner
name of this v.m. is said to be already found in 1688.
quarter. Citizen from 3.6.1733.
He was a citizen and a Defensioner.The name is often
spelled in documents as Pohlmann or Pollman.
(See also Eolmon).
PolZI Bernhard; Markneukirchen, c. 1920. V.m.
PommersbachClays von; Cologne, 16th cent. Famous
lute-maker of his time. Baron in his Untersuchung des
lnstrumentesder Lauten has the following entry on
him: 'Clayss van Pommersbach zu Collen, as he styled
himself, was one of the best and earliest. His work
is excellent and whoever owns an instrument of his
can congratulate himself'. Posch (Bosch, Boss) Laux; Schongau, 155°-1564.
Popel (Popel) Johann Adam; Bruck (in Bohemia), Undoubtedly one of the most famous lute-makers
Markneukirchen, 1664-1677. V.m. from Bohemia. of his time. He came either from Fiissen or from
In 1664 he lived and worked in Bruck, later he Viis. He worked for the Bavarian Court and had
emigrated and was a founder-member of the guild in many noble customers.
Markneukirchen (1677)' Postel Otto; Erfurt. 20th cent. v.m.
Popel (Bopel, Bopel) Johann Gottfried; Markneu- PotscherW.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. mandolin-maker.
kirchen, c. 1679.Probably brother of Johann AdamP. Po.tzelAdolf; Bad Brambach, c. 1938. V.m.
Popel (Bopel) Johann Gottlieb; Markneukirchen, Potzel Bernard; Mertensdorf. 19th cent. repairer of
c. 169°' Owing to frequent confusion between the stringed instruments.
names Gottfried and Gottlieb it is possible that this PotzscherCarl Gottlob; Zwota. b. 19.2. 1784in Zwota,
maker is identical with the preceding. d. after 183°. Son of a linen-trader from Schoneck.
PoppeReinhold; Mainz, c. 1896.His label is to be found The registers of the Schoneck parish describe him as
in a well-made violin, dated 1896. v.m. His work is not outstanding.
Porgt Ludwig; Regensburg, C.1525. Lutenist and PotzschnerFriedrich; Markneukirchen, c.1897-19O1.
lute-maker. The most famous German maker of his Foreman. of the workshop at the v.m. school in
time. Markneukirchen.
Posch(Posche,Bosch) Anton; Vienna. b. 1677, d. 10.4. Potzschner (potzscher) Johann Karl; Klingenthal,
1742. Skilful and highly esteemed maker. He was c. 1782. Known only from guild documents.
a Court lute-maker and as such is listed in the Potzschner 0.; Siebenbrunn. 20th cent. maker of
official registers between 1721-1739. His work is plucked instruments.
clean and the scrolls artistically carved. Both table PoydaM.; Barmen. d. 1922. Good repairs; oil var.
and back are too thin at the edges, so that today Prachatschek(Prachacek) ..; Graz, c. 1864. Bohemian
most of his instruments have broken purfling. Good v.m. who learned the trade in Prague. He came to
tone. Violins made in his first period are now mostly Graz about 186o. Skilful repairs. His foreman was
black, for he impregnated the wood before var.; on Ferdinand Rothmiiller.
the wood of the table there are blots. Later he vat. Pradl Leonhard; Munich, 17th cent. A lute bearing this
the tables without impregnating them first, so that name was in the Munich Bavarian National Museum.
we come across violins with light-coloured tables It is nevertheless probable that the reading of the
 label is erroneous and the maker of this instrument
is in fact Linhart Pradter.
Praetorius Michael; Wolfenbiittel. b. 15. 2. 1571 in
Kreuzberg, d. 15. 2. J621 in Wolfenbiittel. Music
writer, regenschori and secretary to the Duke of
Brunswick. Author of SyntagmaMusic/1m,in four
volumes, which deals with stringed instruments.
Details can be found in his biography by
Fetis or in Eitner's Quellenlexikon.The Syntagma
has been brought out recently in a photocopy Prell I:fermann Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 7.
edition. 1875 in Brambach, d. 3.4.1925 in Markneukirchen.
Prager C.; Landwiist, 20th cent. Bow-maker. Skilful bow-maker, pupil of Hermann Wilhelm
Prager Edwin August; Markneukirchen. b. 13. 11 Hoyer, who worked with the best Markneukirchen
1875 in Schonlind, d. 1956. Bow-maker who makers. To finish his training he left in 1895 for
worked for Otto Bausch in Leipzig. Good Berlin, and two years later for Paris to join Eugene
work. Nicolas Sartory. He established himself independ-
Prager Gustav Adolf; Landwiist. b. 12. 6. 1866, d. ently upon his return in 1898.
after 195°. Bow-maker. He was helped by his son Preller Andreas; Geroldsgriin, Hof. b. 1845 in Hof.
Hans for a time. A former pastor and amateur maker who invented
an original system of making violins, divulged in
his pamphlet, Hofergeigen.He stressedthe necessity
I$V$iAY of avoiding any tension which would impair the
free vibration of strings. This postulates a different
method of making the individual parts, and a special
Prager Gustav Oskar; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 5. 1866, soundpost and bass-bar. His violins really do have
d. 27. 9. 1931.V.m. a good tone.
Prager Hans; Landwust. b. 16.4. 19°0, was still alive Pressler Otto; Gotha. b. 17.6.1864 in Sonneborn
in 1960. Son, pupil and successorof Gustav Adolf (near Gotha), d. 19. I. 1949 in Gotha. Pupil of his
P. He settled in Landwust. grandfather, Christian Schroder. Noted as a skilful
Prager Max; Markneukirchen. b. 4.7.1872. Pupil of repairer. He settled in Gotha, where he made and
Franz Albert Nurnberger (I). Talented bow-maker. sold instruments. Good work. He concentrated,
Prager Walther Max; Markneukirchen. b. 3.9.19°5 however, on the commercial side of the trade.
in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Max P. Took Primerius Carl Ferdinand; Markneukirchen or Klin-
over his father's workshop. genthal, c. 1774. Fictitious name found in a Vogt-
PragerWilhelm Heinrich; Frankenburg. b. 13. 3. 184°. land violin made by one of the Klingenthal or
Versatile musician who served his apprenticeship Markneukirchen v.ms.
in Neustadt a. O. From 1877 he lived in Franken- Probst Emil; domicile unknown. 17th cent. v.m. who
burg. After 1880 he made violins and violas. made good instruments. It is absurd, however, to
Pranger Melchior; Leipzig, c. 1569. Lute-maker from say that he was Stradivari's pupil.
Landsberg who was granted the freedom of Leipzig Probst Georg Christian; Hamburg, c. 1798. Maker of
in 1569. musical instruments. Citizen from I. 6. 1798.
Prediger Friedrich Sigmund; Ansbach (in Bavaria). Pruller Johann; Vienna, 20th cent. Skilful repairs.
b. I. I. 17°°, d. 1765.A well-known maker of musical PsennerJohann Georg (I); Innsbruck. b. c. 1690 in
instruments for the Court chamber orchestra. He was Bozen, d. 25. 10. 1762 in Innsbruck. On 9.2. 1722
mainly an organ-builder. Son of an ancient book- he married Maria Baumgartner of Innsbruck. In 1732
selling family, he started to build organs secretly he applied to the magistrates for citizen's rights and
and soon acquired great skill. Duchess Christina' permission to ply the lute-making trade. His request
Charlotte made him organ-builder to the Court, was granted on 9. 9. 1732. Later he received per-
city and country. Several of his lutes are known, mission to make strings. He also had a shop selling
but they have a false date, 1694. The reason for this ribbons and lace (Flor- und Fleckkrlimerei). On
has not been established. 23. 9. 1743 he married a second time, his new wife
Prell Hermann' Artur Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. being Maria Mayer of Bruneck. We do not know
b. 24. 10. 1899.In 1920 he was admitted to the asso- where he learned the trade but he was considered
ciation as a master. to have been a versatile and thorough maker.
Prell Hermann Julius; Markneukirchen. b. 29. I. 1879 PsennerJohann Georg (II); Innsbruck. b. 17. 2. 1747,
in Breitenfeld. Worked with many v.ms. He estab- d. after 1798. Son of Johann Georg P. (I) by his
lished himself independently in 1918. Good work. second marriage. From. 1761 pupil of Georg Kloz
He also made guitars. in Mittenwald, with whom he stayed for 5 years.
 Then he worked for a year and a half with Sebastian R
Kloz. When his mother, who after the death of her
husband had managed the shop selling strings etc.,
died, Psenner returned home and took over the Raab Hans (I); Munich. b. 13. 3. 1855.Pupil of Victor
shop. The necessarypermission was granted in 1768. Enzensperger in Vienna with whom he stayed for
On 21. 10. 1771 he married Maria Witting, who 7 years from 1868. Between 1875-1884 he worked
died only 3 years later. On 3. 10. 1775 he married with Xaver Thumhardt (II) in Munich and later for
Maria Kerschdorf, and after her death in October a year and a half in Salzburg. He establishedhimself
1794, he married yet a third time, his new wife independently in Munich in 1885. Skilful v.m. In
being Barbara PauRer. As well as some first-class later years he devoted himself mainly to making
instruments by him there are others where the wood, guitars.
var. and craftsmanship were only for modest cus- Raab Hans (II); Munich. b. 24. 7.1891 in Munich.
tomers. His model is something between Stainer and Was still alive in 195°. In 1914 he took over his
Amati. His best violins are pale brown. father's workshop. He specialisedin making plucked
Puechler (puchler) Marzell; Salzburg, c.1601. He instruments.
evidently came to Salzburg from a neighbouring Raab Willibald; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m. Came to
village, and was perhaps the father of Marcell Mittenwald from Schonbach in 1914.
Pichler, who settled in Hallein, where it was easier Rabe Johann Volkmann; Nordhausen. C.1742. Maker
to obtain wood. One of his violas is in Prague; it is of harps who probably also made lutes.
a large instrument, reminiscent of the Brescian Racker Israel; Cologne, c. I 59°. Stringed instrument
School, with high arching and yellow-brown var. maker. His name is to be found on a label pasted
He is probably not the Pichler supposed to have in a small-shaped cittern with 9 strings, dark-red
been Jacob Stainer's assistant. var. and a beautifully carved rosette.
Pule Alfred; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Bow- and v.m. Radeck(Radek) Johannes; Vienna, 1778-1797. Citizen
Wholesaler of instruments and strings. from 18.9. 1779. His name is found in tax-registers
PuggelR.; Breitenfeld, 20th cent. Bow-maker. up to 1787. Skilful v.m.
Pugh Johann; Altona, 1905-1928. Maker of zithers, RaetzenDaniel; Hamburg, c. 1732. One of the three
who experimented with bowed zithers. best v.ms of Hamburg. His work resemblesthat of
Piirckl Christian; Regensburg, 18th cent. Mettenleiter the Italian masters. Both var. and craftsmanship
calls him 'maker of musical instruments and organ- excellent.
builder'. It cannot be ascertained whether he also Rahm Heinrich Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 3.
made lutes and violins. 1846, d. 1914. Little-known v.m.
Purde Alfred; Markneukirchen. b. 1910 in Jablonec Ramftler Franz; Munich. b. 23. 5. 1834, d. c.1914.
(in Czechoslovakia). V.m. Pupil of Andreas Engleder. After a short stay in
Purkholtzer (Burkholtzer) Hans; Fiissen, 1589-1612. Karlsruhe he established himself independently in
Came from Trauchgau. He married the daughter of Munich in 1864 and was appointed Court Maker of
the lute-maker Magnus Hellmer (I) and in 1589was musical instruments. He devoted himself mainly to
granted the freedom of Fiissen. He was one of the repairs and dealing in Italian instruments, and for
founders of the lute-makers' guild and his name is this reason visited Italy each year. After his retire-
found on an application dated 1612 purporting to ment in 1889he started with greater zeal to make new
stop the sale of the best yew-tree wood abroad, as it violins modelled on Stradivari, using an original var.
was needed by lute-makers. Of his lutes only relics to which Ramftler mainly ascribed the pleasant tone
remain. of his instruments.
Ramftler Wilhelm; Munich, c. 1880. Perhaps son of
Franz R., but not so good.
Rammig Alfred; Markneukirchen. b. 25. 9. 1899 in
Q Markneukirchen, d. in action 1.9. 1918. Son and
pupil of Paul Franz R.
Rammig Johannes Paul; Markneukirchen, Plauen.
Qualenberg(Quallenberg) Johann Michael; Mannheim. b. 8. 2. 19°8 in Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of
d. 1793. In 1772 he was a member of the Mannheim Paul Franz R. He learned to make the bodies with
musical company with a fee of 288gulden.According Johann Schaller of Schonbach (in Bohemia), and
to Gerbert (vol. I) he was a clarinet virtuoso; and scroll-cutting with Alois Sandner (I) in Markneu-
according to vol. 2, Qualenberg published the kirchen.
article Wahre Geschichteeiner Steiner Geige (sic) in Rammig Paul Franz; Markneukirchen. b. 28. II. 1873,
Bosslet'smusikalischeCorrespondenz (1791). d. II. 5. 1941 in Plauen. Pupil of Wilhelm Ficker in
Quast Heinrich; Lochstadt (in East Prussia), c.1853. Markneukirchen. Worked as an assistant with
Careful work in the style of Nicolo Amati. Gustav Adolf Roth in Markneukirchen. He then~
 established himself independently in Markneu- that town. There is also a possibility that he was
kirchen in 1896. Very good v.m. who made useful identical with Jakob R. (II) in Mannheim.
copies of classical instruments and was also a skilful RauchJakob (II); Mannheim, 1720-1723. An esteemed
repaIrer. Court lute- and v.m., who lived in Mannheim at
RanchoGaspar; Hamburg. 18th cent. v.m. least after 1723. He was not too careful in his choice
Rank. . ; Bad Elster, c. 19°0. In one viola the following of wood, and his craftsmanship, judging by his
inscription written in pencil is to be found: Gefertigt violins and violas, is ordinary. His usually wide
van Geigenbauer Rank Bad Elster. The instrument is model resembles the Swabian School: the arching
made in the Vogtland style, with several individual is high and the soundholes inelegant. Scroll often
characteristics. The scroll is original in style. The made of pear-wood. Dull yellow-brown var.
date has been deduced from the style and the inscript- Rauch Johannes; Kirchberghausen, Mittenwald, 18th
ion. cent. There is no evidence that he lived in Mitten-
Rantzeler Balthasar; Hamburg, c. 169°' The name of wald other than one violin bearing a hardly legible
this musical instrument maker is found in the tax- label which, judging by the script, belongs to the
register of Hamburg on 14. II. 169°. 18th cent. :
Rapolt Georg; Regensburg, c. 16°3. The documents Johannesv. Kirchberghausen
Rauch in Mittenwald.
call him Leuermacher(i.e. maker of lyres).
RascheHermann; Hanover. 19th cent. v.m.
Rauch Josef; Wiirzburg. b. 19. 3. 17°1 in Prague, d.
Rau August; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 6. 1866 in
after 1760. Eldest son of SebastianR. (I) of Prague
Siebenbrunn, d. 23. 2. 195I in Markneukirchen.
and also perhaps his pupil. Brother of Thomas R.
Learned bow-making between 1880--1884, and later
of Breslau, whose style his work resembles.
furthered his studieswith Wilhelm Knopf in Dresden
Rauch Thomas; Breslau (Wroclaw). b. 17. 12. 17°2 in
so that he became a real master of his trade.
Prague, was still living after 1746. Son of Sebastian
Then he worked with A. R. Weichold. In 189° he
R. of Prague and perhaps pupil of his god-father
established himself independently in Markneukir-
Thomas Edlinger. Original high-arched model. His
chen. Because he used the best materials for his
var. has already turned brown. He was in Breslau
bows and followed Tourte, his bows are very popular
after 1737.
with musicians and are virtually as good as many
French bows.
Rau Johann Friedrich; Nuremberg. b. 13.8.1820,
d. 29. 10. 19°2. Was first instructed as v.m. by
a Viennese maker. He studied this subject ardently
and was so successful that he was able to establish
himself independently as v.m. after his marriage
in 1848. He was careful and thorough, and soon
had a wide circle of customers. He made about 16o RauerGeorg; Vienna. b. 1879in Vienna, d. 24. 3. 1935.
violins, 48 violas and 4° cellos. During the 1870She Pupil of Carl Haudek, to whom he was apprenticed
also made zithers. Good connoisseur of old instru- from 1893 and with whom he worked for a further
2 years. From 1898-1899 he worked in Budapest
ments.
Rau Karl; Nuremberg. b. 28. 10..187°. Son and pupil and then with Wilhelm Thomas Jaura for 7 years.
of Johann Friedrich R. From 1893 on he worked in He established himself independently in Vienna in
his father's workshop, and in 1896 succeededhim. 19°7 and opened a branch in Karlovy Vary (Karls-
Careful imitations of Italian models. His violas bad). This branch was closed, however, for he
d'amore are especially praised for their beauty. He wanted to concentrate on his expanded workshop
was also an excellent violinist; when he was I 5 he in Vienna. Talented v.m. and skilful repairer. On
was already playing in the Bruch (formerly Winder- 1.6. 1910 he bought C. H. Voigt's shop in Vienna
and transferred it to Friedrichstrasse No.4. In 1910
stein) Orchestra.
he was joined by Karl Richard Kaltenbrunner, who
later became his partner and successor,and moved
to Lothringerstrasse No. 20.

RauPaul; Nuremberg.b. 1857,d. 1882.Sonand pupil

of Johann Friedrich R. Talentedmaker.
RauchJakob (I); Brugg (in Pinzgau), 1713-1715.
Probably memberof the householdof the Bishops
of Salzburg, and by all accounts also worked in
Rautmann Carl; Brunswick. b. 7.10. 1818, d. 16.9. instead of var. he used a coating of brown polish.
1895. Settled as v.m. in Brunswick in 1845. Later he His first violins were made of ordinary wood
became the Supplier of musical instruments to the (spruce, beech). Later, however, he made violins of
ducal Court. fine appearanceand soft tone.
Rautmann Gustav; Brunswick. b. 1849, d. 21. I. 1917. RegenspurgerMatthias; Vienna, 1680-1731. Became
Son and pupil of Carl R. and in 1895 his successor. citizen on 16. 5. 168I as lute- and v.m.
He enlarged his workshop and mainly copied Stradi- Rehbock Johannes; Oldenburg, t'.192.1. Maker of
vari. He used both oil and alcohol var. musical instruments who invented a new lute or
RautmannHermann; Magdeburg. b. 1853in Brunswick. guitar. The neck has several keys on springs which
Son and pupil of Carl R. In 1877 he took over the are operated by the thumb.
workshop of Ferdinand Haase. Copied Italian mo- ReichelAugust Anton; Markneukirchen. b. 2.0.2..1841,
dels. Careful craftsmanship and good repairs. d. 192.9.Son of Friedrich August R. (II). First he
RautmannKarl; Brunswick. d. 1934. Son of Professor was apprenticed to his uncle \XTilhelmVoigt, where
Karl R. he learned to make guitars. In 1859 he was appren-
RauwolJ(Rauchwolf) Sixtus; Augsburg. b. c. 1556, d. ticed to his father, who taught him to make violins.
after 1619' In the Augsburg marriage registers we Later he worked with the Court v.m., R. Weichold
read that Sixtus R., lute-maker, was granted permis- of Dresden, with whom he stayed until 1863. On
siontomarryon 29. I. 1577. He was probably assist- 9. I. 1868 he married Christina Geipel of Fleissen
ant of Paul Sturm, whose widow he married. His (in Bohemia) and was registered as citizen and
name is still found on the list of makers in 1619 master. He founded a workshop and with his father
and his age at that time is given as 63. Highly reputed made instruments including guitars and doublebass
maker. bows for R. Weichold. His violins reveal fine
Reber Franz Hermann; Bremen. b. 5. 3. 1880 in Wer- craftsmanship in all parts. He was also a good
nitzgrun (near Auerbach). On 15. 5. 1894 he was teacher, as witnessed by the large number of good
apprenticed to the V.m. Wilhelm Julius Kretzsch- V.ms who were his pupils.
mann. When his teacher died, he becameapprenticed ReichelAugust Ferdinand; Markneukirchen. b. 13. 3.
to his son, C. Richard Kretzschmann. But this 1806,d. 6. I I. 1866.V.m.
teacher died, too, in November 1895 so Reber had ReichelAugust Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.9. 1873.
to seek another teacher. He finished his training Son of August Anton R. He married Maria Voigt.
with Hans Cuno Jaeger, with whom he continued to Talented v.m. who attended the v.m. school in
work. Then he worked with J. H. Schult in Lubeck Markneukirchen.
and with Georg Winterling in. Hamburg. He estab- Reichel Carl Alfred; Markneukirchen. b. 2.7.8. 1894,
lished himself independently in Bremen on 1.8.1904. d. 2.1.4. 1962..Son and pupil of Ludwig Wilhelm R.
He copied Stradivari and worked also on an original Above-average maker of violins, violas and cellos,
model. Beautiful golden-brown or red var. Careful established in 192.1.He passed his master's test in
craftsmanship. Markneukirchen on 19.9.192.5.
Reber (Rober) Pancratius; Dusseldorf, Mainz, 1716 ReichelCarl August; Markneukirchen. b. 2.7.II. 1835,
- 1765. Evidently worked for a short time in d. 2.9.2..1858.V.m.
Dusseldorf, and was later in the services of the Reichel Carl Friedrich; Markneukirchen, c. 1768.
princes of Chur- Trier as musician. About 1765 he Having fulfilled all the prescribed conditions he was
was living by all accounts in Mainz. If an in~cription admitted to the guild as master in 1768. His name
found in a viola owned by Dr Knapper in Leipzig does not appear in the Markneukirchen parish reg-
is to be believed, he must still have worked in Mainz isters, so he must have been born, and have died,
in 1784. Thus either the dates in his violins were elsewhere.
false or have been incorrectly deciphered, or Reber Reichel Carl Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 5. 3. 1800,
must have lived to a very great age indeed. He was d. 2.9.4.1865. V.m.
talented both as lute- and v.m., and used a good ReichelCarl Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 2..1837,
golden-yellow var. d. 16. 10. 188Sin Erlbach. V.m.

RebhanOtto; Steinbach (near Sonneberg, in Thurin-

gia). b. 14. 5. 1869in Steinbach. Painter of porcelain, Reichel(Reicholt) Christian (I); Graslitz (in Bohemia),
who made violins as a hobby. He used only the most Markneukirchen. b. 7. I. 1631, d. c. 1697.Immigrant
primitive of tools (pen-knife, rough file etc.), and from Graslitz. He is considered to have been the
 first v.m. ever to settle in Markneukirchen. In 1678 serving his apprenticeship he worked in various
and 1688 he was one of the wardens of the guild, major workshops. Master from 1838; in 1888 he
and his name is first on the list of founders of the celebrated his golden jubilee. He married Christina
Markneukirchen v.ms' guild. Sometimes his name Carolina Voigt (d. I. 12. 1868). Spent his last years
is spelled - wrongly - Reinhardt. Apparently he working with his son August Anton R.
was one of the first German v.ms to abandon the ReichelFriedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 22. 6.
then prevailing fashion of Jllaking flat backs. 1784, d. 14. 3. 1872. Brother of Johann Adam R.
ReichelChristian (II); Markneukirchen. d. before 1749. (II) and perhaps also his pupil. He seems to have
Son of Johann Caspar R. (I). He was excused worked with his brother for some time.
through ill health the prescribed year's journeying, Reichel(Reicholt) Georg; Markneukirchen. b. in Graslitz
and on 3I. 5. 1697 was admitted to the guild as (in Bohemia), d. 1729. Son and pupil of Christian R.
master. He is several times (1715-1732., 1738, 1744) (I). His nameis not to be found in the parish registers,
mentioned among the wardens of the guild. He had but appearsfrequently in the guild books. He became
died by 1749. By all accounts a very good v.m. master on 23. II. 1682. From 17°9 he was a warden
ReichelChristian (III); Markneukirchen. b. c. 1718. Son of the guild, at least 8 times, and in 1722he was chief
and pupil of Johann Caspar R. (II). Became master master. Said to be a good maker.
on 2.9.6. 1738. Reichel Georg Adam; Markneukirchen, c.1712. Son
ReichelChristian Friedrich (I); Markneukirchen. b. 2.2..
3. and pupil of Johann Caspar R. (I). He was admitted
172.9,d. 9. 6.1814. Son of Johann R .(III). He copied as master on 5.6. 1712 and was excused the fee. He
Italian models. His instruments were first impreg- seemsto have been born in Graslitz (in Bohemia),
nated and then var. Good table wood, the bassbar like his father, and died on his travels, selling in-
usualily being made in one piece with the table. strumentsat country fairs like other Saxon makers.
The backs and sides are less beautiful. Scrolls well This would explain why his name is not listed in
carved. the Markneukirchen parish registers.
Reichel Christian Friedrich (II) ; Markneukirchen. ReichelGottlob Carl; Markneukirchen. b. 19. I. 1825
b. 16. I. 1788, d. II. II. 1837. Grandson of Christian in Markneukirchen, d. 4. 4. 1899. Bow-maker. Son
Friedrich R. (I). His individual violins have of Carl Gottlob R.
such a varied appearancethat they must have been Reichel Heinrich Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. I I. 9.
made mainly by his many assistantswhile he himself 1841.V.m.
took care of sales. Reichel Hermann; Markneukirchen, Paris, Moscow,
ReichelChristian Gottlob (I); Markneukirchen. b. 2.3.6. St Petersburg. b. c. 1860in Markneukirchen, d. 1925
1771, d. 11.9.1835. Son and perhaps also pupil in Leipzig. Brother of Ernst Friedrich R. For some
of Johann Gottfried R. (I). time he worked in Markneukirchen and then emig-
ReichelChristian Gottlob (II) ; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 5. rated to Paris. He also spent a large part of his life
1785, d. .. 12..1855. Son of Johann Gottfried R. in Moscow and St Petersburg. Towards the end of
(II). his life he returned to Germany. He was chiefly
ReichelConrad; Markneukirchen. 18th cent. v.m. Third a dealer for the products of Markneukirchen.
son of Johann Conrad R. (II). Became master on ReichelJohann (I); Markneukirchen, 1697-174°' Son
13. II. 1737. and pupil of Christian R. (I). After his father's
Reichel Ernst August; Dresden. b. 2.7.2..182.9, d. in death he took over the workshop and house. Before
Dresden. Son of August Ferdinand R. V.m. being admitted to the guild, on 3.5.1697, he did
ReichelErnst Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 2..I. 1857, not have to undertake the prescribed 2 years as
d. 2.1.7. 1936. Son of Carl Gottlob R. and pupil of assistant, becausehis mother was unable to manage
Ludwig Gliisel (I). He worked with Heinrich Theodor the household without his help. In 1722 he was
Heberlein (I) and established himself independently 'keeper of the keys' (Schliisselmeister) and in 1734
in 1879. He was one of the few v.ms in Markneu- 'chief master' (Vormeister). In 174° he was still
kirchen who did still not use factory-made 'boxes'. on the guild's board. His work is not bad, but the
Copied Italian masters. Spirit var. of various colours. model is unshapely and his var. is dull.
ReichelErnst Kurt; Markneukirchen.b. 6. 2.. 1891 in Reichel (Reicholt) Johann (II); Markneukirchen,
Markneukirchen, d. 17. 12..1961.V.m. Son of Ernst c. 1708. Eldest son of Georg R. Following a peti-
Friedrich R. tion to the king, he was admitted to the Markneu-
Reichel F. Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 8. 12.. 1875. kirchen v.ms' guild as co-master in 17°3, and he
Guitar-maker. was not obliged to pay any fee.
ReichelFriedrich August (I); Markneukirchen. b. 2.8.4. ReichelJohann (III); Markneukirchen. b. 20.4. 1697,
1804, d. .. 12..1872..Son of Christian Gottlob R. d. 27. 12. 175I; Perhaps son of Johann CasparR. (I).
Reichel Johann (IV); Markneukirchen. b. c. 17°4,
(I).
ReichelFriedrich August (II); Markneukirchen. b. 2.8.2.. d. 27. 2. 1761. Elder son and pupil of Johann R. (I).
1815, d. 1900. Son of Johann Gottlob R. After Master from 31.7.1724. His violins look better
 from the outside than do the ones made by his Johann R. (IV). .fIe succeededhis father when the
father, but the craftsmanship inside is less careful. latter died in 1761, and so becan;1emaster in his
He often made the table and bassbar in one piece, 16th year. He was admitted to the guild on 27. 8.
and omitted the comer blocks. 1762. Though not original in style, he was quite
ReichelJohann Adam (I); Markneukirchen. b. c.1710, talented.
d. 175I. Second son of Johann R. (I). He was ReichelJohann Friedrich (III); Markneukirchen. b. 14.
admitted to the guild on ZOo5. 1734. 11.1751, d. 9. I. 1820. Son of Johann Georg R. (II).
Reichel Johann Adam (II)' Markneukirchen. b. 6. I. He travelled a lot, selling his instruments at annual
178z, d. Z5. II. 1836. One of the most prolific v.ms fairs.
of the family. Like many of his contemporaries he Reichel(Reichelt) Johann Georg (I); Markneukirchen.
gave Cremona, often in impossible Latin, as the place c. 1722. Y oungest ~on of Georg R. Admitted to the
of origin of his violins. His smooth-sounding cellos guild as master on 2. I. 1722.
are usually best. He used the brand I. A. R. Reichel Johann (Hans) Georg (II); Markneukirchen.
b. 1717, d. 5. 4. 1774. Fourth son of Johann R. (I).
,. Admitted to the guild on 13. II. 1738. Clever and
~,~~'~ industrious craftsman.
"~11l
.",..
'("Lot.
Ke1c.JJea , Reichel (Reichelt) Johann Georg (III); Markneukir-
chen, b. c. 1720. Eldest son of Peter R. Admitted to
the guild on 4. 2. 174°.
ReichelJohann Georg (IV); Markneukirchen. b. 9.7.
1725, d. 9. 9. 1787. Son of Johann Adam R. (I).
It is difficult, however, to distinguish his instruments
Reichel Johann (Hans) Caspar (I); Markneukirchen. from those made by his namesakes.There are a few
d. 8. z. 1706. Brother of Christian R. (I). He came instruments from 1775-1787, which can with
to Markneukirchen as an immigrant from Graslitz certainty be ascribed to him.
(in Bohemia). In 1688 he was already a citizen, and ReichelJohann Georg (V); Markneukirchen, c. 1762.
between 1696-17C4 a member of the guild's board. Son and pupil of Johann R. (III).
Reichel(Reicholt) Johann Caspar (II); Markneukirchen. Reichel(Reichelt) Johann (Hans) Georg (VI); Markneu-
b. 1693, d. 21. 7.1755. Son of Johann Caspar R. (I). kirchen. b. c. 174°. Son and pupil of Johann CasparR.
Master from 8. 6. 1708 - at the age of 15 - and, (II). Admitted to the guild on 2.6. 1762.
being a master's son, he had to pay only half the fee. Reichel Johann Georg (VII); Markneukirchen. b. c.
He was soon recognised as a good maker. Between 175°. Son of Johann Adam R. (I). When he applied
1740-1743 he was a member of the guild's board. for admission to the guild in 177° he was already an
His violins are thin in wood, narrow and highly assistant maker. He became master on 22. 5.1771,
arched, but they have a pleasant tone. having fulfilled all the prescribed conditions and
having submitted a purfled doublebassas an examin-
ation piece. Of all instruments bearing his label, only
the doublebassescan with certainty be ascribed to
him.
Reichel Johann Georg (VIII); Markneukirchen. b.
27. 12. 1768, d. I. 3.1839. Son of Johann Gottfried
Reichel Johann Christian; Markneukirchen. b. 5.8. R. (I).
1764, d. 15. I. 1836. Son of Johann Gottfried R. (I). Reichel (Reichelt) Johann Gottfried (I); Markneu-
Versatile v.m. His later instruments are carelessly kirchen. b. c. 1735, was still alive in 177°. Son of
rtlade. Johann R. (III). Became master on 22.2.1751. Best
Reichel(Reichelt) Johann Conrad (I); Markneukirchen. v.m. of the family. His violins are on the Stainer
b. c. 1715. Third son of Johann R. (I). He was ad- pattern. The var. is yellow-brown or red-brown, and
mitted to the guild on 13. II. 1737. the instruments have a pleasant tone.
Reichel(Reichelt) Johann Conrad (II); Markneukirchen.
b. c. 1738. Perhaps son of Johann Conrad R. (I). He
was admitted to the guild as master on 28. 5. 1760,
and paid 8 thalers 6 groschenupon entry.
Reichel (Reichelt) Johann Friedrich (I); Markneukir-
chen. b. 12.2.1724, d. 18.6.1792. Youngest son
of Peter R. Became master on IT. 6.1745. Skilful ReichelJohann Gottfried (II) ; Markneukirchen. b. 5. 12
v.m. 1759, d. 30.9. 1819. Son of Johann Gottfried R. (I)
Reichel(Reichelt) Johann Friedrich (II); Markneukir- ReichelJohann Gottfried (III); Markneukirchen. b. 3. 2
chen. b. 19.6. 1745, d. 19. 3. 1826. Son and pupil of 1773.V.m.

~
Reichel Johann Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. I I. Reinel Gerhart; Siebenbrunn, c. 1937. V.m.
1753, d. 23. 10. 1831. Son of Johann Georg R. (II). ReinelGerhard Willy; Markneukirchen.b. 5. 3. 1911
One of the first makers in Markneukirchen to devote in Schonberg am Kapellenberg. V.m. He passedhis
himself exclusively to bow-making. master's test in 1937.
ReichelKarl Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 2. 1891 in Reinhart Ulrich; Salzburg, c. 1680. According to his
Leipzig. Good repairer. label he was in the service of the Archbishop
ReichelL. Otto; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Production of Salzburg.
of bowed instruments. Reinhold Heinrich; Kassel. b. 17. 12. 1859. Pupil of
Reichel Ludwig Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 26.7. Joseph Schonger. He established himself independ-
1859, d. 16.7.1925. Pupil of Hermann Moritz ently on I. 10. 1877. He concentrated mainly on
Dolling. He is said to have worked in Leipzig as dealing and repairing violins. He was awarded
well. Boring work; standard copies of fa,mous a silver medal for 2 string quartets modelled on
models. Stradivari and Guarneri, which he exhibited in
ReichelMax Hugo; Markneukirchen. b. 21. 6. 1876 in Kassel in 1905.
Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of August Anton R. Reisinger Ludwig; Vienna. b. 15.7. 1863. Pupil of
He only rarely made new instruments. Good 19naz Johann Bucher (I), with whom he worked
repairer. from 1877-1881, then for Bucher's son until 1887,
Reichel Oswald; Markneukirchen. b. 2°. 2. 1888, when he started on his own. He made very good
d. 1933. Pupil of Wilhelm Ernst Martin in Mark- zithers and guitars.
neukirchen.
Reichel Otto; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Factory
production of musical instruments.
Reichel Peter; Markneukirchen, C.1713. Brother of
Christian R. (1). Admitted to the Markneukirchen
guild on 16.6. 1713. He is said to have died abroad.
Reichel Robert; Markneukirchen. b.1852, d.1918.
Mass-production of bowed instruments, mainly
doublebasses.
ReichelRobert Max; Markneukirchen. b. 1879,d. 1931.
Son and pupil of Robert R. He also made double-
basses.
Reichel Walter; Markneukirchen. b.1888, d.1931.
Second son and pupil of Robert R. ; also specialised
in doublebasses.
Reidel E.; Landwiist. 20th cent. bow-maker.
Reidel Hermann Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 12.
1884 in Schonlind. Pupil of Hermann Pfretzschner.
He established himself independently in 19°7. Reiter Johann; Mittenwald. b. 7. 3. 1879. Son, pupil
Bow-maker of some importance. and successorof Johann Baptist R. and later one of
Reif Friedrich; Meiningen. b. c. 189°. Musician who the few V.ms in Mittenwald working single-handed.
repaired violins. o. E. Heinellists a violin bearing Good craftsmanship. He used models and designs
his label. collected by his father and Jean Vauchel. His bows
Reill Johann; Markneukirchen, c.1879. V.m. and are also good. In addition to violins he also made
repairer. good lutes, the heads of which were carved like
Reindl Franz; Mittenwald. b. 2. II. 1923. Son and the gambas made by Vincenzo Ruggeri. As well as
pupil of Michael R. He worked with Hans Nebel labels he used a brand: J. REITER.
in Mittenwald. In 1949 he took over his father's Reiter Johann Baptist; Mittenwald. b. 19.5. 1834,
workshop. Mainly copied Stradivari and Guarneri. d. 22. 1. 1899. Son of Alois R., a miller in Mitten-
Oil var., usually golden-yellow to orange. waldo He was orphaned at the age of 12. His guard-
ian, Josef Basser, apprenticed him to Alois Jais.
After good preliminary training he went to Jean
Vauchel iLl Wiirzburg who got special permission
from the king, Maximilian II, to initiate young
Reiter into all the secretsof the craft. When Vauchel
died, Reiter managed the shop for a year and a half.
Then he acquired all Vauchel's tools from his heirs
ReindlMichael; Mittenwald. b. 1898,d. 1949.Copied and returned to Mittenwald. He also made good
Stradivari,Guarneriand Stainer.Orangevar. bows modelled on Tourte.
 Reitle Andreas; c. 174°. Domicile unknown. Adolf Allen zu gefallenist unmoglich
Romer of Freiburg repaired a large, highly arched PeterResche
cello (length of body 785 mm.) with a manu- (No place of origin or date).
script label. The place of origin is unfortunately ResleAndreas; Fiissen. b. 27. II. 1695, d. 2.4.1756.
illegible. In 1720 he was working with Georg Aman in
Rem (Rhem) Hans (I); Fiissen, c. 1606. V. m. from Augsburg. Painstaking craftsmanship. Good tone.
Weilheim (near Mannheim) who setded in Fiissen. The var. is reddish-brown, sometimes darkened
Lute-and v.m. Not to be confused with Hans R. (II). through time. The table wood is invariably
Rem Hans (II); Fiissen. d. 2I. 5. 1632. Perhaps a des- fine.
cendant of Jakob R. He was highly esteemed. In Resle Johann Baptist; Fiissen, c. 1793. Perhaps son
1606 he was the President (VorgesetzerAltermann) of Alldreas R. The name was found in a viola without
of the Fiissen guild. indication of place.
Rem (Rhem) Jakob; Fiissen, 1529-1552. Came to Reum . . ; Bleicherode, 1778-1791. Municipal musician
Fiissen from Musau. Citizen from 5. 10. 1529. The who also repaired violins.
tax-registers list him in 1552. ReuschFranz; Hamburg, c. 1889. V. m.
Rem Jeremias; Fiissen. d. before 1666. Admitted to Riber Johann; Vienna, c. 1836. V.m.
the lute-makers' guild on 3. 10. 1621. He lived in Richter Caspar Wilhelm Christian; Hamburg, c. 1797.
the best part of the town. When he died his widow Maker of musical instruments. He b~came citizen
continued in the trade. of Hamburg on 19. 5. 1797.
Renz August Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 31.7. 1871 Richter Christian; Borstendorf. b. 1680, d. 8. 4. 1755.
in Tetschen. Established himself independendy in V.m.
19°8 in Markneukirchen. Richter Christian Adam. SeeRichter Christoph Adam. R.
Renz Emil; Wohlhausen. 20th cent. bow-maker. Richter Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1736.
Renz Max; Magdeburg. b. 1885 in Markneukirchen. Perhaps son of Christian Adam R. He is known
Pupil of Ernst Glasel. Worked with Ernst Liebich only from the guild's books.
(III) in Breslau, with Wilhelm Hampe in Amsterdam Richter Christoph Adam; Markneukirchen. b. c. 1685.
and with Adolf Zopfel in Magdeburg. He established The guild's book mentions him on 8. 6. 1708.
himself independendy in 1925. Good craftsmanship Probably identical with Christian Adam R., men-
following the Italian masters. tioned first in 1705.

fecit anno '95"",

Renz Walter Gerhart; Erlbach. b. 3.12. 1896, d. 21. 5. RichterEckhard ; Markneukirchen. b. 1936. Apprenticed
1960. Established himself independently in 1922. He to Werner Voigt in Markneukirchen (1950-1953),
made first-class bows. He used 3 different methods worked with Willi Linndbrfer in Weimar (1956-1959)
of branding his bows: and after 1959again with Werner Voigt.
*GERH. WALT. RENZ* Richter Ernst Friedrich; Markneukirchen. 19th cent.
v.m. Tutor and uncle of Otto R. (I).
with a shallow impression of the stamp; for the best Richter Franz Richard; Markneukirchen, Gunzen.
bows of the series, the same brand but impressed b. 10.5.1857 in Schbneck. Pupil of his brother-in-
deeply; and for his silver bows, the brand W. RENZ law, Wenzel Himmer (I). He worked in several
without the asterisks. major workshops and in 1883 established himself
ReschCh.; Frankfurt a. M., c. 1880. Called himself independently in Markneukirchen. In 1889he moved
'factory-producer of stringed instruments'. Not an to Gunzen (near Zwota).
outstanding v.m., though he made passable guitars Richter Johann Georg; Borstendorf. b. 1692, d. 16.4.
and zithers. 1732. Perhaps a brother of Christian R. We know
ReschePeter; Neumiinster.The Altona museumcon- that he learned the trade with Christian R. and
tains a special guitar which is played by a wheel Hans Vogel (II).
(Guitarre en Vie/Ie). (Cf. Dict. raisonnedes sciences, Richter Karl (I); Hanover. d. 1936.V.m.
P/anchesVol., Lutherie p. V, Fig. 4.) The instrument Richter Karl (II); Vienna, 1914-1928. Established
was made somewhere near Neumiinster and has the himself independently in 1914 and concentrated
following inscription inside: mainly on repairs.

~
Richter Otto (I); Markneukirchen, Zwickau. b. 2.6.8. Riedel Matthias; Augsburg. d. before 1802. Pupil of
1875 in Markneukirchen, d. ..2..195° in Markneu- G. F. Wenger. Made excellent doublebasses, but
kirchen. Son of the bow-maker Robert R. He was also small-sized violins, e. g. pochettes, etc. Because
apprenticed to his uncle Ernst Friedrich R. in his name is found in the guild's book of 1792and not
Markneukirchen. He worked successively with in 1802, he must have died in the meantime.
August Meinel (II) in Basle, N. E. Simoutre in Paris, Riedl Josef; . Good
1793-1855. Schonbach
work. (inHis Bohemia),
copies of Vienna,
ancient
Johann Padewet (II) in Karlstuhe and Julius Hein-
rich Zimmermann in St Petersburg. He established Italian masters are satisfactory as regards their form
himself independently in Markneukirchen in 192.0 but the tone leaves much to be desired.
and in 1933 transferred his workshop to Zwickau. Riedlef!Gottlieb Friedrich; Bonn. b. 1749in Tuttlingen.
Good work after early masters and good repairs. Technician and maker of musical instruments. He
Richter Otto (II); Markneukirchen. b. 5.4.1878 in invented several instruments with a keyboard which
Markneukirchen, d. .. 2.. 195°. Pupil of Friedrich were, however, never successful. He came to Bonn
Wilhelm Weller between 1897-191 I; later he worked in 1782.
with E. R. Schmidt in Markneukirchen. Established RiejAnton; Viis. b. 22.2.1694, d. 25. 8. 1766. Son of
in Markneukirchen in 19°1. a certain Conrad R. On 13. 9. 1719he married Maria
Richter Paul; Schoneck. b. I. 9. 1896, d. 17. 4. 1945. Elisabeth Worl. His violins are good examples
Good v.m. of the Tyrolean School, and are mostly of handsome
Richter Robert; Markneukirchen. 19th cent. bow- wood. Brown var.
maker. Riej Antoni; ViIs, c. 1810. His work resembles the
Riechers..; Hanover, 1835-1848. Father of August R. better Mittenwald output. Inferior var.
Violin-player who also repaired instruments. RiejDominicus; ViIs. b. 13. I. 1759,d. 3.12.1814. Son
RiechersAugust; Hanover, Berlin. b. 8.3.1836 in Han- and perhaps also pupil of Matthaus R. On 24.2.1787
over, d. 4. I. 1893 in Berlin. He first tried his hand he married Maria Franziska Schonger. He worked
at making violins at the age of 12..He was later sent with care and used well-chosen wood. The tone of
to Markneukirchen, where he was by all accounts his instruments is good but sometimes slightly nasal.
apprenticed to Carl Friedrich Ficker (nicknamed His var. has darkened. Used both printed and
'Fickerhansel'), though his real teacher was the handwritten labels.
latter's son, Carl Wilhelm August Ficker. Later
he worked with L. Bausch. In 1862.he settled in his
native Hanover, at Bubelingerstrasse No. II, and
had the good fortune to be singled out by Josef Joa-
chim. The virtuoso helped him and persuadedhim to
transfer his workshop to Berlin. He followed almost Rief Johann Georg; ViIs. b. 1.4. 1765,d. I. I. 1848.
exclusively the Stradivari model. He also made Son of Matthaus R., brother of Dominicus R.
excellent bows. He was exceptionally conscientious On 18.4. 1798he married MagdaleneHebge.V.m.;
and knew a lot about wood, though some of his also churchwardenin ViIs. His work resemblesthat
ideas on this material are not universally accepted. of his brother. He preferred high arching. Brown
Usually used a spirit var. with a little turpentine var.
oil added. He was fine connoisseur, and wrote Die Rief Joseph Matthaus (I); ViIs. b. 6. 9. 1799, d.
GeigeIInd ihr Ball (Berlin, 1899; 4th edn 1912.). 10.6. 1848. Son of Dominicus R. His father died
when he was 15. He was probably pupil of Johann
Georg R., his uncle. On 19.4. 1830 he married
Marianne Sandbiller. Good craftsmanship, light
brown var., well-cut scroll. The soundholesreveal
characteristictouches.He also made a violin with
a double back. His work can be distinguishedfrom

RiedelJoseph Alexander; Braetz Meseritz (in Branden-

burg), Danzig. b. 15. 9. 1810, d. 1866. Started life as
a joiner; after 1850 v.m. in Braetz. He was an ambit-
ious maker, and studied as many great classical
instruments as he could. He also examined every
kind of wood, and never issued an instrument with
the least fault. Only his var. leaves something to be
desired. Guarneri del Gesu model. He died in his
prime, in the cholera epidemic of 1866.
 that of his younger cousin Joseph Matthaus R. (II),
as he used only one Christian name, whereas Joseph
Matthaus (II) used both Christian names.
Rief Joseph Matthaus (II); ViIs. b. 2. I. 1801, d.
2. 3. 1879. Probably son of Johann Georg R. and
possibly his pupil. He married Regina Albina Erd
on 17.7. 1826, and when she died~ Maria Anton
Hartmann on 25. 9. 1844. His work was clean, like
that of Joseph Matthaus R. (I), though sometimes RiegerJoseph (II); Mittenwald, c. 180O.Son and pupil
clumsy. He was the last v.m. in the family. In of Anton R. He made cellos on the Stradivari model.
the last 20 years of his life he made very few Good craftsmanship.
violins. Rieger Kaspar; Mittenwald. b. 7. I. 1766. Son of
Rief Matthaus (Makarius); ViIs. b. 19.9. 1728, d. Johann R. (I).
27.3. 1794. Son and probably pupil of Anton R. On RiegerKorbinian (I); Mittenwald. d. 1915.Careful v.m.
10. I. 1757 he married Maria Schwarz. He was who madeviolins exclusivelyfor the Mittenwalddealers.
one of the better v.ms in the family. Good crafts- RiegerKorbinian (II) ; Mittenwald. d. in the First World
manship and pleasant tone. Reddish-brown oil War. The best cello-maker of his time in Mittenwald.
var. Rieger Matthias; Mittenwald, 1760-1767. His work
Rieger Andreas (I); Munich. b. 1836 in Mittenwald, resemblesthat of Jais. Very thin transparent var. His
d. 3.2. 19°1. Son of Joseph R. (I) and pupil of his scrolls are beautifully cut.
cousin Johann R. (II). Between 1852-1859 he RiegerMatthias Alois; Mittenwald. b. 14.9. 1768. Son
worked with Martin Baur in Stuttgart, later with of Georg R. He worked mainly for the trade.
Georg Tiefenbrunner (I) in Munich, where he RiegerPhilipp Jacob; Mittenwald. b. I. 5. 1768. Son of
establishedhimself independently in 187°. He devoted Johann R. (I). Ordinary work without character.
himself mainly to repairs and selling instruments. RiegerSimon; Munich, c. 180O.b. in Mittenwald. Pupil
When he was joined by his son-in-law Giuseppe and assistantof Kaspar Brandner. Made mainly guitars.
Fiorini, the firm was re-named Rieger & Fiorini. In Riehl M.; Gelsenkirchen, c. 1885. Perhaps an amateur
1896 he retired, moved to his native town and made v.m. Hardly known.
violins until late in life. Rieller Johann; Mittenwald, c. 18°4. Little-known v.m.
RiegerAndreas (II) (nicknamed' Anderl'); Mittenwald. RiemannHugo; Leipzig. b. 18.7.1849, d. 10.7.1919.
b. 1852, d. 1899. Cousin of Andreas R. (I). He Author of many books on music, of which the
worked for dealers in winter; in summer he acted following are important with regard to v.ms and
as a guide in the mountains. v.m.: Musik Lexikon (Berlin, 1882, 11th edn 1929),
Rieger Anton; Mittenwald, C.1780. One of the best Kleines Handbuchder Musikgeschichte (4th edn 1922),
v.ms in the family. Katechismusder Musik (7th edn 1920), Handbuch
Rieger Franz Jonas; Mittenwald, c.1683. The first der Musikgeschichte (19°4-19°8).
member of the Mittenwald family; he came from Riemer J. G.; Wurzen, 1882-1891. His repairs are
Fiissen. Called himselfmusicusins/rumen/alii. more frequently met with than his violins.
Rieger Georg; Mittenwald, 1760--1791. He did not
follow the usual Mittenwald pattern, but worked
on an original model reminiscent of F. Ruggeri. He
also made very good doublebasses. Both crafts-
manship and wood are satisfactory, but the var. is
sometimes too dark a brown.
RiegerJohann (I); Mittenwald. b. c. 1735,d. after 1768.
There are only a few instruments bearing his name, RiesenbergJ. H.; Hamburg, c. 1834.Skilful maker.He
and they are not worth mentioning. In 1761 he was made flat-modelled violins influenced by Stradivari.
already married.
RiegerJohann (II); Mittenwald, c. 1860.His violins are
large with long pointed corners, beautiful sound-
holes and reddish-brown var. He worked for the
trade.
Rieger Johann Nikolaus; Mittenwald. b. 29. I. 1764.
Son of Johann R. (I). Seemsto have died young.
Rieger Joseph (I); Mittenwald, c. 1792. d. 1837. Son
and pupil of Philipp Jakob R. Diligent v.m., though
only average. Nevertheless his violins are satis- RiessAndreas; Hamburg. b. c. 1720, d. 1777. Probably
factory. His guitars also are acceptable. son and pupil of Joseph R. In 17~Ohe was already
 Court v.m. He must have been a good musician instrumente(Dresden, 1896), Allgemeinesiiber Streich-
for he was also appointed RectorChori. He was also instrumente,sowie Ideen iiber tin neuesStreichquartett
an organ-builder. His highly arched violins have a (Leipzig, 19Oj)
pleasant tone. Ritter Paul; Sch6neck. b. 1867. Pupil of Fra.nz
RiessJohann Georg; Vienna, .19th cent. Good guitar- Wilhelm Neumarker. Established himself independ-
maker. ently in 1887. He made violins, violas, cellos and
Riess(Ris) Joseph; Bamberg, c. 1719. d. after 1737. His doublebasses after Italian masters, and invented
violins follow Stainer. Good craftsmanship. a 'reformed guitar'. He put into his copies his own
Riess (Ries) Nikolaus Georg; Vienna, 1820-1843. labels and also labels of the makers copied.
Became citizen on 21.3. 1823. In 1843 he was one
of the wardens of the v.ms' guild. His guitars are
very fine. The labels bear the imprint of his seal.
Rinne Friedrich Wilhelm; Hamburg, c. 1798. Maker
of musical instruments. Citizen from 27.4. 1798.
Rinne R. Author of Ober denaltitalienischenGeigenlack
(Zeitschrift fur Instrumentenbau,No. 36, 1902). RitZ..; Munich, c. 1883. Author of Untersuchung der
Rippel Christian; Glatz, c. 1765. An unpurfled viola Zusammensetzungder Kliinge der Streichinstrumente
bearing a handwritten label is known. (Munich, 1883), a study of acoustics.
Ritmuller F. W.; Gottingen. 19th cent. maker of lutes RoberF. A. ; Kiel. 20th cent. v.m.
and guitars. Brother of Gottlieb Wilhelm R. Roder. .; Stuttgart. 20th cent. v.m.
Ritmuller (Rittmuller) Gottlieb Wilhelm; Gottingen. RodigerOtto; Leipzig, c. 1928. Maker of violins and
b. c. 1770 in Eichsfeld, d. c. 1830. Admitted to 'the lutes.
guild on 17. II. 1794. Citizen's oath taken on Roedig Johann (Hans); Landshut. b. 20.5. 1888 in
5.8. 1795. On 12. 10. 1800 he married Dorothea Pechgriin (near Chodau, in Bohemia). He was ap-
Schenterlein. He had several sons. The church prenticed to the Hammig brothers in Dresden.
registers always describe him as Instrumentenmacher. Becausehe was a good musician he was not satisfied
It is not known to whom he was apprenticed. To with his training and studied acoustics. For 2 yt:ars
begin with he made lutes and guitars, later also he had worked with Aristide Cavalli in Cremona to
clavichords and pianos. It is probable, though by no gain experience.Then'he settled in Verona where he
means certain, that he also made violins. His guitars stayed until 1934, when he moved to Landshut. He
used to be quite popular. On some Latin labels copied Stradivari and also used an original pattern.
he translates his first name as Theophilus. His violins are typified by slanting volutes of the
Ritmuller Johann Martin; Gottingen. b. 12.12. 1803. scroll.
Son, pupil and successorof Gottlieb Wilhelm R. He
worked with his brother Johann Wilhelm.
Ritmuller Johann Wilhelm; Gottingen. b. 26.6. 1802.
Son and successorof Gottlieb Wilhelm R. and per-
haps also his pupil. Partner of Johann Martin. R.
Ritter Franz Richard; Markneukirchen, Gunzen. b.
10. 5. 1857 in Schoneck. Pupil of his brother-in-
law, then Wenzel Himmer (I). He worked in several
major workshops an:! in 1883 established himself RoedigerAugust; Aschersleben, 'Magdeburg, 189°-
indepedently in Markneukirchen. In 1889he moved 19°°. Musician who devoted himself to v.m. and had 8
to Gunzen (Zwota). repair shops in Magdeburg.
Ritter Friedrich Christian; Markneukirchen. b. 1893. RoedigerFriedrich; Halberstadt, c. 1921. V.m., repairer
Pupil of Albin Kampffe, assistant of Max Dolling, and dealer in musical instruments.
Hermann Dolling and the guitar-makers Roth & RoeserJohann; Wurzburg, 1872-1878. In 1872 he
Lederer. founded a shop in Wurzburg to make, as he said,
Ritter Hermann; Wurzburg. b. 16. 9. 1849 in Wismar, 'violins in the Cremonese manner'. He does not
d. 25. I. 1926 in Wurzburg. He made violas alta, seemto have got the manner right, however.
bridges with 3 legs, 5-stringed violas, etc. Excellent Roh! (Roth) Johann; Nuremberg, c. 1672. A Nurem-
virtuoso on the violin and viola alta, scholar and berg maker whose instruments are now rare.
writer. Author of Die Geschichteder Viola Alta Roider Ignaz; Munich. b. 26. 1"1.1866. Pupil of Hans
und die Grundsatze ihres Baues (18rn, Allgemeine Wach. Having served his apprenticeship between
illustrierte Encyklopaedieder Musikgeschichte(Leipzig, 1884-19°1, he took over the workshop of Xaver
1902), Dreifussiger Normalstegfur Geigeninstrumente Thumhardt (I) from Joseph Lederer, who had been
(Wurzburg, 1888), Die Funfsaitige Altgeige, Viola its manager until that time. He made violins and
Alta (Bamberg, 1898), Katechismus der Musik- zithers.
Roiss Maximilian; Vienna, 1763-1767. Son-in-law of 1918. Guitar-maker. Pupil of Ernst Heinrich
Andreas Nikolaus Bartl and brother-in-law of Mi- Heberlein.
chael Andreas Bartl. He had his own workshop from RorariusRichard; Markneukirchen. 2.othcent. maker of
1728and later took over the workshop of his father- guitars, lutes and mandolins.
in-law. Citizen from 3. 3. 1764. He cannot be traced RoschAndreas; Mittenwald, c. 1796. V.m.
in Vienna after 1767. RoschJohann Joseph; Mittenwald. b. 12..II. 1763. Son
Roitmann Johann; Breslau (Wroclaw). 1630-1680. of Joseph R. A violin of inaccurate proportions
Ornamets on his instruments resemble the purfling and with transparent var. bears a label which is
of Joachim Tielke. One of his richly ornamented almost indecipherable: Johann Ro waldt 1790.
violins is now at the Conservatoire national superieur Rosch Joseph; Mittenwald, 1750-1780. Like his
de musique in Paris. contemporaries in the area, he belongs to the Kloz
Rollig CI.; Vienna" 1795-1801. He made 'bowed School. He copied Kloz and Stainer. His violins are
pianos'. all highly arched with brown var. In the church
RombergBernhard; Hamburg. b. 12. II. 1767in Dink- registers the name Rosch is not to be found after
lage, d. 13. 8. 1841 in Hamburg. Composer and 1767 but it is probable that he was still alive after
cello virtuoso who also made violins. 1780.
Romer Adolf; Freiburg. b. 29.6. 1863 in Ettenheim. RoscherChristian Heinrich Wilhelm; Bremen. d. C.1880.
Travelled allover Germany and Switzerland, learning Joiner who also repaired violins. A violin bearing
from v.ms without having been properly apprenticed his label is known. It is, however, of such a character-
to anyone. Finally he was apprenticed to Schune- istic Vogtland pattern that it is dubious whether he
mann in Schwerin, but stayed with him for only actually made it.
a short time before leaving for Wurzburg to join RoseC. H.; Dahme (in Brandenburg). 2.othcent. v.m.
Karl Adam Horlein. He was very diligent and RoselmullerAugust Hermann; Kreuznach, Konigsberg,
talented and became an assistant after 2 years. Later Markneukirchen, Dessau. b. 10. II. 1855 in Mark-
he worked in various workshops and established neukirchen, d. c. 1914-1918. Pupil of Christian
himself independently in 1892. He began very Wilhelm Seidel; later heworked with E. F. W. Hampe
modestly. As a conscientious artist he made all parts in Amsterdam and with Jacob Diehl (I) in Hamburg.
of his instruments himself, quite unaided. His After a 4 years' stay in Kreuznach, where he founded
tireless efforts finally rewarded him with a pleasant and managed the v.m. workshop belonging to the
country house where he could work far from the Wolff brothers, he settled in Konigsberg and stayed
bustle of the city. He had a sound theoretical know- there for 5 years. About 1890 he returned to Mark-
ledge. Copies of Stradivari and Guarneri. He used neukirchen, and in 1900 transferred his workshop
good wood and oil var. Also his violas specially to Dessau. Careful work modelled on Stradivari. He
designed for small hands are a significant contrib- was also kept busy as a repairer.
ution to the craft: theyj have a surprisingly full tone. RosenkeHugo; Bromberg, 2.oth cent. V.m., who came
In 1909 he was named Court V.m. to Graf von originally from Bromberg. He learned the joinery
Furstenberg. trade but later became apprenticed to Otto Mockel
and Michael Strobl in Berlin.
Rossbach Adam; Markneukirchen. b. 1732.,d. 4. 4.1800.
Son of a blacksmith of the same name. Became
master on 2.4.I. 1752..
RossbachAdam Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 2.3.9.
1766, d. 2.0.9. 1836. Son, pupil and successor of
Adam R. A better v.m. than his father. He was
the grandfather of Ernst Friedrich Reichel.
Ropcke Johann Friedrich; Wismar, 1745-1774. Be- Rossbach Adolf; Breslau, c. 1884.In that year he became
came citizen and master v.m. on 18. IZ. 1845. His master v.m. For some time he was associatedwith
name cannot be traced in Wismar after 1874. Only Ernst Liebich (III).
a few violins by him are known. Usually inferior RossbachAugust Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 2.3. 3.
wood. Long and narrow pattern. 1833, d. 2.2..4.1894. Worked for dealers and only
Rorarius Max; Markneukirchen. b. 19.10.1874, d. seldom labelled his violins.
z6. 7. 194°. Son and pupil of Paul R. Pupil of the RossbachChristian Gotthilf; Markneukirchen. b. 1776,
Markneukirchen v.m. school. In 1899 he emigrated d.4. 3. 1843.Younger son of Adam R. Careful work,
to the U. S. A., where he worked in various work- though he used parts made by other hands and his
shops as piano- and v.m. In 19°4 he returned to spirit var. is hard and inferior.
Germany and established himself independently in RossbachFriedrich Gotthilf; Markneukirchen. b. 1.6.
Markneukirchen. 1801, d. 2.6.12..1860. By all accounts son and pupil
Rorarius Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 18. I. 1846, d. after of Christian Gotthilf R.
RossbachHeinrich; Markneukirchen. b. 24.7. 1864, Gustav R, Successful manager of the workshop
d. after 1920.Excellent maker who gained experience founded by his forefathers. Member of the b.oard of
in the Netherlands. the Bubenreuth v.ms' association.
Rossbach Kurt Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 3.1889. Roth Gustav; Bad Brambach, 19°8-1958. Maker of
Son and pupil of Heinrich R. and descendantof the doublebass bows. In 1958 he celebrated the 5oth
old v.m. family. He also worked in the Netherlands anniversary of his business.
and was therefore nicknamed 'Hollander'. Later he Roth Gustav Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 29.5.1852.
worked with the Neu-Cremona group in Berlin. Pupil of L. Bausch.In 187° he founded his own shop.
Good and individual work. On 10.9. 19°° he was joined by his son as partner,
Rossmeise/Franz; Berlin. 19th-20th cent. guitar- and the firm is still called Gustav Roth & Co.
maker. Roth Gustav Robert; Markneqkirchen, c. 19°°. Brother
Rossmeise/ Roger; Berlin, 20th cent. Brother of Wen- of Gustav Adolf R. He devoted himself to making
zel R. He made guitars, being also a guitar virtuoso. bows.
Rossmeise/ Wenzel; Berlin. b. 28.6.1902. Son ofFranzR. Roth Herbert (called Christoph); Dresden. b. 11.12.
Maker of guitars, nicknamed 'Roger Guitarren'. 19°9 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Oskar Zimmer.
Rostock Wilhelm. V.m. who labelled his instruments Later he worked with Franz Siegert in Schonbach.
only with his name, without the date or place. Master's test passedin 1947. He established himself
Roth Albert; Wiirzburg. b. 7.4.1887 in Markneu- independently in Markneukirchen, where he stayed
kirchen. Son and pupil of Gustav Adolf R. For until 1953, when he moved to Dresden. Worked on
several years he worked as assistant craftsman. In an original model and copied Maggini. Oil or spirit
1919 he settled in Wiirzburg as an independent var. of his own composition. Good repairs. After
lute-maker. 1953 was an appointed expert for the Dresden
Roth Albert Gustav; Markneukirchen, Bubenreuth. district.
b. 18.5.1900in Markneukirchen,
d. 3.6..1961 in
Bubenreuth. V.m. Son and pupil of Ernst Hein-
rich R. (I), whose workshop he took over when the
latter died. Master's test passedin 1925. Very good
v.m. and maker also of plucked instruments.
Roth B.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. mandolin-maker.
Roth Erich; Markneukirchen, c. 1937. V.m.
Roth Ernst Heinrich (I) ; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 4. 1877,
d. 19. 12. 1948 in Markneukirchen. V.m. Son of
Gustav Robert R. At first he worked with his father.
In 1902 he establishedhimself independently. He was
one of the leading makers of his time. He also made
plucked instruments, likewise very good. He fol-
lowed Amati, Stradivari and Guarneri.

Roth Johann; Darmstadt, c. 1675. He is described as

'a Darmstadt master'.
Roth Karl Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 7. 10. 1876.
Run-of-the-mill Markneukirchen work.
Roth Max; G6ttingen. b. 10. 5. 1892 in Markneu-
kirchen. Pupil of P. Robert Nurnberger in Mark-
neukirchen. Later he worked with Karl Niedt, and
with the firm of Ritmuller & Sohn, where he was
manager of the v.m. workshop until 1925. He estab-
lished himselfindependently in 1925.Original model,
reminiscent of Guarneri. Oil-and-spirit var.

Roth Ernst Heinrich (II); Bubenreuth. b. 2.;. I. 19; 8 in Roth Otto; Markneukirchen, c. 1905. Became famous
Markneukirchen. V.m. Son and pupil of Albert for his huge doublebass, total length 420 cm.
 (about 13 ft 6 in.), length of body 210 cm. (about
6 ft 9 in.) made for the Chicago Opera Orchestra.
Rothmiiller Ferdinand; Graz. b. 185I in Vienna.
Served his apprenticeship in Vienna. In 1879 he
came to Graz to work with Prachatschek. He estab-
lished himself independently in 1887. Skilful and
careful craftsman. Ruchsgewand Zacharias; Nuremberg, c. I 587. Lute-
Rotti Nicolaus; Vienna, c. 1773.Excellent work by an maker who supplied strings to the Stuttgart Court
almost unknown master. To judge by his Italian Orchestra.
name he may have come to Vienna from Italy. He Ruckbeil Johann Heinrich; Sondershausen, c. 1863.
either died early or dedicated himself more to repairs V.m.
than to the construction of new instruments, for his Rudert David; Markneukirchen, c. 1677. His name
name disappearsfrom record soon after 1773. appears among those of the immigrants from
Rqy Karl; Mittenwald. b. 13.3.1933. Graduate of the Graslitz (in Bohemia) who settled in Markneu-
State v.m. school in Mittenwald. He worked with kirchen. He came from Gossengriin and lived in
Leo Aschauer and Paul Richard Seckendorf, later Schaneck for a year.
shareda workshop with Lothar Frank. He established Rudert J. G.; Markneukirchen, c. 175°. Inferior work.
himself independently in 1958. Since 1960 he has Rudert Johann Michael; Korneuburg, Vienna,
been a tutor at the Mittenwald v.m. school. 18°9-1837. In 1813 he gave up his v.m.'s licence
in Korneuburg and begged to be released.He moved
to Vienna but never became better known. Good
work, dark oil var., but ordinary craftsmanship.
Rudiger Friedrich; Halberstadt. b. 5. 10. 1868 in Suza
(near Frankenhausen), d. 14. I. 1932 in Halberstadt.
Pupil of one of the Fickers in Markneukirchen.
Later he was assistedby Adolf Stark, who did most
of the work.
RudigerM.; Frankfurt a. M., c. 1820. V.m.
RUdigerMoritz; Brieg, 1886-189°. Dealer in pianos
who also tried his hand at making violins. He made
various experiments and inventions. In 1886 he
suggestedin de Wit's magazinethe use of pine-wood.
Together with the joiner Karl Bagel he invented
'tuning rods for the soundplates of the violin', an
invention with no future whatsoever. Simila,rly, his
Rubner Johannes; Markneukirchen. b. 2. 10. 1924. other inventions, e. g. 'practice-violins' (with subdued
Maker of doublebasses.Master's test passedin 1959. tone and different soundholes) never becamepopular.
He works together with his father in a specialised Rudolf.. ; Augsburg, c. 1412.Probably only a Christian
workshop for the production of doublebassesand name, known from the Augsburg tax-registers in
cellos. 1412, with the comment Lautenmacher.
Rubner Joseph; Markneukirchen. b. 4.7. 1864, d. Rudolf Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 19.6. 1862, d. 4. 12.
7.4.1927. Maker of doublebasses.In 1885he found- 193°. Good maker of zithers.
ed the workshop which was taken over by his son, Rudolph Johann; Vienna, 1770-1780. A little-known
Otto. Viennese v.m. from the 18th cent.
Rubner Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 8.7.1885, d. 1963.
Successorof his father in their specialisedworkshop
for the production of doublebassesand cellos. He
had an excellent partner in his son Johannes. Bowed
and plucked doublebassesand cellos.

Rudurt (Rudert) Martin; Vienna, 18th cent. Mediocre

work. Inferior var.
Rueff Georg; Fiissen. b. 24. 6. 1646 in Fiissen, d. 26. 7.
1725 in Faulenbach. Good craftsmanship.
RufSebastian; Hall (in Tyrol). b. 1802,d. 1877.Author
of Der Geigenmacher J. Stainervon Absam in Tirol
(Innsbruck, 1872, 1892).
Riigemer Bruno; Darmstadt, Nuremberg. b. I I. 2. 1894 Ruth Longinus; Nellenburg (in the Tyrol), c. 1747. His
in Bundorf (in Lower Franken). Graduate of the instruments are quite frequently met with. On most
Mittenwald v.m. school. Then he worked in various labels, printed in red, the name reads Ruth"; some,
workshops. He established himself independently however, are clearly signed Ruch, which means
inDarmstadt in 1921. Later he worked in Nuremberg, that this v.m. might have been a member of the
where he was still active in 1960. His instruments are Rauch family. Ordinary work. The arching is
well constructed and modelled on Stradivari and usually high, soundholes quite open, scrolls un-
Guarneri. Good dark-red var. attractive, and the var. is thin. Usually unpurfled.
Ruhlmann Adolf Julius; Dresden. b. 28.2.1816, The tone of his instruments, however, is not
d. 27. 10. 1877. Author of Die Urform der Bogen- bad.
instrumente, published in 1882 in the July and August Ruth Sommer Hermann. Author of Aite Musikinstru-
numbers of the Leipzig Musikalisches Wochenblatt. mente- Bin Leitjadenfur Sammier(Berlin, 2.ndedn,
Ruhlmann Richard; Dresden, c. 1882. Son of Adolf 192.0).
Julius R. Author of Die Geschichteder Bogeninstru- Rutsch Franz; Beuthen (in Upper Silesia). 19th cent.
mente, insbesonderederjenigendes heutigen Streichquartetts repairer.
von den friihesten Anfangen an his auf die heutige Zeit
(Brunswick, 1882).
Rung D.; Wismar. b. 20. 10. 1893 in Bachmut. Learned
the trade in the Ukraine. In 1927 he settled in Wismar. s
Since 1948 he concentrated on making guitars. His
parchment labels are part printed, part hand-
written. Sabathiel Albin; Frankfurt. b. 1876 in Budapest,
Ruperti ..; Hamburg, c. 185o. Mediocre v.m. d. 1922 in Balatonbereury. In 1895 he went to Ger-
Ruperti Wilhelm; Wismar. d. 1860. Made new violins many and in 19°8 settled in Frankfurt a. M. In 1921
on his own pattern and was also active as he returned to Hungary.
a repairer. SachsKurt; Berlin. b. 29.6.1881. Professor of music
Rupertus Otto; Cologne. Author of Die Geige (3 vols, at Berlin University. Author of Real-Lexikon der
Cologne). Musikinstrumente (Berlin, 1913) (an outstanding
Ruppert ..; Breslau, c. 1938. V.m. encyclopaedia describing over I 5,000 instruments
Ruppert Franz; Erfurt, 1800-1809. Grandson of in 119 languages or dialects); Handbuchder Musik-
Johann Heinrich R. Conscientious maker, but his instrumentenkunde(Leipzig, 192O); Sammlung alter
work is unexciting. His instruments were generally Musikinstrumentebei der staatl. Hochschule fur Musik
low, but he used to experiment with the arching. zu Berlin (Berlin, 1922) (a full catalogue, with
Red-brown var. 3,136 entries).
Ruppert Johann Heinrich; Erfurt, 1719-1736. His Sachsenroder Eugen; Schoneck, c. 1928. Manufacturer
instruments are flat, sometimes too flat, but occasion- of plucked instruments.
ally seem also to follow the Stainer model. The Sadlier Joseph Anton; Linz. b. 12.4.1820 in Ahorn-
. scrolls are well carved. His violas da gamba are
wald (near Heinrichsgrun, in the Ore Mountains),
especially well made. d. 8. 3. 19°8 in Linz. Professor of physics who started
Rupprecht Josephus Laurentius; Wolfelsdorf, c. 1772. making violins when he was 38. He studied the
Little-known v.m. necessaryliterature, visited v.ms in Vienna, Prague,
Rupprecht Wilhelm; Vienna. d. 4.2.1862. Skilful v.m. Munich, Graslitz, Klingenthal, Schonbach and Mit-
who copies Guarneri del Gesu. He also worked in tenwald. The methods and practice he learned with
the Brescian style. The backs of these violins are of Ignaz Hofmayr in Steyr. Sadtler should not be
different wood, and they have double purfling; also considered as a v.m. proper but as an experimenting
the backs have a pentagram in tarsia. Once he had physicist. The tone of his instruments is good, their
the opportunity of buying a maple tree with the appearance less attractive. He preferred a smaller
black grain which we can find in almost all the instru- pattern and spirit var. He was succeededby his pupil
ments he made. Several of his Brescian copies were and heir, Franz Fuchs (I).
sold as originals. Even during his lifetime his violins SagmayrWolfgang; Graz. d. before 17°2. One of the
were quite costly. earliest lute- and v.ms in Styria. When in 17°2 his
daughter Eva Rosina married the v.m. Johann Mi-
chael Alban, the registers describe her father as a
'worthy and artistic lute- and v.m., former citizen,
deceased'.Skilful maker whose style resembles that
of Hans Kogl, whose instruments have the same
medium arching and similar soundholes. Most
frequently seen are his violas.
 a repairer made him famous throughout the State
of Wurttemberg.
SandherrJosef; Dresden, Laupheim; b. 21. II. i883.
17 Pupil of Giuseppe Fiorini of Munich. Later he
worked with Georg Piegendarfer in Augsburg, with
Sahla Richard; Goteborg, Vienna, Hanover, Biicke- Ludwig Noebe in Hamburg, also for a time in
burg. b. 1855 in Graz. Pupil of Ferdinand David. Brussels, then with Robert Beyer (II) in Berlin, with
Professor and theoretician of v.m. Oswald and Max Mackel in Berlin and with Otto
Sailer (Seiler) Anton; Mittenwald. b. 11.6.1767, d. Mackel in Dresden. He established himself in-
after 184°. Son and pupil of Johann Joseph S. His dependently in Dresden in 1920. When his work-
work follows the Mittenwald School. His labels shop was demolished by bombs in the war, he
often do not give any place of origin. moved to Laupheim. He copies Stradivari and
Sailer Johann Joseph; Mittenwald, 1746-177°' Fol- Guarneri, but mainly used an original model. Oil,
lowed a standardised Germany copy of Nicolo and later spirit var.
Amati's model. SandherrKarl; Bielefeld. b. 2. I. 1900 in Laupheim.
Sailer Joseph; Mittenwald, c. 1756.Lute- and v.m. Youngest son of Adolf S. and pupil of Otto Mackel
Sailer (Seiler) Matthias; Mittenwald, c. 182O.Probably of Dresden, with whom he started his apprenticeship,
son of Johann Joseph S. finishing later in Berlin. Then he worked with
SainpraeJacob; Berlin, 17th cent. No trace of him could Anton Pilar (II) and afterwards left for Norway.
be found in Berlin. He is only known from -a viola SandherrMarkus; Berlin. b. 26. 4. 1890 in Laupheim.
di bordone(barytone), once owned by Quantz, ex- Son and pupil of Adolf S.; worked with Fiorini
hibited at the South Kensington Museum. The in Munich, and with Max Mackel and Emil Pliverics
instrument and its bows are now the property of the (successorto Hornsteiner) in Berlin. On 1.6. 1920
Victoria and Albert Museum in London. (The he acquired the well-established shop of K. Lude-
correct spelling of the name seems to be Saintpre, mann, where he continued with great success.Good
Saintprex or Saint-Preux.) stock of early masterpieces.
SalcherHans; Augsburg, c. 1483. Lute-maker who is SandnerAlois (I); Markneukirchen. b. 15.8.1870 in
mentioned in the Augsburg tax-registers. Schanbach (in Bohemia), d. 31.3. 1949 in Mark-
SamannMax Franz; Dresden. b. 24. 4. 19°5 in Mark- neukirchen. Specialisedin carving fingerboards and
neukirchen. Pupil of Richard Monnig (II) of Mark- scrolls. Teacher at the v.m. school in Markneu-
neukirchen. Later he worked with P. Robert Penzel kirchen.
in Markneukirchen, with Ludwig Noebe in Hamburg Sandner Alois (II); Bubenreuth. 20th cent. guitar-
and with Richard Weichold and Carl Heinrich Ham- maker. Brand: ALESA.
rig in Dresden. There he established himself in- SandnerAndre (called Josef); Markneukirchen, 20th
dependently. Maker of violins, violas, cellos, gambas cent. Son and assistantof Josef S. (II).
and many early forms of musical instruments. SandnerBruno; Siebenbrunn. b. 30. 6. 1896. Pupil of
Excellent repairs. His instruments are mostly made Wilhelm Ernst Martin of Markneukirchen. He
entirely by himself. established himself independently in 1920 and spe-
cialised in making guitars, zithers, mandolas and
mandolins. Several good violins by him are also
known.
SandnerFranz (I); Neuheim, 19th cent. Made violins,
cellos and doublebasses,also guitars, using the label:
FASAN.
SandnerFranz (II) ; Bregenz. 20th cent. maker of zithers
and guitars.
Sandberger Adolf; Wiirzburg.. b.. 19..12..1864..His book SandnerHerbert Wenzel; Markneukirchen. b. I. 1.1900.
Beitrage Zllr Geschichteder bayrischenHofkapelle linter Bow-maker taught by Robert Max Reichel. He
Orlando di Lasso (Leipzig, 1894-1895) contains established himself independently in Markneu-
valuable information on lute-makers and lute- kirchen in 1934. He was especially successfulin the
making in the 16th cent.. production of doublebassbows.
Sander ; Kaiserslautern, c.. 1880..V..m.. Sandner Josef (I); Wernitzgrun, Erlbach, c. 1799.
Sandher ; Laupheim.. 19th cent.. maker of zithers.. Mentioned in 1799in the church registers of Erlbach
SandherrAdolf; Laupheim.. b.. 29..5..1846, d.. 8..;.. 1916.. as 'v.m. from Wernitzgrun'.
At the age of I 5 he was apprenticed to Josef Anton J'andner Josef (II); Markneukirchen. b. 1875. Was
Haff (I).. Later he worked with Lorenz Kriner (II) taught in various German and Austrian towns. In
in Stuttgart and with Ludwig Neuner (II) in Berlin.. 1900 he opened a workshop in his native town, also
In 1871 he took over his father's shop..His skill as a saw-mill and stock of wood in Schanbach. Until
 1950 he was helped by his son Andre. They were broad Stradivari pattern. Excellent wood. The edges
mainly dealers. and scrolls are fairly thick. He made several copies
SandnerMax Kurt Hermann; Erlbach. b. 14. II. 1898. of Guarneri del Gesu. Among others he made a copy
Pupil of Urban Reinhard Wurlitzer. He worked with of Paganini's violin, which the virtuoso liked so
Max Berger in Markneukirchen. He established much that in his testimonial of 10. 8. 1828 he called
himself independ ently in 1922. Good craftsmanship. Sawicki 'an extraordinary genius in making new
Handwritten labels. He passed his master's test in instruments as well as repairing all bowed instru-
Markneukirchen on 16. I. 1926. ments in an unsurpassablemanner'. The tone of his
Sattler Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 2. I. 1869, d. 19. 10. violins is full and strong.
1934. Work without individual character.
Sattler Kajetan; Heidelberg, 20th cent. Maker of
stringed instruments; also repairer.
SaukeJulius J. C.; Hamburg. b. 1800, d. 1856. Maker
of musical instruments who made mainly very good
guitars. His violins have thick wood and a full tone.
Yellow or yellow-brown var. He preferred the large
Stradivari model. Schaar Timotheus; Lubeck, 1647-165°. The church
register describes him as maker of musical instru-
ments and violins.
Schachinger(Schachinger) Hans; Munich, c. 1551.
Organist. In the accounts of the Munich Court
Orchestra, however, we read: 'On 2.5. 8. I 55I to
Hans Schachingerfor making of diverse instruments,
19ft. 5 sch.2.0d.'.
Saumer Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 13. 5. 19°1 in SchadeJoachim; Halle. b. 2.3.7. 1934 in Halle. V.m.,
Schonbach (in Bohemia). Son and pupil of Karl S. pupil of Herbert Franke in Halle. He worked with
In 1931 he passed his master's test in Cheb (Eger). Bernhard and Rudolf Franke in Wiesbaden. In 1957
First he settled in Hennebach and later moved to he passed his master's test and established himself
Markneukirchen, where he again passedthe master's independently in Halle in 1959. He makes new
test in October 1949. Good craftsmanship. Hand- instruments modelled on old Italian masters, hand-
written labels. made by himself in all parts. He uses good, mature
wood. Original var. based on early recipes. Very
good repairs. His instruments are labelled and
branded.

SchadlichAlfred Oskar; Markneukirchen. b. 16. 2.

SaumerKarl; Markneukirchen.b. 1871 in Schonbach, 1873, d. 16. 12. 1947. Bow-maker. Conscientious
d. 1948 in Markneukirchen. Came to Germany work.
shortly before he died. SchiidlichChristian Gottlob; Markneukirchen, 19thcent.
Sawicki (Sawitzki) Carl Nikolaus; Vienna. b. 1792.in Violins bearing his label are in the usual Vogtland
Lvov, d. 13. 10. 1850 in Vienna. Son of a noble style. Thin brown var. Perhaps identical with
family who was intended to study theology. When Christian Gottlob Schetelig (II).
at grammar school, he lived with a v.m., to whom he SchiidlichWalter Alfred; Wernitzgriin. b. 17.9.1893.
later became apprenticed without his father's know- Pupil of Pfretzschmann. Settled in his native town
ledge (his father was actually headmaster of the and specialisedin making plucked instruments.
school). He seemsto have spent a long time travel- Schiiffter Joseph (1); Scharnitz, Mittenwald. d. 16. 8.
ling. When he came to Vienna, he had first to ask 1758. According to Dr F. Waldner he was a son of
permission to settle there, becausehe had not learned a certain Matthias S. and Maria nee Gaugg, who
the trade in Vienna. By 182.4,however, he was already moved to Scharnitz from Mittenwald, where he was
'a licensed v.m.'. Sawicki was one of the best Vien- probably born. He married Theresa Doll. Kloz
nese v.ms. He modelled his work on the large and School. By all accounts there are violins by him
 dated from Mittenwald. Var. somewhat thin, and O. he worked with Louis Otto in Dusseldorf. His
table wood often with too dense grain. violins are modelled on early Italian masterpieces.
SchafflerJoseph (II); Scharnitz. b. 21.5.1759, d. after Transparent oil var. of an original composition,
1792. Son of Joseph S. (I). He copied Amati. mostly yellow-red or mahagony. He also var. his
Schaffler Max; Hamburg. b. 3. 10. 1870 in Markneu- instruments on the inside: this he considered to be
kirchen, d. 28. 8. 1948 in Hamburg. Trained by his important for tone. He was a great-grandson of
uncle, Carl Dreier of Leipzig. Later he worked with Friedrich August Gliisel.
Hans Filipp in Markneukirchen, also in Antwerp,
and then with R. Heberlein in Nuremberg. In 1896
he established himself with his brother Philipp Paul
in Markneukirchen. In 19°6 he went to Hamburg,
where he opened a workshop making new violins
and bows.
SchaffnerPhilipp Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 3. I. 1882, Schaller Reinhold; Dresden, 20th cent. Little-known
d. 27.7. 1949. Brother and until 19°6 assistant maker.
of Max S. Good bow-maker. His teacher was Carl SchandlAndreas; Mittenwald, c. 1914.Probably related
Ludwig Herrmann in Sch6nlind. to Karl S., in whose workshop he made violin pegs.
SchafhaultC. F. E.; Munich. b. 16. I. 18°3 in Ingol- Schandl(Schiindl) Anton (I); Mittenwald, 1750-1799.
stadt, d. 25. 2. 189° in Munich. Professor and author Son of Michael S. Copied Stainer.
of various articles on v.m. in Germany. .

SchafrothBernhard; Vienna, 1801- 18°9. Lute- and v.m.

He took his citizen's oath on 17.7. 1801. Violins by
him are rarely encountered. Quite good work but
his var. is too brittle and tends to chip off.
SchallerChristian Traugott; Markneukirchen. b. 9. 2.
1816 in Brunnd6bra,d. 14.5.1889.V.m.whoworked
for retail firms. He put together parts made by SchandlAnton (II); l\Ilittenwald, c. 182.9.Son and per-
other ~.ms. A few original violins, made for pleasure, haps pupil of Anton S. (I).
reveal his skill.
SchallerFriedrich Wilhelm (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1835
in Brunnd6bra (near Klingenthal). Went to Mark-
neukirchen quite early, and made many violins,
mosdy not with his own label, however.
Schaller Friedrich Wilhelm (II); Plauen, Markneu-
kirchen. b. 7. II. 1865,d. 15.9.1929. Son and pupil
of Friedrich Wilhelm S. (I). Good work, though SchandlJohann (I); Mittenwald, c. 1762.Second-rate
often his violins seemhurriedly made. v.m.
Schaller Heinrich Reinhold; Chemnitz, L6btau (near SchandlJohann (II); Stuttgart, c. 1880.Learned the
Dresden). b. 22. 3. 1859 in Markneukirchen. Son trade in Mittenwald. He almost exclusivelymade
and pupil of Friedrich Wilhelm S. (I). In 1896 he zithers.
setded in Chemnitz, and in 1898 moved to L6btau. SchandlKarl; Mittenwald, c. 1914-1919. Efficient
Copied Stradivari, Amati and Stainer. He mosdy lute-makerwho tradedin wood.
used yellow-brown spirit or oil var. SchandlMichael; Mittenwald. d. 8.12. 1749.Copied
SchallerHermann (I); Markneukirchen. b. 12. 2. 1868, Stainer.His archingis severe,but flat in the middle.
d. 27. 2. 1946. Son and pupil of Friedrich WilhelmS. The tablesof his violins are usuallybetter and lower
(I). In 1897 he setded in Chemnitz, and in 1898 arched than the backs, which are made of thick
moved to L6btau. Copied Stradivari, Amati and maple-wood.Soundholesmodelledon Kloz. Deeply
Stainer. He mosdy used yellow-brown spirit or carved scrolls. Purfling 4.5 mm. from the edge.
oil var. Thin coatingof var.
SchallerHermann (II); Markneukirchen. b. 5.6.1897. Schanner Michael.;Graz, c. 1856.Made good guitars.
Son and pupil of Hermann S. (I). Became master No violins by him are known.
m 1949. SchantzJohann; Vienna, 1780-179°. Styled himself
SchallerIgnaz; Markneukirchen. b. 1820-183°. Skilful BiirgerlicherOrgel- und Instrumenten-Macher.
v.m. who assembled violins from parts made by SchanzGustav; Brambach, c. 1925. Factory production
others. of stringed instruments.
Schaller Oswald; Frankfurt a. d. O. b. 6. 9. 1857 in SchauCarl; Schwechat.
b. 1861 in Wiener Neustadt.
Markneukirchen, d. 1913. Son and pupil of Friedrich A civil engineer who started making violins in 19°2
Wilhelm S. (I). Before he setded in Frankfurt a. d. with considerable success.
SchaufussAlfred Gustav; Adorf. b. 26.10.19°4 in longish and broad, and they have a carrying tone.
Jugelsburg. Pupil of Walter Kiirschner, established He had a great stock of precious dry wood, extremely
himself independently in Adorf in 1924. He made suitable for making musical instruments. In London
plucked instruments, mainly guitars, branded there is a violin with a handwritten label which reads
ASCHADE. Sebastianus SchelleCremonaI7oI. It could be genuine
Schedler(Schadler) Simon; Passau, 1762-1793. Mus- for he may in his youth have worked in Cremona.
ician and v.m. employed at the PassauCourt. Schellmayer Christian; Cologne, c. 175°. Good m:tker.
ScheibeErnst; Hanover. 20th cent. maker of stringed His violas reveal his best work.
instruments. Schemmel..; Berlin, c. 1861. An almost forgottenv.m.
Scheiner!Christoph; Berlin, c. 1895. V.m. who in the 1860shad a workshop at Molkenmarkt.
ScheinleinGeorg Michael; Langenfeld (near Nurem- Schemmel ring Josef Christoph; Markneukirchen. b. c.
berg), c. 1820. Probably son of Johartn Michael S. 1720 in Dupersdorf. He did not learn the trade in
ScheinleinJohann Michael; Langenfeld. b. 1751, d. after Markneukirchen, but went there as an assistant. On
1794. Third son and pupil of Matthaus Friedrich S. 27. 6. 1748 he became member of the guild. He
His precise work is better than that of his father. married the eldest daughter of the v.m. Gottfried
From 1780 he modelled his violins on the large Piltz.
Stainer pattern, though his arching is somewhat Schenk Friedrich; Vienna, 1839-185°' Pupil of
flatter. Full and pleasant tone. Johann Georg Stauffer. Like his teacher he devoted
ScheinleinMatthaus Friedrich; Langenfeld. b. 1710, . himself more to making guitars and becamefamous
d. 177°. Originally a musician, violinist and harp- for his fine lyre-guitars.
player. At first he made only harps. His 'David ScherfleinAugust; Augsburg. b. 8.6. 1826 in Pfaffen-
harps' soon became very popular. He also dealt in hofen a. d. 11m,d. after 1882. Musician and v.m. who
violins. His first essayin v.m. was a new table for took over the workshop of Joseph Anton Haff (I).
an old violin. He grew to like this craft. His early Careful repairer of old instruments. He was
instruments resemble Tyrolean patterns, but the succeededby Georg Piegendorfer.
later and better instruments are made on an original SchertelChristian (I); Bayeruth. b. 7. II. 1865 in Ram-
model. The tone of his violins is good; though the senthal (near Bayreuth). Musician and composer
top strings are sharp, becausethe wood is too thin. who devoted himself to making instruments after
he had learned the trade in Markneukirchen, Schon-
bach (in Bohemia), Mittenwald and Mirecourt. He
mainly made stringed quartets.
Schertel Christian (II); Munich. b. 25.10.19°1 in
Bayreuth. Son and pupil of Christian S. (I). After
10 years of journeying throughout Italy, Austria,
France, Hungary and Rumania, he settled in Munich
in 1934 and soon earned the reputation of a skilful
and conscientious worker. He was extremely diligent
and after long experiments produced instruments
with rich and balanced resonance.In 1934 he added
to his brand the maiden name of his wife, Morano
(i.e. Schertel-Morano).

Sche//e (Schell) Sebastian; Nuremberg, 1700-1745.

Son-in-law and perhaps also pupil of Matthias ..
Hummel. Most important lute- and v.m. of his time
in Nuremberg. His instruments fit either hand, the u
relationship between the individual parts and the
strings being precise and ideal; the instruments are
ScherzerAlfred Ernst; Markneukirchen.b. 25.9. 1899.
Son and pupil of Otto S.
ScherzerAugust Theodor; Markneukirchen. b. 10.9.
185I, d. 1910.Pupil of Heinrich Hermann Glasel and
the Markneukirchen v.m. school. He founded his
workshop in 1875. He was head of the guild of
stringed instrument-makers. If commissioned he
also copied old masters.However, he worked mainly
 for retail shops, so tr.at only a few of his instruments this instrument. O. E. Heinel possesseda beautiful
have his own label. specimen of his work, and the Mar~neukirchen Mus-
ScherzerJohann Gottlieb; Vienna. d. 187°. Excellent eum of Musical Instruments boasts of having the
guitar-maker who also constructed a guitar-harp, viola d'amore which he actually used to play himself.
designed by Professor JosefPetzwald. This invention ScheteligHeinrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, Balti-
was soon forgotten. more. b. I. 2. 1835.Son and pupil of Johann Georg S.
ScherzerJulius Walter; Markneukirchen. b. .. 11..1869 (II). He gave up his craft and emigrated to the United
in Sch6neck, d. c. 19°1. V.m. who worked for States,where he took up the making of wind instru-
retailers. ments in Baltimore. Afterwards he changed his
ScherzerMoritz; Sch6neck. b. 1.8.6.1870. Pupil of name to Henry W. Schettich.
Oswald Anton Schilbach. From 1887 he worked for Schetelig Johann Christian (Christoph); Markneu-
7 years as an assistantcraftsman; in 1894he founded kirchen. b. c. 1706, d. after 1756. Became master on
his own workshop. Nevertheless he continued to 4. I. 1729. He was neither born nor did he die in
make instruments for other makers and retailers. Markneukirchen. It is probable that he came there
ScherzerOtto; Markneukirchen. b. 1.6.8.1879' Pupil from Bohemia.
of Gustav Roth, who taught him to make double- ScheteligJohann Christian Gottfried; Markneukirchen.
bassesand guitars. b. 10. I. 1732, d. 12. 12. 1782. Only son of Johann
Schetelich Erich Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 19.7.1910. Christian S. On 18. II. 1755 he married Johanna
Pupil of Ernst Hermann Petzold (II) and Kurt Gutter. Rosina Meinel, by whom he had 9 children. Skil-
He also worked with Theodor Heinrich Paul Heber- ful v.m. who became a master on 22. 2. 175I. Some
lein in Markneukirchen. of his violins date from before 175I. Certain labels
ScheteligChristian Gottlob (I); Markneukirchen. b. 4. I. give Innsbruck as the place of origin. It cannot be
1767, d. 19. 11..181.1.Sixth son of Johann Christian ascertainedwhether he really worked in that place or
Gottfried S. On 1.9.10. 1789 he married Eva Regina whether in this he followed the custom of his con-
Lippold (b. 1766, d. 183°) and died in 181.1,leaving temporaries, who mentioned on their labels any
6 children. He was a talented maker. His violins are place they liked. Dr Waldner suggestshe may have
flat at the edges where the arching begins. The worked with Johann Georg Psenner (I)'s widow, as
soundholes are almost perpendicular. foreman, during the time her son was under age.
ScheteligChristian Gottlob (II); Markneukirchen. b. ScheteligJohann Georg (I); Markneukirchen. b. 8. 7.
19.6.1791. d. 31. 8.1861.. Son and pupil of Christian 1764, d. 18. 12. 1837. Fifth son of Johann Christian
Gottlob S. (I). His violins show that he used pre- Gottfried S. He married Eva Regina Wilde (b. 1767,
fabricated parts. The var. is not satisfactory. There d. 1823) and there were 6 children. His work reveals
are only a few instruments bearing his label. In 1815 traces of the School of Ficker and Pfretzschner.
he married Christiane Erdmuthe Woller (d. 1860). Wood is usually good, but the inside of his instru-
He may be identical with Christian Gottlob Schiid- ments lacks finish.
lich. ScheteligJohann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. b. 14. 8.
ScheteligChristian Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 7. 4. 1791,d. 29. II. 1854. Secondson of Johann GeorgS.
1795, d. 1.3.7. 1856. He made several very good (I). In 1815 he married Regina Sofia Heberlein, by
violins. He worked mainly for the trade, however, whom he had 9 children. With odd exceptions, his
and therefore also made many cheap instruments. violins are just mediocre factory products.
Schetelig Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 11..7.1864, d. ScheteligJohann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 5.12.
11.5.1943 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Adolf 1815,d. 3. 3. 1871. Son of a v.m. The least important
Paulus (II). He established himself independently member of the whole family. He worked at the time
in Markneukirchen in 1891. With Paulus he had the when the early Markneukirchen violin production
opportunity of studying fine Italian work. His was in decline and before the new development
instruments differ vastly from the ordinary Mark- took place.
neukirchen output and have several individual SchickerHans (I); Freiburg, 20th cent. V.m. who mod-
characteristics.Very good original red var. ('dragon's elled his instruments on Stradivari and used golden-
blood'). He modelled his instruments on Paganini's yellow var.
Guarneri. His violas d'amore were made on an origin- Schicker Hans (II); Freiburg. b. 7. 3. 1924. Pupil of
al pattern, for he was an accomplished player on~ Richard Paulus (I), with whom he worked even
after he had finished his apprenticeship. Later he
partnered his father, Hans S. (I), and then established
himself independently in 195I. Original model,
influenced by Stradivari. Oil var.
SchieflerErasmus; Hanover, 1837-1868. Established
himself in Hanover about 1837 and then joined his
brother Sebastian in founding the firm Gebriider
 Schiefler. He was the conservator of the well-known SchillerJohannNikolaus; Markneukirchen, c. 1748.The
expert and collector, Major E. A. B. von Magius earliest known member of the v.m. family in Mark-
in Hanover, who considered him to have been the neukirchen.
most important v.m. of his time. Magius gave Schiller Wilhelm; Coburg, 1873-1880. Sold and re-
Schiefler all his drawings and lists of measurements paired musical instruments. He was succeeded by
of Italian masterpieces, which he had collected for Friedrich Galdert.
over 4° years, and Schiefler used them to great Schiller William Max; Markneukirchen. b. 17.8. 1872.
advantage. Brother of Ernst Richard S.
SchindlerGustav; Bad Brambach. 20th cent. bow- and
V.m.
Schirler Magnus; Bad Brambach. 20th cent. manu-
facturer of stringed instrumehts.
SchirmerHans; Adorf, c. 1928.V.m.
SchlegelAlbert; Markneukirchen. b. 26.4.1878 in
Wernitzgrun. Pupil of Wilhelm August Muller of
Markneukirchen. Then he worked with Julius
Walter Scherzer in Markneukirchen, where he
established himself independently in 1899. He made
Schiefter Sebastian; Hanover, c. 1847. Brother of very good new instruments and was a repairer of
Erasmus S. and his partner in the firm Gebruder repute.
Schiefler. He had great technical skill both as maker
and as repairer.
Schiessler Christoph; Augsburg, c. 1585. V.m. The lists
of the lnnsbruck orchestra say that he came to that
town with two beautiful lutes of his own make.
A letter of recommendation exists, dated 2.4.6. I 585.
(SeeW. Senn, Musik undTheateram Hofzulnnsbruck.)
Schifferl Anton; Straubing. d. 1868 in Landau. Pupil of
Peter Schulz. He made very handsome violins which SchlegelElias; Altenburg, c. 173°. Maker of musical
almost without exception bear the label of Peter instruments. Made lutes and harps in particular.
Schulz. He was also an excellent violinist. SchlegelMax August; Markneukirchen. b. 12. I. 1879
Schifner Rudolf; Dusseldorf, 1898-1903. Dealer in in Wernitzgrun, d. 11.4.1953 in Markneukirchen.
stringed instruments. Pupil of his brother Albert S. He establishedhimself
SchilbachKarl; Berlin, b. 2.2..II. 1898 in Graslitz (in independently in Markneukirchen in 19°5. Good
Bohemia). Worked with Michael Strobl and Emil Pli- work, mainly for the trade. He passed his master's
verics in Berlin, and then went to J.Hansen in Oslo. test in Markneukirchen on I. 8. 1925.
Schilbach Oswald Anton; Sch6neck, New York. Schleipfer Rudolf; Stuttgart. b. 5. 2. 1914 in Augsburg.
b. I. 2..1862. in Sch6neck, d. 8. 12..1947 in New In his early yearshe spent some time in the workshop
York. Pupil of Ernst Wilhelm Neumarker. He worked of his brother-in-law, Wilhelm Welkner; later went
independently in Sch6neck for some time, and in to the v.m. school in Mittenwald. In 1934he worked
1887went to the U.S.A. Good copies of Stradivari. with Eugen Sprenger in Frankfurt. In 1936 he
Red-brown var. finished his military training and two years later was
Schiller Albin; Sch6neck. d. 1917. Skilful v.m. employed by Hamma in Stuttgart.
Schiller Carl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 2.9.3. 1812., Schlesinger Max; Dresden, c. 1913. V.m.
d. 2.7.6.1876. Pupil of Johann Georg S. V.m. Schlick Johann Friedrich Wilhelm; Dresden. b. 1801
Schiller Emil; London, Bad Elster, 1898-1941. A in Gotha, d. 1874in Dresden. Professional musician,
German who established himself independently in keenly interested in v.m. He tried to solve the 'mys-
London in 1898 but later returned to Germany, and tery of Italian violin var.' but without success.
in 1941 was working in Bad Elster. SchlimbachJohann Kaspar; Konigshofen im Grab-
Schiller Ernst Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 12..I. feld. b. 3. I. 1820. Organ-builder who also made
1868. V.m. guitars.
SchillerErnst Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 2.0.3. 1861. SchloserRobert; Zwota, c. 1933. V.m.
V.m. SchlosserCarl; Zwota. d. 1934. Owner of a factory
Schiller Heinrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 2.1.3. producing musical instruments.
182.8,d. 10~12..1885. V.m. Schlosser Christian Friedrich; Mittenwald, 1856-1864.
Schiller Johann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 1783, Mediocre violins.
d. 19. 3. 1839. His violins are good, but his violas Schlosser Eduard; Klingenthal, c. 1914. V.m.
deserve special attention. Schlosser Emil; Rehna (in Mecklenburg), c. 1880.
 Watchmaker who repaired violins in a very amateur Schmidbauer Jakob; Regensburg, c. 1837. Concentrated
fashion. mainly on repairs and gave up making new instru-
Schlosser Ferdinand (I); Klingenthal, 1830-184°. ments early on though he had made several very
Master and respected member of the community. good violins and doublebasses.He was also a very
SchlosserFerdinand (II); Zwota, 19th cent. Little-known good violinist. Unfortunately he was not over-
v.m. industrious and neglected his workshop.
SchlosserFriedrich (I); Klingenthal, 175°-1754. V.m.
SchlosserFriedrich (II); Zwota, 19th cent. Brown var.
violins of inferior quality.
.5'chlosserHermann; Erlbach. 19th cent. v.m.
Schlosser Johann Christian; Klingenthal, 1738-1773.
Industrious v.m. who seems to have learned the craft
with one of the Hopfs or Pfretzschners. Usually Schmidt Albin Theodor; Markneukirchen. b. 12..II.
used very good wood. Beautiful purfling, sharp 1864, d. 2.7.II. 1936. Standard work.
corners, soundholes somewhat erect. SchmidtAnton Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 2.5.2..1874.
Schlosser Johann Georg; Klingenthal, 17°2.-1761. Pupil of August Theodor Scherzer. Established
Mentioned in 1761. Perhaps son and successor of himself independently in 1895. V.m. of no great
Johann Christian S. importance.
SchlosserJulius. Author of the catalogue of the Viennese Schmidt Arnold Otto; Mannheim. b. 1°. 7. 1897 in
museum, Alte MusikinstrumenteJ with 8 pages of Markneukirchen. Son and pupil of Anton Otto S.
labels and 57 engravings, and of Unsere MlJsikinstru- In 1917 he went to Mannheim and joined Walter
mente,. eineEinfuhrung in ihre Geschichte(Vienna, 192.2.). Edwin Geipel. In Mannheim he was also awarded
Schlosser Oskar (I); Treuen, 19th cent. Name found a master's diploma and establishedhimself independ-
branded in a violin repaired by Oskar Erich Heinel. ently in that place. Later he became the authorised
SchlosserOskar (II); Dorfstadt, c. 188o. Good work; expert there. Good work, careful repairs. He passed
flat arching in the style of the Klingenthal School. his master's test in Markneukirchen on 2.. 10. 192.6.
Schlosser Otto Max; Markneukirchen. b. 2.9. 12.. 19°2. SchmidtAugust Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 2.7.I.
in Zwota. Learned guitar-making with Oswald 1871,d. 31. 5. 1941.Pupil of August Wilhelm Ficker.
Lederer in Markneukirchen. He continued working Established himself independently in I 895.
for him for several years. Schmidt C.; Biitzow, c. 1841. He spoiled many good
Schluter; Barntrup, 1840-189°. A v.m. family consist- violins in his lifetime by his so-called improvements.
ing of 14 members, three generations of v.ms, who SchmidtC. H. C.; Wiirzbach, c. 183°. His repair label
made good violins. Heinrich S. was the owner of was found in oneviola da gamba in the Bach museum.
the firm Doss & Heidegger in Hamburg. SchmidtCarl Franz; Vienna. b. 1839, d. 1875. Son of
Schmahl Carl Friedrich; Regensburg. d. 1815. Metten- Franz S. Skilful imitations of old masterpieces,
leiter, in his musical history of Regensburg, calls particularly of Maggini. He also had considerable
him 'organ-builder and maker of musical instru- theoretical knowledge.
ments'. His repair label can be sometimes found in
stringed instruments, but it is not certain that he
made any violins himself.
Schmalzried Paul; Ulm. b. 12..8.1872. in Welzheim
(Wiirttemberg), d. after 1914. Well-known painter
and professor who studied v.m. theoretically but
who made his first violin only after the age of 4°.
He used an original model, resembling Stradivari,
paying particular attention to the specific gravity
of the plates. Oil var. of his own composition and of
various tints. Schmidt Christian Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 25.12.
Schmelz Otto; Ingolstadt, late 19th cent. Successor to 1877. Pupil of August Theodor Scherzer.
F. Stegmaier. Schmidt Ernst Albin; Markneukirchen, Amsterdam.
Schmerler Robert; Zwota. 19th cent. v.m. b. 21. 3. 1863. Pupil of August Anton Reichel. He
Schmid. . ; Landshut. d. before 182.9. Probably died also went to the Markneukirchen v.m. school. Later
young. His instruments are hard to locate. His he left for the Netherlands and settled in Amsterdam.
widow married the v.m. Lorenz Kriner (I). SchmidtErnst Reinhold; Markneukirchen. b. I. 1.1857,
Schmid Michael (nicknamed 'Kresser'); Stuttgart, d. 22. 5. 1928.Pupil of Wilhelm Julius Kretzschmann
1572.-1597. Made a tenor violin for the Stuttgart who worked with Otto Bausch, J. F. C. Emde, and
Court orchestra and in 1572. gave to the Duke Heinz Hammig. Between 1874-1877 he was with
Ludwig of Wiirttemberg a clavichord as a present. August Anton Riechers. In September 1880 he
founded a prosperous factory, E. R. Schmidt & Co., Leipzig in 1913. Oil or spirit var. The instruments
of which he becamesole owner in 19°2. On 1.1.19°3 bear the label of the firm, which also made lutes and
the firm was dissolved, but Schmidt continued in the mandolins.
trade. After 1920 he was joined by his son Reinhold SchmidtEugen; Magdeburg, c. 19z8. Maker of bowed
Willy S., who was as skilful as his father. Instruments and plucked instruments.
produced by this factory were highly esteemed as SchmidtFranz; Vienna. b. 1814, d. 6. z. 187°. Guitar-
'Schmidt's Standard' and were awarded gold and v.m., born in Kostelec (in Bohemia). He later
medals at the Vienna Exhibition of 1892 and in moved to Vienna. Though no great artist, his
craftsmanship was neat. He concentrated mainly on
repairs, and made only a few new violins.

Schmidt Franz Albin; Markneukirchen, 2.oth cent.

Factory-production of musical instruments.
Schmidt Friedrich Hermann; Markneukirchen. b.
31. 10. 1862.. Emigrated to the U.S.A.
Schmidt G. A.; Konigsberg, Volkach (in Bavaria),
1859-1884. Municipal musician of Volkach who
also repaired violins.
Schmidt Gustav Karl; Bremen, Quelle. b. 19.9. 1881
in Markneukirchen, d. 1949. Worked with one of
the Heberleins and Friedrich Wilhelm Weller in
Markneukirchen, with Oswald Mackel in Berlin
and with Johann Heinrich Schult in Lubeck. He
also stayed in England for some time. Between
1919-192.8 he worked with A. E. Fischer in Bremen,
where he established himself independently in 192.8.
In 1944 he was obliged to move out and settled in
Quelle. Good work, and usually branded.
Schmidt Heinrich; Goldberg (in Silesia). d. c. 1885 in
Liegnitz. Cabinet-maker who 'repaired' musical
instruments, including violins, with more courage
than skill.
Schmidt Herbert Otto; Gelsenkirchep. b. 7. 10. 19°2.
in Markneukirchen. Pupil of his father, Anton.
Otto S., and brother of Arnold Otto. He became
a master in Markneukirchen, but in 192.7 he settled
in Gelsenkirchen.
Schmidt J. Christoph; Furth. b. 1853, d. 8.2.. 1918.
In 1886 he founded a shop selling strings; also made
unsuccessfulexperiments to change the shape of the
violin.
SchmidtJ. G. (? Johann Gottfried); Kassel, 1790-182.5.
By all accounts learned the trade in Leipzig and
 worked there. He was in Kassel from 1800 but Schmitt Eugen; Magdeburg, c. 1928. Maker of bowed
evidently was not granted citizen's rights. He is said and plucked instruments.
to have made be~utiful violas with carved heads Schmoll Rudolf F.; Markneukirchen, Portland (in
instead of scrolls. Successful imitations of Italian Indiana, U. S. A.). b. 12. 2. 1904 in Hanover.
models, mainly Stradivari, but with broader corners. Learned the trade in Markneukirchen. Went several
Purfling 6 to 7 mm. from edge, the sides with equal times to America, and when he returned was admit-
depth all round. The soundholes and scrolls are not ted to the guild. Then emigrated to the U. S. A.
graceful. Var. often brittle and substituted by some- again and settled in Portland. Made a few instru-
thing inferior. ments modelled on Stradivari and Guarneri. Lately
SchmidtJohann Georg; Ellwangen, 174°--'-177°.Prob- he concentrated only on repairs.
ably pupil of Benedict Wagner, whose flat model he Schnarchendor if Daniel; Berlin, c. 1848.V.m. of no great
copied. Well-chosen wood and good yellow-brown importance.
var. Sides quite deep; usually unpurfled. The sound Schnebele (Schnebler) Jacob; Landshut, c. 1568-1573.
of his instruments is fair. The Court book of accounts lists the following
Schmidt Johannes; Kassel, c. 1834. In an entry dated payment in 1573: 'To Jacob, the lute-maker, for
1834 Kassel registers record the admittance of a repairing the lute of Her SereneHighness (Duchess
cabinet-maker and maker of musical instruments, Renata) which was broken by a bear in the chambers
Johannes S. Though his place of birth is given as of the Italian Christal, I ft. 30 Kr.'. A further entry
Kassel, there is unfortunately no date. He may be is found as follows: 'Jacob Schnebler (elsewhere
identical with a joiner of this name. 'Jakob Schnebele, lute-maker') should get for his
Schmidt Kurt; Dresden. b. 18.9.1899 in Markneu- work I ft. 20 Kr.'. When Wilhelm's Court was
kirchen. Bow- and v.m. Son of Christian Paul S., who dissolved in Trasnitz in 1579, Schnebele also
taught him the rudiments of the trade. Later he was seemsto have left Landshut. The Landshut museum
apprenticed to Stark & Co. of Markneukirchen, then has in its collections a small copper engraving with
he worked with Robert Paul Penzel and Rammig the inscription:
in Markneukirchen and in Weichold's workshops in Testutaa Basschordenmaister JakobusSchnebele,
Dresden. In 1947 he established himself independ- A.D.1573.
ently in Dresden. Though specialisedin bow-making,
he also is known for his violins. Schneidenbach Georg Adam; Klingenthal, 1787-1799.
Schmidt Kurt Woldemar; Wohlhausen. b. 14.3.1889 A little-known but carefulv.m.
in Zwota. Worked with Hermann Reichel in Mark- Schneidenbach Karl; Klingenthal, c.1820. Probably
neukirchen and with Ernst Kreul in the same place. grandson of Georg Adam S. Maker of wind and
In 1918 he established himself independently in stringed instruments.
Wohlhausen. SchneiderA. Author of Akustik und Harmonie, iiber-
SchmidtM.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. mandolin-maker. tragenauf daspraktische Gebiet (Dresden, 1903).
Schmidt Moritz (known as Moritz Junior); Markneu- Schneider Anton Joseph; Markneukirchen, c.1810.
kirchen. b. 13.7.1857, d. 5.7. 1935. Son of Moritz Came probably from Klingenthal. His work reveals
Eduard S., pupil of Heinrich Theodor Heber- the influence of Hopf.
lein (I). Schneider Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal, c. 1769' Son
Schmidt Moritz Eduard (known as Moritz Senior); of Johann Caspar S. We have a very good violin by
Markneukirchen. b. 24.7. 1832, d. 23. 10. 1893. him. Labels are usually pasted on hidden places on
Founder of the firm Moritz Schmidt. the sides.
Schmidt Moritz F.; Markneukirchen. b. 27. I. 1871. Schneider Christoph Carl; Klingenthal, 1769-1789. Son
Successor,probably son, of Moritz S. (Junior). of Johann Caspar S. and brother of Christian Fried-
Schmidt Reinhold Willy; Markneukirchen. b. 26. 10. rich, with whom he worked. His model resembles
1885,d. 25. 6. 1936.Sonand pupil of Ernst Reinhold S. Hopf's. The exterior of his violins is attractive, but
who worked with his brother Ernest Oskar and the inside is untidy. There is no purfling and often
cousin Moritz S. no corner-blocks. O. E. Heinel found in one
SchmidtRichard Ludwig; Markneukirchen, Landsberg. instrument 3 brands C. C. S., so far not mentioned
b. 23. 12. 1866. Brother of Ernst Albin S. in any literature.
SchmidtWenzel; Vienna, 19th cent. Nephew and pupil SchneiderF. J. Alfred; Liegnitz, Munster, Iserlohn,
of Franz S. He worked with Ferdinand Patzelt (I) Minden. b. 12. II. 1898 in Breslau. Master from
in Budapest together with the Bohemian v.ms. 1925. He settled in Liegnitz in Silesia. After 4 years
J. Bina and K. B. Dvorak. He establishedhimself he moved his workshop to Munster in Westphalia
independently in Vienna. Good work. where he diligently applied himself to making
Schmied(Schmidt) J. G.; Leipzig, c. 1714. Lute-maker, violins. Since 1949he has been in Minden.
said to have been a pupil of Johann Christian SchneiderJohann Caspar; Klingenthal, c. 1748. Sold
Hoffmann. violins at fairs.
SchneiderMax; Berlin, c. 1928. Maker of bowed and Schonfelder Carl August; Markneukirchen. b. 6. !!. 182.8,
plucked instruments. d. 2.6.8. 1887. Brother of August FerdinandS.
Schneider N. ; Klingenth~l, 188o-189°' Mainly respons- Scho"nfelder Carl Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b. 14. II.
ible for the revival of the v.m. craft in Klingenthal, 1789, d. 4. 10. 1876. Made good violins in an
where it had been severely damaged by factory individual style. Flat model, straight soundholes,
production of musical instruments during the 19th scroll after Amati. He was also aQ esteemedteacher.
cent. Among his pupils was Johann Gottlob Heberlein.
Schneider Otto; Markneukirchen, Glogau. b. 12.6.19°6 SchonfelderCaspar; Graslitz (in Bohemia), Markneu-
in Breslau, d. .. 3. 1945 in Glogau. Passed his kirchen. b. 13.9.162.4, d. after 1714. Immigrant
master's test on 29. 12. 1936in Markneuklrchen. He from Graslitz and one of the founders of the v.ms'
establishedhimself independently in Glogau, but died guild, in 1677. In 1710 and 1713 he was one of the
prematurely of wounds suffered during the Second wardens. Until 1690he was the guild's chairman. On
World War. Careful work. 8. 2..1706 he and his wife went to the house of
SchneiderWilhelm; b. 21.7.1783 in Neudorf, d. Johann Caspar Reichel (I) to admire an excellently
9. 10. 1843 in Merseburg. Author of Historisch- prepared violin var. The var., however, caught fire
technischeBeschreibungder musikalischenIsntrumente and his wife suffered such heavy burns that she died
(Leipzig, 1834). I I days later.
SchnellerOskar Max; Markneukirchen. d. 3. 10. 187°. SchonfelderChristian Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b.
V.m. who stayed in Markneukirchen for a short 1736,d. 3. 6. 1806. Son and pupil of Georg Simon S.
time only. His violins reveal good work, though neither his
SchniepUlrich; Munich, 1558-1578. Perhaps son of model nor the wood used are exceptionally attractive.
the maker of woodwind instruments (recorders), On 6.7. 1806 he was found 'tinter freiem Himmel,
Hans S., of Wiesensteig. Versatile man, watchmaker und zwar hinter dem Berge nebeneinemStadtjelde tot
as well as maker of musical instruments. He was gefunden,'wahrscheinlichwar er am 'Freisel' gestorben'
often employed by the Court. In I 558 he was in- (under the skies behind the mountain near a town's
structed to go to Heidelberg with his instru- field, dead, evidently of German measles').
ments. SchonfelderChristian Gottlob; Markneukirchen. b.
SchiidlerSimon; Passau, 175°-1785. Perhaps worked 14.9. 1797, d. 2.1.3. 1872..In the early years of his
with D. A. Stadlmann. His violins are copies of working life he kept alive the tradition of the family's
those made by Joseph Hornsteiner (I). He preferred workshop, but later he tried to imitate Italian models.
a Stainer model. Yellow- or orange-brown var., Excellent copies of old masters.
often dull. Some of his instruments reflect also the SchonfelderConradAdam;Markneukirchen, 1704-1743.
influence of the Prague v.m. Thomas Edlinger. His Younger son of Simon S. Became master on 19. 5.
carved necks and scrolls are quite elegant. He was 1704. In 1732.he was one of the guild's wardens,
a 'Hochfiirstl. Hof-Lauten- und Geigenmacher'. Many in 1743 he became their chairman.
of his instruments were in collections. SchonfelderEmil Karl; Wernitzgriin. b. 3.4.1877,
d. 2.2..I I. 1948. Pupil of Hermann Moritz Dolling,
with whom he continued to work in Markneukirchen.
He established himself independently in 1900 and
was the last v.m. of the Schonfelder family in the
Vogtland.
SchonfelderFriedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b.
SchollHans; Vienna, c. 1928. Production of strings and 2.4.10.1805, d. 2.1.9.1869. Brother and pupil of
not of instruments. Mainly saleand repairs. Christian Gottlob S.
ScholZ R. Author of Handbuchleinfur Geigenspieler SchonfelderGeorg Simon; Markneukirchen. b. 1707,
enthaltenddas Wissenswerteste van der Geige (Leipzig, d. 6. 9. 1762..Perhaps son and pupil of Simon S.
1903). Became master on 5.6.172.7.
Schonbach Josef Yon. Author of Die Guitarre und ihre Schonfelder Herbert Emil; Peine-Hanover. b. 2.1.I. 1898
Geschichte(Leipzit, 1884). in Wernitzgriin. Son and pupil of Emil Karl S. who
SchondorferDaniel; Stuttgart, c. 1580. It is not certain worked with Hermann Moritz Dolling. In 1930 he
whether he was apprenticed to his father, Daniel S., established himself independently in Peine (near
or to his step-father, Johann Thaner. On 9. II. 1589
he married Anna, daughter of Jorg Steck. He sup-
plied musical instruments to the Wiirttemberg Court
Orchestra, and was in charge of all their instruments.
SchonfelderAugust Ferdinand; Markneukirchen. b.
8.12.1838, d. 6.8. 1879 in Adorf. Nothing definite
known about him.
 SchonfelderJohann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. b.
175°, d. 26. 12. 1824. Admitted to the guild on
7. 8. 1769 and became master. He had to pledge
himself not to use his master's status asan excusefor
avoiding military service. He was one of the best
v.ms in the family. Large model, yellow var. As well
as labels, on which he often gave Cremona as the
Hanover). Good work following classical makers. place of origin, he branded his instruments with
One of the last.members of the family. the letters :I:G:S:. He was mayor from 181o.
SchonfelderHorst; Wernitzgrun. b. 10.5.19°1. He SchonfelderJohann Georg (III); Markneukirchen. b.
worked with Erich Meinel in Wernitzgrun and then 16. II. 1771, d. 19. I. 1844. Only instruments from
established himself independently in 1929. the last years of his life can be safely ascribed to him.
SchonfelderJohann (Hans) Martin; Markneukirchen.
SchonfelderJohann (I); Markneukirchen, 1653-1677.
V.m. and baker. Immigrant from Graslitz (in Bo- b. c. 1680, d. before 1739. Son of Caspar S. Became
hemia) and one of the founders of the Markneu- master on 29. 2. 17°4. Becausehe was unable to pay
kirchen guild in 1677. He left Graslitz sometime the necessaryfee, Johann Reichel (Reichelt) stood
between 1653-1661. surety for him. He had no sons. His youngest
SchonfelderJohann (II); Markneukirchen. b. c. 1675, daughter married the v.m. Hans Georg Kretzsch-
d. before 1729. Son of Simon S. He was admitted mann (I) in 1739.
to the guild on 3I. 5. 1697after having been regularly SchonfelderSimon; Graslitz- (in- Bohemia), Markneu-
apprenticed and employed as a junior assistant, kirchen, 1677-1723. Immigrated with his father
though he was excused the normally prescribed Johann Georg S. (I) from Grasljtz. He was the first
Jungmeisterof the guil.:J.He was warden of the guild
journeying.
SchonfelderJohann (III); Markneukirchen. b. c. 17°5. 7 times. In 1723 he was its chairman (Vormeister).
Son of Johann S. (I). Became master in 1729. He Schonger Carl; Erfurt. d. c. 1825.Eldest son and pupil of
seemsneither to have been born nor to have died in Franz S., whom he succeededat a fairly early age.
Markneukirchen. Schonger Franz; Erfurt, 175°-1776. Son and pupil of
SchonfelderJohann (Hans) Adam; Markneukirchen. Georg S. He made his instruments on Italian models
b. 17°7, d. 21. I. 1763. Son of Johann S. (II). He was and was very much sought after as a repairer. He
admitted to the guild on 3. I. 1729and his citizenship was fond of high arching and a broad model. As the
datesfrom the sameyear. Both work and wood good. tables of his instruments were relatively very thin
Yellow-brown or red-brown var. He gave the Tyrol many of his violins have a shrill tone, but otherwise
as the place of origin, though his instruments do not they are quite good. Several good cellos made by
reflect the Tyrolean style. him are also known. Brown var. Only the eldest
of his 3 sons became a v.m.
Schonger Georg; Erfurt (?). b. 1666 in Vils, d. c. 174°.
Earliest known member of the family. On his
travels he may have gone as far as Italy, where his
name would have been changedaccording to custom,
so the family tradition that his name was originally
Schiinfelder Johann Christian; Markneukirchen. b. Scognerimay have some basis.
3. 10. 1775, d. 28.8. 1821. Brother of Johann Georg SchangerJoseph; Kassel. b. I. 2. 1812 in Erfurt, d.
S. (II). He was one of those Markneukirchen v.ms 15. 5. 1888. Son and pupil of Carl S. Originally he
who travelled with his instruments from fair was destined to be a priest, but he gave up these
to fair. studies quite early and was apprenticed to his father.
Schiinfelder(Schonfeld) Johann Georg (I); Markneu- After serving his apprenticeship he stayed in Erfurt
kirchen. b. 20.7. 1653 in Graslitz (in Bohemia), until 1838; in May of the same year he went to
d. after 1712. He immigrated to the Vogtland from Kassel and was persuaded by the virtuoso Spohr to
Graslitz. He was probably the earliest known member settle there. In his first years at Kassel he made many
of the flourishing family. His son is said to have been violins resembling his father's instruments: but
Simon S. The backs of his violins are branded with becausehis reputation as restorer grew steadily, he
the mark I. G. S. and have double purfling. finally devoted himself entirely to repairs of old
instruments and only supplied new Tyrolean and
Vogtland instruments to fill a special requirement.
Sch'o'nheit
Arne Karl; Sonneberg (in Thuringia). b. 2. I I.
19°3 in Oerlikon (in Switzerland). V.m.
SchornJohann Joseph; Salzburg, 1716-1726. Brother
of Johann Paul S.
 Schorn Johann Paul; Innsbruck, Salzburg, 1680-1716. SchraderGustav Adolf; Bremen, 1870-19°2. Talented
Musician and lute-maker, probably from Filssen. v.m. and repairer. From 1870-19°1 he VIas the
Then he entered the service of the Archbishop of foreman of the v.m. workshop of the factory of
Salzburg and lived in the Millln suburb in Salzburg. A. E. Fischer in Bremen. He made many violins,
The Salzburg archives mention him in 171; for the violas and cellos.
last time. His work resembles Matthias Alban's: his SchrageTheodor; Berlin, 1913-1920. Excellent re-
model is highly arched, with elegant corners. Very pairer and connoisseur who worked with August
good Va!. The State Collection of Ancient Musical Hermann & Sohne. He was fond of the Stradivari
Instruments in Vienna includes a Brcttctgcigcby him, model.
on which Mozart is said to have played as a child. SchrammJohann Gott(fried?); Gotha. d. c. 185°. Could
The instrument has a beautifully carved lion's head. not make his living as V.rl1. and therefore became
This is, however, not the only instrument by him in a theatre usher. His violins are of mediocre quality,
this collection. J. Hart speaks of Jacob and Johann but he was an excellent repairer and skilful bow-
Schorn: it seems that the first is actually Jakob maker.
Schrott. Schorn often wrote his labels by hand, so Schrammen (Schramm?) .. ; Munich, 16th cent. Accord-
that they have not all the samewording. He seemsto ing to Trautmann he was a lute-maker in Munich.
have used both names from the time when his SchreckRudolph; Berlin, c. 1725. One of the earliest
brother Johann Joseph started working in Salzburg. v.ms in Berlin.
SchreeJ. G.; Leipzig, 18th cent. V.m., apparently
quite prolific.
SchreiberAnton; Hamburg. b. 15.9.1891 in Schon-
bach (in Bohemia). Pupil of Anton Hoyer in Schon-
bach. He worked in Hanover, later with F. C. Louis
in Saarbriicken and with G. Winterling in Hamburg.
He left for Vienna, where he joined Dr Thomastik
and then went to Budapest to Robert Laumann.
After the war he again wDrked with Laumann.
Together with Anton Lugert he bought the
shop of G. Winterling in Hamburg, which they took
over on I. II. 1920.

SchrickelA. ; Lejpzig. 20th cent. v.m.

SchroderChristian; Gotha, c. I 882. Mainly acted as
repairer.
Schroder Hermann. b.. 23.7. 1843 in Quedlinburg,
Schott Carl Friedrich; Hamburg, c. 1789. Maker of d. 3I. I. 1909 in Berlin. Brother of Karl S. Cellist;
musical instruments. Citizen on I I. 12. 1789. published in 189I a study on the vibrations of
Schott Konrad; Stuttgart, 1584-16;6. Worked for strings, the sympathetic tones of instruments of the
the Court Orchestra, which obtained four zithers violin family and the theory of tone-production
from him in 1604. He was also asked to make with the bow, entitled (7ntersuchungen iiber die .[Ym-
a zither for the Duke of Wiirttemberg, for which he pathetischen Kliinge der Geigeninstrumente und cine
received 6 fiorins. It is certain that he also made herausJolgendeTheorieder Wirkung des Bogensauf die
bowed instruments. The documents usually call him Saiten (Leipzig, 1891).
'blind organ-builder' and as such he received a SchroderJiirgen Johannes; Frankfurt a. M. b. 28. 4.
subsidy of 20 to 40 gulden. 1927. Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m. school between
SchottR. Wrote in 1892 an article called Mittenwa/d und
seine Geigenmacher (in the periodical Vom Fe/s zum
Meer).
Schott/Peter; Mittenwald, 1906-1919. In 1906he took
part in the Nuremberg exhibition.
SchradL.; c. 1827. Place unknown. One guitar bearing
this name is in the Berlin museum.

~
 1946-1949. Then he worked with Richard Paulus in Lubeck. Pupil of Otto Schunemannwho worked in
Freiburg. He established himself independently in Rostock and Hamburg. In 1896he settled in Lubeck.
Frankfurt on I. I. 195 I. He made new and copied In 19°7 he was appointed Court v.m. to the Duke of
old instruments. For several years he studied cello Mecklenburg. He was one of the best German v.ms
and viola d'amore at the conservatoire. of his time. He used magnificent wood and applied
Schroder Karl. b. 18. 12. 1848 in Quedlinburg. Author var. of his own original composition. His violins and
of Katechismus des Violoncellspiels (Leipzig, 19°9). cellos are fine and are typified by beauty of form and
Schroder Simon; Passau, 1750-1875. Good work after fullness of sound. In addition to labels he used
Stainer. He carved female heads instead of scrolls. a brand. His younger brother and pupil, Franz,
Schrb'derWilhelm Karl Jakob; Wismar, c. 1831. V.m. established himself independently in Hanover.
Schrb'derWilli Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 23. 12. 1878,
d. 28. 12. 1925. Average Markneukirchen products.
Schroen Egmont; Leipzig. Guitar-player. In 1879 he
published in Leipzig a history of the guitar, and he is
also the author of Katechismus der Musikinstrumente
(Leipzig, 1875)
Schrott (Schrot) Jakob; Innsbruck. b. 18°5, d. 3.7.
1843. Because he was not accepted as a master
cabinet-maker, he devoted himself to making musical SchultLudwig Friedrich; Stettin, Lubeck. d. 8. z. 1949.
instruments. In 1835 he was admitted to the guild. Son and pupil of Johann Heinrich S. He learned the
He married Maria Tiefenbrunner. In 1838 he was trade with various makers and finally settled in
eventually granted permission to carryon the cabinet- Stettin. After the war he returned to his father in
making trade. Apart from doubleba,sses he also made Lubeck and worked with him.
guitars, zithers and peasants' harps. Apparently Schultz Friedrich Wilhelm; Magdeburg, c. 1895. Ap-
he made no violins. prenticed to a maker of woodwind instruments.
Schubert Anton; Gorlitz, c. 1885. In 1885 he exhibited Repaired violins.
a violin in Gorlitz which won a silver medal. Schultz Jurgen Wilhelm; Hamburg, c. 1797. Maker of
Schubert Ernst; Zwota. 20th cent. bow-maker who musical instruments. Became citizen on z5. 8. 1797.
apparently came from Cottenheide in the Vosges. SchulZ August; Nuremberg. b. 1Z. 9.1871. Pupil of
His bows are branded Ernst Schubert.
Gustav Adolf Roth in Markneukirchen. He estab-
Schubert F.; Eilenburg, c. 1867. Good repairer. lished himself independently in Nuremberg in 19Oz.
Schubert F. L.; Author of Die Violine, ihr Wesen, ihre He copied Stradivari and mainly used oil var.,
Bedeutung und Behandlung als Solo- und Orchester- making lutes, mandolins, guitars and zithers. He
instrument (Leipzig, 1878).
was the first for many yearsto take up lute-making in
Schubert Julius Ferdinand; Leipzig. b. 14.7.18°4 in Nuremberg. His instruments are carefully made
Magdeburg, d. 9.6. 1875 in Leipzig. .L-\uthor of Ober and their sound and form are good. He useda brand
den mechanischenBali der Violine (in the Musikalische with his name and date.
Z eitung, Leipzig) and of Vorschliige zur Verbesserungder
Kontravioline.
Schubert Paul; Markneukirchen. b. 2. 12. 1884, d. 1961.
Bow-maker.
Schuberth August Richard; Markneukirchen,
Established himself independently in 1899.
c.1899.
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Schuldt Johann; Lubeck, 1647-1649. Lute-maker.

Became citizen in 1647. In 1649 he married Katharine Nl1rnberg
Luders. Feinstes Spezialgeschift
Schuller Ernst; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. v.m.
Schult Ernst Friedrich Ludwig David; Lubeck. b. 16. 9. fur Gitarren, lauten.Zithern LIndSaiten.
1897, d. 1949. Son and pupil of Johann Heinrich S.
After finishing grammar school he was apprenticed
to his father. Then he worked with Alexius Stem- SchulZ Gunther; Stettin, Selters, c. 1946. Son and
plovsky in Engelberg (near Lucerne) under the assistant of Otto S.
guidance of Joseph Hofmann. After 1918 he returned SchulZ Otto; Stettin, Geismar, Selters. b. 6.10. 1882.
to Lubeck, where he worked with his father. in Stettin. Worked for various German v.ms. He
Schult Franz; Hanover. b.late 19th cent. Conscientious established himself independently in Stettin in 192.1.
work. Brother and pupil of Johann Heinrich S. In 1944 his workshop was damaged by bombs and
Schult Johann Heinrich; Lubeck, b. 24.4. 1866 in Blie- he was evacuated to Geismar near Fritzlar. Though
rendorf (near Neustadt i. M.), d. 3°. 3. 1949 in 63, he returned to work with the help of his son
 Gunther; later he lived at Selters. His model, crafts- own composition. He is an official expert on bowed
manship and repairs were good. and plucked instruments and since 1959 has been
SchulZPeter; Regensburg. b. 17.7. 1808, d. 2.4. 1871. the chief maker in the Leipzig district.
Pupil of Josef Fischer (I). Later he worked with
Jean Cornelius Vauchel in Wurzburg, with L. C. A.
Bausch in Dessau and in Rotterdam (probably with
the Coenen brothers) and was successor to his
L'1
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"f n
teacher. He rates among the outstanding German
V.ms. His best instruments, in the possessionof his "
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1i.$N$TlU~I~ t""
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pupil and successor Kerschensteiner, are very fine.

He worked after Stradivari, Guarneri and Gagliano I) otO.sS'OSNA 9 't)
and used thick oil var. He also made guitars and Dill tll'XIG t t
zithers. His violins are of magnificent wood and
reveal fine work. In 1865 he went into partnership
with his pupil Xaver Kerschensteiner. Schulze~Joachim; Flensburg. b. 3. 1. 1861 in Ziepel
(Altmark). After 1887 he devoted himself to V.m.,
which he learned from literature on the craft. In 1893
he founded a V.m. shop. He tuned the tables of
violins.
Schunemann Otto; Schwerin, Hamburg. b. 17. 12. 1837
in Dargun i. M., d. 1~. ~. 1914. Violinist, pupil of
musical director Carl Schulze in Rostock. He jour-
neyed through Dresden and Leipzig. Went with
Dr Wirsinger to Prague, where he began to study
v.m. From Prague he went again to Hamburg as
a violinist. Nevertheless he never gave up v.m. In
1887 he was summoned to Schwerin where he
founded a v.m. school. In 1898 he returned to
Hamburg and concentrated on v.m. His work is
quite good.

Schulze Carl; Berlin, 1896-19°3. Author ofStradivari's

Geheimnis,. Bin ausfiihrliches Lehrbuch des Geigenbaues,
published by Fussinger in Berlin. Having measured
the inside of various instruments he found that old
,masters tried to avoid interference of vibrations and
that m~asurements of the width vibrations of disso-
nant music. As regards the tones of both table and
back, he came to the same conclusion as Dr Gross- SchiingRudolf & Sohn; Klingenthal, c. 1914. Makers of
mann. Schulze gives the arithmetic relations of the zithers.
free-vibrating areas, whereas Dr Grossmann dis- Schiinzel Arno; Wiesbaden. b. 18. 5. 1895. Pupil of
regards overlapping edges and glued-on parts. G. Graseck in Munich. He worked with various
makers in Mittenwald, Munich and Weimar, and
established himself independently in 1928. He
Gef. CARL S(;:HULZE modelled his instruments on early makers but had
in Berlin 18 also a model of his own. For 4° years he studied the
composition of var., with the result that he used
N' only his own var., containing exclusively natural
resins, organic oils and vegetable dyes.
J'churicht Alfred; Chemnitz. b. 26. 6.1891. Pupil of
SchulzeGeorg Bruno; Grossposna (near Leipzig). b. 17. Paul and Otto Windisch in Schoneck. He worked
6. 1906. Pupil of Gustav Wunderlich in Leipzig. with J. H. Zimmermann in Leipzig and Petersburg.
For 10 years he had worked with various makers in He was admitted to the guild in 1923.He established
Hamburg and Mittenwald, and elsewhere in Bava- himself independently in 194°. Good craftsmanship,
ria. He established himself independently in 1926. careful repairs. He was helped by his daughter
He follows original models using spirit vaT. of his Johanna.
 SchusterAdolf Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 23. 12. 189°,
d. 9. 3. 1947. Pupil of August Wilhelm Pfretzschner
SchurichtJohanna; Markneukirchen. b. 16. II. 1921 in
and August Rau. Skilful bow-maker.
Markneukirchen. Daughter of Alfred S. Var. after
the recipes of Heinel. Her stringed instruments are SchusterAnton; Baiersdorf (near Erlangen). 20th cent.
v.m.
rare, for she makes all parts by her own hand.
SchusterBartelmo; Augsburg, 1499-1516. Lute-maker
and maker of dulcimers. His name is found in the
Augsburg tax-registers.
SchusterCarl August; Markneukirchen. b. 19.4. 1818,
d. 10. 4. 1851. Son of Carl Friedrich S. Skilful
maker, but unfortunately ma,de mostly only cheap
violins.
SchusterCarl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 25.4.1788,
d. 2. 12. 1864. Son of Johann Christian S. He was
active 1812-1860. One of the best v.ms of his time.
SchusterC. G. See SchusterKarl Gottlob.
Schuster Friedrich Wilhdm; Stossen, 1845-1888.
Musician who was awarded a medal by the Berlin
Academy in 1845. Later he played the horn. For
some time he lived in the U.S.A., considering
himself to be the discovever of the Amati var. When
he returned from America he settled in Stossen
(in 1888) and devoted himself to repairing violins.
Schuster& Co.; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. makers of Schuster G.; Markneukirchen. Firm producing and
wind instruments. In the early 20th cent. they also selling instruments of the violin family.
made guitars.
SchusterGebriider; Markneukirchen, 20th cent.~Music G. Schuster
Instrumentenfabrik und Handlung
department store supplying instruments throughout in Neukirchen bei Adorf in SachsenNo.
Germany and also exporting them. They used the
label Cid with the name of the model following, and SchusterGeorg (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1685, d. 12..7.
Tartini : the instruments were madeby various makers. 1759. V.m.
SchusterGeorg(II); Markneukirchen. b. 1718, d. 19. 6. SchusterMatthias; Markneukirchen, c. 1820. Immigrant
18°7. Son and heir of Georg S. (I). When in 1748he from Schonbach (in Bohemia): this is why his name
applied for admittance to the guild he was already is not in the local registers. His violins a,re good,
master and citizen. He was admitted on 10.4. 1749, though his var. is of a paler tint than that used by
after paying 2.5 thalers. other v.ms in Markneukirchen.
SchusterGotthard; Bubenreuth. 2.oth cent. bow-maker. j'chuster Max; Markneukirchen. b. 4. II. 1887, d. 12.5.
SchusterHeinrich Moritz; Markneukirchen, c. 1871. 1957. Worked with August Albin Voigt, with
Dealer in Markneukirchen instruments. He estab- Heinrich Glitter in Breslau, with Karl Niedt in
lished his shop in 1871, having lived for many years Wlirzburg, with Theodor Kurth in Berlin and
in Russia and France. with Eugen Gartner in Stuttgart. He established
SchusterJohann; Vienna, 1710-1758. Little-known himself independently in 1')18. Good work, skilful
v.m. repairs.
SchusterJohann August; Vienna, c. 185°. Several beau-
tiful guitars by him are known, made in the style
of L. Legnani and Johann Georg Stauffer.
SchusterJohann Christian; Markneukirchen. b. 13. 12..
1753, d. 13.8.182.0. Son of Georg S. (II). Violins of
mediocre quality. He considered it necessaryto give
a false birthplace: he called himself 'v.m. from
SchusterMichael (I); Markneukirchen, c. 182O.Perhaps
J h Cti .re
Prague'.
O "'" Ii BC
M ~CcccCcc
w' ' " ""
clc':"
brother of Matthias S. He preferred the flat Hopf
model. Brown var.
o',cclClir cc,M,"\
Yiolinmacher aut PriIf '7"'.1.'C3'c 3c SchusterMichael (II); Markneukirchen, 1862-189°.
Owner of a factory founded in 1817 and closed in
189°, which sold extremely cheap violins, made by
J c x~3.~:h~fic
\.~nnL.c~n
'sweatedlabour'.
SchusterNikolaus; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Son

:~g~~ and probably pupil of Ulrich S. After the death of

his father he managed the shop.
SchusterRaymond; Markneukirchen, 1894-1913. In
SchusterJoseph; Ehrenbach, 18th-19th cent. Maker 1895 he took over and enlarged, in partnership
of violins and strings. According to Heinel, his with his brother Ulrich, the firm founded ip 1824by
instruments are highly arched and have a yellow- Karl Gottlob S. Left the business in 1913.
brownvar. SchusterRudolf (I); Graz, 20th cent. Pupil of Josef
SchusterKarl Gottlob (called Karl junior); Markneu- Poetzl in Schonbach (in Bohemia). He worked in
kirchen, 1824-185°. One of the most important Lvov, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Berlin. He was also
firms of musical instrument-makers, founded in 1824. with Dr T. Thomastik in Vienna. He established
Later the brothers Raymond and Ulrich S. added himself independently in Styria.
a V.m. shop (1895), which produced excellent violins SchusterRudolf (II); Dusseldorf, c. 19°0. Maker of
and cellos with tuned plates. Raymond left the firm in strings and musical instruments in Dusseldorf who
1913and Ulrich died in 1921,where upon the manage- emigrated, when and where is not known.
ment of the firm passedto the latter's son Nikolaus. SchusterUlrich; Markneukirchen. d. 5. II. 1921. With
SchusterKurt; Leipzig. b. I. 1.0.1879in Markneukirchen, his brother Raymond he took over and enlarged
d. 1960.Pupil of Ernst Glasel. He worked in Munich a factory producing stringed instruments, Schuster
with Giuseppe Fiorini, whose pupil he considered Gebruder, originally founded in 1824 by Karl Gott-
himself to have been. After two years he left and lob S. Raymond left the firm shortly before 1914.
joined Eugen Gartner with whom he stayed for After Ulrich's death the shop was managed by his
a year. After finishing his military training he went son, Nikolaus, who became the sole proprietor of
to Grunwald Paul Meinel in Basle,and later to Hjorth the factory.
and Sonsin Copenhagen.He travelled throughout the SchusterWalter; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Mass-pro-
Netherlands, England and France, and finally estab- ducer of plucked instruments.
lished himself independently in Leipzig in 19°8. His Schuster Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 1876. Bow-
craftsmanship is fine: the same holds true for his maker.
var., which is golden-yellow. SchutteHans; Hamburg, c. 1718. V.m., became citizen
SchusterKurt Max; Markneukirchen. b. 22..I. 1886, on 6. 5. 1718.
d. 1959. Bow-maker. Pupil of A. W. Pfretzschner SchiitzeJulius; Berlin, c. 1914. Experimented with new
who established himself independently in 1918. outlines of violins. More highly spoken of than his
Conscientious work. instruments deserve.
SchutzeWilhelm; Forst (nearFrankfurt a. M.), Guben.
b. 2.5.10. 1836 in Magdeburg, d. after 189°. Maker
of musical instruments and repairer.
SchwabAlbert,' Zwota-Zechenbach. d. c. 1952.. V.m.
J/.-~I
Schwab Ernst; Hohendorf, c. 1910. Good bow-
maker.
SchwaicherLeopold; Floridsdorf (near Vienna), 177°-
1813. Copied Stainer, but his violins are ugly in Schweigl (Schwaigl) Franz Xaver; Vienna. b. 18°4,
shape. d. 9.10. 1834. Pupil of Martin Stoss. He lived in
Schwartz Antoni; Breslau (Wroclaw). 1753. He the St Ulrich suburb (No. 7°) and took his citizen's
worked after Jakob Stainer. Golden-brown var. oath on 4. 8. 183~. He died at the early age of 3°,
so that he worked independently only for 3 years.
Thus he could nor have left many specimensof his
craft. Nevertheless his cellos are considered to reveal
very good work. After his death Anton Hoffmann,
Josef Hamberger (I) and others put his label into
inferior violins.
Schweinfleisch ..; Leipzig, c. 1782. Factory production
SchwartzMax; Fleissen, Markneukirchen. b. 4.10.1892 of stringed instruments.
in Fleissen (in Bohemia). Son and pupil of Ernst S. of SchweinsJohann; Darmstadt. Early 19th cent. maker
Fleissen.He worked for Geipel & S6hnein Markneu- of lutes, guitars and pianos. His guitars and large
kirchen. In 1928he establishedhimself independently lutes are more frequently met with than pianos or
in Fleissen. After 20 years he transferred his shop bowed instruments.
to Markneukirchen. He made plucked electric gui- Schwentner Lorenz G. 19th cent. Bavarian v.m. Neither
tars. Violins by him are also known. He used a prin- his place of activity nor instruments are known.
ted label and also signed his instruments. SebastianCarl; Hamburg, c. 1798. Maker of musical
SchwarzAndreas; Faulenbach. b. c. 1635in Schwangen, instruments who became citizen on 26. 1. 1798.
d. 1. 2. 1699 in Faulenbach. Lute- and v.m. SeckendorfOtto Karl; Markneukirchen. b. 23. 6. 1872.
Schwarz Heinrich; Leipzig, c.1894. V.m. of little Pupil of August Wilhelm Ficker, assistant of Ernst
importance. Glasel. He later gave up the trade.
SchwarzJosef; Vienna, 20th cent. Variable work. Good SeckendorfPaul Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 28. 10.
wood, high arching. 1887,d. 24. 2. 1964.Pupil of Moritz Eduard Schmidt,
SchwarzLorenz; Obersontheim, c. 1870. Amateur, but o. B. Heinel and P. Robert Penzelof Markneukirchen.
extremely competent. To gain further knowledge he worked in Mittenwald,
SchwarzThomas; Schwabisch-Hall, 1592-1600. V.m., with G. Stossel in Cologne, with Kurt Schuster in
and as can be seenfrom the accounts, also a dealer. Leipzig, with K. Ludemann and o. Seifert ('Neu-
Amongst others, he supplied to the Wiirttemberg Cremona') in Berlin, with Franz Grossmann in Berlin,
Court a descant and a tenor violin, for 8 Fl. 42 Kr., later with Eugen Tenucci in Zurich, with Gustav
then a 'hand-violin' and a doublebass, as well as Bazin in Mirecourt, with Konrad Glasel in Brussels
violins bows, for which he charged 3 Batzen (34 and with Richard Bruckner in London. After this rich
pfennigs)apiece. experiencefrom allover Europe he establishedhim-
Schwarzbach Franz Elias; L6bau. b.. 6. 4. 1791 in Seiten- self independently in his native town in 1914. Good
dorf, d. 4. 4. 185° in L6bau. He learned music from maker. He passedhis master'stest in Markneukirchen
the G6rlitz municipal musicians. In 1813 he married on 5.2. 1927.
(in Langena,u) Maria Fest of Kolitz and went as SeelandMartin (I); Lubeck, 1636-1656. Maker of
a musician to L6bau about 1816. He was appointed musical instruments. In 1636 he was the proprietor
town-crier and fire-warden. While he had this job, of house No. 9°5 (today, No. 5°) in Muhlenstrasse
he lived in the tower of St Nicolas' Church. A ver- am Klingenberg.
satile man who also skilfully repaired many violins, SeelandMartin (II); Lubeck. b. c. 1600, d. . . 7. 1663.
though it is now known whether he actually made Son and pupil of Martin S. (I).
new ones. 1 Seelbach & Co.; Cologne, c. 1928. Little-known firm,
SchwarzmannAnton; Mittenwald, 18th cent. Styled producing bowed instruments.
himself 'musician and v.m.' on his labels. SeelosGeorg (I); Innsbruck. d. c. 1668-1672. On 9. 8.
SchweigerD.; Munich, 18th-19th cent. Maker of 1647 he was granted a licence (Preybrief) by Arch-
harps. duke Ferdinand Karl permitting him to follow the
Schweiger(Schweigger) Joseph; Stadtamhof (near R~- trade which he had learned, namely lute- and v.m.,
gensburg), 1798-183°. Cabinet-maker, organ-buil- without any hindrance. In addition, Seelos ,was a
der, maker of harps and very good lyre-guitars. bodyguard of the Archduke. He seemsto- have been
 connected in some way with Jacob Stainer and also Seidel Franz; Klingenthal, 19th cent. O. E. Heinel
made strings. It is known that Jacob Stainer bought knew of a violin by him, the back of which .is made
24 florins' worth of strings from a royal watch-maker, of two pieces. Stainer model with several individual
Andreas S., who was probably a brother of Georg. details. Spirit var. Good craftsmanship and full
He probably camefrom Fiissen, where a Seelosfamily tone.
is recorded. After his death his shop was managedby Seidel Heinrich Alexander; Markneukirchen. b. 8. I.
his widow, who in 1677 raised a protest against the 1852.V.rL-
establishment of Michael Straub (II) in the town. Seidel Heinrich Robert; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 12.
She was assistec:J by her two sons, Georg (II) and 1859. Pupil of his cousin Christian Wilhelm S., to
Johannes. whom he became apprenticed on 5.4. 1873. Then
he worked in various workshops. In March 1884 he
established himself independently and a year later
was admitted to the guild. Among others he used
the model of Christian Wilhelm S.
Seidel Johann Georg (I); Markneukirchen. b. 26. 2.
1760, d. 22. 12. 1813. Son and pupil of Johann
Michael S. (II). His violins are branded I. G. S. He
See!osGeorg (II); Innsbruck. b. c. 1650,d. after 1682.. made many cheap 'school' violins and some better
Son and probably pupil of Georg S. (I). In 1681he instruments too.
applied for the Emperor's licence which he received SeidelJohannGeorg (II); Markneukirchen. b. 8. I.
on 5. 5. 1681. Nothing more could be ascertained 1852, d. early 20th cent. Pupil of his cousin Christian
about him, despite all the efforts of Dr F. Waldner. Wilhelm S. He worked in various German work-
See!os Johannes; Linz. b. 2.0. 7. 1654 in Innsbruck, shops. In 1884 he establishedhimself independently.
d. 7. 5. 172.4.Son and pupil of Georg S. (1). He is Mediocre work in the style of Stradivari.
said to have worked in Graz, and in 1684 went to SeidelJohann Gottlo b; Markneukirchen, Klingenthal.
Linz, though he was not granted the freedom of b. 26. I. 1788, d. 14.2.1868. Son and pupil of Johann
that town. An excellent v.m. and lute-maker whose Georg S. (I). In his early years he worked on the
instruments were very popular. Vogtland model, later following Italian patterns.
Seide!..; Markneukirchen. Earliest member of the Brown spirit var. He very rarely labelled his instru-
family of v.ms. ments.
Seide!Adolf K. F. W. B.; Markneukirchen. b. 2.1.I. 1868 Seidel Johann Michael (I); Markneukirchen. b. 17°2,
in Hanover, d. 5. 5. 1946 in Markneukirchen. Son and d. 28. II. 1754. Master and citizen on 23. II. 1723.
pupil of Karl Friedrich S. He worked in Markneu- Diligent v.m. who used quite a good yellowish var.
kirchen as assistant of H. Robert Nurnberger. His SeidelJohann Michael (II); Markneukirchen. b. 173I,
instruments, bearing a printed label, are very rare. d. 28. 2. 1810. Son and pupil of Johann Michael
He followed various models of the Italian School, S. (I).
though his instruments show unmistakable personal Seidel Karl !Friedrich Wilhelm Bernhard. See Seidel
touches. Adolf K. F. W. B.
Seidel Christian Friedrich; Klingenthal. b. c.1817. Seidel Max Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 27. 6.1896.
Probably son of Johann Gottlob S. He settled in Conscientiouswork. .
Klingenthal. Good work, flat model. The backs Seidel Paul; Berlin. d. I. 6. 1915. Talented v.m. who
of his instruments, sometimes also the tables, are worked with EmilPliverics.
made in one piece. The soundholes are not attractive. SeidelRobert; Markneukirchen. b. 29. 12. 1859,d. 13.I.
Like most of his countrymen, he evidently did not 1937.
carve the scroll himself. SeidelWilly; Markneukirchen. b. 18.2. 1893. Son and
Seidel Christian Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 4. pupil of Robert S. He established himself inde-
1815. Son and pupil of Johann Gottlob S. He was pendently in 1914. Master since 1920. Good work
apprentice and junior assistant between the years on classicalpatterns.
182.9-1844. Then he established himself independ- Seifert (Seiffert) Georg; Marburg, 1850-1880. Came
ently in his native town and took over his father's from Gersfeld. Perhaps pupil of Franz Kaudetzky.
workshop. He modelled his instruments on various Clean craftsmanship modelled on Guarneri.
Italian and German patterns but he was mainly Seifert Kurt; Erlbach. b. 16.9. 1894, d. after 1960.
famous for his original model known as the Seidel Established himself independently after serving
violin. Good yellow var. apprenticeship with Robert Ernst Stark. He special-
Seide!Erhard; Oldenburg. d. 1893. Maker of musical ised in cellos. Good work.
instruments, including violins. SeifertOtto; Berlin. b. 23. 12. 1866in Markneukirchen.
Seidel Ernst; Dresden, Markneukircheti, c. 192.7.V.m. In 1880 he became apprenticed to Heinrich Albin
and repairer. Bruckner. Then he worked with Rudolf Heckel in
 Dresden, from 1885-1886 with David Bittner in SengerJ. L.; Hamburg,c. 1815.The Hamburg Museum
Vienna, in 1887 he was with Andreas Rieger (I) contain~ a guitar made by him, richly inlaid with
in Munich. Later he worked in Frankfurt a. O. and ivory, mother-of-pearl and ebony. It is the only
in Berlin. Towards the end of 1896 he established one known.
himself independently in Berlin. His speciality was SennewaldCarl; Rudolstadt, Berlin. b. 23. 5. 1888 in
making bows according to the theories of Dr Aachen. Was to be an electrician and therefore
Grossmann. The inventor collaborated with Seifert, attended technical schools in Magdeburg. He was
examining his violins, which to begin with resembled so interested in v.m. that after finishing his studies
in many parts classical German instruments. Later he began to work with a Markneukirchen firm on
Seifert was joined by Dr Grossmann as a partner a voluntary basis. He made rapid progress and his
and they established a v.m. firm which they called teacher was able to give him a very good report.
Neu-Cremona. In 19°5 he made his first violin. Like Dr Grossmann,
SeithFranz; Munich. 20th cent. guitar-maker. he believed in tuning the individual plates. Copied
SeitzFerdinand; Mittenwald, c. 1841.Perhapsbrother Stradivari and Guarneri. Old-style golden-yellow,
of Anton Seiz. red or brown var. Between 19°5-1910 he was in
Seitz Georg; Bayreuth, 1843-1853. Known mainly Rudolstadt. In January 1911 he moved to Berlin.
from repairs. Very good work.
SeitzJohann; Mittenwald. b. 21. 10. 1899.Worked for
the trade.
Seitz Johannes;Mittenwald, c. 1771.Perhapsbrother
of FranzSeiz.
Seitz Josef; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m.
Seitz (Seiz) Nikolaus (I); Mittenwald, c. 1791.V.m.
Seitz Nikolaus (II); Mittenwald, c. 1919.Made cellos SeyboldKarl; Coburg, c. 192.8.Maker of stringed in-
for the trade. struments.
Seiz (Seitz) Anton; Mittenwald, 1842-1853. An Sidtler (Siedler, Sittler) Gregor; Munich, 1762.-1800.
ailing man who worked in Mittenwald on the model Pupil of Sebastian Wolfram of Munich. To gain
of Stradivari.His violins have a fine, bright oil var. further experience he went to Vienna but when
A little-known v.m., for he worked almost exclus- Johann Andreas Kambl died he cameback tp Munich
ively and anonymouslyfor Matthias Neuner (IV). as his successor, where he bought the hous~ of
Seiz (Seitz) Bernhard; Mittenwald, 1750-1793. His Wolfram's widow. However, the Frenchman Clau-
work is fairly good though in Mittenwald he was dius Boiteux, and not Sidtler, became Court v.m. in
consideredto have been only second-rate.He also Munich.
spelledhis first namePernhardtus.
Seiz Franz; Mittenwald, 1760-1768. Worked in the
stylesof Kloz and Stainer.
Seiz Franz Xaver; Mittenwald. b. 12.2. 1761.Son of
Franz S., who followed Stainer.
Seiz Johann Georg; Mittenwald. b. 26. 2. 1768. Son
of Franz S. and perhaps also his pupil; copied Siebert Franz; Berlin. Until 1895 he was the owner
Stainer. of the firm Carl Grimm.
Seiz Joseph (I); Mittenwald, 1763-179°' The best Siefert Christian Heinrich; Leipzig. b. 2;. I. 1851 in
v.m. in the family. Good work on the model of Eisenach, d. 18.6. 1889 in Leipzig. Originally a vio-
MatthiasKloz. linist and owner of a dress-making shop. In 1875
Seiz Joseph (II); Mittenwald, 18th cent. Confined he moved to Leipzig and his keen application result-
himself to carving necks and headsor scrolls for ed in his being counted among the best makers of
other makers. his time. He was extraordinarily conscientiousin his
Seiz Martin; Mittenwald. b. 28. 12. 1767. Pupil of work, studying Stradivari's instruments and selecting
JosephS. (I). Worked for the trade. his wood carefully. He used; different patterns,
Seiz Matthias Ignaz; Mittenwald. b. 31. 12. 1758.Son making variations for each individual violin. Only
and pupil of Bernhard S. occasionally did he make violas and cellos. The
Seiz (Seitz) Michael; Mittenwald, c. 1845.V.m. who labels are handwritten. When he was helped by
worked mainly for the trade. He signed his name, others, the violins bear the note Schulergeige.
Beautiful
usuallyin pencil, on the inside of the table.Thin red var., which seems pale only because he did not
var. stain the wood beforehand. Good tone, excellent
SelleLouis; Muhlhausen,Erfurt, 1861-1865. Between repairer.
1861-1863 he lived in Muhlhausen,in 1865 in Siefert Gustav; Leipzig. b. 2;. ;. 1856. Son, pupil and
Erfurt. Skilful repairer. successorof Christian Heinrich S. For 18 years he
 helped his father, and in 1889 took over his work- best zither-makers in Munich of his time. He won
shop. As far as wood and var. are concerned, his the friendship of Duke Max. Only zithers by him
instruments are almost without fault. are known, the earliest dated 1810, though bn some
SiegfriedEugen; Berlin, 2.oth cent. Good but ordinary labels he called himself 'v.m.'. His workshop was
work on Italian models. Labels sometimesin English, taken over by his step-son, Johann Haslwanter,
printed on bright blue paper. who had managed it since 1851.
SiemenrothA. F.; Kustrin (near Frankfurt), c. 1870.
Careful and conscientious repairer.
Siercks Martin; Lubeck, c. 1712.-1714. Maker of
pianos and other musical instruments who is men-
tioned in Lubeck in the 18th cent. He also repaired
stringed instruments.
Silbermann Gottfried; Freiberg, Dresden, Munich.
b. c. 1683, d. c. 1753. Organ-builder who also sold
bowed instruments, and has, probably wrongly, been
called a v.m.
Simmann(Simann) Franz; Mittenwald, c. 1838.Though
he does not mention the place of origin in his labels,
his work indicates that he must have come from
Mittenwald.
SimmannGeorg; Mittenwald, 18th cent. His name is
quoted in violin literature in curiously corrupted
forms, as e.g. Simon, Stimmannor even Umman
(Valdrighi). He was one of the better-class Mitten-
wald v.ms who made some fine violas and violas
d'amore.
Simmann Johann Michael; Mittenwald, 1765-1785.
Good maker, several of whose violins rival those
made by the Kloz family.
Simmann Matthias; Mittenwald, c.1919. Lute- and Simon Johann; Mittenwald, c. 1812. His violins have
guitar-maker. a:clumsy appearancebut a good tone. Palebrown var.
SimonArnold; Markneukirchen.b. 2.3.4. 19oo,d. 12..5. Simon Johann Baptist; Mittenwald, c. 1786. V.m.
1957. Pupil of August Wunderlich who also worked Simon Josef; Schoneck, c. 1863. Used a brown var.
with Adolf Zopfel in Magdeburg. He established Simon Stephan. 19th cent. German guitar-make:r. His
himself independently in 1917. Good work. domicile is uncertain.
SimonFranz; Salzburg. b. 1757 in Mittenwald, d. '. 6. Simon Thomas; Mittenwald, 182O-187°.Guitar-maker.
1803in Salzburg. Perhaps a member of the Simmann Probably a relative of Franz S.
family. In 1791 he was granted citizen's rights in SINFONIA; Markneukirchen. Founded in 1960.
Salzburg. He was the Court Supplier of lutes and Contemporary association of musical instruments
violins to the Archbishop of Salzburg. He made all manufacturers.Chairman: guitar-maker Eugen Oben-
kinds of violins and lutes. Good work in the style haus. Among others, the following are members of
of the Kloz School. the individual production departments: violins:
Kurt Richard Zophel, Walter Barth, Bruno Sandner,
- Ernst Reichel, Oswin Kiirschner, Willy Seidel,
Franz~imon, HoC- W1d bUrgeri. Walter Miiller, Max Komer, Edgar Komer; double-
Lauten- und Geigenmac.-Ju basses: Johannes Rubner, Ehrfried Wunderlich,
Karl Uebel, Alfred Scherzer; bows: Fritz Giitter
i Salzburgs11 5 Gun.), Edwin Lothar Herrmann, Max Jacob, Rudi
~ Messing, Max Samann, Albert Thoma, Oskar
w
Ludwig and Kurt Greil.
SimonHermann; Essen.b. c. 1859.Gardener and grave-
digger who made violins after 1887. He modelled
his violins on Maggini but with lower arching.
Simon (Siman) Ignaz; Heidhausen (near Munich).
b. 15.2.. 1789 in Mittenwald, d. 16. 3. 1866 in Mu-
nich. According to the findings of G. Kinsky he
was originally a brick-maker. Through his remark-
able talent and diligence he became one of the
Sittard Joseph. b. 4.6.1846 in Aachen, d. 24. II. 1903 stringed instruments. On I. 4. 195° he settled in
in Hamburg. Musicologist. Gotha and was still working there in 196o.He made
Skomal Nikolaus Georg; Graz, 1790-1820. Good violins entirely unaided. Very good repairer. Hand-
lute- and v.m. who also made guitars. His work written label, blue ink on pearl-grey paper.
resembles that of the Prague School. A Czech who SonntagH.; Raun. 2.oth cent. bow-maker.
was probably apprenticed to a Prague maker. His Sorge Gcorg Andreas; Lobenstein. b. 2.1.3. 17°3 in
first violins are flat with overlapping corners, thin Mellenbach, d.4. 4. 1778 in Lobenstein. Organist
edges and dark var. Later he made the edges thicker and composer. A monochord made by him is known.
and used beautiful yellow-brown var. The table wood SoukupWenzel; Vienna, c..185°. Probably apprenticed
of his violins is always good. His labels dating from to Nikolaus Georg Riess or at least worked with
after 1800 have a small eagle in the centre. him. He made mainly guitars.
Spalner(Spollner) Johannes Caspar; Neisse (in Silesia),
c. 1733. Violins by him dated 1733 and 1734 were
in the R. C. church in Neisse.
SpannbauerAlexander; Vienna, 1876-1914. Cabinet-
maker who made boxes for clocks and zithers. In
1876 he founded a shop selling musical instruments
Skotschofsky Johannes Georg; Darmstadt, C.1715. and repairing stringed instruments. He also made
Competent v.m. of Czech extraction, influenced by
violins.
the Prague School.
SParfeld Ernst; Berlin, c. 192.8. Stringed instrument
maker specialising in violins.
Spat Franz; Regensburg. d. 2.3.7.1786. V.m.
SPechtBerthold; Jena, c. 1919. V.m. He made violins
with a bright var.
Speiler .. 18th cent. Hart mentions him as a Tyrolean
maker. Others call him briefly 'German, 18th cent.'.
SpemannW. A. Author of Das goldeneEuch der Musik
SkoulaJohann; Dresden. d. c. 1892. Worked with J.B. (Berlin, 19°°).
Dvorak in Prague. Later he moved to Dresden. SpenglerGeorg; Markneukirchen, c. 1678. V.m.
Smid Erhard; Peissenberg (in Bavaria), c. 14;;. Maker Spetel (Spedal, Spottel) Matthias; Fiissen, c. 162.5.
of all kinds of musical instruments, though he mainly Admitted to the lute-makers' guild on 2.0.8. 162.5.
built organs. He was exempted from taxes by Spiss Johann; Zell am Ziller (in the Tyrol). b. c. 18°5,
Duke Ernst of Bavaria becauseof his accomplished d. after 1864. Joiner and turner who concentrated
craftsmanship. Among other things he built the on making musical instruments. According to
organ in the old church of Our Lady in Munich. Dr F. Waldner, Spiss' love for making musical
SeeE.S. instruments - apart from violins he also made
Socher (Soher, Sayher) Hans; Fiissen. d. .. I. 1614. zithers, guitars, flutes and clarinets - made him
Very skilful maker. His instruments are typified by give up a secure job, and he ended his life as an
tasteful ornamentation. In I 6I 2 he was the chairman itinerant grinder.
of the Fiissen lute-makers' guild. SporlederMartin; Berlin, c. 1949. Violinist and amateur
Socher Lukas; Fiissen. b. 16.9.1627, d. IS. I. 168S. v.m. ; by profession a dentist.
Son of Hans S. of Rome. Skilful v.m. SpornPaul U.; Erlbach, Markneukirchen. b. 19.6.1883
John Walter C. See Walter & John. in Markneukirchen, d. 7.9. 1962. in Markneukir-
SolmannFriedrich; Augsburg, c. 1802. V.m. chen. Pupil of Wilhelm Lederer, worked with Paul
SommerAlbert; Rohrbach (near Bad Brambach). b. 9. I. Rammig and Albin Wunderlich. He established
19°6. Son and pupil of Reinhard S. Became master himself independently in Erlbach in 19°6. He re-
on 29. ;. 19;8. Maker of zithers. turned to Markneukirchen. Very industrious maker
SommerHermann (I); Vienna. b. c. 1660, d. 1720.V.m. who worked exclusively for the trade.
SommerHermann (II); Vienna. d. IS. 7.187°. V.m. SprangerCarl Wilhelm; Klingenthal, C.1772.. Son of
SommerP.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. maker of mandolins. Johann Gabriel S.
Sommer Reinhard; Rohrbach (near Bad Brambal:h). SprangerJohann Gabriel; Schoneck, Klingenthal, 1734
b. 186;, d. 1945. Maker of zithers who established -1764. V.m.
himself independently in 1882. SprangerRichard Karl; Markneukirchen. b. 12..6.1895.
SondermannMarkus Gabriel; Rendsburg, 18th cent. Pupil of August Wunderlich, worked with Paul
Apparently he made among other things stringed Jacob in Erlbach, with G. P. Meinel in Basle and
instruments. with August Meinel (II) in Liestal, and later still
Sonnenberg Kurt; Gotha. b. 21. 8. 19°8 in Danzig. V.m. went to Kazanluk (in Bulgaria). Then he joined the
who was originally a joiner. He later took to repairing firm Neu-Cremona. In 192.2.he received the master's
 diploma and settled in Markneukirchen, where he Sprenger Eugen; Frankfurt a. M. b. 7. I. 1882 in
was still working in 1960. Both his new work and Stuttgart, d. 25. 8. 1953 in Frankfurt a. M. S<?nand
his repairs are highly esteemed.Printed labels. pupil of Anton S. (II). To improve his technique
SprengelP. N. Author of Handwerke und Kunsle in in artistic restoration he continued for a further
Tabel/en(Berlin, 1773). The second part deals with year with his brother Adolf. He worked in Munich,
the construction of stringed instruments. Switzerland, France and England. In 19°7 he settled
SprengerAdolf; Stuttgart. b. 2.4.II. 1872.in Neu-Ulm. in Frankfurt. In addition to violins he made excellent
Son and pupil of Anton S. (II). After learning the lutes.
trade he went to Vienna for a year (1892.)and from
there to New York. In 1893 he was working with
Charles F. Albert in Philadelphia and in 1896 in
Chicago. When he returned to Germany in 1897 he
1Iu' 0er eel.ellbad., ere'tQtt
took over his father's shop. He made violins and
cellos modelled on Stradivari, Guarneri and others.
Spirit and oil var. Like his father he also made good
fEugtn
{6
,J .
6:prenger
: tlgen1t10:;erIn;...
c(J
..'
I &ftn:unb
. ::ft1 nnftf\1tt ; . m
strings. .
m,,~.jll ~.tm""y

Sprenger Johann; Mittenwald, c. 1879. Worked for

Neuner & Hornsteiner, but signed his name, with
a date, in pencil on the inside of the table.
SprengerJosef Ferdinand; Nuremberg. b. 15.6.1846,
d. 13. 12. 1914. Son and pupil of Carl Bonifacius S.
and pupil of Jean Cornelius Vauchel. After his
father's death he took over the shop (in 1875). He
~ l\dolf Sprenger, lisrl.. HoUostrB*..tenmacber ...,
made all kinds of bowed instruments (violins, violas,
Ut!tce,,: dt. Kit! K"",..cv\",c...m. ft1$"""".
cellos, doublebasses, as well as some ancient in-
" .. ~i~r Stuttgart ~~~ "
struments), also concert guitars, zithers and bows.
(,'f3::: ~ itN~~~~~W-~ur-
He copied Stradivari, Guarneri, Amati, Maggini
and others, but usually preferred large models and
SprengerAnton (I); Mittenwald, Wiirzburg, c.1820. high arching. Both oil and spirit var. of original
Worked with Jean Cornelius Vauchel. He estab- composition, prepared according to recipes of his
lished himself independently in Wiirzburg in 1820. father and Vauchel. Good judge of wood and careful
Very talented maker. workman. He also made strings for all instruments.
SprengerAnton (II); Biberach, VIm, Stuttgart. b. 8.4. SprengerMatthias; Karlsruhe, New York, 1840-1858.
1833 in Mittenwald, d. 27. 10. 1900..Pupil of Georg In 1846he emigrated to New York. A capablev.m.;
Tiefenbrunner (1). He also worked in Augsburg, Mittenwald style. Handwritten Italian label.
Passau, Linz and Vienna. He established himself StadelbollJ. C.; Vienna, 19th cent. One of his zithers is
independently in Biberach and later moved to VIm. in the Berlin museum. Good work.
In 1870 he transferred his shop to Stuttgart, where Stadler Caspar; Munich, 17°5-1735. Probably came
he was partner of Adolf Baur and successorto Martin from Fiissen, where the name is quite common. His
Baur. He made mainly violins and cellos modelled violins are carefully made; they have dark var. and
on Stradivari and Guarneri, using amber coloured high arching.
oil and spirit var. His instruments are praised for Stadler Jakob; 18th cent. guitar-maker. Domicile
their rich tone and clean craftsmanship. He also unknown. In ~he collection of old musical instru-
made strings. In 1897he handedover the management ments in Vienna there is a richly ornamented
of his shop to his son Adolf. guitar from the 18th cent. with an ivory tablet
SprengerAugustin; Nuremberg. b. 25.4.1841, d. 27.8. engraved GiacobusStadler.
1895. Son and pupil of Carl Bonifacius S. About Stadlmann Antoni; Vienna, 173°-1783. Instrument-
1878 he founded a new workshop, which was dis- maker, possibly a fictitious name.
solved after his death becausenone of his sons was a StadlmannDaniel Achatius; Vienna. b. c. 1680,d. 27.10.
v.m. 1744. Became citizen on 5.8. 17°7. He married the
SprengerCarl Bonifacius; Nuremberg. b. 1805 in Mit- daughter of a certain Heinrich Kerner. He belongs
tenwald, d. 17.7. 1875 in Nuremberg. Trained in among the best Viennese v.ms and certainly is the
Mittenwald and later worked with J. C. Vauchel. best copyist of Stainer. Excellent wood, but the
His cellos were much liked. Used var. of his own table is usually too thin. Judging by his var., which
composition, sometimes a spirit one. is bright yellow and very attractive, we may sur-
 mise that he worked as a young man in Italy and StadlmannJosef; Vienna, c.1807. Possibly fictitious,
learned a great deal. The tables of his violins are but some good instruments are ascribed to him as
usually more arched than the backs, sometimes of well as many poorer ones. The name Stadlmann was
maple-wood. Prolific and good maker. a famous one and it is found with various fictitious
Christian names on false labels. These labels are
found in instruments which are undoubtedly old,
but usually worthless. Such labels damage the good
reputation of the Viennese Stadlmann family.

StadlmannMichael Ignaz; Vienna. b. c. 1756, d. 10.3.

1813. Son of Johann Josef S. He took the citizen's
oath on 9.5.1772., and his name can be found in
the tax-registers until 1787. Like his fatl:er, he was
appointed lute-maker to the Court in 1784. His
work is perhaps even better than his father's. He
soon recognised the advantages of a flat model,
gave up copying Stainer and adopted Stradivari's
model. Careful work. Beautiful wood enhanced by
a transparent red-brown var. His tools and fittings
in his workshop were inherited by his assistant
Matthias Daum.

Stadlmann Johann Josef; Vienna. b.172.0, d. 2.7.II.

178I. Son of Daniel Achatius S. and his successor.
Became citizen on 15. 12..1745 and the tax-registers
list his name until his death. Between 1781-1786 the
shop was managed by his widow. It seemsthat she
was left unprovided for, for there is a note in the
tax-registers saying 'very poor, kept by her sister'. Stadlmayer Georg and Simon; Regensburg, c.1603.
Nevertheless, he was a good maker: like hi~ father Two brothers. Both can be found in the list of I Z
he carefully copied the Stainer model, though with squadrons of musketeers and riflemen (Mussgattiere
higher arching. The sound of his instruments is undSchiitzen)which formed a part of the Regensburg
acceptable. His brown var. is not so good and has militia. Makers of zithers.
now gone completely black. Strangely enough, it Stager (Steger) Adam; Hartmannsberg (near Ober-
was this var. which was favoured by many Viennese grunzburg). 16th cent. lute-maker.
makers of the 18th cent. (it can be seen on instru- Stainer Andreas; Absam, 1660-169°. There are no
ments made by the Bartis, Thirs and others). Several documents to prove the existence of this member
of his instruments have dark brown back and sides, of the famous v.m.'s family. There is supposed to
while the table is a pale yellow-red. Two cellos look- be a barytone made by him, but this is probably ficti-
ing like this, dated 1755and 1758, were the property tious.
of the former Court Orchestra in Vienna. Stainer Jacob; Absam (near Innsbruck). b. 14.7. 16z1,
d. late 1683. Son of a certain Martin S. and Sabine
(nee Grafinger). Greatest maker of the Tyrolean
School. It is not known who taught him the craft.
There is an improbable story that he was first
taught by the organ-builder Daniel Herz in Wilthen ;
Herz left Wilthen before Stainer could have become
apprenticed to him. Probably he learnedthe rudiments
of wood-carving from one of the Absam peasants
whom he helped during winter, to carve pictures He stayed in Kirhof until spring, 1648, staying with
and perhaps also violins. According to another Salomen Hubner and working hard. All his earnings
story, he was apprenticed to one of the Amatis; and were kept by Hubner. When Stainer finaily left
though there is not a single document to prove it, Kirhof, it was found out that not only did he not
he may have come as far south as Cremona in his have any money saved, but that he still owed Hubner
early years. In that casehe would have been taught 24 florins for lodging. When Stainer returned to
by Antionio Amati, who died after 1640, i.e. when Absam, he again took charge of the Court Or-
Stainer was over 19. According to a still likelier chestra's musical instruments. At that time he evi-
conjecture, he worked with Nicolo Amati during dently got to know personally both the Archduke
his usual years as a junior assistant. This conjecture Ferdinand Karl and his wife Anne, Grand Duchess
is substantiated by T. Hammerle's violin, bought of Tuscany. The Archduke was struck by Stainer's
from C. H. Voigt, which was formerly owned by playing of the violin and therefore the latter had to
J. B. Vuillaume. Inside was a label of the Amati go to Innsbruck several times to play with Italian
brothers. The instrument was Italian in appearance, virtuosi. After 10 years' service, on 29.10. 1658,
but there were so many signs of Stainer's work, Stainer was awarded the title of Court Musician and
that according to Voigt, the violin could have been servant of the Archduke. Ferdinand Karl died in
made by Stainer. When it was opened a second 1662 and his brother who succeededhim dissolved
label was found on the upper block. Unfortunately the orchestra. He died on 24. 6. 1665, however, and
the date on this label was completely illegible as an Tyrol fell to Emperor Leopold. In 1668 Stainer
iron nail joining the neck to the body had been applied for confirmation of his former title. The
driven through it. There is, however, no reason to Emperor granted his request with a diploma dated
doubt the genuinenessof the label, and the handwrit- 9. I. 1669.It was at the time when Stainer was at the
ing is evidently also original. It is therefore probable height of his powers. His violins sold for 40 florins
that Stainer made this violin while working with each and the v.m. therefore had great expectations.
the Amati brothers, and put his name into the violin On 12. II. 1666 he bought from his brother-in-law,
as well as the Amati label. This would indicate Paul Holzhammer, a house in Absam, No. 39,
that what Stainer had learned came from the Amatis. opposite the home of the Kripp family. In 1667 he
Nevertheless he was too great an artist to remain got a Court summons from Thaur: he was told he
a mere copyist. He went his own way, preferring was being sued by Hubner for his debt. Stainer paid
higher arching, smaller form, short, rounded f-holes 15 florins and promised to pay the rest at the next
and small scrolls. The only thing he did not change fair at Halle. But he did not pay, and so Hubner
was the var., which he bought, like the Amatis, in turned to the Court of Kirhof, who empowered the
Cremona or Venice. The difference of shape from town, Halle, to get from Stainer the whole sum
that of the Italian models, was no mere whim of his, again. When Stainer had paid his debt, he in vain
but evidently the result of much careful consider- asked the Emperor in 1677 to return to him the
ation, for his model met the requirements of the sum he had paid twice. His conflict with the episcopal
violinists of his time even better than that of the consistory in Brixen had an ill effect on Stainer's life.
Amatis. Stainer was an excellent violinist. He is said In 1669 Stainer was accused of reading Lutheran
to have sold his first violin in the market at Halle. books and even of speaking heretically. He was
In 1643 he came to Salzburg where, as we learn found guilty and sentencedto recantation in peniten-
from the book of accounts, he repaired several tial robes. He appealed against this sentence, the
violins in the Prince's collection and sold a beautiful secular court took him under its protection and the
viola. It is also known that at that time he made the church authorities were helpless. Still, Stainer was
acquaintance of Margarete Holzhammer (b. 162.4, asked to recant. He would not do so and the con-
d. 1693), who bore him a child. He married her on sistory asked for his arrest. So the v.m. spent half
his coming of age, on 2.6.II. 1645. Next year he a year in jail. When he was finally released, he was
was in Venice buying material. At the same time he a broken man: his property was gone and he was no
suggested to the Prince that he would make instru- longer able to make ends meet. He was very hard-
ments for the Court Orchestra, offering magnanim- working, but one pair of hands could not earn
ously to pay by this method the debt of his father-in- enough to keep such a large family (8 daughters
law, Georg Holzhammer, a former mining inspector and a son who died early). His mind could not bear
in Salzburg. Archduke Ferdinand Karl granted him the strain and this was the true cause of his death.
this request. It was probably in the Halle markets Stainer was a very versatile artist who had a strong
that he met a huckster by the name of Salomon will to go his own way. However, he was never
Hubner from Kirhof, in Upper Austria, who per- able to free himself completely from the Amati
suaded him to come to Kirhof. Hubner must have influence, though he absorbed from them only
made many promises, because Stainer was tempted those things which he considered to be good. He
by the prospect of earning large sums of money. changed the outline, relation of the thicknesses of
 wood and arching. The arching of the tables of his elder brothers, Paul and Marcus. Paul became
violins is often higher than that of the back: this a joiner. Marcus perhaps was apprenticed to the
gave his violins that special flute-like tone which same maker as taught Jacob S. In 1647 Marcus
was in such demand throughout the 18th cent. settled in Kufstein, where he was still working in
Under the fingerboard he sometimes made a circular 1659. Then he left for Upper Austria and opened
or star-shaped hole and adorned the necks with a workshop in Laufen. His life was devoid of extra-
lions' heads. Stainer used 3 models: small, medium ordinary happenings. The story that he entered a
and large. Best and most common was his small monastery is unfounded. He does not compare
model. It is erroneous to maintain that Stainer used with his brother as regards talent and art, but he
only handwritten labels, for in some genuine in- was neverthelessquite skilful. He successfullycopied
struments there are printed ones. Today Stainer's Jacob's instruments. His instruments seem to have
violins are more valued by collectors than by actual been provided with various false labels. Violins
performers. ascribed to him have a large and beautiful outline,
yellow-red or red brown var., and are well made.
Instead of scrolls he often used carved heads. His
I) gambas and violas are particularly good. Fritz

~ ~ -"
';~"""~$~:'-'
. VllVVC,
j 1
, ;?N
Wildhagen of Halensee has a tenor gamba with
a handwritten label of Jacob Stainer which is not
original; according to Piegendorfer the original
fij;:I, ",- label read Markus Stainer and dated from the year
...
., , 1665. It reveals good work, a yellow-brown var.,
~ a rosette and beautifully carved lion's head.
r~
Stamer J.; Heilbronn, c. 1884. Dancing-master who
dealt in violins and had a small repair shop where he
employed Mittenwald or Markneukirchen assistants.
The workshop soon closed down.
(j...,.,t.uJt ~ Ul.L;~' 'L- Stamm F. E.; Estebriigge, Hamburg, 1884-1895.
r~~~~~~ Musician and dyer who took up v.m. He h~d already
carved the dye-printing blocks for himself, so that
his first v. m. attempts were made with a certain

. amount of experience in carving behind him. Dili-

gent study brought him recognition. In Estebriigge
he made very many well-carved violins, all parts
being by his own hand with the exception of the
.. c
scrolls, which he bought from Julius Sauke's firm
in Hamburg. When he opened his shop in Hamburg
t~,"~
he had too little time for original work. Therefore

Measurements of J. Stainer's Instruments in Centimeters

Year Length Upper Middle Lower Upper Lower Height of Length of Overall
Width Width Width Sides Sides Soundholes Soundholes Measurement

1650 354 165,.- 200,- 31 30,5 194,5

1653 350 165,9 110, 200,2 67,55 70.7 192,-
1657 353 164,- 108, 201,3 67,5 73,4 194,-
1658 353 162,- 200,- 30,5 31 195,-
1660 353 160,- 103,25 199,3 69,65 70.7 194,3
1670 356 166,- 202,- 29,- 30,- 195,6
1670 356 166,- 202,- 29,- 30,- 196,-
1"77 353 165,- 205,- 30,- 30.- 194,5
Viola:
167. 405 198, 241,- 46. 47.
Tenor Viol:
460 215, 260,-

ftainer Marcus; Absam, Kufstein, Laufen a. Traun, he bought boxes from well-known factories and
Ftissen.b. c. 161C).
d. after 1680. JacobS. had two finished them. Good repairs.

~
 Stark Robert Ernst; Markneukirchen, Erlbach. b. 16.6.
1877 in Erlbach. Worked with Ernst Kreul in
Markneukirchen. In 19°1 he established himself
independently in Erlbach. Good work.
Stark Theodor; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent. bow-
maker.
Stampfer Sebastian; Vienna. b.1792, d. 23.3. 1822. Stark Walter; Erlbach,Markneukirchen, c. 192.0.Mass-
Became citizen on 15.12. 1820. His workshop was production of mandolins and lutes.
in Alsergasse No. 72. V.m of no great skill. Stauber Anton; Cologne. b. 2.4.7. 1850, d. c. 194°.
StangelAlois; Mittenwald, c. 1792. His violins reveal Pupil of Georg Tiefenbrunner (I); established him-
ordinary work with unattractive dark-brown var. self independently in Cologne in 1874. Good work.
and muffled tone. Stauber Heinrich; Cologne. b. 3.9.1915. Son and pupil
StappenbeckD.; Salzwedel, c. 1881. One handwritten of Anton S. and his assistant between 1931-1935.
label was found in a very good violin. In 194° he succeededhim.
Starck Johann; (?) Bruck (in Upper Bavaria), c. 1723. Staudinger(Stautinger) Matthaus Wenceslaus; Wiirz-
An attractive violin is known, bearing this name burg, 1745-1755. Made good lutes, violins and
and the place 'Prag' - probably Bruck, not cellos. On his labels his name can sometimes be
Prague. found written Winceslaus Stautinger.
StarckeHermann. Author of Die Geige,ihre Entstehung, Stauffer (Staufer) Johann Anton; Vienna, Kaschau
Verfertigungund Bedeutung.Die Behandlungund Erhal- (Kosice, in Slovakia). b. c. 18°5, d. after 1843. Son,
tung aller ihrer Bestandteileund die Meister der Geigen- pupil and partner of Johann Georg S. until 1843,
und Lautenbaukunstmit Angabe aller Zettel und In- when they moved to Kosice. His violins are rather
schriften.Eine StudienachaltenQuellen und Traditionen more carefully made than those of his father. He
(Dresden, 1884). also made guitars. Even in Kosice he used his Vien-
Stark & Co.; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Mass-pro- nese label, to which he added the place of origin in
duction of bowed and plucked instruments. brackets.
Stark Adolf; Breslau, Bendheim. b. 1874 in Mark-
neukirchen. Worked for sometime with Friedrich
Rudiger in Halberstadt. After the death of Ernst
Liebich (III) he took over the latter's workshop
in partnership with the bow-maker Hermann August
Penzel. Mter 1945 he lived in Bendheim (near Stauffer (St'acufer)Joh~nn Georg; Vienna, Kaschau
Hanover). (Kosice). b. 1778, d. 24. I. 1853. Originally a joiner
Stark Alfred Otto; Wohlhausen. b. 29. 4. 188I in and musical. When he took his citizen's oath on
Wohlhausen. d. 15. 8. 1955. Pupil of Albert Gotz, 2Q.6. 1800 he was already described as a 'lute- and
A. Nurnberger and August Schubert. Bow-maker. v.m.'. At first he only made guitars with tables
He established himself independently in 1906. decorated with flowers around the soundhole and
Stark Bruno; Klingenthal. 20th cent. zither-maker. pegbox. These guitars were quite popular and he
Stark E. Bruno; Erlbach, c. 1928. Mass-production of got for them as much as 32 florins, a fairly high price,
stringed instruments. as befitted the best Viennese maker of guitars of his
Stark Gustav; Rohrbach (near Brambach). b. 1.9. time. In 1821 he made a 'guitar d'amore', played
1861. Brother of Hermann S., with whom he like a cello with a bow. He made guitars on various
worked. Originally a bow-maker who learned v.m. models. When guitars were no longer fashionable,
from his brother. being ousted by zithers, Stauffer concentrated on
Stark Heinrich Albin; Markneukirchen.b. 20. 3. 1871 making bowed instruments. He used good wood
in Erlbach. and copied Stainer, Italian makers and William For-
Stark Hermann; Rohrbach (near Brambach). b. 14.8. ster. He preferred large models with flat arching,
1865. Pupil of August Albin Voigt, worked with reproducing Guarneri or Stradivari features. This
Wilhelm Hermann Hammig. In 1885 he took over is the model he used during the 1840s, when he
the shop of his father, Julius Theodor S. He made worked with his son Johann Anton in Kaschau
inexpensive but good violins in the styles of the (Kosice). The son managed the Kosice workshop,
early makers, preferring oil var. the father worked in Vienna. His scrolls a,reparticu-
Stark Hermann Heinrich; Markneukirchen. b. 27.4. larly fine. He used yellow, or occasionally red-brown
1868, d. 10. II. 1937. Made very good bows. var., which is however hard and glassy. Despite
Stark Julius Theodor; Rohrbach (near Brambach). many good qualities his instruments are not great and
19th cent. dealer. his contemporaries never consideredhim to be a true,
Stark M. & Co.; Erlbach, c. 1928. Makers of plucked fully-fledged master. The tone of his instruments is
instruments. weak and colourless. Stauffer knew quite well that
 his bowed instruments would never equal his between 1589-1594 mentions a lute with 2.3strings,
guitars. For this reason he tried several inventions made of maple-wood, and bought from him.
and improvements, none of which were accepted. SIebe/inHans; Fiissen, Frankfurt a. "M., 1612.-1649.
For example he made violins with a double bottom, Probably worked in Frankfurt a. M. in 1612.;
supposedly to improve the tone. In 1832 he made mentioned again in that town in 1649. He died
some violins of a long and narrow shape. This, too, 17.5.1655.
did nothing to improve the tone. Becausethe tables SIebe/inMatthias; Hausen an der Fils, C. 1585. Perhaps
of the instruments were too thin, he tried to improve father of Bernhard S. and Jonas S. of Strassbourg.
the tone by inserting a round, wooden, or more often, In 1585 he sold his lute-maker's tools to Samuel
steel peg, from one block to another (as in a bass Baisch of Stuttgart. It was probably at that time
guitar). Following Chanot's example he made corner- that he closed his workshop and returned to Fiissen.
lessguitars, with the pegbox fixed to the table. Stauffer SteigenbergerA.; Munich. 2.oth cent. zither-maker.
was never very rich and died in a workhouse. Stein..; Markneukirchen, 1845-1852.. Skilful v.m. but
who made only cheap violins.
Stein Adolf; Darmstadt, Hamburg. b. 5.2.. 19°5 in
Darmstadt. Was apprenticed to Michael Reindl in
Mittenwald. He established himself independently
in his native town in 1917. In 192.9he moved to
Hamburg where he qualified as master in 1939.Good
work on the old classicalmodels. He used good, old
wood-Bosnian maple-with small and large curl.
The tables are made of hazel spruce (Haselftchte).
Arching medium to flat, with individual-style sound-
holes. Beautiful purfling. The tone of his instruments
is well-balanced, full and rich. Thin var. of yellow,
yellow-red, yellow-brown, pale or dark crimson tint.
Stein Johann Georg; Berlstaedt (in Saxony), c. 1753.In
StecherJosef; Salzburg. b. 1828 in Salzburg. Pupil of one lute bearing his label is read 'Berlstaedt' as the
Johann Stohr; worked for a time with Gabriel place of origin. The name, however, is sometimes
Lembock in Vienna. He then established himself read also 'Bernstadt'. At that date there was no such
independently in his native town. In 1873 he was place in Saxony.
awarded a silver medal of merit for a violin. An SteinbrinckJohann Andreas Anton; Hamburg, c. 1792..
industrious maker and appointed expert. Maker of musical instruments. Became citizen on
Steffens E.; Magdeburg, c. 1878. Poor, amateurish 2.7.4. 1792..
work, unattractive soundholes, spirit var., and Steine/ G. Rudi; Markneukirchen. b. 2.4.12. 192.4in
badly carved scrolls. He could not have learned the Breitenfeld. Bow-maker, learned the craft between
trade properly. 1939-1942. and now works for MIGMA in Mark-
neukirchen.
Steine/ Gustav Bow-maker.
d. 2..9.1946. Adolf; Breitenfeld. b. 10.~5. - 1883,

SteinerF.; Sonneberg (in Thuringia). 2.othcent. V.m.

SteinerFritz; Wiirzburg. b. 2.7.6. 19°8 in Kusterdingen
(near Tiibingen). Pupil of Georg Winterling in
Krailling. Later he worked with Johann Stiiber in
The Hague from 192.8-1936, then from 1945-195°
with Karl Niedt in Wiirzburg. He established him-
Stegemann Ernst; Berlin, c. 1920.Inventor of a new kind self independently on 1. 12..195° in Wiirzburg. His
of violin, but without success. work is good. His first instruments had an oil var.
StegerFranz, Hermannstadt. 1890-1895. V.m. Later he added propolis to the var. He does not use
StegerLorenz; Salzburg, c. I 576. The Salzburg list of labels, but brands his name Steiner Wiirzburg and
citizens describes him as a lute-maker from Gintz- signs the instruments.
purk (i. e. Gunzburg) im Allgey. Steger was a com-
mon name in Swabia.
StegmaierF.; Ingolstadt, c. 1852. Maker of wind and
bowed instruments. Probably he concentrated on
repairs. He was succeededby Otto Schmelz.
Stehe/inBernhard; Fussen. d. II. II. 1591. The list of
musical instruments of the Stuttgart Court Orchestra
Steiner Johann Georg Joseph; 1604? 1694?Domicile SteinerLudwig; Absam (Markneukirchen), 18th cent.
unknown. His violin has the same outline, sound- Ordinary work. He in fact lived in Markneukirchen,
holes, scroll and arching as Jacob Stainer. Hand- though he gave Absam as the place of origin.
written label. SteinerPeter; Graz, c. 1918. Policeman who was quite
Steiner Johann Josef; Markneukirchen, 1774-1792.. successfulin making violins as a hobby, but was not
Probably son of Johannes Anton S. His work is in any sensea professional.
totally worthless. Though the Vogtland origin of SteinertJacob. 18th cent. Domicile unknown. Amateur
his instruments is apparent, he gives Mittenwald work of no significance.
(or Mittenbald, as he spells it) as the place of Steingel Arno; Markneukirchen. b. 9. I. 19°0. Pupil of
Oskar E. Heinel, later he worked with Ernst Rein-
origin.
SteinerJohannes Anton; Markneukirchen, 1760-1773. hold Schmidt. In 1921he settled in Markneukirchen.
Ordinary work and unattractive model, despite the Good work. As well as violins he made also plucked
fact that Cremona is falsely given as the place of instruments.
Steinheibl Georg; Fiissen, 1606-1612. His name is
origin.
SteinerJosef; Mittenwald (?), 18th cent. Known only probably derived from the place-name Steinhaubel.
from a label. Mittenwald is given on the label, He was a respected citizen, but no trace of his work
probably falsely, for it was better known then than remams.
Markneukirchen. SteiningerFranz Xaver (Fran<;ois); Darmstadt, Frank-
furt a. M., Paris, St Petersburg. b. 3. 6. 1778 in
Mainz, d. c. 185°. Son and pupil of Jakob S.Whenhis
father left Frankfurt for Aschaffenburg, he began his
years as a junior assistant. He worked in Linz and
Vienna and went as far as Paris. In 18°° he was
again in Aschaffenburg and was called to Darmstadt
to become Court v.m. Probably he did not find much
Steiner Josef; Mittenwald, Munich, Lengberg (near employment there, for a year later he again moved
Nikolsdorf, in the Tyrol). b. 27. 2. 1862 at the Leng- to Frankfurt. In 1802 he applied for citizenship.
berg Castle, d. 18. II. 19°8 at Lengberg. Son of Both he andhis wife (neeBernritter of Aschaffenburg,
a cabinet-maker, Josef S. He first learned his father's who died in 18°3) were granted citizenship on con-
trade, but soon took up V.m. He laid stresson beauty dition that he would sell only those violins which he
of form and good craftsmanship.In 1888he worked as made himself, and that he would keep in good repair,
v.m. in Mittenwald, making violins and zithers. He free of charge, instruments of the municipal orchestra
was not satisfied with his work, however, and so he at St Catharine's Church. The war of 1806 ruined
is suddenly found back at home working in the him completely because of heavy taxes and small
fields with hoe and spade, convinced that his true sales, so he decided to travel. Leaving his younger
vocation was hard peasant'stoil. This conviction did brother in his workshop, he went to St Peters-
not last long, however, and he this time went to burg, where he found both recognition and plenty
Munich. He becamevery poor, and moved to Nikols- of employment, so he summoned his brother to join
dorf, where he becamea churchwarden. Nevertheless him there. Before he settled there, he was in Paris,
his spirit never left him; he started making all sorts perhaps even in London, in Berlin and Warsaw.
of inventions. For example, he tried to discover the In 1818he returned to Frankfurt where he was again
old technique of painting frescoes and to discover granted citizenship. In 18I 9 he married Elisabeth
the secret of Cremonesevar. For this experiment he Kauth of Bensheim, and remained in Frankfurt
ordered ingredients from allover the world. For until 1835, with the exception of the years 1827
weeks and weeks he would do nothing but cook his and 1829when he was working in St Petersburg. The
vars. He never gave up v.m. entirely, though he Frankfurt Books of Addresses from 1832-1852. list
occasionally painted portraits or used his plane. He him as a 'citizen now abroad, working as v.m. in
was literally obsessedby invention and discovery; St Petersburg'. He is no longer listed in 1853, which
this mania of his resulted in a very weak state of seemsto indicate that he was already dead. He was
health and, eventually, death. He made several very a very good v.m. who made several improvements
attractive violins, the tone of which, however, did to the bassbar.From his output we can surmise that~
not measureup to their beautiful appearance.
 he studied Italian makers and was even influenced
by the French School. His cellos a,re exceptionally
beautiful. Good wood and attractive var.
SteiningerJ.; Frankfurt a. M., Prague, St Petersburg.
b. in Mainz before 1785,d. after 1835in St Petersburg.
Younger son of Jakob S. He was apprenticed to his
father and to his elder brother Franz Xaver. He
worked in Prague until 1810. From Prague he went StengelAlbert August; Markneukirchen. b. 8. 10. 1880.
to St Petersburg where he assisted his brother. In Very good maker of plucked instruments who
St Petersburg he concentrated on repairs. The few established himself independently on 15. 9. 19°7 in
instruments he made himself were made in Prague. Markneukirchen. About 1960 he gave up his work-
Good work, the scrolls being especially elegant. shop to his son Kurt Albert, who had partneredhim
Broad model, beautifully carved soundholes in the successfullyfor many years.
style of Stradivari. Narrow and very attractive StengelAlbertHansKurt; Markneukirchen. b. 6.8.1914.
edges. Red-brown var. Bow-maker, pupil of Ewald Weidhaas; also worked
SteiningerJakob; Passau,Mainz, Frankfurt, Aschaffen- with H. R. Pfretzschner. He established himself
burg, 1775-1818. Originally camefrom near Fiissen. independently in 1947.
After 1775 he went from Passauto Mainz, where he StengelArno; Markneukirchen. b. 9. 1. 19°°, d. 2.8.7.
married the daughter of the v.m. Nikolaus Dopfer 1953 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of o. B. Heinel
and was awarded the title of Kurfiirstl. mainzischen of Markneukirchen; worked with Ernst Reinhold
Hofgeigenmacher. About 1790 he was in Frankfurt Schmidt, from whom, however, he learned more
a. M. and about 1800moved to Aschaffenburg, where about plucked instruments. He started on his own
he was still living in 1818. His wife Katharina died in Markneukirchenin 192.1 and mostly produced
on 24. 6. 1809. The parish registers reveal nothing good classplucked instruments.
about Steininger, though they have the entry on StengelHerbert; Osnabriick. b. 19. 4. 19°9 in Markneu-
his wife's death. kirchen. Pupil of Hermann Petzold (II) of Markneu-
kirchen. He worked with E. H. Roth in Markneu-
kirchen and with Siegfried Petzold in La Chaux-de-
Fonds (in Switzerland). He established himself
independently in Osnabriick in 1934. Well known
for copies of old instruments, but also uses an
original model. Oil var. The Stengels have been
v.ms since 179°.
StengelKurt Albert; Markneukirchen. b. 14.10. 19°8.
Son, pupil and for many years partner of his father,
Albert August S. He makes excellent mandolins
SteiningerMartin; Aschaffenburg, St Petersburg. b. c. and zithers, and specialisesin fine guitars, with full
1780, d. after 183°. Possibly another son of Jakob S., tone, made after the well-known Segovia model.
or even identical with J. Steininger above. He also does competent repair work. His instruments
are labelled KUSTEMA.

Stelzel Ludwig Conrad; Markneukirchen. b. 17.2.1864.

V.m. who spent all his life in Markneukirchen.
StelznerAlfred PhD.; Dresden. d. 14.7.1906. Inventor
and constructor of two new stringed instruments; the
Violota and Cellone,both of which were soon for-
gotten.

StengelMax Theodor; Markneukirchen. d. 195I.

V.m.
StenzelCarl Albin; Markneukirchen.b. 1858.Brother
and partner of Carl August S.
StenzelCarl August; Markneukirchen. b. 24.9.1860. StagerAnton; Salzburg,c. 1865.V.m. of little import-
Brother and partner of Carl Albin S. ance.His zithersrevealhis bestwork.
Stephan Ewald; Leipzig. b. 13. I I. 1855 in Gross-
Kolzig (near Cottbus), d. 28. 5. 1943. Learned v.m.
from text-books. He made violins, violas, cellos,
violas d'amore, one viola composa, zithers and
small organs. Without having passed any test
he was given a written document testifying to
his being a master v.m. Good work. He used
a brand. Stohr Alfred; St Palten (?), 19th-20th cent. Bow-
SternbergHeinrich Franz; Luneburg, c. 1729. V.m. maker.
Sterzin ..; Erfurt, c. 1653. He is known only from Stohr Anton; St Palten. b. c. 1800. Perhaps son of
a label in a well-made viola da gamba. Jakob S. Registered 1828. He made only a few
Stieber Ernst; Mannheim, Leipzig, Tubingen. b. violins evidently concentrating on repairs.
15.7. 19°7 in Konnern (Saale). His father was Stohr Helmut; St Palten, Markneukirchen. b. 12.2.
a regimental musician, Ernst Karl Gottlieb S. 1914. Maker of bows, especially for doublebasses.
(b. 16. I. 1875 in Sotterhausen), his mother was Pupil of Alfred S. between 1928-1932. He passed
Thekla Bertha neeKunze (b. 21.2. 1883,d. 2.4.1947), his master's test on 21.7. 1932 and established
daughter of a brass instrument-maker, Georg himself independently on 5.8.1948. He works for
August Kunze. There were severalmakers of musical MIG MA in Markneukirchen.
instruments on his mother's side. Ernst S. was Stohr Jakob; Schwechat, St Palten, 1798-1829.
apprenticed to Max Schuster in Markneukirchen Probably earliest known member of the v.m. family
from 1921-1924 and for 6 months to Paul Secken- from St Palten. He used Stradivari as his model,
dorf. He then worked with Franck-Reiner & Co. though his arching is higher. The edges are thick
and F. Starke in Hamburg. He established himself and the comers wide and overlapping. Good wood,
independently in 1925. Since 1947 he has been in though he does not seemto have used figured maple.
Tubingen. In addition to violins, violas and cellos he The back is usually in one piece. The scroll is deeply
has also made lutes and guitars. carved and the volutes are prominent. About 1827he
StiefneurenV. J. Constance. 20th. cent. v.m. moved from Schwechat to St Palten, where he
Stiehl Karl Johann; Lubeck. b. 12.7.1826, d. 2. 12. 1911. achieved a good reputation.
Organist and author of musicological books who
wrote an interesting history of musical instruments
in Lubeck (1855) and musical dictionary of Lubeck.
In 1893he also published the catalogue of the Lubeck
municipal museum.
StietencronJurgen von; Constance. b. II. I. 1929 in
Ascona, Tessin (Switzerland). He learnt at the
Mittenwald v. ms' school and passedhis master's test
in 1957. Successorof Karl Kohler (II).
Stohr Johann; Salzburg. d. after 1840. Probably came
Stinberg Jakob; Weimar. c. 1679. His label is in a originally from St Palten. His shop was managed by
6-stringed viola da gamba. his widow in 1845.
Stobe//Cunradt; Vienna, c. 1661.Litde-known Viennese
maker who seemsto have concentrated on making
doublebasses.
Stock Christoph; Stuttgart, c. 1593.Member of a joiners'
guild, becauseat that time there was no lute-makers'
guild in Stuttgart. He made stringed instruments and
also probably sold wind instruments. Stohr Karl (I); St Palten. b. 1825, d. 3°.9. 19°9.
Stocke/maierFranz; Kempten, c. 1861. Musician who Grandson of Jakob S. Became citizen in 1860. He
repaired and varnished violins in a very amateurish was a talented craftsman and maker of strings. In his
manner. early years he made quite good violins, though he
Stock/Tobias; Aschbach, c. 1872.Amateur who repaired never equalled his grandfather.
violins, but used a label as if he were professional. Stohr Karl (II); Graz, C.1910.Pupil of Johann Christian
StoevingPaul; Leipzig. b. 7. 5. 1861. Violinist, pupil of Stiibinger and successor of Gustav Hansch. He
Herbert Leonard of Paris in 1881 and 1882. In 19°4 carefully followed the Stradivari model. He was less
he published a history of v.m., a version of which than 3° when he died.
appeared in 19°2, 19°9 and 1921. He also wrote Stolzel Hermann (I); Markneukirchen, 19th cent.
Die Kunst der Bogenfiihrung. Good doublebass-maker.
StolzelHermann(II); Markneukirchen.b. 27.5.1899, SlossFranz; Klosterneuburg, c. 18z6. Stayed in Klos-
d. 5.2.1935. V.m. terneuburg for a short time only. He may have been
StolzenbergH. B.; Liineburg, 1699-1715. Talented the son of Martin S. of Vienna, whose work his
maker who probably learnedthe craft in Hamburg. instruments resemble. However, his yellow-brown
The Danish National Museum in Copenhagen var. is not good.
containsa pochetteby him; it hasa lion's head. SlossFranz Anton; Fiissen. b. 6. 5. 1737, d. 3. z. 1814.
StorchGeorg; Danzig. 18th cent. V.m. mentionedby Son of Joseph Anton S. and Regina Lutz. His first
de Wit. marriage was to Juliana Kloz in 1766. His second
StorchIgnaz; W6lfelsdorf (in Silesia),c. 1868.V.m. wife was Elis Greisel of Nesselwang. A skilful and
with a certainamountof skill, but no real artist. prolific maker who probably knew Italian instruments
StorckGeorg Dietrich; Strassburg.b. c. 1742,d. after well. He used various models, more slender in
1800in Salzburg.Mediocre violins. outline than the instruments made by other v.ms
Storck Johannes Friedrich; Augsburg, 1750-1780. in Fiissen; he also preferred lower arching. Thick
Probably cameto Augsburg from Strasbourg.He wood and mellow tone. The var. is unfortunately
was a memberof the family of JohannValentin S. somewhat inferior. He used several labels, some of
of Strasbourg(he may have been his brother, and them handwritten.
the father of 3 sons: Georg Dietrich, Johann
Friedrichand JohannReinhart).Oneviolin is known
by him modelled on Stainer.Var. of yellow-red or
red-brown tint. He also made violas which were
consideredto be better than his violins. A guitar by
him with 3 rosettesis also known.

Storck Johann Reinhart; Strasbourg. 1766, 1800,

Probably father or brother of Georg Dietrich S. He
called himself 'facteur d'instruments de musique' StossFranz Urban; Fussen.b. 25.5.1711, d. c. 1798.
and in 1784 published a very valuable pricelist. His Son of JosephS. and Maria Stadler.On 12.8. 1736
labels are similar to those of Georg Dietrich S. he married Katharina Hell (Heel).
Sloss Andreas; Mittenwald, 1786-1791. Versatile StossHeinz; Burgleiten(nearStocken).17th cent. v.m.
v.m. who worked in the style of the Kloz School. and lute-maker.
SlossEustachius; St Palten. b. 2.0.12..1752.in Fiissen, StossHermann Joseph; Fussen. b. 1682 in Bem-
d. c. 182.0.Son and pupil of Joseph Anton S. and beuem, d. 24.2. 1765. Perhaps a descendantof
Regina (neeLutz), cousin of Martin S. of Vienna. a certain Heinz S. who cameto Fussenfrom Burg-
He became citizen of St Palten in 1786. His work leiten (near Stocken am Auerberg). The Fussen
resemblesthe Fiissen School, which is where he may tax-registerlists him as v.m. in 1737and 1741.On
have learned his craft. Quite a talented maker. ' 23. 11.1705 he married Maria Stadler, and on
19.10. 1716he marrieda secondtime, his new wife
being MagdaleneMiller.
StossIgnaz; St Polten, c. 1813. Son and pupil of
Eustachius S. His work differs from that of his
father only in that he useda pale red var. He seems
only occasionallyto have made violins, though
three-quarter cellos made by him are frequendy
found.

SlossFlorian; StP6lten, 1810-182.5. Probably son, and

judging by his work, alsopupil of EustachiusS. His
model resemblesStradivari'soutline and has a red-
brown var.
Stoss Joseph; Giinzburg, c. 1718. In the Richard to the Court and Expert Witness. After his death
Wagner museum in Tribschen there is a viola da the firm was called Stoss & Hoffmann, until Anton
gamba (No. 79) with a blindfolded woman's head Hoffmann became sole owner on 17. 10. 18"44.
instead of a scroll.
StossJoseph Alois; Fiissen. b. 5. II. 1787,d. 12..4.1866.
Son of Magnus Stephan S. and Viktoria neeClaas.
He was first married to Crescentia Neff, and his
second wife was Karolina Schweiger. His violins
were var. dark brown and had good tone.. Judging
from their style he learned his craft in Mittenwald.
Stoss Joseph Anton; Fiissen. b. 13.2..17°7, d. after
1780. Son of Hermann Joseph S. and Maria Stadler.
On 2.0.6. 1735 he married Anna Marie Regina Lutz.
The Fiissen tax-register lists him in 1737with a I:year-
old son, Joseph Hermann, and a 4-year-old son,
Franz Anton. It seemsthat neither of them became
v.ms. He copied Italian models, especially Guarneri.
Both his craftsmanship and var. are quite good. From
one of his labels it is surmised that he also worked
in Padua in his youth.

Sloss Magnus (Mang) Stephan; Fiissen, Mittenwald.

b. 11.12. 1748, d. 25.7.1815. Son and pupil of
Joseph Anton S. In 1777 he married Viktoria Oaas
and, in q82, Maria Anna Fichtl. He had 7 sons.
He got his final tuition in v.m. in Mittenwald, his
instruments revealing the style of Joseph Kloz. He
preferred, however, flat arching.
Sloss Martin (Johann Martin); Vienna. b. 12. 9. 1778
in Fiissen, d. 9.8. 1838. Son of Magnus Stephan S. StossPaul; Dresden, c. 1928. Maker of plucked instru-
He settled in Vienna. He was married to Anna Dangl ments.
of Vienna (b. 1781, d. 1854). His first workshop was StossPius Bernhard Anton; Vienna. b. 10. 3. 1784 in
in Lerchenfeld, but the French army plundered it in Ftissen, d. 1.5.1854. Youngest son of Franz Anton
1809. In 1810 Stoss moved to Ober Braunergasse S. and Juliana neeKloz. He was not a son of Magnus
No. 1209.He becamecitizen on 25. 7. 1811.He is one Stephan S. (the latter had no son of this name). He
of the best Viennese v.ms and hardly any German went to Vienna in early 19th cent., and, like MartinS.,
or Austrian maker has ever surpassedhis cellos. He lived at St Ulrich No.4. His workshop was in Griin-
modelled his instruments on Stradivari. Thick edges angerstrasse. Became citizen on 21. 10. 1813. His
and painstaking work. Cellos from his first period are work sometimes equals that of his cousin, Martin S.,
dark brown because Stoss had stained the wood though Martin's cellos are better. Beautiful Strad-
before var. He gave up this method in 1810 and ivari model and magnificent yellow or red var.
afterwards used yellow, later transparent var. The The craftsmanship is extremely careful. His instru-
golden-yellow base was replaced by saffron or red ments usually have broad-grained table wood.
resin. His red var. cellos are almost invariably of
broad-figured maple. The backs are usually in one
piece. The tables are sometimes made of spruce with
the so-called Vogellrillen. Though his violins and
violas are not so good as his cellos, becausethey are
too large and heavy, nevertheless they are highly
rated ~s having been made by a good v..m. The cello Sloss R. Arnold; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. Bow-
necks are screwed on. He was appointed Supplier maker.
Stosse/-lnstrumentenbau;Stuttgart-Ostheim, 20th cent. Straub Balthasar; Graz, 1790-1828. V.m.; worked
Mass-production of stringed instruments, especially with Michael Ignaz Stadlmann. His work resembles
lutes. that of Matthias Daum. His violins have thick edges
Stosse/Georg; Cologne. b. 1. 5. 1867 in Wiirzburg. and yellow-red var. Judging by his name he came
Was first instructed by Friedrich Wittstadt in Wiirz- from the Black Forest.
burg. Then he worked with David Bittner and Ignaz Straub Franz; Friedenweiler, c. 1696. Perhaps father
Johann Bucher (II) and with Joseph Hamberger (II) of Markus (Marx) (I), Matthias and Simon (II), all
of Vienna. Then he worked in Budapestand Zagreb; of whom were probably his pupils. He seemsto have
in 1889 he went to Italy, visiting Cremona and all gone to Friedenweiler from Fiissen.
the other Italian centres of v.m. After experience Straub Georg (Jorg); Fiissen, C. 1625. Probably
in Zurich and Mittenwald, he was encouraged by brother of Sebastian S. He was admitted to the
K. A. Horlein to go to Wiirzburg, where he made lute-makers' guild on 20.8.1625.
violas. Stossel established himself independently Straub Johann; Friedenweiler, c. 1704. If this is the
in Cologne in 1900.Very careful work; he was a very correct reading, and not 1764, he must have been
clever copyist and repairer of old violins. We have by the brother of Franz S., who likewise went to the
him a very interesting instrument, a gamba,which was Black Forest from Fiissen.
playedheld betweenthe kneeslike a Schossgeige and Straub Johann Georg; Rothenbach, Loffingen (in the
in an orchestra can take the place of a cello. This Black Forest). b. 31.3. 1798, d. 17. 5. 1854. Son of
instrument, made for his own use, is 57.5 cm. long, Johannes S. Talented v.m. and very good violinist,
string length 40 cm., upper width 31 cm., sides nicknamed 'Geigenhannes'. In his later years he
31 cm. high. The back, sides and scroll were made neglected v.m. and played on street corners and at
of beautiful rose-wood, richly inlaid with ivory, inns. He took to drink, which was to the disadvant-
ebony and brass. Under the fingerboard there are age of both the v.m. and the musician. His instru-
12 sympathetic strings. The instrument, which is ments are quite good, though the craftsmanship is
marked by the maker's coat of arms, has a full tone. often rough.
Straub Johannes; Rothenbach (near Neustadt, in the
Black Forest). b. 1759, d. 1847. Came from Ruden-
berg (near Friedenweiler). On 19. 5. 1786he married
Magdalene Schafer.He had II children, among them
the v.m. Johann Georg S. His violins, like those
made by the rest of the Straub family, are similar
in style and standard to instruments made by Rief
StourdzaFurst Gregor; Vienna, Bucharest. b. 1821 in in ViIs. They are unattractive in appearance,but their
Jassy, d. 19°1 in Bucharest. Called his instruments tone is acceptable.He madethe instruments in winter
violinoarpa, violinochitarra etc. Some violins, invented and sold them in summer, going from market to
by him and kept in the museum of the Paris conserva- market. Various labels, some of them hand-
toire, were exhibited in Vienna at the World Ex- written.
hibition of 1873. Straub Josef; Rothenbach, 1783-1811. Perhaps son
StowasserAdolf; Graz, c. 1780. One beautiful violin of Simon S. (II). Model of medium size, dark var.
bearing this name is known, made in Graz in The labels (handwritten or printed) often give no
1780. date.
Stowasser Hans; Graz, 20th cent. In the early 20th cent. Straub Markus (Marx) (I); Friedenweiler, c. 1751.
he worked with Gustav Meinel in London. Later he Perhaps son and probably pupil of Franz S. Ordinary
settled in Graz. Ordinary work. amateurish work.

StrasserC.; Stuttgart, c. 192.8.Maker of zithers. Straub Markus (Marx) (II); Rothenbach, Loffingen
Stratton; Leipzig, Gohlis, c. 1888. A former v.m. (in the Black Forest), 1770-1777. One of the better
factory first acquired by A. Ehrlich (pseudonym Black Forest v.ms, perhaps son or nephew of Marx S.
of Arthur Payne) and then by the association of (I) in Friedenweiler. He was married to Katharina
Leipzig musical instrument manufacturers. In 1888 Faller, by whom he had one daughter (b. 17m. The
it was bought by an embroidery company. church registers describe him as 'v.m.'. Adopted an
 original model based on the Tyrolean School. the one label known, which is dated 1825. The only
Careful work. known instrument cannot be con~idered rep;resenta-
Straub Martin; Urach, 18th cent. Ordinary work: good tive of the maker's skill. Certainly it was not his
neither in tone nor wood. first instrument. The violin is remarkable for its
Straub Matthias; Friedenweiler, c. 175°. Perhaps son rounded:'off upper corners and perfect arching of the
of Franz S. Prolific v.m. The table wood is good, the table, made of carefully selectedwood and with grain
backs are usually plain and unpurfled. Dull var., in the middle 1.5 mm. wide. The table is unpurfled,
pleasant tone. Printed label. but the back has 3 strips inlaid. The scroll is carefully
Straub Michael (I); Fiissen. b. 159°. Probably son of a carved with an intricate design. The soundholes are
certain Georg S. of Obersdorf. He was admitted to rather weak.
the lute-makers' guild in 1616, the year before he
married SusaneGast. He may have been the grand-
father of Michael S. (II).
Straub (Strauss) Michael (II); Venice, Innsbruck,
1677-1680. Maker who perhaps came originally
from Fiissen. He first settled in Venice, then about
1676 moved to Innsbruck, where he sold violins
and lutes. By this he infringed the rights of Georg
Seelos(I) 's widow and in April 1677he was expelled Strauss Joseph; Neustadt (in the Black Forest),
from the town. He seemsto have returned to Venice, 1750-1775. Violins bearing this name and place of
for one of his violins is dated Venice, 1680. He was origin are quite frequently found. They are not very
possibly brother of Franz S., who made pochettes. remarkable.
Straub Sebastian; Fiissen, c. 1628. Admitted to the Strobel Karl Friedrich; Dresden. b. 29.5. 1884 in
lute-makers' guild on 20. 8. 1625, on condition that Markneukirchen, d. 1960. Worked in Dresden and
he would first offer his lutes and theorbos to the established himself independently there in 1927.
guild. Only if they were not interested in buying Strobl Elias; Hallein, late 17th cent. Violinist, also
them was he allowed to sell to a 'stranger', i.e. to a described in the registers as 'municipal v.m.'. Brother
dealer who had settled in Fiissen. of Johann S. (1).
Straub Simon (I); Fiissen, c. 1578. Lute-maker. Strobl Johann (1); Hallein. b. c. 1645, d. 20. 1. 1700.
Straub Simon (II); Friedenweiler, c. 17°6. Best v.m. The registers describe him as v.m. ; he was probably
in the family. brother of Elias S.
Straub Simon (III); Rothenbach, 1766-1782. Married Strobl Johann (II); Hallein. b. c. 1657, d. 15.9.1717.
Katharina Winterhalter. The church registers call Probably came from Fiissen. The table wood is
him musicariusor operarius.The tables of his violins usually good, often unpurfled. Arching quite high,
are often made of good wood, the scrolls are of soundholes clean-cut, but inelegant.
pear-wood and the fingerboard of beech. The outline
is unattractive, the backs and tableshaving different
arching, though some of the violins sound well.

Strobl Michael; Berlin. b. 1867.Pupil of the Mitten-

wald v.m. school.Then he worked with J. J. Held
in Bcuel and also in severalother towns. He estab-
lished himself indepetldently in Berlin in 1894.
Straube Johann Augustin; Berlin. b. 15.5.1725 in A versatile maker.
Alt-Brandenburg, d. 18.4. 1802 in Berlin. Maker of
musical instruments. Became citizen in 1764 (Berlin
list of citizens, Vol. B. 28, VIII; p. 611). According
to Otto he made and rep~ired violins. A skilful
maker who by all accounts knew Italian styles and
methods well. Amber var. He is more important,
however, as piano-manufacturer.
Straubinger Franz; Innsbruck. d. 28. 8. 1724. Made
lutes and violins. In 1720 he was a member of the
Innsbruck orchestra.
Strauch Joseph; Mittenwald, c. 1825. Probably an Strobl Tobias; Krems. b. 1670, d. 12..6. 176;. He made
amateur, for he does not describe himself as v.m. on good violas. His violins are highly arched. Though
 he was married 3 times, there were no children, and Stumpel C. H.; Minden. d. 1861. Brass instrument
he died a pauper. In 177° his shop passed into the maker, who also made some violins, based on
hands of Magnus Anton Fichtl. Stradivari and Bagatella.
Stumpel H. C.; Minden. b. IZ. II. 1838. Son and
successorof C. H. Stumpel. A prolific maker who
followed several models, mainly Italian.
Sturm Nikolaus; Munich, 17th cent. Said to be the
son of Paul S. It is, however, mote probable that
he was a son, or perhaps a grandson, of the organ-
Strohmer August J.; Nuremberg. b. 7. I. 1888 in builder Kaspar S., who was still alive in 157Z.
Nuremberg. Pupil of the guitar-maker August Nikolaus S. also mainly built organs.
Schulz. About 1919 he established himself indepen- Sturm Paul; Augsburg. d. before 1577. Lute-maker.
dently in his native town, where he was still working His widow Margarete nee Schlaurin, married the
in 19So. He made guitars after the Spanish, French lute-maker Sixtus Rauwolf in 1577.
and Viennese Schools. StutzerLeonhard; Heilbronn, c. 1864.Piano-maker,who
Strotz Erwin; Markneukirchen. b. 1898, d. z8. 4. 19So. styled himself 'maker of musical instruments' on
Conscientious worker. a repair label found in a zither.
Striitz Josef; Markneukirchen. b. 171S, d. 17.9.1760 StuweConrad Heinrich; Hamburg, c. 17z6. It is known
in Markneukirchen. Originally a joiner and player. only that he became citizen of Hamburg in 17z6 as
He was the first man to make bows in Markneu- master lute-maker.
kirchen. Before his time bows were bought in StymowiczAnton Kazimir; Iserlohn. d. c. 19°6. Member
Schmalkalden. of the Association of German V.ms and inventor of
StrotzingerRudolf; Linz. b. 18zz, d. zs. S. 187z. Pupil a new bassbar (19°3).
of Andreas Engleder in Munich. His workshop was Suittner (Suitner) Johann; Mittenwald. b. 18zz, d. 19°7.
at Hofberg, No. I z. Though not exceptionally Learned the craft in Mittenwald and his beginnings
talented, he possessedsome skill. were very promising. In 1855he founded a workshop
Strunz Werner; Markneukirchen. b. 7. z. 19O5 in making zithers. His violins are well made and have
Markneukirchen. Worked with Anton Wittmann thick red var. His guitars also reveal competent
in Vienna and established himself independently work.
in his native town. Conscientious work. Suittner Joseph; Mittenwald, c. 1788. Talented maker
Struve Heinrich N.; Arendsee, c. 1904. Maker of who copied Stainer. Good wood and soft yellowish
stringed instruments, mainly occupied with repairs. var. Well-cut scrolls, soundholes modelled on
StiibingerAdolf; Vienna. b. 1897 in Vienna. In 1938 he Stainer. The purfling is also well done. The backs are
succeededhis father, Johann Christian S. Good work. often in one piece only. His name is sometimes read
He was also a member of the Viennese Opera Sintner or even Snitner, but according to his label,
Orchestra. the form Suittner is evidently correct.
Stitz A. & Co.; Vienna, c. 1873. Instruments by this
firm were exhibited in Vienna at the World Ex-
hibition in ..., and one violin was awarded a silver
medal of merit. They have a full tone.
Sumerauer(Summerauer) Georg; Vienna, c. 1575. Son
and probably pupil of the Salzburg maker Hans S.
He became citizen of Vienna in 1575. Lute-maker.
Stiibinger Johann Christian; Vienna. b. 13. II. 1864 SumerauerHans; Salzburg, c. 1557. His name can be
in Fleissen, d. 15.5.1938. Assistant of Adam S. of found in the Salzburg list of citizens as a lute-maker
Fleissen (in Bohemia). He went to Vienna, where he who becamecitizen of Salzburg in I 557. He may well
worked with Thomas Zach for some time. In J891 have been the father of Georg and Reinhart S.
he established himself independently. Clean work Sumerauer Reinhart; Vienna, c. 1578.Perhapsbrother of
after Stradivari, using red var. His violins are copies Georg S. Became citizen in 1578.
of Zach. In 1910he was appointed Court Expert. SussAlbert; Adorf (Vogtl.). Bow-maker.
SussJohann Christian; Markneukirchen. b. 6. IZ. 18z9
in Muhlhausen (near Bad Elster), d. IZ. 10. 19°0.
In his early years he made beech-wood bows which
had a large salebecausethey were so cheap. Later he
joined Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Knopf in
Dresden and learned bow-making properly. He was
very gifted. He established himself independently
Stuiber H.; Magdeburg, c. 1900. V.m. in Markneukirchen and soon became the best
 bow-maker not only in Markneukirchen but in all actually a v.m. The documents from 17°7-1732 read
Germany. His model was principally Tourte. only 'Nicolas Sylvestro, maker of strings'. He
Suss Johann Georg; Adorf, 18th cent. The Adorf becamea permanent resident on 15.7. 1723..
registers call him musicusinstrumenta/is.A violin Syrbius Otto; Hanover, 1885-1891. Made copies of
bearing his name is also known. Probably a dealer. early makers; also used an original model.
Sutor (Suttor) Johann Martin; Vienna. b. c. 1680, d. Syvarth Conrad Heinrich; Oldenburg, 1823-1838.
2.5. 4. 1758.The Viennese tax-registers, which several Became citizen in June 1823. He was still alive in
times spell his name Suder, list him from 1749-1758. 1838.He concentrated on v.m., though he also made
In 1759 his widow was excusedtaxes on the grounds harps and guitars.
of poverty. His violins are good and resemble Syvarth Ferdinand; Oldenburg. d. 1896. Son ot
Fichtl's, though the var. is not so good. He estab- grandson of Conrad Heinrich S. He was maker of
lished himself independently about 1749. musical instruments in general; he also built organs.
Occasionally he repaired stringed instruments,
though he did not make them.
Szag Georg; Leipzig, 1885-1887. V.m. who founded
his workshop on 1.10.1885. In 1887 he emigrated
to America.
Szimanski Franz; Berlin. b. 15.2.19°3. Son and pupil
of Heinrich S.
Szimanski (Schimansky) Heinrich; Berlin. b. 14. 11.
Sutterlin Johann Friedrich; Strasbourg, Wiesbaden. 1867, d. c. 1933 in Berlin. Was supposed to learn
b. in Egisholz-Wollbach 1864, d. c. 1893. Real organ-building. First he was apprenticed to a joiner
artist; painstaking work and exemplary care. His in Rudolstadt, thus acquiring the necessarymanual
violins are mostly modelled on Stradivari and he dexterity and knowledge of wood. Then he worked
made every detail of them with his own hand. in severalfirst-classworkshops. He also studied music
Excellently carved scrolls. He used a var. of his own and soon became an excellent zither-player. He
composition and of fair quality: its colour and glossy learned much from the writings of Apian-Benewitz
finish resemble in some ways the Cremonese var. and used every opportunity to test his skill. He
Unfortunately it had to dry for at least 6 months, and established himself independently in 1897 and made
even after that long period it was still sticky. Early guitars. From 19°2 he made violins. He followed
in 1883he moved to Wiesbaden at the instigation of Italian patterns and also used an original model. He
Professor Wilhelmi. He also experimented with made all parts of his instruments himself, even the
Balsamfichte,but he abandoned these efforts fairly bows. Usually he used oil var. His later violins have
early on. Similarly, the bassbar of the same wood a label and a brand with the date.
which he was asked to put into Professor Wilhelmi's
violin had to be taken out becauseit was not much
good. In his last yearshe made very few violins as he
was handicapped by illness.

Szimanski (Schimansky) Johann Oskar; Hamburg.

b. 2. 9. 1894in Rixdorf. Son and pupil of Heinrich S.

SwosilJohann; Vienna. d. 1899.Maker of guitars who

alsorepairedviolins though the more exactingwork
from his shop was done by Vincenz Pathan. His
widow, Therese,still managedthe shop after 19°0.
j'wosil Josef; Vienna. 19th-20th cent. guitar-maker.
Probably son and pupil of Johann S.
Syller (Sayller) Veit; Bollingen, c. 1678. His work
resemblesthe instruments of Fiissen makers. The
Franzisco-Carolinumin Linz contained his viola.
He also madelutes and playedvarious instruments.
Sylvestro(Silvestro) Nicolas; Dillingen, 17°7-1732.
Italian v.m. from Naples.His nameis found in the
Dillingen registers.There is no record that he was
 He established himself independently on 2. 8. 1924 Tauscher Eduard; Erlbach (near Markneukirchen).
in Hamburg. Good work following the Italian b. 26. 2. 1867 in Markneukirchen, d. 1948 in
School. Erlbach. Pupil of Wilhelm Meisel. In 189° he
Szimanski (Schimansky) Paul; Berlin. b. 3.4.1895 in founded the firm Ed. Tauscher & Co., and was
Berlin. Pupil and son of Heinrich S. quite successful.He used shingles - pieces of wood
in the form of a tile or slate - for the tables of his
violins.
TauscherG. C.; Konigsberg, 18th cent. The Frankfurt
T museum had a theorbo made by him, 125 cm. high,
53 cm. long, 32 cm. wide and 16 cm. deep.
TauscherMartin; Chemnitz, Erlbach. b. 2. 9. 19°7 in
TaborskyFranz (I); Vienna, c. 1911. Owner of a shop Erlbach. Son of Eduard T., pupil of Max Heischkel
selling stringed instruments. of Erlbach. Later he went to Berlin and worked
TaborskyFranz (II); Vienna, c. 1928. Maker of stringed with Emil Pliverics and Anton Pilar (I) and then to
instruments. Bielefeld. In 1934heestablishedhimself independently
Tacke Anton (I); Dusseldorf, 1816-1846. One lute, in Chemnitz, where he becamesupplier to the Muni-
made by Dalla Porto, had repair label of this maker cipal Opera. In 1944 his workshop was damaged by
inside. bombs and he returned to Erlbach and took over
TackeAnton (II); Dusseldorf, 19th cent. Son and pupil the workshop of his former teacher, Max Heischkel,
of Anton T. (I). He worked with care. His violins now also his father-in-law. Copies of classicalmakers
have double purfling. Unattractive yellow var. and repairs.
TackeWilhelm; Dusseldorf, 1840-185°. Son and per- TecchlerDavid; Salzburg, Venice, Rome. b. c. 1666,
haps also pupil of Anton T. (II). He is only known d. 1748.He used the large Amati model with Stainer
as a repairer. Unfortunately he used to remove the arching. Broad purfling, small soundholes after
old var. and substitute a brittle spirit polish. Stainer. Yellow or dark-red var. Very diligent v.m.
who also made first double-basses.
Teller Oskar; Bubenreuth. b. 19°2, d. 1961. Maker of
guitars.
Tentzel (Danzel) Johann; Mittenwald, 1716-1723.
The documents call him specifically 'v.m.' and 'lute-
maker'. His violins resemble the instruments made
by the Kloz family, especially Matthias, in so many
details that he must be considered as a direct pupil
Tiingel (Tengel, Dengel) Johann; Markneukirchen. of one of that family. Strangely enough, he labelled
b. c. 1657, d. after 17°4. V.m. from Danzig. He most of his instruments with a Stainer label.
married the widow of Johann Friedrich D6rffel (I)
and settled in Markneukirchen. He was admitted to
the guild on 25. II. 17°1.
Tanhager Paul; Freydenstein (near Oberwallsee, in
Upper Austria), c. 1755. A viola by him is in the
Linz Museum.
TauberLudwig; Graz, c. 1846. By all accounts son of Tentzel (Danzel) Paul; Mittenwald, c. 174°. Son and
Andreas T. of Pressburg. Worked with G. Kiirsch- pupil of Johann T., whose style he followed. Kloz
ner, whose shop he afterwards took over. He was model.
known only as a maker of zithers. TerneC.; Leipzig, c. 1852. He concentrated mainly on
dealing and used his workshop only for small repairs.
He never completely made any new violins, only
adapted and retouched instruments made by others.
't1Jb,»i~c-;rA.UO"t TeschnerHermann; Fiirstenwalde (near Berlin), c. 1880.
Piano-maker. He dealt in stringed instruments, never
YOYJf\G.J.s, making new ones, but repairing old ones.
TeubnerOtto; Magdeburg, c. 19°0. Y.m. from Mark-
neukirchen, also dealer in any musical instru-
ments.
TeuchertEmil. Author, with Erhard Walter Haupt, of
"".t
~~~r.t~~!lf"

..~
~
:(! '/
_L__~"~
,\, ,...t/\,~ .t Musikinstrumentenkunde in Wort und Bild (Leipzig,
1910-1911) (; vols, of which the first dealswith
bowed instruments).
Teuffel ..; Breslau, 18th cent. He belonged to the same The scroll is large and imposing. He preferred large-
School as Johann Caspar Goebler; worked after modelled cellos. Like most of the Viennese v.ms of
Sebastian Rauch (1) and used a red var. the period he stained his instruments before varnish-
Thanner (Danner) Johann (Hans); Stuttgart. d.1581. ing them. After about 175° he adopted a golden
Versatile and skilful maker of musical instruments ground colour, covered with a beautiful transparent
who was also a musician, employed by the Court var. His instruments are quite common. He used
Orchestra. To make his orchestra independent red-brown, red and black var. He was succeededby
of foreign instruments he founded in 1578, together Franz Geissenhof in 1781.
with Christoph Frey, a workshop for making all Thir Josef; Vienna. b. 18°5, d. 1885. Late in life he
kinds of musical instruments. He also bought them claimed that he was a former vom. and last member
from Ulrich Schniep in Munich. of the Thir family. His ~ssertion cannot be verified.
Thielemann(Thielmann) Johann Georg; Berlin. d. 3. 3. Thir (Their, Tihr, Dier, Thyr) Matthias; Vienna,
182.1.As well as guitars and lutes he made wind 1770-1795 (18zo?). Brother of Johann Georg T.
instruments. He was succeededby Friedrich August Famous lute- and v.m. who lived in the Kiirntner-
Mathes. viertel in Himmelpfortgasse (in Bader's house).
Became citizen on 17. 3. 177°. He began his career
in Pressburg. He was perhaps the most popular of
all the early Viennese v.ms. Becausehis violins were
attractive, generally with good sound, and cost only
4 florins each, he had to employ a number of assist-
ants to fulfil the demand. His brown, or dark red-
brown var. is very good.

Thir (Thier, Dir) Anton (I); Vienna. b.. c. 1765,d.2.9.12..

1837. Son and pupil of Matthias T. Became citizen
of Vienna in 179°. Good work with flat arching in
the style of Stradivari. Thick edges, var. of a dark
cherry-red tint.
Thir (Tirr) Anton (II); Vienna. b. 16.10.1767, d. 13. I I.
1848. Son and pupil of Anton T. of Pressburg (in
Slovakia). His violins are modelled on Stradivari,
with good arching and beautifully carved scrolls. Thoma Adolf; Hohendorf (near Brambach). b. 2.8.3.
After 1815 the edges are lighter in style; the back, 1872.in Biirendorf. Bow-maker, pupil of Hermann T.
table and sides are all strikingly smooth. First-class Established himself independently in 1891. He made
wood. Var. of yellow-brown or red tint on golden bows on various models, all of which reveal careful
base. His instruments are not common. Unlike and conscientious work.
other members of the family he spelled his name Thoma Albert; Hohendorf (near Brambach). b. 4. 6.
invariably Tirr. 1897. Son and pupil of Adolf T. Bow-maker who
Thir (Their) Johann Georg; Vienna. d. after 1781. worked with his father.
Became citizen on I. 9. 1738. One of the best Thoma Arthur Adolf; Hohendorf (near Brambach).
Viennese v.ms. His violins have a long, narrow form b. 7. 7.19°5 in Hohendorf. Son and pupil of Adolf T.
and high Stainer-style arching. The soundholes are Bow-maker who established himself independently
very near to each other. Sides are 32.-33 mm. high. in 1931. He passedhis master's test in 1938. Good
work. His bows are branded ARTHUR THOMA.
Thoma Hermann; Schonberg. b. c. 1861. Bow-maker. ThumhardtJohann Georg; Amberg, 1740-1784. Son
ThomaJakob; Vienna, Boston. b. 1837in Raab, d. 191'7. and perhaps also pupil of Johann T. He was one of
Watchmaker and amateur v.m. He was so gifted the best makers of the whole family and used beauti-
that he was later granted an official v.m.'s licence. ful wood with a brown var. He was kept busy by
His instruments arc well made. When his daughter the music-loving Amberg Court.
married in America, he moved to Boston (in Massa- Thumhardt Johann Stephan (I); Straubing. b. 1749,
chusetts) with his young son Alexander. d. 2.7.12..1817. According to the Straubing regis-
ters he was established there in 1769 as a string-
and v.m. In 1773 he married. In 1817 he died,
leaving his shop to his son Gottlieb Alois. He may
have been apprenticed to Gabriel David Buchstetter,
whose work he copied. His better violins have
a characteristic model with longish middle bouts.
Thomae Gustav; Brambach. b. 2.5.12..1880. Bow- The tone is quite good. Brown or yellow-brown var.
maker. His bows are branded GUSTAV THOMAE. of good quality. His violins are well liked, the
Thomae Horst; Hanau. b. 1.8. 19°7 in Markneukir- doublebasses even more so.
chen. Son of Gustav T. He learned the craft in
Fleissen (in Bohemia) and then worked for Albin
H. Wolfram in Bad Brambach. He established him-
self independently in Hanau and specialisesin repair-
ing bowed and plucked instruments.
Thomas Fritz; Stuttgart. b. 16. 3. 19°1 in Markneu-
kirchen. Pupil of Louis Dolling, then assistant of
Hermann Petzold and, later, Robert Barth. Good
work; careful repairs.
Thomastik Franz, Dr; Vienna, 1912.-192.1. Inventor
from Holleschau (in Moravia) who tried to endow
his violins with tone three times as powerful. His
quartet, exhibited in 192.0in the lecture-room of the
Viennese museum, was highly praised. He influenced
a number of professional makers, though he himself Thumhardt Johann Stephan (II); Amberg, Munich,
was an amateur. 1835-1860. Went from Amberg to Munich, where
Thonet Gebriider; Vienna, c. 1892.. Manufacturers of he became Court Supplier. His violins are compar-
bent-wood furniture who made unsuccessful atively rare.
experiments with violin plates of pressed wood for Thumhardt Josef (I); Amberg, 1780-1834. Son, pupil
and successor of Johann Georg T. His work does
mass-production.
Thoss Herbert; Greiz. b. 10. 3. 192.0 in Greiz. He not compare, however, with his father's. High
learned the craft in Mittenwald and later worked arching.
with J. H. Schult in Lubeck. He establishedhimself ThumhardtJosef (II); Munich. b. 16.2.1846 in Ingol-
independently in his native town in 1947 and two stadt, d. 24. 6. 1888 .in Munich. Son and pupil of
years later becamea fully qualified v.m. Good work. Xaver T. (I). About 1870 he took over his father's
Label with coat-of-arms printed on yellow paper. workshop and made zithers. He was Supplier to
Thumhardt Gottlieb Alois; Straubing. b. 183°. Son the Court, and after his death the shop was managed
and pupil of Johann Stephan T. (I) whom he suc- by his widow, who employed assistants.
ceededin April 1817. The licence dated 10.4. 1817 ThumhardtXaver (I); Ingolstadt, Munich, 18°9-1847.
says that he was properly apprenticed to his father, In 1839 he founded a workshop in Ingolstadt and
with whom he learned the making of violins and in 1847transferred it to Munich. He made only a few
strings. Like his father, he followed Buchstetter's violins, concentrating mainly on zithers and guitars.
pattern. His yellow-brown var. is inferior. i Thumhardt Xaver (II); Munich, 1888-19°1. Last
member of the family. In 1888 he took over the
workshop founded in 1839 by Xaver T. (I). His
manager was Josef Lederer. He was succeededin
19°1 by Ignaz Roider.
Thurer H.; Biberach, c. 1895. Repaired violins and was
a dealer in musical instruments; it is not likely that
ThumhardtJohann; Ingolstadt, c. 172.3.Perhaps father he made any new violins.
of Johann Georg T. Longish model with medium Tiebe! Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, c.1928. Maker of
arching and light red-brown var. stringed instruments.
TiedemannJacob; Altenbruch-Hanover, c. 1928. V.m. beautiful yellow var. He worked mainly for the
who specialised in violins and cellos. trade. His name, address and date can be found
TiedermannFritz; Wolfenbiittel. d. 1932. V.m. on the inside of the table or the back.
TiefenbruckerMichael; Rosshaupten. d. 1585. Perhaps TiefenbrunnerSebastian; Mittenwald, 1808-1830. V.m.
a lute-maker; but little is known of him. lacking distinction.
TiefenbrunnerAdolf; Munich. b. 5. 5. 1865, d. 14.2. TiefenbrunnerSimon; Mlittenwald. b. c. 1810, d. 26. 12.
19°0. Son of Georg T. (I) by the latter's second 1883. Skilful v.m. who took to farming in summer.
wife; studied at Munich university. His interest in In winter he made violins on the model of Stainer.
making musical instruments led him to take over Tielke (Thielke) Gottfried; Konigsberg, 1653-1671.
his father's shop on 23. 4.1891. He mainly made zith- His violins are listed in the auction catalogue of
ers. After his death the shop was managed by his Selhof's collection. In the Tielke family there were
widow until it was taken over by Hans Raab (1). three Gottfrieds: father Gottfried, a, judge; his
Tiefenbrunner Balthasar; Mittenwald, 1825-1855. Ordin- first-born son, a pastor; and Joachim's son, who was
ary amateur work. His best instruments date from born 1668 and played the viola da gamba. The dates
the years 183°-185°. seemto indicate that it was Pastor Gottfried (b. 1639)
TiefenbrunnerGeorg (1); Augsburg, Munich. b.1812 who made the instruments. When the first instrument
in Mittenwald, d. 10. 10. 1880 in Munich. Pupil of was made, he was only 14. This would not have
Simon Kriner in Landshut. He went to Munich on been impossible in his time. This seems today to
foot and worked with Andreas Engleder. He passed be the only possible explanation.
his master's test in Augsburg. He married the Tielke Joachim; Hamburg.. b. 14. 10. 1641 in Konigs-
daughter of the zither-maker Franz Krenn, whose berg, d. 19. 9. 1719 in Hamburg. Pupil of Gottfried
shop in Sendlingerstrasse he took over in 1842. T., 'judge and president' (Richter und V orsteher).
Thus he was more or less compelled to concentrate His elder brother, Gottfried, was a pastor (seeabove).
on making zithers, and he succeededin transforming Joachim's name is found in the registers of Konigs-
a poor folk-instrument into a highly accomplished berg-Lobenicht on 22. 8. 1673; he was godfather to
artistic instrument, so that the composer Franz P. the daughter of Rudolf T. of Lobenicht. He went to
Ott described him as 'father of the modem zither'. Hamburg with Johann T., who was probably his
He only occasionally made violins. His repairs uncle and teacher. Nothing is known of his appren-
were highly rated. His shop was very successful,and ticeship and travels as a young assistant,but it seems
Tiefenbrunner was appointed Supplier to the Court. certain that he went as far as Italy. On 7. 9. 1667
In 1875he gave up his shop, which his wife managed he married Katharine Fleischer (b. 10. 4. 1646,
until 1881, when it passed to their son Adolf. d. 7. 12. 1724), sister of the Hamburg lute-maker
Tiefenbrunner Georg (11); Munich, Mittenwald. b. 1854 Hans Christoph Fleischer. He had 4 sons, none of
in Munich. Son of Georg T. (1) by his first wife. He whom made lutes, and 3 daughters. He was granted
establishedhimself independently in Munich in 1876 the freedom of Hamburg on 9.7. 1669,when he had
and in 1880 transferred his shop to Mittenwald, to pay a fee prescribed for those whose fathers were
where he only made zithers and strings. He was not citizens. On 7. 9. 1717 he celebrated his golden
Supplier to the Nassau Court. wedding, for which occasion a ceremonial address
TiefenbrunnerGeorg Ferdinand; Mittenwald. b. 19. 10. and poem were written in his honour, and these are
1757,d. 18°3. Son and probably also pupil of Johann the only known documents containing data about
Caspar T. Worked in the style of the Kloz School. him and his family. His eldest son played the viola da
TiefenbrunnerJohann Caspar; Mittenwald, 1750--1771. gamba in the Court Orchestra at Kassel of Count
Best v.m. of the whole family. Good work. He mainly Carl von Hessen-Cassel.
made violins and violas. He often spelled his name Tielke was held in high esteemduring his lifetime.
Tieffenbrunner. Because his instruments were excellently made, he
TiefenbrunnerKorbinian; Alt6tting, Mittenwald. b. 14. received many orders from Germany and abroad.
12. 1836 in Mittenwald. Established himself inde- He made violas da gamba, lutes, theorbos, guitars
pendently in Mittenwald in 1865. He mainly made and zithers and the so-called Little Hamburg
zithers, and violins by him are rarely met with. Zithers (Cithrit:chen), the bell-like shape of which he
When he returned to his native town he worked seems to have designed. Also known are several
for local dealers. descant and alto violas da braccio made by him.
TiefenbrunnerMartin; Mittenwald. b. .. 11. 1687. By Only a few violins of his are known today, however.
all accounts son of a certain Joachim T. (whose The lists of his instruments issued by Niederheit-
profession is not certain). His godfather at his mann and Kinsky contain several errors, and should
baptism on 6. 11. 1687 was Matthias Kloz. Earliest be consulted with due caution. At the time of
known v.m. of the family. writing, the v.m. Gunther Hellwig of Lubeck is
TiefenbrunnerMatthias; Mittenwald, c. 1846. Estab- writing a major work on Tielke. Tielke's instruments
lished himself independently in Mittenwald. Used were often held in low esteem, because they had
 luxurious ornamentation, which impaired the quality TIM; Vienna, c.1920. Brand used by the engineer
of tone. In the 19th cent. they ceasedto be fashion- Markstein and Franz L. E. Beyer (q.v.).
able though they were finely made in all respects. Tittmann Otto; Markneukirchen. b. 18.3.1881, d.
In his Untersuchung deslnstrumentesder Lauten, Baron, after 195°. Mter finishing his milita,ry service he
who possibly knew Tielke personally, writes: settled in Hamburg, but later returned to Markneu-
'Among those new masters who have won great kirchen. Specialist in lutes, guitars and mandolins.
renown in Germany, the most remarkable is Master Tluck. . ; Cologne, 19th-20th cent. Little-known maker
Joachim Tielke who lives in Hamburg. We saw his of musical instruments.
lutes, the bodies of which were made of ivory and Todt Albin; Markneukirchen. 19th cent. guitar-maker.
ebony and the neck artistically inlaid with gold, Todt Erich Kurt; Markneukirchen. b. 22. 3. 19°8. Son
silver and mother-of-pearl. He was also very skilful and pupil of Albin T. Maker of fine concert-guitars.
in handling wood; his instruments do not have Todt Ernst Edmond; Markneukirchen. b. 18. 2.1880.
a particularly strong tone, but it is delicate and Pupil of E. L. Gutter. Later he worked with Wilhelm
agreeable.' August Wunderlich and Karl Wilhelm Lederer (II).
His complicated tarsia-work in ivory and various He established himself independently in Markneu-
woods makes his instruments unique in history. The kirchen. Good work.
pegboxes are often decorated with girl's or lion's Todt Heinrich Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 29.12.
heads, frequently lined with ivory. The purfling on 1862, d. 1929. In 1877 he learned bow-making
the backs and sides is in the shape of flowers or with an uncle in Erlbach. Then he became appren-
even depicts whole mythological scenes.His lutes, ticed to a,nother uncle, Friedrich Wilhelm Schaller (I)
guitars and zithers have rosettes of parchment. The and learned v.m. Afterwards he worked with his
backs of his guitars are arched. The backs and sides future brother-in-law, Carl Richard Ficker, and in
are often lined on the inside with coarse linen. Budapest. He established himself in 1882. At first he
Though the form of his instruments differs from worked for the Markneukirchen dealers; in 189° he
that of the Cremonese makers, he was surely their opened a shop selling old violins.
equal as regards craftsmanship. Before 1673 only Todt Paul E.; Erlbach, c. 19°2. Maker of stringed and
handwritten labels are known. After 1677 he used wind instruments who became owner of the v.m.
printed labels of two different sizes,but with identical firm-Max Uebel & Co., founded in 19°2.
text. Sometimes instead of a label his name is found Toffel E. W.; Berlin-Wilmersdorf, c. 1928. Maker of
engraved and inlaid in ivory: bowed and plucked instruments.
Toussaint Emil; Gumbinnen (in East Prussia), Berlin.
TIELKE IN HAMBURG FECIT 1700 b. 1845. Dealer in hides who founded a v.m. shop
in Gumbinnen in 1878. In 1897 he moved to Berlin
and in the same year published in de Wit's magazine
an article Ober das Geheimnisder CremoneserGeigen(On
the Secret of Cremonese Violins), claiming to have
discovered the methods of the ancient Italian v.ms.
Toussaint Jean; Hamburg, c. 1716. Maker of musical
instruments of French origin. Became citizen on
21.2. 1716.
Trauer H.; Landwust (in Saxony). 20th cent. bow-
maker.
Trautman H. ; Brunswick. 20th cent. repairer of stringed
and plucked instruments. No specimens of his own
work are known.
Trautner Hans ; Ansbach. b. 27. 3. 1879 in Hof, d. 24. I I.
1946. Lived in Ansbach from 1892, where he ran
a hairdresser's shop until 19°7. He was interested in
v.m. and as an amateur started making instruments
in 1898. He spent only a fortnight in Markneukir-
chen. He was a diligent craftsman and by 19°6 he had
made 6 ~ violins, 2 cellos, several violas and a double-
bass. He became a professional v.m. in 19°7. He
had no definite model and chose size and arching
at random.
Tielke Wilhelm; Munich, 17th cent. His relationship Treiber Kaspar; Mittenwald, Rio de Janeiro. b.1863
to the Hamburg family is not known. It seemsthat in Mittenwald, pupil of Ludwig T. Skilful lute- and
his instruments now bear other makers' labels. guitar-maker who worked in Rio de Janeiro for
 severalyears.Between19°0-1910 he was working Trost Georg Martin; Hamburg, c. 1795. Maker of
in Mittenwald, but afterwards he again went abroad. musical instruments; became citizen on 17.4. 1795.
TreiberLudwig; Mittenwald, 1830-1874. V.m. whose Tro'stler Ludwig; Vienna. b. 16. 5. 19°7. First studied
instruments have dark var. He mainly dealt with the violin and in 1922 became apprenticed to the
repairs. v.m. Anton Wittmann, with whom he was appren-
TresseltHansAdam; Gross-Breitenbach, c. 173°. Father ticed for 4 years, and whose assistant and, finally,
of Wolfgang Niko~aus T., and perhaps also his manager he became. In May 1935 he took over the
teacher. shop of Wilhelm Theodor Jaura's widow, which was
Tresselt Johann Balthasar; Gross-Breitenbach, 1739 still going in 1960. Mainly repairer.
-175°. His instruments are frequently met with Trutzschler Paul; Berlin. b. 1871 in Markneukirchen,
and reveal a skilful hand. d. 1946 in Berlin. Made mainly 5-stringed double-
TresseltJohann Nikolaus; Gross-Breitenbach. b. 8. 10. basses.Good work.
17°2., d. 16. I I. 1779. Son and pupil of Theodor T. TucekFr~nz; Glatz (in Lower Silesia). 20th cent. mass-
His work reflects the influence of his father. Of his producer of musical instruments.
life only one detail is known, namely that he married
a certain Rebecca Rissland.
TresseltLorenz; Gross-Breitenbach, c. 1774. Probably
son of Hans Adam T.
Tresselt Theodor; Gross-Breitenbach. b. c. 1675, d. I
after 174°. Evidently the earliest known member of
the family. Selhof's auction catalogue lists a viola da
braccio by 'Th. Treselt Bachbreis 1739" This instru- ObermannLudwig; Stuttgart, 1616-162.6. Mentioned
ment demonstrates that he was a talented maker. in contemporary documents as the successor of
Tresselt Wilhelm Jakob; Gross-Breitenbach. b. 17.2.. Johann Mayer. He worked for the Court Orchestra.
1751, d. 2.1.2..182.5. Son of Johann Nikolaus T.; In 1616 he made a viola designed by Johann Price,
one of the last of this V.m. family. After his death for which he received 2.4° florins. In 1618 he made
several other members of the family made violins a new harpsichord for the ladies of the Court.
in their spare time. The last v.m. named Tresselt UebelAugust Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 12..1860
emigrated by all accounts to the U.S.A. about 185°. in Erlbach, d. 7. 8.1894. V.m.
TresseltWolfgang Nikolaus; Gross-Breitenbach. b. 2.7. Uebel Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 16. 5. 1868 in Erl-
3. 1732.,d. 17.4.1778. Son of Hans Adam T., and bach, d. 6. 2..1949in Markneukirchen. Conscientious
perhaps brother of Lorenz T. Violiri~ by him are copies of early Italian makers.
well made, though the wood is inferior. Unattractive Uebel Johann Andreas; Klingenthal, 1748-1752..
var. Probably brother of Johann Christian U.
UebelJohann Christian; Markneukirchen, Klingenthal.
b. c. 1710, d. C.1782.. Probably brother of Johann
Andreas U. He seemsto have been born in Markneu-
kirchen and learned the trade there. In 172.9 he
qualified in Markneukirchen. After 1731 his name
is found in the Klingenthallists of v.ms. Apparently
Trieber ..; Mittenwald, C.1813. The Crosby Brown the founder of this flourishing v.m. family and one
collection in New York contains a pochettewith this of its best makers.
name on the label. It was a common name in Fiissen, UebelJohann Michael; Klingenthal, c. 1753. Son and
though unknown in Mittenwald. The correct read- pupil of Johann Christian U., on whom he modelled
ing is probably Treiber. his work. Inferior wood.
Trindl Jakob; Deggendorf (in Bavaria). 20th cent. Uebel Karl; Markneukirchen. 2.oth cent. doublebass-
zither-maker. maker.
Tromlitz H.; Buer (in Westphalia), c. 1892. A clumsy UebelKarl Friedrich Wilhelm; Zimmerloh. 19th cent.
repairer. v.m.
Trost E.; Heidelberg, c. 1875. Only his repair label is Uebel Max; Klingenthal, Erlbach. b. 3. 6. 1866. Mem-
known. ber of an ancient v.m. family who left Klingenthal
for Erlbach, where he founded the firm Max Uebel
& Co. in 19°2.. This later passedinto the hands of
REPARJERT
TR 0 1' -';:
Paul E. Todt.
L:
r::;, ~, Uebel 0.; Breitenfeld. 2.oth cent. mandolin-maker.
I J. E'~.' 0 "" .
f~1 I"Jr.",'"
)"'""" UebelP.; Breitenbach. 2.oth cent. mandolin-maker.
!S1~, Uebe/W.; Markneukirchen. 19th cent. v.m., established
in 1868.
Uebel Werner; Erlbach. b. 25.6. 1928. Trained as Even his first attempts were exceptionally good.
bow-maker between 1.10. 1946 and 31.3.1948. He After he had succeededin making a good var., he
works for MIG MA in Markneukirchen. was persuadedto take up v.m. as his main profession.
In 1909he opened his own workshop.
Valero (Falero) ..; Adorf, 20th cent. His label was
found in a violin based on an earlier style.
Vauchel Jean Cornelius; Offenbach a. M., Mainz,
Wiirzburg, Damm. b. 9.3.1782 in Offenbach, d. 10.
I. 1856 in Damm. Son of an exiled Frenchman who
tried to make his living as engraver. After the re-
UhlemannPaul; Markneukirchen. b. 4.7. 1880 in Oels- volution the whole family returned to Paris and
nitz, d. 10. 12..1946 in Markneukirchen. By profes- Jean Cornelius began to learn v.m. For some time
sion a carpenter; he worked for v.ms., supplying he worked with his friend Fran<;oisTourte. It seems
them with heads and ornaments for violins and that about 1809he went to Germany and settled first
plucked instruments. in his native town, as can be judged from a violin
UhlemannPaul Oskar; Markneukirchen. b. 8. 10. 19°6 now in a private collection in Munich, where it is
in Oelsnitz. Son and pupil of Paul U. He is renowned also learned that he becameCourt Supplier to Jerome
for beautiful carvings for musical instruments. He Bonaparte, King of Westphalia. It is not known
took over his father's workshop in Markneukirchen, when he went to Wiirzburg. His application for
where he was still working quite recently. a new dwelling, dated 7.4. 1823, states that he had
Ulrich Diederich; Lubeck, H~mburg. b. c. 174°. His been Court v.m. for the past 12 years, which means
workshop w~s in Lubeck, but he moved to Hamburg that he must have gone to Wiirzburg during the
in 1771. His violins reflect a Brescian influence in times of Archduke Ferdinand (1806-1814). Then
outline and soundholes. Usually unpurfled, var. he moved to Damm, where he lived in the street
yellow, and lion's heads instead of scrolls. now called Miihlstrasse, at No. 61. In the adjacent
Unbehaven(Unbehauen, Unbehagen) Heinrich; Halle, house he opened a workshop in which he worked
Erfurt, c. 1687. Perhaps a member of the ancient with his assistant,Johann Baptist Reiter from Mitten-
family from Schwabisch Hall, where the name can wald, who was already with him in Schweinheim.
be traced as early as 1396. This name has been come He was a lonely man, avoiding contact with his
across in Volkstadt a. S., where Schiller's teacher neighbours. Only now and again he met a Frenchman
was named Unbehauen. Our v.m. is said to have by the name of Regnier (or Renier) who was
worked for a long time in Erfurt and Halle. In a list employed in the Damm porcelain factory. He also
of the best gamba-makers his place of origin is ex- severed relations with his daughter after she had
pressly stated as Erfurt. His instruments have ornate married the musician Kraft and moved to Stuttgart.
purfling, and in this respect resemble Joachim Evidently his wife died early, for he came to Damm
Tielke's. He seemsto have taken Italian instruments with a housekeeper, Babette Schneider, who had
for his model. It is based more or less on N. Amati. a 3-year old son, allegedly by Vauchel. In accordance
UndeutschErnst; Hanover. 2.oth cent. musician who with his wishes, he was not buried in Damm, but at
had a v.m. shop. the Aschaffenburg cemetery (13. I. 1856). In his
UnseldChristoph. See Ansold Christoph. early years he made the plates too thin and experi-
Unseld (Ansold) .Georg; VIm, c. 16°9. Perhaps son of mented with too flat an arching. Soon he found
Christoph Ansold. The Stuttgart Court orchestra a better method, for he had a delicate feeling for
bought strings from him in 16°9. He was apparently sound and a good knowledge of the laws of acoustics.
in high esteem as lute-maker. His violins rival those of the best Italian makers. He
Unsinn Franz; Faulenbach. d. 14. 5. 1837. V.m. was well aware of their value and would not reduce
Unterleitner Michael; Ingolstadt. b. 2.2..5. 1648 in Fus- their price, not by onepfennig.His pupil and assistant,
sen.Lute-maker. J. B. Reiter, was given Vauchel's tools by the latter's
Urbich ..; Lobau, c. 187°. Municipal musician who heirs.
tried his hand at v.m. Rudolf Koeppel of Bad V. E. B.; Markneukirchen, 20th cent. Factory mark
Pyrmont owned a flat, rather clumsy violin made by of the modern Markneukirchen plant: Volkseigene
him. Betriebe, the term used for all state-controlled in.
dustries in East Germany.
v Veichtner Johann Georg; Regensburg, c. 1760. Good
maker, whose instruments, though not outstanding,
reveal considerable skill.
Va/entin Rudolf; Berlin. b. I I. 7. 187°. Originally a Veinar (Weinar) Anton; Horovice (in Bohemia),
mechanicwho concentratedon making violins. He Vienna, 1856-1860. Went to Vienna from Horovice
was a good craftsmanand had great manual skill. in 1860. It seemsthat he died young.
Veith Alois; Glatz (in Lower Silesia). b. 1803 in Walter. He worked with his father in Aachen, then
K6chendorf, d. 1838. Became citizen of Glatz on established himself independently in Markneukir-
15.9.182.7. He had a house there, No. 81. chen, where he was working in 195°. Qualified as
Vellers Erdmann; Dippelsdorf, c. 1872..Violinist and master on 31.8. 1947. Conscientious work. Good
ebony carver. He is mentioned in the registers of repairer.
the orchestra on 2.7.6. I 57°. Viertel Walter; Markneukirchen, Cologne. b. 31. 8.
Vest Wolfgang; Arzl (near Innsbruck). 16th cent. 19°2 in Aachen, killed in action 22. I. 1944 at
wood-carver, lute- and V.m. Monte Casino in Italy. Son and pupil of Holm V.
Victor T.; Dresden. 2.oth cent. bow-maker. He worked with Tluck in Cologne, where he later
Viecker Theodor; Querfurt (in Saxony). 18th cent. establishedhimself independently.
harp-maker. Heyer's museum in Cologne contains Vischer Johann Georg; Jena, c. 1753. Perhaps son of
a harp-zither made by him. Johann Simon V. Repaired a lute made by Johann
Vielweib Alois; Burghausen. b. c. 1756 in Ried, d. 8. I. Jakob Lindner.
182.1in Burghausen. Son of a grinder. He was Vischer Johann Simon; Jena, 1687-1693. Known
a grinder and municipal musician. Two of his sons, from one double-harp. Became citizen of Jena in
the only ones of 10 children to survive him, were 1687.
also grinders. Though he called himself a v.m., he Vivenet (Vivinet) ..; Mirecourt, Landau, 18th-19th
was in fact only an amateur. His instruments follow cent. Probably a Frenchman, who learned the craft
Mittenwald patterns. in Mirecourt and settled in Landau. A viola by him,
Viertel Holm; Markneukirchen, Aachen. b. 1865 in modelled on Stradivari, with a thick, cherry-red,
Zwickau, d. 17. 3. 1948. Orphaned in his 4th year, though dull var., was privately owned in Weimar.
he was adopted by the guitar-maker Richard Moritz Voege Karl Heinrich; Weimar, c. 184°. V.m.
Gutter, in Markneukirchen. The latter's son Moritz Voel E.; Mainz, 183°-1847. Copied Stradivari; his
inspired him to become a v.m. He was apprenticed son Jakob was more successful.Used a golden-yellow
to Reinhold Paulus (later to Richard Weichold). In war.
1884 he went to Dresden, and in the same year he Voel Jakob; Mainz, Frankfurt, 19th cent. Son and
joined August Riechers in Berlin, with whom he pupil of E. Voel. Like his fa,therhe copied Stradivari,
stayed for 3 years. He established himself indepen- but with greater care. The soundholes are rather
dently in Markneukirchen in 1888. In August 1896 too open, but the scroll is well cut, and the red-
he moved to Aachen, where there had been no V.m. brown var. is quite pleasing.
since the death of Nicolas Darche in 1873. In 1915 Vogel Christoph; Borstendorf. b. .. II. 1699,d. 23. 12.
he returned to Saxony. A skilful maker who copied 1732. Son and pupil of Hans V. (II). His instruments
Stradivari. He used a var. e by Riechers. He put are rarely met with, perhaps becausehe only repaired
in the bassbarafter va .1Sinstruments: by this pro- old instruments, or else never labelled his new ones.
cesshe tried to imp ove the tone of his violins. He Vogel Emil; Berlin. b. 21. I. 1859, d. 18.6. 19°8 in
was considered to be Riechers' most talented pupil. Berlin. Author of a story of the musical life of
Florence between 1570-1650, Marco da Gagliano
(Leipzig,1889).
Vogel (Vogl) Hans (I); Nuremberg, 1563-1580.
Skilful maker, as can be seen from a doublebass by
him now in the German National Museum in Nurem-
berg. He was kept busy by the Wiirttemberg Court
Orchestra, and was invited with his son Wolf to
Stuttgart, where he repaired various instruments.
Vogel Hans (II); Nuremberg. 16th-17th cent. Son
of Hans V. (I).
Vogel Hans (III); Borstendorf. b. 1673, d. 15.4. 1725.
The earliest known v.m. in Borstendorf. Considered
to have been the teacherof the Richters and Wagners.
He won recognition by his honest attempts to
Viertel Karl Georg Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 4. promote v.m. in Borstendorf.
1894. Son and pupil of Holm V., and brother of Vogel Michael; Nuremberg, c. 1758. Perhaps grandson
of Wolf V. and by all accounts son of Anton Vogler.
At that date the nameswere almost interchangeable.
VogelWolf (Wolfgang); Nuremberg, Stuttgart. d. 18.2.
165°. Son of Hans V. He made musical instru-
ments of all kinds but his wind instruments were
best.

419
VogelhuberThomas; Kremsmiinster. d. 1732..His name London in 1887. In London he made new violins,
is first mentioned in 1693. He was employed by the entirely unaided, and these were sold by his brother
Benedictine abbey. In 1714 he called himself 'joiner (Alban V., in London). In 189° he establishedhim-
andv.m.'. self independently in Markneukirchen. His work was
Vogl Johann Christian; Eppendorf, 17th cent. The highly rated. He was very successful at copying all
Munich National Museum has a lute-theorbo by the Italian makers, especially Stradivari, though he
him. It cannot be ascertainedwhether the Eppendorf varied his pattern in several minor details. Oil or
in question is the Eppendorf in Saxony or the suburb spirit var. He was in friendly contact with Apian-
of Hamburg of the same name. Benewitz, who consulted him when preparing his
Vogler Anton; Nuremberg, c. 1705. According to one book.
conjecture he was an elder brother of Johann Georg
V. of Wiirzburg. Probably father of Michael Vogel.
Vogler Johann Georg; Wiirzburg. b. 2.2..4.1692. in
Hopferau (near Fiissen), d. after 1750 in Wiirzburg.
Second son of a miller, Marquand V. He went to
Fiissen and became apprenticed to one of the best
v.ms, whose name, however, is lost. As well as
this he learned to play the violin and cello so well Voigt August Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 10. 12. 1845,
that he was able to enter the services of the .Bishop d. 22. 3. 1918.V.m.
of Wiirzburg as musician and v.m. Vogler's violins Voigt
V.m.August Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 5. 1874.
.
are good instruments, though somewhat clumsy in
form. Voigt August Moritz; Markneukirchen. b. 6. 3. 1868.
Brother of Louis Gottwald V. He seemsalso to have
worked in Wo}1lhausen.
Voigt August Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 6.4.1876,
d. 31.7.1936. Guitar-maker.
Voigt Bernhard Arnold Gottfried; Markneukirchen.
b. 27. 8. 1898. Son and pupil of Arnold V. In 1920
-1922 he attended the Mittenwald v.m. school,
and afterwards worked in his father's shop.
Voigt (Voit) Carl Albert; Gera, 1890--1904. V.m.,
mentioned as repairer by Lutgendorff. A stylish viola
bearing his label is known.
Joannes Georgius V Qglcf.J Voigt Carl Hermann; Vienna. b. 24. 3. 1850 in Mark-
neukirchen, d. c. 1910 in Vienna. Son and pupil of
DICfecit, Wirccburgi the guitar-maker Karl Ferdinand V. Until the age
of 17 he made bows. In 1867he went to Otto Bausch
Vogler Michael; Fiissen, Rome. b. c. 1632 in Fiissen, and in 1868 to S. F. Nemessanyi, who taught him
d. 5. 3. 1672. Lute- and v.m. v.m. Later he worked in Budapest and also with
Vagi Albert: Mannheim, Frankfurt a. M. b. 18.9. 1845 Heinrich Adolf Monnig and Andreas Engleder. In
in Fredeberg (in Westphalia). In 1875 he founded 1871 he joined Gabriel Lembock in Vienna and in
a shop in Mannheim and in 1885 moved to Frank- a short time became foreman of the workshop. In
furt a. M. In 19°7 the workshop became the pro- 1876 he took over the workshop of Carl Franz
perty of Alban Dick and was called Albert Vogt Schmidt in the Klostergassein Vienna and established
Nachfolger. himself independently. His violins are careful copies
Voigt. .; Quittenbach, 18th cent. Unimportant v.m. of the 'Dolphin' Stradivari, and the oil var. is yellow.
Wood of varying quality. The var. is opaque, the He was extremely successfulat repairs and was kept
sound mellow but restricted. so busy by this work that he hardly had any time to
Voigt Adam (I); Markneukirchen. d. after 173°. make violins. Among other things he was president
Admitted to the v.ms' guild on 9.8. 1699. of the Viennese association of stringed instrument
Voigt Adam (II); Markneukirchen. b. 1708. Son of makers. On 1.6. 1910 he sold his shop to Georg
Adam V. (I). He was admitted to the guild on 6. 2. Rauer.
173° and was listed as 'Adam Voigt junior'. Voigt Christian Heinrich; Markneukirchen. b; 2. 5.
Voigt Arnold; Markneukirchen. b. .. 5. 1864, d. 29. 9. 1813,d. 22. 10. 1855.V.m.
1952. Pupil of Heinrich Theodor Heberlein (I), Voigt Emil Robert; Markneukirchen. b. 14. II. 1873.
with whom he stayed for 6 years. When he finished V.m.
his military training he went to Hamburg, where Voigt Ernst Albert; Markneukirchen. b. 6.3.1871,
he joined Otto Schiinemann. Together they went to d. 2. II. 1945.V.m.
Voigt Friedrich August; Markneukirchen, c.1845. b. 1732., d. 2.8.7.1818. Maker from 5.10.1751.
V.m. Known only from one label, which is in a beau- During his long life he made many violins, among
tiful guitar. them several of good quality. He also described
Voigt Georg Adam; Markneukirchen. b. 1738,d. I 5. I. himself as 'v.m. from Prague'.
182.4. Son and pupil of Simeon V. Diligent and
talented v.m. who had been abroad for several
years. He became master on 2.8.5. 1760, simultane-
ously with his brother Johann Christian V. (I).
Voigt Gerhard (I); Markneukirchen, Chemnitz. b. 5. 9.
1892.in Markneukirchen. Pupil of August Ernst V.
On 2.4.4. 192.0he was established in Markneukir-
chen. About 1960 he was working in Chemnitz. He
made plucked instruments and bows.
Voigt Gerhard (II); Markneukirchen. b. 2..4.1911 in
Markneukirchen, d. 16.2..1943in Schleiz.He worked
with Karl Richter (I) in Hanover and established
himself independently in his native town. Good
work on an original model and also on the model
of his teacher, Oskar Bernhard Heinel.
Voigt Gunther; Markneukirchen. b. 18.3. 192.6. Son Voigt Johann Friedrich (II); Markneukirchen, Prague.
and pupil of Kurt Walter V. He received the master's b. 17. 12. 1778, d.4. 10. 1840. Probably son of
diploma on 7.7.1952.. Worthy successorof a firm Johann Christian V. (I). Little-known v.m.
well known for its first-class zithers. Voigt Johann Georg (I); Markneukirchen. b. 1748,
Voigt Heinrich August; Markneukirchen. b. 2.I. I. d. 27.5.1802. Son and pupil of Johann Adam V.
1837,d. 2.8.12..19°9. V.m. Became citizen on I. 5. 1769. He used a brand with
Voigt Helene Johanna; Markneukirchen. b. 18. 10. his initials.
19°1. Daughter and pupil of August Ernst V. She
made several violins in her father's workshop. In
1938 she made a cello. Good work based on old
Italian examples. After her marriage she gave up
v.m.
Voigt Hermann; Markneukirchen. b.1857, d.1939.
Specialistin marking guitars. Voigt Johann Georg (II); Markneukirchen. b. 14.2.
Voigt Jacob Otto Emil; Markneukirchen, c. 192.8. 17S2,d. 16.9. 1842. Son of Simeon V. Violins made
In that year he took over the firm of W. Eduard V. during his early years were more highly arched
Voigt Johann Adam; Markneukirchen. b. c. 1710. than those made by Johann Georg V. (I) and this is
Perhaps not born in Markneukirchen, but he was a distinguishing characteristic. Later he concentrated
a maker there from 173°. on bow-making.
Voigt Johann Christian (I); Markneukirchen, Prague, Voigt Johann Georg (III); Markneukirchen. b. 13. 4.
1760-1780. Son and pupil of Simeon V. Became 1"n6, d.. 2S. 1. 1829. V.m. of modest skill who fol-
master on 2.8.5. 1760. lowed Stainer's model.
Voigt Johann Christian (II); Markneukirchen, Prague. Voigt Johann Georg (IV); Markneukirchen. b. 14. 10.
b. 15.4. 1766, d. 13.2..1846. Son and pupil of 178S, d. S. 1. 18S1. After having learned v.m. he
Johann Friedrich V. (I). Industrious maker who made was drafted and took part in the battle of Wagram
very good violas. On his labels he described himself (S-6.7. 1809),where he was wounded. As a veteran
as v.m. from Prague, but this statement is suspect. he received a small pension. A married man, he
He also used a brand consisting of his initials and made violins and guitars, and was considered to
date. have been a gifted maker.

Voigt Johann Christian (III); Markneukirchen. b. z. 10. 'oigt Johann Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 1748,
1781,d. 16. 10. 1849.V.m. Ordinary work. d. 6. 3. 1812..Third son and pupil of Simeon V. He
Voigt Johann Friedrich (I); Markneukirchen, Prague. qualified as master on 10. 6. 1772..
Voigt Johann Hermann; Stuttgart. b. 2.9.3. 1874 in Voigt Otto August;-~Markneukirchen. b. 1.8. 1892.
Vienna, d. 1933 in Stuttgart. Son and pupil of Carl V.m.
Hermann V. of Vienna. Between 1897-19°7 he Voigt Paul August; Breitenfdd. b. 1.8. 1893in Mark-
worked with Hamma in Stuttgart as a restorer of neukirchen. Established himself independentlyin
old instruments. In 19°7 he established himself Breitenfeldin 1923.He was still working there in
independently. Conscientious work; very good re- 195°. Good copiesof the old Italian makers.
paIrs. Voigt RichardAugust; Markneukirchen.b. 6.4. 1876.
Voigt Johann Karl Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. Pupil of Reinhold Oskar Glier (1890-1894). On
b. II. 10. 1779, d. 14.6. 1857. On his labels he 2.6.II. 1894he joined G. A. Schmidt & Co., and
usually gives his name only as Johann Wilhelm in 1897becamethe foreman.He establishedhimsdf
Voigt. independentlyon 4. 10. 19°2.
Voigt (Voit) Karl; Bromberg. Polzig, 1910-1914. Voigt Simeon (Simon); Markneukirchen. b. 1710,
Dealer in stringed instruments who employed d. 8. I. 1781. Qualified as master on 16.4. 1732.
other makers and craftsmen. In about 1914 he trans- He was very industriousand skilful. His violins are
ferred his workshop to Polzig. good orchestral instruments. His sons were also
Voigt Karl Ferdinand; Markneukirchen, c. 1835. Gui- competentv.ms.
tar-maker.
Voigt Karl Friedrich; Markneukirchen. b. 2.2..6. 1779,
d. I. 3. 1881.V.m.
Voigt Kurt Walter; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 3. 1892..
Son and pupil of Oskar V. He worked in the work-
shops of Oskar V., Eduard Heidegger in Linz, and
the renowned zither-makers, Hermann Hauser and Voigt W. Eduard; Markneukirchen,19th-20th cent.
Franz Halbmeyer. He returned to his father in The firm he he,aded wasfoundedin 18~6.In 1928it
Markneukirchen, and eventually succeededOskar V. was taken over by JacobOtto Emil V.
He was one of the best guitar-makers of his time.
His instruments are highly rated in Germany. About
1960 he was assisted by his son Gunther.

Voigt WaJter; Stuttgart. b. 27. I. 1915. Son and pupil

of Johann Hermann V. He worked with Paul Max
Otto and Max Kurt Bruckner in Markneukirchen.
Established himself independently in 1933, when he
took over his father's workshop. He follows Guar-
neri del Gesi1, using a fine oil var. Since 1954 he
has been the president of the Association of German
Voigt Louis Gottwald; Markneukirchen. b. 3. 7. 1866. V.ms.
V.m.
Voigt M. Alfred; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Stringed
instrument maker and string manufacturer.
Voigt (Voight) Martin; Hamburg, C.1726. Perhaps
pupil of Joachim Tielke; at any rate, he worked in
the latter's style.
Voigt Michael (I); Markneukirchen, 17°1-1749.
Dealer in violins in Markneukirchen. He was also
a musical instrument maker. He was one of the earliest
members of this large family. His best period was
17°1-1749.
Voigt Michael (II); Markneukirchen. d. 29.10.1746. Voigt Werner; Markneukirchen. b. 2.5.2..1911. Pupil
Brother of Johann Friedrich V. (I). He died in an of Hermann Reichel in Markneukirchen (192.7 -
accident early in life. 192.9). Became a master in 192.9; worked with
VoigtOskar; Markneukirchen. b.4. 10. 1856, d. 14.6. Henry Werro in Berne (192.9-1935 and again in
1944. Specialisedin making zithers. 1939), then with Arno Leistner in Nuremberg
 (1938-1939)' Established in 1938 in Markneukir- instruments of classicalmakers. He specialisedin
chen. Handwritten labels. restoring instruments in private collections. For
severalyearshe had been the first presidentof the
board of examinersand secretaryof the Chamber
of GermanV.ms.

w
Voigt Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. c. 181~, d. after
1860. Son and pupil of Johann Georg V. (IV). He
concentrated on making guitars. Wach Anton; Cologne, Bremen, Munich. d. 18. 5.
Voigt William Albert; Markneukirchen. b. 13. 1Z. 1932in Munich. In the last 10 years of his life he was
1889, d. 13.6. 196z in Markneukirchen. Made good employed with Hermann Glassl in Munich.
guitars and other musical instruments. Wach Hans; Munich. b. in Mittenwald, d. 19°1 in
Voigt William Albin; Markneukirchen. b. Z9. 10. 1873, Munich. Learned the trade in Mittenwald. When
d. z6. ~. 19z3. Son and pupil of August Albin V. he settled in Munich he concentrated almost exclu-
Good work. sively on making zithers. He won special merit for
Voigt Willy Johannes; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. I Z. his bowed zither (or bowed melodion).
1899. Son of William Albin V. Good work. Wach Michael; Munich. b. 7.8. 1874. Perhaps son
and pupil of Hans W. He made zithers.
WachterAnton; Faulenbach (near Fussen), 1769-1781.
V.m. of the Tyrolean School. Violins by him which
are extant have a pleasing tone and the soundholes
are cut after Stainer. Dark brown var. He occasion-
ally used the Stradivari model.

Voit. See Voigt Carl Albert and Voigt Karl.

Volker Carl August; Hanover, 1873-19°1. Watch-
maker who made violins after 1873. Among other
models he copied Caspar Tiefenbrucker (I)'s instru-
ments. He was very much interested in the theory of Wachter Ferdinand; Augsburg, c.1812. Little-known
v.m. and published in de Wit's magazine several v.m., perhaps son of Anton W. He seems to have
articles on the Secret of Cremoneseviolins, Italian stayed in Augsburg only a short while. He made
violin varnish etc. It seems that he was apprenticed violins of large form with table and bassbar in one
to Jacob Diehl (1). piece. Orange-red var.
Volkmar Johann Tobias; Tyrol, 18th cent. Little- WachterH.; C.1922. In 1922 he was granted a patent
known Tyrolean v.m. who did not give the exact for his bass-guitar. His violins are copies of the
place where he lived. work of Egidi Kloz.
Vo"l/er Johann Heinrich; Kassel. b. 7.3.1768 in An- Wachter Lorenz; Bonn, 18th cent. Said to have been
gersbach (near Giessen), d. after 182.6.In 1801 he Court lute- and v.m. to the Kurfiirst of Mainz.
was appointed Supplier of music~l instruments to He must have stayed in Bonn only a short while,
the Court of Kassel. He also made lutes and guitars. because his name cannot be found in the church
Vol/rat Hans; Vienna, 142.4-1436. One of the earliest registers, nor in the documents of the Bonn muni-
Viennese v.ms known by name. cipal archives and libraries. His instruments are made
Von der Mul/ ..; Schongau, c. I 56o. Little known. in the Tyrolean style; high arching and yellow-
Vorbringer Eduard. Author of Die Geigeund ihre Ver- brownvar.
fertiger,. tin Leitfaden fur Besitzer und Liebhaber von Wackerl Agidius; Mittenwald, 1757-1760. Perhaps
Bogeninstrumenten (Konigsberg, 1914). brother of Johann W. One of the better representa-
Voss Arthur; Berlin-Charlottenburg. b. 11.7.1886 in tives of the Kloz School.
Hamburg, retired or died 1945. V.m., apprenticed Wackerl Johann; Mittenwald, c. 1759. Perhaps brother
to August Diehl of Hamburg. He worked in various of Agidius W. Kloz model.
workshops in Lubeck, Magdeburg, Bremen, Altona Wackerl Johann Chrysostomus; Mittenwald. b. 27. I.
and finally with Oswald Mackel in Charlottenburg, 1757, d. 1797. Son of Agidius W. Violins labelled
with whom he stayed for 8 years. He was appointed Johann Waskcerl, which resembleItalian instruments
repairer of the State collection of musical instruments more than the work of Agidius or Johann W., are
and thus he was able to get to know intimately the considered to have been made by this v.m.
Wackerl (Wackherle) Josef; Mittenwald, c. 179°. Clean WagnerJosef (II); Constance. b. 1735, d. after 178I.
work of average quality. Shows Tyrolean influence in his violins and violas,
Wackerl Matthaus; Mittenwald, c. 1856. Versatile though he also sometimes followed Amati. Stylish
v.m. who copied Stradivari. His red-brown var., work; good wood; necks and heads always of pear-
though often cracked, is not at all bad. He signed wood. His instruments are sometimes found bearing
his name in pencil on the inside of the table. the faked labels of better-known makers.
Wackerl Thomas; Mittenwald. b. 13. 12. 1758. Son of
Agidius W. A little-known maker.
WackerleLorenz; Mittenwald, c. 18°3. Perhapsmember
of the Wackerl family even though he spelled his
name distinctly Wackerle. The violins are well made
but with unattractive var.
WackherWolf; Vienna, c. 1577. Lute-maker, Viennese WagnerKarl H. Georg; Hamburg, Chicago. b. C. 189°.
citizen from 1577. Brother of the American v.m., Franz W., whom he
WagenerFritz; Bielitz (in Upper Silesia). b. 12; 1. 1867 later joined in Chicago. He learned the craft from his
in Kassel. Pupil of Heinrich Reinhold in Kassel brother and became his partner. He studied instru-
and Johann Friedrich Sutterlin in Wiesbaden. He ments in European museums as well as in private
worked in Magdeburg, Wurzburg, Linz and Vienna. collections and became something of an authority.
In 1891 he settledin Bielitz. Madenew violins on the Wagner Paul; Oppeln (in Upper Silesia), c. 19z8.
Stradivari pattern. Spirit var. Concentrated mainly on making violins.
WagnerAugust; Berlin, c. 17°3. An attractive pochette Wagner Sebastian; Meersburg (near Constance),
by him is known. 1788-1807. Brother of Josef W. (II). His instru-
Wagner Benedikt; Diirrwangen. b. c. 1720, d. after ments have a hollow tone, and are less carefully
1796. Versatile maker. Settled first in Diirrwangen constructed than those of his brother. The yellow-
(in Bavaria) and then he entered the service of the brown var. is, however, not bad. Short f-holes, cut
Duke Provost of Ellwangen. He was by all accounts after Stainer. Clumsy scroll, usually of pear-wood.
born in 1720, and was still alive about 1796. His Apart from a brand with his name, usually on the
instruments are mostly of large dimensions with back, the name Morsburg is often found branded on
arching. He seems also to have known certain the sides.
Italian models, becausehe made flat instruments as
well. Yellow-brown, dark brown or red var. The
tone of his flat-modelled violins is clear. In
addition to labels he also branded his instruments:
the name, Wagner, can be found on the back; on
the sides, beneath the tail-pin, is the place of origin, WagnerXaver; Ellwangen, 1802-1822. Probably son,
Ellwangen. His output seems to reflect 3 different pupil and successorof Benedikt W. He was neither
models, 2 of which are described by Piegendorfer, born nor did he die in Ellwangen, for there is no
the third type has flat arching and a longish body: entry at all about him in the Ellwangen register.
the scroll is invariably original in style.

WagnerChristian; Borstendorf. b. 169°, d. II. Z. 1771. t-tof

Pupil of Hans Vogel (II). in EII\'i8ng~n AnllO '802.
Wagner Christian Salomon; Medingen, Hanover,
1786-1800. Instruments made by him are quite
frequently met with. He made all kinds of musical Wahl Eugen; Karlsruhe. b. 18. 12. 1877 in Heilbronn,
instruments, not only stringed ones. d. Y. 12. 1961. Trained as a carpenter in his native
Wagner Johann; Borstendorf. b. 17°3, d. 3. 5. 176z. town and later worked in Zurich. Between 1896-
Pupil of his brother Christian. The wood is very 19°2 he studied at tbe Missionary Seminary in Basle
good, the var. dull. The tone is somewhat thin, but and then became a missionary in Karlsruhe. He was
a very good violinist, and in 19°8 completed his first
pleasant.
WagnerJosef (I); Munich, c. 173°. Used labels only violin. Through diligent study of text-books and those
rarely, and never put the place of origin on them instruments to which he had access,he soon became
anyway. so accomplished a v.m. that he was able to open
 a workshop early in 1910. He copied Stradivari, Die Violine im I6. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1874), Die
Guarneri and used also an original model. Spirit and Violine und ihre Meister (Leipzig, 1869) and G~schichte
oil var. Beautiful wood. derlnstrumentalmusikim I6.Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1878).
WasnerBlasius;Passau,1674-1687. V.m., whose work
is but little known.
WasnerJohann Benedikt; Passau.d. before 1759.Court
musician and v.m. He was perhaps the son of the
maker of the same name from Brno (in Moravia),
or even one and the sameman. His 2 daughters were
gran~edpermission in 1759to continue their father's
shop. In 1793 the shop was sold by one of them,
according to the district archives of Landshut.
Waldenberger Georg; Tubingen, C. 1616-1617. Organ- WassererFranz Joseph; Fl1ssen. b. 28.2.1695, d.
builder, who, like most Swabian organ-builders, 9. II. 1764. The Fl1ssenregisters for 1737 list him
probably made lutes and other musical instruments as lute-maker.
as well. Wasserer(Wassrer) Johann Joseph; Fl1ssen,c. 1737.
Waldner Franz, Dr; Innsbruck. b. 21. 10. 1834, d. Perhaps brother of Franz Joseph W. The Fl1ssen
9.11.1917. Musicologist who published (1897-1898) registers for 1737 list him as a lute-maker with
lives of various Tyrolean v.ms. of the 15th, 16th a I 5-year old son, Christian.
and 17th cents. Wasslberger(Wasselsberger) Anton; Hallein, c. 1719.
Waller Benedict; Amberg, c. 1883. Organ-builder who Perhaps brother of Bernhard W. His instruments are
also dealt in Mittenwald violins, and repaired them. not made with much care. The arching is high, but
Walter & John; Vienna, 19th cent. Only one guitar is nevertheless original in contour. He seemsto have
known, which is in the Snoeck collection. It has used quite good wood, for the table. In making
been variously attributed to a maker called Walter violas he preferred large models. He was one of the
C. Sohn, and, by Kinsky, to a son of the piano-maker earliest to abandon the old type of viola with a flat
Anton W. However, the above reading would appear back.
to be correct. WasslbergerBernhard; Hallein, c. 1714. Often left his
Walter Alfred; Munich, Krefeld. b. 8.6.1898 in instruments unpurfled, and used inferior wood.
Krefeld, d. 12.9. 1965. Qualified master, member of Nevertheless his violins are considered to be quite
the Association of German V.ms. In 1902 he came to good. High arching, brown var. He followed the
Monchen-Gladbach, where his father was leader of Tyrolean School in style.
the theatre orchestra and also sold violins. Between WasslbergerChristoph (I); Hallein. b. c. 1688, d.
1912-1915 he learned v.m. in Markneukirchen. For 21. II. 1718. The registers describe him as v.m.
sometime he worked in various workshops, e.g. with He died young and thus left only a few instruments
J. E. Zust in Zurich and Fritz Sprenger in St Gallen, to posterity.
and then he returned to Monchen-Gladbach. After Wasslberger Christoph (II); Hallein. b. 169°, d. 22. I I.
his father'sdeathin 1921 he took over the shop and 1724. V.m. who is little known as he died young.
added to it a workshop in which he made violins. WasslbergerChristoph (III) ; Hallein. b. 173°, d.
When he returned home after World War II he found 13. 10. 1779. Very' talented maker, whose ,instru-
everything damaged. In 1945 he settled in Krefeld. ments were highly rated by experts and musicians.
He made instruments for soloists and chamber-music He seemsto have known Italian models and'there-
players. Very good repairer. fore preferred flatter arching than the other Ha1l~in
Walter Hans Jurgen; Lubeck, c. 1685. Lute-maker; v.ms.
married Elisabeth Moller in 1685.
Walther G.; Munich. 20th cent. v.m.
WambslerMichael; Mittenwald, C. 1772. Little-known
v.m.
WangenheimE. L. von; Gotha, 1838-1854. Cavalry
officer who made bad violins on the model of Chanot,
whom he admired.
WannerMichael; Mittenwald, C. 1860. One of the few WasslbergerDominikus;Hallein.b. C.1716,d. I. 2.1780.
Mittenwald makers of his time who did not work Evidently the last v.m. of the family.
for the trade. Wasslberger(Waisselberger) Michael (I); Hallein. b. c.
Wasiliewski Josef W. von. b. 17. 10. 1822 in Gross- 1666, d. 1.7.1736. V.m. and musician. Good work
leesen(nearDanzig), d. 13. 12. 1896in Sonderhausen. in the style of the Tyrolean School.
Author of several interesting monographs, e.g. Wasslberger Michael (II); Hallein. b. c. 1680,d. 2. 7.1736.
Das Violoncell und seineGeschichte(Leipzig, 1889), Little-known v.m., brother of Michael W. (I).
WasslbergerPhilipp; Hallein. b. 17°3, d. 15. I. 1743. His on original calculations. Violins made on this pattern
instruments are well made. However, they are rarely
met with, as he died comparatively young.
WauschekC. & John; Krems, c. 1870-19°0. Father and
son. Well-known as makers and repairers. They won
a silver medal at an exhibition in Wels.
were well liked.

Weidhaas Paul; Mar

~
Weidhaas Ewald; MarkneuJdrchen. b. 16. 2. 1869,
d. 31. I. 1939. Bow-m k . Good work.
ukirchen. b. 9. I. 1894 in
Markneukirchen, d. 15. 2. 1962. Bow-maker who
Weber (nicknamed Rosendahl) Heinrich Eduard; worked with Ernst Liebich (III) in Breslau and with
Mollenbeck (near Rinteln, in Pomerania). d. 7. 8. Georg Winterling in Hamburg. For some time he
1885. Skilful maker with great theoretical knowledge also worked in Paris. In 1918 he established himself
who made a number of very good violins. independently with his son-in-law, Siegfried Finkel,
WegnerFriedrich; Wels, c. 1589. Instrument-maker in in Markneukirchen. Good work.
general. WeidingerJ. A.; Nuremberg, 1885-1904. Owner of
WehlmuthAlois ; Vienna, 19th cent. Name found branded a firm of dealers who succeededRichard Heberlein.
in several violins. WeidingerKarl; Nuremberg, 20th cent. Son and pupil
Wehn C.; Gottingen. b. 1793 in Cologne. It is not of J. A. Weidinger and his successor. Y.m. rather
known with whom he learned the trade. He pro- than dealer.
bably worked with A. L. Breiling in Gottingen, Weidlich Friedrich August; Brunndobra, Klingenthal.
where he became citizen on 12. 6. 1829. He made b. c. 1820. Established himself independently in 1847
guitars and lutes, and repaired violins. and during his long life made many violins.
WeicholdAugust; Dresden. b. 1800,d. 1862.Not a v.m. WeigandtCarl; Klingenthal. b. 14.4. 1889 in Brunn-
by profession. He only repaired violins. In 1834 he dobra. Pupil of Oswald Karl Meisel in Klingerithal.
founded a shop which was later taken over by his son He worked with Hans Cuno Jaeger,Wilhelm Meinel
Richard. and Eduard Tauscher in Erlbach. He established
Weichold Richard; Hamburg, Dresden. b. 1823, d. himself independently in 1922. Skilful maker. His
8. I. 19°2. Son of August W. Pupil of Carl Gottlob Guarneri-like model is quite imposing. Good wood.
Pfretzschner in Markneukirchen. After several years The edges of his instruments are individual in style.
as an assistant he established himself independently
in Hamburg. A year later he moved to Dresden. He
was Supplier to the Court, to the Church and was
even awarded a Court title. He made all kinds of
violins, guitars and zithers. In 186o he discovered
a new method of making strings which produced
completely perfect fifths. He also made quite good WeigelDaniel; Glatz (in Silesia). b. C. 1824 in Glatz,
bows. When he grew deaf, he sold his shop to the d. after 1865 in Glatz. In 1848 he became citizen of
dealer Liebhold Meyer i~ 188I. He was also interested Glatz as v.m.
in var. (cf. his article Zur Geigenlackfragein de Weigert (Weigerth) Johann Blasius; Linz, 1717-1755.
Wit's periodical, Zeitschrift fur lnstrumentenbau,1894, In Linz he was already known in 1717, though he
No.7). In the early '90SMeyer retired and Weichold's was not granted freedom of the city until 1755. He
workshop was taken over by August Paulus, who was an industrious maker who made, aswell asother
became Court Supplier in 19°2. instruments, many violas d'amore. He was also
popular as a repairer, as we can judge by the fact
that in 1732 he was called to the monastery of
Kremsmiinster to repair a mandolin and 26 violins.

Weickert ..; Halle, c. 1800. Hart describes him as v.m.

According to other sourceshe apparently discovered
a method by which he impregnated the wood with
a mixture of resin diluted in turpentine. This process
supposedly added to the wood 'parts of resin'.
Weidemann Richard; Wiesbaden. d. 1931. Worked with
ta~~~n~I~~d ~::::~
D1.achcrin Linz. 172 1
Johann Friedrich Sutterlin. In 1887 he founded his
shop and made violins modelled on Stradivari and
Guarneri. Beautiful work, excellent wood and Weigl Franz; Salzburg, 1867-1895. Worked with
first-'class transparent oil var. of various shades. In various v.ms., but concentratedalmost exclusively on
1916he designed a new model with soundholesbased making zithers, which were then in great demand.
Weil Christian; Neuwied. b. 18°4, d. 5. 5. 1888 in
Neuwied. Organist, pupil of his father. He was also
an excellent violinist and interested in v.m. Though
he repaired a large number of violins, he seemsnot to
have tried his hand at:making a new one.

Weinar Anton. See Veinar Anton.

Weilhiifer Conradus Johannes; Heidenfeld. 18th cent.
His viola was repaired by Gunter Hellwig of Lubeck
in 1963.
Weinbiller (Weibeler) Georg (Jerg); Fussen, after 162.5.
Admitted to the lute-makers' guild on 2.0.8. 162.5on
condition that the guild should have first option on
all h: s instruments; only if they declined was he free
to sell them elsewhere. WeissClaus; Fiissen. d. 30.8. 1599. He is mentioned as
WeineisenMatthias; Mittenwald. b. 1860 in Mit~en- lute-maker and citizen (if. Geiger, 1911, No. 118,
waldo V.m. who was praised for both the tone and p. 282).
golden-yellow var. of his violins. Following an old Weiss Jakob; Salzburg, 17i4-1740. Industrious and
custom, he used to leave finished plates hanging in talented maker whose violins are rarely met with.
the sun before varnishing them. The wood changed More of his violas and lutes exist. Painstaking work,
colour and this was considered by Weineisen to be good var.
the best base for his var.
Weis Cajetan; Kislingswalde. b. 2.8.7. 1777, d. 8. 5.
1842.. Son of a tailor, Heinrich W. of Kislings-
walde. Judging from his work, it seemshe learned
v.m. in Wolfelsdorf. Nevertheless he was by profes-
sion a gardener. The death-register calls him both
'gardener' and 'maker of musical instruments'. He
used both handwritten and printed labels. His
instruments reveal his striving to achieve originality.

WeissJoseph; Piissen, c. 1625. He was admitted to the

lute-makers' guild as master on 20. 8. 1625.
Weiss Karl; Dortmund. b. 3. II. 1912 in Stuttgart.
Learned the trade with Hans Nebel in Mittenwald
and gained further experiencewith Pridolin Hamma
(II). In 1949 he settled in Dortmund, making instru-
ments modelled on Stradivari. His violas and cellos
are well constructed. Thin coating of oil var.,
orange-red and yellow-brown tint. Good repairs.
Wcis Marcus; Cologne, Basle, c. 1639. This name is in
a lute (No. 484) in the Darmstadt Museum alongside
other names of Cologne makers. He was the son of
a certain Johann Ambros W. of Basle. He may have
spent some of his time in England. In I 639 he was in
Basle.
Wcis Siegfried; Kislingswalde (near Halberstadt). WeissWilhelm; Johanngeorgenstadt, c. 1896.Probably
b. 5. II. 1815, d. 14.12.187°. Son, pupil and suc- only did repairs.
cessorof CajetanW., after whose death he took over Weissgerber
(Weissgarber). Plucked instruments bearing
his gardens and the v.m. shop. He was less talented this name were in fact made by members of the Jacob
than his father. family in Markneukirchen.
Weitok Alfons; Breslau, Oberlingen (in Switzerland), tained where he learned the trade and where he
19th-zoth cent. Maker of pianos and violins who worked. During his years as a junior assistant he
settled in Breslau in 191 I and then moved to Ober- seemsto have got as far as Venice. He was one of
lingen, where he was still working in 1949. the best makers in Augsburg. Though his model
Welcker Heinrich; Frankfurt, Darmstadt. b. 1811 in seemsinfluenced by Stainer and Alban, it is original
Gontershausen (in Hessen), d. 15.6.1873 in Darm- both in outline and detail. The arching is fairly high.
stadt. Writer and maker who signed himself Welcker Good choice of wood. The var. is bright red to dark
von Gontershausen, and called himself 'maker of brown. Small scroll. He made many lutes and
musical instruments'. In his theoretical works he theorbos but his violins are also quite common.
also dealt with v.m. He is the author of Neu er- Wentzki (Wentzke) Hans; Leipzig, 1645-1686. The
iiffnetes Magazin musikalischer Tonwerkzeuge,dargestellt earliest known Leipzig v.m. He was a native of
in technischenZeichnungenaller Saiten-, Bias-, Schlag- und Rothgen, and becamecitizen of Leipzig in 1645.
Friktions-Instrumente (Frankfurt a. M., 1855) and Ober
den Bau der Saiteninstrumente und deren AkustikJ nebst
Obersicht der Entstehung und Verbesserung der Orgel
(Frankfurt a. M., 1870).
Welge Wilhelm; Hanover. zoth cent. v.m.
Welkner Wilhelm; Augsburg, c. 19z8. Manufacturer
of violins.
Weller Carl August Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 9.3.
185°. Pupil of his father, Karl Wilhelm W. In 1879
he established himself independently under the title WernerAnton Ulrich Karl; Frankfurt a. M. d. 5. 2. 1852.
of August Weller Gun.). In 1888, he was a member Joiner who also made musical instruments. Quite
of the Committee of Apprentices and Assistants. good guitars. .
Weller Ernst; Markneukirchen. b. Z3. z. 1876, d. WernerEmil; Bubenreuth. 20th cent. bow-maker who
z7. 4. 1947. V.m. specialisedin bows for violins and violas da gamba.
Weller Friedrich Wilhelm; Leipzig. b. 1.6. 1854 in WernerFranz (I); Vienna, 1813-1825. Pupil of Franz
Markneukirchen, d. 16. IZ. 1944 in Dippoldiswalde. Geissenhof. He had a workshop in Vienna at No.
Was apprenticed to his father, Karl Wilhelm W. He 869. Became citizen on 8. 7. 1813. He never
worked with Gulbrand Enger in Copenhagen and equalled his teacher, whom he copied. His violins
later with Julius Heinrich Zimmermann in St Peters- are well made on the Stradivari model, but are more
burg. Then he established himself independently massivethan Geissenhof's, the tablesbeing somewhat
in Markneukirchen. In 19°9 he moved to Leipzig. thin. The var. is yellow-brown and has fine lustre.
He specialised in cellos. Skilful repairs. Good tone.
Weller Gustav; Markneukirchen. b. 10. z. 1875, d. WernerFranz (II); Krems. 20th cent. Austrian v.m.
z. z. 195z. Zither-maker. Werner Franz Emanuel; Vienna. b. in Schonbach (in
Weller Karl Wilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 16. IZ. 18zz, Bohemia), d. 29.6. 1910. Worked with Karl Richter
d. 3°. 8. 1889. Pupil of Friedrich Wilhelm Reichel. (II) of Vienna and started on his own in 1909.Copied
He probably made only cheap violins. Stradivari. Careful craftsmanship. Yellow-red or
Weller Kurt Oskar; Leipzig. b. 8.3. 19°5 in Markneu- bright red var.
kirchen. Pupil of Kurt Richard Rossbach; worked WerzkornerJohann; Vienna, c. 1838.Know~ only from
with Paul Richard Seckendorfand, about 195°, with a label in a guitar.
Alvin Marx in Leipzig. WescheHermann; Baden-Baden. b. 29.4': 187} ~n
Wendler Hans; Markneukirchen, c. 19z8. Maker of Brunswick. Established ..himself indepenq~ntly '1&
stringed instruments and strings. 1905. Good work; careful repairs.
Wenger Gregori Ferdinand; Augsburg. b. before 1680, WesterhoffAugust Heinrich; Hamburg, c. 1842. Skilful
d. after 1757. Came from Vienna. It cannot be ascer- maker who made first-class violins modelled on
Stradivari.
WettengelEmil; Markneukirchen. b. 1864 in Markneu-
kirchen, d. ? 11.1915. Son of Georg Victor
Emanuel W.
WettengelGeorg Victor Alexander; Markneukirchen.
b. 28.5.1855. V.m. Son of Georg Victor EmanuelW.
and partner in his father's factory.
WettengelGeorg Victor Emanuel; Markneukirchen.
b. 14.3.1830 in Markneukirchen, d. ? 10. 1898.
Pupil of Gustav Adolf W. By profession a joiner and
mandolin-maker. Like his father he concentrated on
 theoretical studies. Teacher at the v.m. school in reminiscent of Stradivari, but the scrolls and lion's
Markneukirchen. In 1883 he published a treatise heads (mostly of pear-wood) were still made in the
on the construction of a violin in a hundred parts, style of his father.
not to be confused with a similar book by H. Fischer, Widhalm Johann Martin Leopold; Nuremberg. b.
professor at the technical high school in Dresden. 20. 10. 1799 in Nuremberg, d. after 1825. Son, pupil
In 1854 he founded a factory manufacturing mainly and successorof Gallus Ignatius W. He took over
guitars and mandolins. The factory was later managed his father's workshop and became citizen on 15. 5.
by his sons. 1823. In 1825 he married, but evidently had no
Wettengel Gustav Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 18°° in children. He did not equal his father, though he
Markneukirchen, d. 1873 in Dresden. V.m. and followed his style.
author of LehrbtJch der Anfertigung und Reparatur Widhalm (With aIm) Johann Veit; Vienna, Nuremberg,
alter nochjetzt gebriiuchlichen Gattungen van italienischen 1768-1773. Claimed to have been a nephew of
und deutschenGeigen (Ilmenau, 18z8). For many years Leopold W. He was described as a v.m. from Vienna.
this book was the best work on the subject. Wettengel Widhalm (Wiedhalm) Joseph; Nuremberg, c. 1737. His
also made bows and is supposed to have owned label was found in a genuinely old violin, the var.
a string factory. of which is inferior. The genuineness of the label,
Wettengel Theodor; Bayreuth. zoth cent. manufacturer however, is doubted. There is no other proof of
of violins and plucked instruments. Son of Georg the existence of this Widhalm.
Victor Alexander W. Widhalm Leopold; Nuremberg. b. 2.10.1722, d.
Wettengel Victor; Markneukirchen. zoth cent. V.m. 10.6. 1776 in Nuremberg-Gostenhof. Perhaps pupil
who also makes plucked instruments. Son of Georg and son-in-law of Sebastian Schelle, or husband
Victor Alexander W. of the latter's widow. In 1781he opened a workshop
Wetterhan ..; Erfurt, c. 185°. His repair work has been in the Gostenhof suburb. He was one of the best
often seen, but although he is recorded as v.m., his German lute- and v .m~ of his time. Though he
instruments are not known. modelled his instruments on Stainer, he was never-
Weyrather Johann Jacob; Innsbruck, c. 17°1. His name theless original in many features, preferring a large
may be seen in the accounts of the Innsbruck model. The arching is elegant, the wood is well
orchestra inl701,atwhich time herepaired a theorbo. chosen, the purfling broad and very well inlaid; the
In 1719 he received 4 florins for repairing another scrolls or heads (mainly of pear-wood) are finely cut.
instrument. His var. indicates that he knew Italian instruments
Wezer Lorenz; Pforten (near Frankfurt), c. 1653. Lute- and that he tried to improve on them. He preferred
andv.m. a red-brown colour, either light or dark, according
Wichmann Gottfried; Stettin, c. 19zz. V.m. to the thickness of the coating; his var. is always
Widemann Johann; Vienna, c. 18°4. He was a citizen, glossy. His violas are built on the old pattern with
master joiner and maker of harps. He made harps flat backs. He was a versatile maker and in addition
with certain 'improvements' invented by the harpist to violins made all kinds of lutes, and harps, which
and repairer Wolfenau. were considered to be very good. He was well
Widhalm Gallus Ignatius; Nuremberg. b. 19.3. 175Z, known not only in Nuremberg, but over the whole
d. Z9. 9. 18zz. Second son and pupil of Leopold W. country as well; he had customers everywhere,
When his mother died in 1781 he took over his late
father's workshop in association with his brother
Martin Leopold W. On z5. 1°. 1781 he was granted
the necessary permission for his establishment. He
died a rich and much-honoured man. The division
of his estate is still extant made on 5. II. 18z 5 in
which the instruments are numbered. His son wrote:
'My father's instruments were famous far and wide
and much sought after. They were sold in very
many countries'. It seems that after his brother's
dea,th he still maintained his father's famous old firm
Leopold Widhalm, which he bequeathed to his son.
To him can be ascribed with certainty only those
violins which bear the name of Leopold W. and date
between the years 1806-18zz. One of his last
instruments may have been a cello, a fine piece of
work revealing the influence of Guadagnini, with
beautiful red var., and dated 18zz. He gave up
following the Stainer model, his soundholes being
 especially in the monasteries of the neighbourhood. WiedermannA.; Halle, c. 1880. Owner of a factory
He was very prolific, so that his instruments are apparently manufacturing cheap violins and guitars.
quite common, though some of them are dated as Wiese Ewald; Rostock. b. 8. 9. 1896 in Rostock.
early as 172.0. Unless these instruments are false, Amateur v.m. who made several good copies of
it would mean that he had a predecessorof the same Gagliano.
name (was it his father?) the existence of whom WieserFranz; Vienna. b. 12.8. 1895 in Vienna. Pupil
cannot be proved by any known documents. It is of Alexander Ferenczy in Vienna; later worked in
less difficult to explain the labels with dates up to Hungary and with Karl Richter (II) in Vienna. He
182.5. He had 6 children, 3 of them sons who became established himself independently in 1935. Mainly
v.ms. They kept the name of the old firm, which they followed the Stradivari model. Oil var. of original
were fully entitled to do, for they were the assistants composition.
of their father during his lifetime and so participated
in his renown. Apart from various labels he used
a brand L. W., sometimes with the Imperial Eagle.
One of the streets in Nuremberg bears his name. His
descendants are perhaps still living (in the Fuchs
and Krauss families).
Widhalm Martin Leopold; Nuremberg. b. 3.6. 1747
in Nuremberg-Gostenhof, d. there 16. 3. 1806.Eldest
son and pupil of Leopold W. After his father's
death he took over the workshop, preserving his
father's name for the firm. To him must be ascribed Wigand. .; Lubeck. d. before 1348. Maker of rotas,
instruments bearing his name from 1776-1806. He which were very popular in the Middle Ages. The
was the equal of his father, but the var. is slightly documents d~scribe him expressly as Wigandus
inferior; his best instruments have a magnificent, Rotrenmekere. He bought a house in 1312.
sparkling red var. His cheaperviolins were varnished Wigger Franz; Aachen. b. 15.9.1905. Pupil of Otto
with a mixture of brown dye and resin diluted in Muller, established in 1934. Followed various
spirit. The scrolls have usually somewhat wider classicalmodels, and used a beautiful red var.
'ears' than those made by his father. Wikorski Franceskus; Berlin, 1920-1928. Used yellow
Widhalm (Withalm) Matthias; Salzburg, Nuremberg, var.
1716-1740. Perhaps elder brother, if not father of Wilberger Karl; Mittenwald. 19th cent. v.m. whose
Leopold W. He may have been an exiled protestant. stay in Mittenwald was probably only temporary.
His stay in Salzburg, however, cannot be proved. Wilczek Rudolf; Vienna, c. 1910. Ordinary work.
Good table wood; the back in one piece and only Wild E.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. bow-maker.
slightly figured. Wild Heinrich Adolf; Markneukirchen. b. 15.3.1843.
Widhalm Veit Anton; Nuremberg, Stadtamhof. b. Good work.
16. 1. 1756, d. after 1788. Third son of Leopold W. Wild Heinrich Robert; Erlbach. b. 2. 10. 1845 in
and perhaps also his pupil. It is easy to identify him Markneukirchen. Good craftsmanship.
as the Stadtamhof maker. It seemshe worked with Wild Johann Georg; Markneukirchen. b. 15. I. 1780,
Gabriel David Buchstetter in Stadtamhof and after d. 25. I. 1840. Vogtland v.m., and, like so many
the latter's death settled there. His work resembles others, without distinction.
that of Buchstetter and belongs to the better German Wild Karl; Markneukirchen. b. 1818, d. 26. I. 1897.
school of v.m. Copied the medium-sized Stainer Guitar-maker.
model, but also modelled his instruments on Stradivari. Wild Otto; Erlbach. b. 20.3.1877 in Erlbach, d. after
Some of the latter reveal his best work. His violins 1949. Conscientious work.
are thick in wood and sometimes have deeper sides Wild Otto Edwin; Breitenfeld. b. 10.2.1889 in Brei-
than is usual. Like Buchstetter, he stained his violins tenfeld, d. 2. 5. 1957. Bow-maker.
before varnishing them. The var. is thick, usually WildhagenFritz; Berlin-Halensee. 20th cent. collector.
dark brown, transparent, and of very good quality.~ Wilfer Albin; Leipzig. b. 15. I. 1870 in Bad Elster,
d. 9.12.1939. His father, grandfather and great-
grandfather came from Northern Bohemia and were
all v.ms. Pupil of Friedrich Wilhelm Weller in
Markneukirchen. He worked with Carl Wilhelm
August Weller, Hans Cuno Jaeger and August
Wilhelm Ficker, later with Ernst Liebich (III) in
Widmann Conrad; Nuremberg, c. 1459. The existence Breslau and Anton Hermer (I) in Leipzig. In 1891
of this lute-maker is proved by various documents he established himself independently in Markneu-
(if Nuremberg ar,chives). kirchen. In 1897 he became the for.ema.~of Julius
 Heinrich Zimmermann's shop in Moscow. He ments with fine results. His cellos, modelled on
returned after a year and settled in Leipzig, where he Stradivari, were particularly liked, having ~ good
opened a shop in 1898. He made his bowed instru- tone all over and without any impurities. His so-
ments on Italian models and on an original pattern as called Tielkelautenwere also very popular. In October
well. Oil and spirit var. He invented a new gauge for 1903 he opened a branch in Schoneck with a shop
measuring strings. In addition to a label he used and warehouse.
the brand A. W. WindischPaul; Schilbach-Schoneck. b. 1876. Brother
Wilfer Friedrich; Bubenreuth (near Erlangen). 20th and pupil of Otto W. and after August 1898 partner
cent. v.m. of Otto W. When he was 17, he went to Leipzig as
Wilfer Johann; Leipzig. b. 26. I. 1896, d. 22.5. 1937 a repairer, and stayedthere for 4 years. He used every
in Leipzig. V.m.; conscientious work. opportunity to improve his i}nowledge of music and
Wilfer Rudolf; Bubenreuth (near Erlangen). 20th cent. v.m. In October 1903 he became manager of the
bow-maker. Schoneck branch.
Wilfer Wenzel (I); Bubenreuth (near Erlangen). 20th Windt Jorg; Fiissen, c. 1625. Admitted to the lute-
cent. v.m. who mai.liy made doubl~bassesand cellos. makers' guild on 20. 8. 1625.
Wilfer Wenzel (II); Mohrendorf, 20th cent. Special- WinkelmannAlfred; Markneukirchen. b. 29.10. 1892
ised in making double basses. in Oelsnitz, d. 22. 3. 1961 in Markneukirchen. Made
Wilke Wilhelm; Berlin-Pankow, c. 1928. Manufacturer guitars.
of violins. WinkelmannKarl Otto; Markneukirchen, Bremerhaven.
Will Josef; Eckweissbach (near Gersfeld), 1809-1825. b. 26. 1I. 1882 in Markneukirchen. Pupil of August
Mediocre instruments, made in an amateur fashion. Theodor Scherzerin Markneukirchen. Worked with
Willert C. ; Gi'lstrow. 20th cent. repairer. Hermann Dolling (I) and in 1924 became master.
Wimmer Franz Xaver; Mittenwald, c. 1743. His instru- Later he managed the v.m. shop of Johannes Adler
ments, made in the Kloz style, are very rare. in Markneukirchen. He made both modern types and
Windisch Gustav; Markneukirchen, c. 1920. Made early forms of instruments. One beautiful violin
mandolins with 8 strings as well as violins. made by him is in the Markneukirchen museum. In
Windisch Herbert; Chicago, Schilbach-Schoneck. b. his old age he moved to his son-in-law, the v.m.
24. 9. 1906 in Schoneck. Son and pupil of Paul W. Otto Hermann Wilhelm Petzold in Bremerhaven.
He attended the Mittenwald v.m. school, then went
to the United Statesand worked with Voit & Geiger
in Chicago and with the Jenkins Music Co. in Kansas
City. In 1937 he returned home and became the
partner of his cousin, Johannes W.
WindischJohannes; Schilbach-Schoneck. b. 23. 5. 1903
in Schilbach-Schoneck. Son and pupil of Otto W.
Attended the Mittenwald v.m. school. In 1935 he
took over his father's workshop, where he was joined
by his cousin Herbert in 1937.
Windisch Otto; Schilbach-Schoneck. b. 3. I. 1866 in
Schilbach, d. 28.2. 1935 in Schilbach. Pupil of
Wenzel Himmer (I) of Schoneck who worked with Winkler Franz; Markneukirchen. b. 20.10.1878, d.
the firm of Ludwig Gliisel and Wilhelm Herwig (I). 9.7. 1962. Bow-maker. He did not make a great
In 1886 he founded a shop in Schilbach which soon numbers of them, but those he did make are
becamevery prosperous. He owned one of the largest excellent.
factories producing violins in Germany. He usually Winter Josef; Linz. b. 20. 12. 1869 in Linz. Son of
worked with about 40 assistants.Apart from mass- a maker of brass instruments, also called Josef
production (he received orders for as many as Winter. Pupil of August Anton Reichel of Markneu-
10,000 instruments) he also made individual instru- kirchen, where he attended the school between
 1884-1887. As an apprentice he was awarded a silver Witting Joseph (I); Mittenwald, 1788-1795. Perhaps
medal at the Linz Exhibition of 1887.He worked for son of Johann Georg W.
a year with W. H. Hammig in Leipzig, for 4 years Witting Joseph (II); Mittenwald, 18th cent. O. E.Heinel
with Carl Hermann Voigt in Vienna and then for of Markneukirchen found a violin bearing this name
a further 4 years with Hamma & Co. in Stuttgart. and the addition 'jr'. It revealsgood work in the Kloz
In 1896he establishedhimself independently in Linz. style. Arching fairly high, well-carved scroll, yellow-
A versatile maker. brown var., sloping f-holes.
Winter Karl; Weissemburg, c. 1893. His repair label Wittmann Anton; Vienna. b. 2..12..1878 in Vienna.
in one violin was found by O. E. Heinel of Markneu- Pupil of Eduard Heidegger from 1892.-1896. He
kirchen. worked with Hans Stowasser and Johann Jobst in
WinterlingGeorg; Hamburg. b. 21.12.1859 in Watz- Graz before returning to his native town, where he
kenreuth (in Bohemia). After serving his apprentice- worked for 4 years with Johann Christian Stiibinger.
ship with Benedikt Klier he worked in Frankfurt, Then he joined Carl Hermann Voigt until February
Dresden and Vienna. Then he went to Friedrich 1910,when he establishedhimself independently. His
August Pfab in Hamburg, with whom he stayed for work was good and he used a nice oil var. He made
almost 5 years. In 1889 he won a diploma at the and repaired instruments.
Hamburg Exhibition. In 1900 he started on his own.
His new violins are well made, have good var. and
a pleasant tone. He was also much in demand as
a repairer. He had a fine collection of ancient bowed
instruments. Later he settled in Krailing (near
Planegg, not far from Munich). His shop was taken
over by his long-serving assistants,Anton Schreiber
and Anton Lugert. He had many fine pupils.
Wirnitzer Peter Sebastian; Bozen (in South Tyrol), Wittstadt Friedrich; Wiirzburg. d. 1889. Sold violins
c. 1693. Came from Styria or Carinthia. Italian and in Wiirzburg. There is a violin bearing his label; it is
Tyrolean models, yellow-red var. not certain, however, whether he made it himself.
Wirtz Theodor; Bonn. 20th cent. v.m. He was succeededby J. Kriner.
WisserJohann Anton; Waldshut, c. 1751. Perhaps son WiigingerClemens; Hallein. b. c. 1596, d. 13. 6. 1682.
and pupil of Peter W. The Bavarian National The death-registers call him 'municipal violinist'.
Museum has a 5-stringed cittern made by him. Perhaps he was the successorof Elias Strobl. He was
WisserPeter; Waldshut, c. 1708. The Boston Museum one of the earliest v.ms. in Hallein, becausemunicipal
has a cittern by him from the Galpin collection. violinists of that time and place were usually makers
Wit Paul de; Leipzig. b. 4. 1. 1852in Maastricht (in the as well.
Netherlands), d. 10.12. 1925. Cellist, writer and Wohlenberg Wilhelm; Giistrow. b. 1853 in Ohof (near
collector of musical instruments. In 1880, with Meinersen). His interest led him to train as v.m. with
O. Laffert, he founded the periodical Zeitschrift fur Wilhelm Wunderlich, and to try to perfect his style
lnstrumentenbau.He is the author of Weltadressbuch through private study. In 1898 he founded a work-
der gesamtenMusikinstrumenten-Industrie (Leipzig, 7th shop producing violins, combined with a shop
edn 1906); Katalog desmusikhistorischen Museumsvon selling music and musical instruments.
P. de Wit (Leipzig, 1904); Geigenzettelalter Meister Wolf Jacob; Krumbach, 20th cent. Brush-maker who
vom 16. his zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts(Leipzig, also repaired stringed instruments.
1902); Geigenzettel(Leipzig, 1910; 2nd edn, 1922). Wolf Johann Wolfgang; Thuringia, c. 1798. This name
He also wrote in French and English. is found in a 5-stringed folk-cittern from Thuringia,
Witte Caspar; Lubeck, c. 1625. The name is also spelled now in a private collection.
Wilte or even Wietenbil. He was a citizen and Wolf Jorg; Fiissen, c. 1493. The earliest known lute-
councillor of Lubeck, and his official trade was that maker of Fiissen, who became citizen in 1493. His
of lute-maker. guarantor was Hans Kogi (Kegel) who was perhaps
Witting Johann Georg; Mittenwald, 1754-1775. also a member of the guild.
He worked on the Kloz model and used very Wolf Josef; Vienna, c. 1860. Piano-maker who also
good wood. made several violins and cellos. Mediocre work.
Wolf Wolfgang (I); Fiissen. d. 1570 in Fiissen. Lute-
maker.
Wolf Wolfgang (II); Fiissen. d. 15. 2. 1591. Son, pupil
and successorof Wolfgang W. (I).
Wolff Gebriider; Kreuznach, 1879-1900. Owners of
a factory producing stringed instruments and strings)
which had been establishedby August Hermann Ro-
 selmuller. His partner and manager was Leopold W., Worle (Wohrl, Worll), Conrad; Vienna. b.1696,
who in 1876 became conductor of the orchestra at d. 3°.3.1771. Becamecitizen on 8. 3. 1728. Probably
the spa of Munster am Stein. The next owner, Julius belongs to the ViIs, Augsburg or Mittenwald family
W., was lost in the First World War. The factory of that name. His violins and cellos are large in
was managed by his widow for a time after 1918. form with high arching, the outline being rather
Wolff Friedrich Philipp; Vienna, 1839-1841. Piano- inelegant. Dark brown var. He was succeededby
manufacturer who tried his hand at v.m. He asserted his son, Johann W.
that he was a pupil of]. G. Stauffer. When working Worle (Vorle, Worlin, Woellern) Georg; Augsburg.
unaided he made only amateurish instruments. b. c. 1620 in ViIs, d. after 1676. Settled in Augsburg,
Wolff Karl; Berlin. b.. 28. 7.1795 in Bernstadt (in where he was granted trading rights ( Kramergerechtig-
Silesia),d. 2. 1. 1854in Berlin. Originally a musician, keft). On 7.7. 1647 he married Katharine Negler.
inspired by ] ohann Augustin Straube to repair and A talented maker, who made lutes and some very
make new stringed instruments. His instruments, beautiful pochettes.Sometimes he spelled his name
all of them very solid and heavy, often go well in an W ollern.
orchestra. They lack finesseand have an unattractive
and inelegant shape. Also his wood and var. is not
up to standard. He was succeededby his son, who
was still active in 1861.
Wolfram A.; Sch6nlind (in Saxony).. 20th cent. bow-
maker.
Wolfram Albin H.; Bad Brambach. b. 3.9. 1881 in
Brambach, d. 21.7.1949 in Brambach. Son of the Worle (Wohrl, WehrlI, Werl) Johann; Vienna, 1756
bow-maker Fritz W. He was apprenticed to his - 1785. Son and successor of Conrad W. He took
father and to Karl Hans Gutter (I) of Markneukir- his citizen's oath on 23.12..1768. He was not very
chen. He then worked with Richard Weichold in successful, however, and the tax-register of 1776
Dresden. He established himself independently in states that poverty prevented him following any
Bad Brambach. Good v.m. craft. This is the reason why he did not belong to
Wolfram August; Markneukirchen, c. 1928. Maker of the Viennese v.ms'. guild. His violins on the whole
plucked instruments. resemble instruments made by Christian Franz Partl.
Wolfram Fritz W.; Bad Brambach, 19th cent. Father of WoorleJohann Paul; Nuremberg, Tyrnau (in Slovakia),
Albin H. W. and perhaps also his teacher. He made Pressburg, 1799-183°' His work is a combination
good bows. of the styles of Vienna and Prague. Good wood; low
Wolfram Hermann; Markneukirchen. b. 1876, d. 1935. arching; yellow var.
V.m. Conscientious work. Worle (Worle, Wohrlin) Matthias; Augsburg. b. c. 1650,
Wolfram Paul Oswald; Markneukirchen. b. 9. 4.1892, d. before 1695. Came from ViIs, like Georg W.
d. after 1960. Pupil of Konrad Friedrich Paulus; Lute-maker who died relatively young. In the same
worked with Albert G6tz and Ernst Heinrich Roth year his widow married the v.m. Georg Arnan of Viis.
(I) in Markneukirchen. Good work. Wornle..; Mittenwald, c. 172.0.His name is also spelled
Wolfram (Wolfrum) Sebastian; Munich. d. before 1762. Worle. He used a flat and original model, and yellow
Court lute-maker. He was held in such high esteem var.
that after his death the Court employed his widow to WornleAnton; Munich. b. 1858in Mittenwald, d. 19°6.
managethe shop until 178o.He was teacherof Gregor Son of Matthias W. (1), and pupil of Johann Kriner.
Sidtler, who later bought the shop from his widow. He attended for 3 years the Mittenwald v.m. school.
Wondner(Wendtner) Hans (I); Regensburg. d. 17. 4. Then worked until 1897 for the best Mittenwald
167°. He is expresslydescribedasmaker of violins. His dealers. To gain further experience he travelled
violas and violins are longish and have flat arching. abroad and found employment with Ernst Geisser
Their construction is reminiscent of the Brescian in St Petersburg. In 1899 he joined Otto Mockel
School, but the var. is brown and dull. in Berlin-Charlottenburg where he stayed for 4
Wondner(Wendtner) Hans (II); Regensburg, 17th cent. years. In 19°3 established himself independently in
Son and pupil of Hans (I) W. Munich. Copied Stradivari and Guarneri. Oil var.
Wornle Christoph; Mittenwald. b. 1784, d. 1876. V.m.
who worked mainly for large Mittenwald firms of
 dealers. He also made better class violins into which
he put a handwritten label. His father and grand-
father were also v.ms., but their namesarenot known.
Wornle (Wemdle, Werendle) Franz; Mittenwald,
Freising. d. 177°. Franz W. was an honoured and WunderlichC. A.; Siebenbrunn (near Markneukirchen).
rich man. Later he moved to Freising, where he was This firm, founded in 1854 and closed in 1960, has
elected mayor. His violins have flat or medium a very good reputation. They did not produce their
arching, yellow var., and are well made. The labels own instruments, but bought them from makers
of the high-arched violins expressly mention that and put their own label in them. The same thing
the instruments are intended to be copies of Jacob happened with repairs. Iostruments bearing this
Stainer. label do have a guaranteed quality, however.

Wornle (Warnlein, Warle) Franz Sales; Mittenwald.

b. 17.8. 1758, d. after 1819. Pupil of Georg W.
Some of his violins are well made, others seem to
have been hastily put together.
WornleGeorg; Mittenwald, 1757-177°. Good maker
of the Kloz School.
Wornle Josef; Mittenwald. 20th cent. v.m.
WornleMatthias (1); Mittenwald. b. 1816, d. 1881. Son
and pupil of Christoph W. He worked mainly for
the trade.
Wornle Matthias (11); Mittenwald, c. 1919. Very skilful
v.m.
Worz Hermann; Ebingen, c. 1928. Bow-maker.
Wroblewski Josef; Cottbus, Berlin-Steglitz, c. 1914.
Double purfling and ornamental tarsia on the back
in the Brescian style. One violin dated 1914 has
a third plate inside, in which there are two holes.
This plate is at the lower end of the violin, i.e.
below the soundholes.
WunderlichA.; Breitenfeld. 20th cent. mandolin-maker.
WunderlichAlbin; Berlin-Charlottenburg. b. 10.6. 1873
WunderlichFriedrich Albin; Markneukirchen. b. 24. 12.
in Wernitzgriin, d. 16. 6. 1938. After he had learned
1864, d. 1910 in Eubabrunn. Brother of Wilhel~
the craft in Wernitzgriin he worked in various work-
August W., pupil of Hermann Moritz Dolling. He
shops. In 19°1 he went to Berlin, where he worked
established himself independently in 1882. Leading
with the best makers. Established himself independ-
member of the v.ms' guild.
ently in 1912. Good craftsmanship, beautiful tone
WunderlichFriedrich Wilhelm; Markneukirchen, Leip-
and excellent var. zig. b. 15. 6. 1878 in Zwota. Trained as bow-maker.
Wunderlich Arno Udo; Landwiist. b. 6. 2. 1891 in
For severalyearshe worked with Franz Albert Nurn-
Landwiist. Pupil of Friedrich Reichel. He passedhis
berger (II) and in 1898 established himself indepen-
master's test on 7.2. 1925. He makes only instru-dently in Markneukirchen. Later he transferred his
ments of the violin family. shop to Leipzig. He made all parts of the bows
himself. Mainly copied Tourte; there is no French

A. UdoWunderlich
I,andwust b/Markneukirchen
~
~
polish on the bow-sticks, so they can be cleaned
with spirit without losing their gloss. He also copied
other makers' bows. Becauseof his good knowledge
. M.AD[ IN GERMANY 19 of wood, his bows are very good.
Cople of Antonius Str'ddiY3rius WunderlichFritz; Markneukirchen.b. 15. I. 1886.Work-
ed in London with the dealers C. P. Jacob Ltd.
When his father, Wilhelm August W., died, he took
WunderlichAugust; Markneukirchen. b. 19.3. 1863, over his shop.
d. 27.4. 1925. Pupil of Ludwig Glaesel (II). He WunderlichGustav; Leipzig, Berlin. b. 4. 7. 1872 in
establishedhimself in 1887.Good work. Hennebau-Landwust near Zwikau. d. 1937. Pupil
 of Karl Kohler of Schonbach (in Bohemia). Between of Johannes W. and grandson of another Jeremias
1890-1897 he worked in Markneukirchen, Dresden, W., who was Court musician of King Gustav Adolf.
Munich and Leipzig. He established himself inde- In 1686 he was already a municipal and university
pendently in Leipzig in 1897and later transferred his musician and was a married man. He also made lutes
workshop to Berlin. Very careful work. His instru- and violins. His son, also called Jeremias (b. 1682,
ments are generally highly regarded. He also has d. 1766), was organist to all 3 churches in Greifs-
several inventions to his credit and produced very waldo It is not known whether the latter made any
good strings. violins.
Wurffel Johannes; Greifswald, c. 1663. Son of a certain
Jeremias W., musician to the Swedish Court, who
is said to have Jived in Stettin after 1632. His stay
in Greifswald can also be established, but it is not
known if was actually a v.m. He was perhaps also
the father of Johann Ludwig Wurffel, b. in 1678,
who later became professor of theology,"organist
in St Nicholas' church, chaplain to Karl.. XII and
Wunderlich Heinrich W.; Zwota. b.1841, d. 1917. pastor at St Marien, and who died in 1719 (if
Bow-maker. Kirchhoff, Der Stadtkure in Greifswald, p. 23)'
WunderlichJoachim; Leipzig. b. 9. 8. 1920 in Leipzig. Wurlitzer Christian Gottfried; Markneukirchen. b. 1807,
Works in the workshop of his father, Friedrich d. 1871.V.m.
Wilhelm W. WurlitzerHansAdam; Markneukirchen, c. 1732-1748.
WunderlichJohann; Zwota, 20th cent. Son and pupil of Admitted to the guild on 2. I. 1732. He was a non.
Friedrich Wilhelm W. Bow-maker like his father. resident and promised to marry a daughter of a local
WunderlichM.; Raun. 20th cent. bow-maker. v.m. to gain admission. The church registers
WunderlichMartin Paul; Markneukirchen. 20th cent. mention him in 1748 for the last time.
bow-maker. Wurlitzer Henri (nicknamed 'Schosser'); Markneu-
WunderlichMax; Erlbach. 20th cent. bow-maker. kirchen. b. 3. 11.1596 in Schildbach, d. 20. 8. 1656
in Schildbach. Specialisedin making lutes.
Wurlitzer Johannes; Markneukirchen. b. 18. I. 1628
in Schildbach, d. 22. 2. 1679. Probably a lute-maker.
Wurlitzer Johannes Andreas; Markneukirchen, 1771
-1807.V.m.
Wurlitzer Michael; Markneukirchen, 1661-1727. V.m.
Wurlitzer Urban Reinhard;. Erlbach. b. 29. 9.1877,
"/\}f WITNnJ:.1t T.1'(:11
d. II. I. 195° in Erlbach. Good work.
Wurm (Wurmb) Philipp Jakob; Vienna. d. after 18°3.
Successorof Johann Georg Huber, he becamecitizen
WunderlichOskar Karl; Markneukirchen. b. 8. 9. 1867, on 9.5.1772. In 1787the shop passedto Jakob Fux,
d. I I. 9. 1946. Specialised in making doublebass evidently in Wurm's lifetime. As we have a violin
bows. made by him dated 1803it seemsthat he made violins
WunderlichWilhelm; Markneukirchen. b. 1818,d. 19°1. even after he retired. His violins are very similar to
Though a trained v.m. he primarily made guitars. those made by Joseph Ferdinand Leidolff. They are
WunderlichWilhelm August; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 3. modelled on Stainer, have high arching, delicate
1863, d. 2.7.4- 192.5. Pupil of Ludwig Gliisel (I). corners and elegant scrolls. The back is usually made
Established in 1887. After August Theodor Scher- of small-figured maple. The var. is dark brown and
zer's death he became secretary of the Markneukir- transparent.
chen guild of stringed instrument-makers. Becauseof WurmerAntonius; Garmisch, c. 1767. His work resem-
his office he was in charge of the old registers of the bles that of the Kloz School. Most probably he
guild, the main source of the history of v.m. in the came from Mittenwald; a forester, Colestin Wurmer,
who was probably this maker's brother, and who
Vogtland.
Wunneberg Eberhard; Karlsruhe. b. 2.63. 19°2. in Ber- died in Garmisch in 183°, was in Mittenwald on
gisch-Gladbach. Learned the craft in Markneukir- 6.8.1773.
chen and Mittenwald. In 193° he passedhis master's Wutzelhofer(Wuzelhofer) Sebastian; Vienna. 18th cent.
examination and established himself independently v.m. Good, though still ordinary work. He is per-
in Karlsruhe. haps identical with SebastianW. of Brunn (in Mora-
Wiinsche Horst Hans; Weixdorf. b. 2.5. 5. 192.4 in via) who may have worked in Vienna before settling
Weixdorf. Pupil and son-in-law of Kurt Hammig. in Bronn. The instruments bearing the Vienna label
Wiirffel (Wiirfel) Jeremias; Greifswald. d.172.5. Son are, however, inferior to those from Berlin.
Zaberl August; Tangermiinde, C.1812..Probably son of
Gottfried Z.
A -ft 1
l . '" "'2
"

_1.':,. Ii T.~
Zaberl Gottfried; Tangermiinde, 1792.-1803. Probably
pupil of Michael Christoph Hildebrand. Mediocre
v.m. I"!..* h
~.gtnlJ1ac Cf In
."
Zach Karl; Vienna, Budapest, Mannheim, Darmstadt.
d. 1918 (in London?). Son of Thomas Z., also his Anno 17
successor.In 1887 he changed his father's shop into
a firm with sleeping partners, called Karl Zach & Co. Zacher Antonius; Eichstatt, 1706-1726. Son of
Kommanditengesellschaft. They had several patents Franz Z. The Eichstatt registers mention the Zacher
to their credit and were Suppliers to the Imperial family in the early 18th cent., though there is no
Court. After several months the firm got into mention of Antonius Z. Evidently he was neither
financial troubles and the stock of instruments was born in Eichstatt nor did he died there. It is known
taken over by Ignaz Lutz (II). Zach left Vienna and that he lived in the parish of St Wallburg, for the
tried to settle in various places,but he went from bad marriage register of this church has an entry for
to worse, despite the fact that he was a talented v.m. his marriage, which took place on 20. 10. 1722 in
The violins made during the existence of the com- Rennertshofen (near Neuburg on the Danube).
pany bear the label of Professor Ernst Fleischer. Rennertshofen was the native village of his bride:
Zach Thomas; Budapest, Subotica, Fiinfkirchen (Pecs), Zacher was already a widower. He had married his
Bucharest, Vienna. b. 2.5.10. 1812.in Male Zinany first wife in Rennertshofen on 29. 10. 1706. The
(in Bohemia), d. 1. 1. 1892. in Vienna. Originally registers call him son of Franz Z., Chelist (i.e. lute-
a miller who learned v.m. in Prague with J. B. maker) in Ingolstadt. The archives, however, list
Dvorak and Anton Sitt. Then he went to Budapest him in 1720 expressly as lute- and v.m.
and joined Johann Baptist Schweitzer with whom Zacher Franz; Ingolstadt (in Bavaria), 1700-1706.
he worked for many years, finally becoming his Father of Antonius Z. His violins are highly arched
successor. Natural talent and serious endeavour with protruding corners. The var. is usually dark red
made of him an especially gifted maker. After 15 or red-brown. Quite competent work, the wood
years he sold his shop to J. Schunda and became the often being very good.
proprietor of a cafe. This did not satisfy him long, Zaiser Eugen; Bregenz. b. 27. 5. 1868 in Bregenz.
however. He spent 1863-1864 in Subotica, 1864 Stepson of the municipal music-director A. Jaksch.
- 1865 in Fiinfkirchen (Pecs), 1865-1872. in He was well trained in music (violin and piano). By
Bucharest, where he was kept busy by Prince 1909he had made 55 violins. First he copied Stainer,
Sturdza. Then he moved to Vienna, where he quickly later almost exclusively Stradivari. His best instru-
won renown. At the World Exhibition of 1873 ments are numbered 55 or higher. He devoted special
in Vienna he was awarded a medal for a string care to his var.: the colour was chosen according
quartet modelled on Guarneri which was unanim- to the wood of which the instrument was made.
ously considered to be the best. The strings in the After many years experimenting he succeeded in
pegbox were drawn through tubes, according to constructing a model answering the demand of
the position of the strings, and they were fastened modern violin-technique and with an enhanced
by little buttons. This invention was supposed to beauty of tone. He made all parts of the instruments
ensure regular vibration. Something similar had himself and refused any assistance.
been tried before by the virtuoso Louis Spohr. He Zap! Alfred Hans; Siebenbrunn, Markneukirchen. b.
was certainly one of the best v.ms of his time. His 31. 5. 1893. v.m. Concentrated mainly on making
violins are modelled on Stradivari and Guarneri. violins.
Good choice of wood and var. of attractive appear- Zap! Walter H.; Markneukirchen. b. 23. 3. 1898 in
ance,though somewhat waxy and not very durable. Siebenbrunn. Bow-maker. Pupil of Franz Albert
Nurnberger (II) of Markneukirchen. He branded
his name on the bows.
Zasta .. ; Dresden, c. 1929. This v.m. is known only
from a repair label in a violin.
Zaubitzer A.; Cologne. d. 1903. Violins bearing his
name were apparently not made by him.
Zehrich (Zihrich) Anton; Chemnitz, c. 1842. An ama-
Zachar Maximilian; Breslau, 173°-177°. Used a large, teur-looking viola bearing this name, which was
high arched model with hollowed edges.Yellow var. hardly legible, is known.
Zeiche Heinrich; Berlin-Treptow, c.192.8. V.m. who Zettler. . ; Fiissen (?), 17th-18th cent. A hardly legible
made violins almost exclusively. label bearing the name of Zettler was found in
Zeidler ..; Hirschberg, 18th cent. A handwritten label, a 6-stringed descant lute made of maple-wood. The
the Christian name being illegible, was found in an work points to an 18th cent. maker from Fiissen.
unpurfled violin made on the model of Stainer; Though the Zettlers cannot be traced in Fiissen
brown var. The scroll, perhaps the most satisfactory itself, the name is found in the Fiissen vicinity from
part of the instrument, is cut from beech-wood the early 15th cent.
and the pegs are made of box-wood. The fingerboard Zettler Andreas; Vienna, c.1837. Talented maker.
is covered with a thin ebony veneer. Probably made guitars as well.
ZeidlerKurt; Krappitz, Goslar. b. 2.I. 9. 1894in Oppeln
(in Silesia). Son and pupil of Richard Z. In 192.2.
he settled in Krappitz. He left Poland on 4- 4. 1946
under the Potsdam Treaty and on I. 6. 1946 he
settled in Goslar (in the Harz). His violins and
cellos are copies of Stradivari and Guarneri del
Gesu. After 1955 he worked on an original model.
Good elastic var. in various colours. A versatile and
enthusiastic craftsman who started entirely afresh
in new and reduced circumstances after the Second
World War. He quickly gained a good reputation,
but after establishing himself so well in Goslar, he
emigrated to West Africa. A violin presented to the
London dealer Malcolm R. Sadler, and dated 1948,
bears his original KRAPPITZ label with a personal Ziegner Herold; Berlin. b. 19.4.1877 in Erlbach,
dedication and the words 'vertrieben nach Coslar' d.. 15. 5. 1945. Good modern v.m. who worked with
written in ink. Ernst Kessler and sent his instruments to the Turin
Zeidler Richard; Krappitz. 19th cent. v.m. of no great exhibition. Oil v~r., handwritten labels.
importance. Zimmer Friedrich August; Berlin. b. 2.6.2..182.6 in
Zeihe Heinrich Louis; Leipzig, c. 1896. Established in Herrengosserstadt, d. 8. 2..1899 in Berlin. Author
Leipzig about 1896. Gifted maker, used good wood. of Taschenbuch fur angehende Violinspieler (Quedlin-
Zeiser Eugen; Bregenz, c. 192.8.Maker who concen- burg, 1896).
trated almost exclusively on violins. Zimmer Karl; Erlbach. b. 1848, d. 1882..Talented v.m.
Zeitler Adolf Carl; Markneukirchen. b. 18.7.1871 in employed in leading GerD:1an workshops. He worked
Markneukirchen. Pupil of Robert Heinrich Nurnber- independently for a short time only and so did not
ger in Markneukirchen. He worked with Heinrich make many instruments. The ones he made are
Theodor Heberlein (I) in Markneukirchen. He much esteemedfor craftsmanship and tone.
established himself independently in Markneukir- ZimmerMaxAlbin;Nuremberg.b. 2.9.3. 1874in Gross
chen in 1894. Good repairs; his new instruments Z6bern (in the Vogtland). Pupil of his brother,
have a printed label. Karl Otto Z. of Budapest, the zither-maker. Later he
worked in Worms and in Switzerland, lastly with
Johann Otto Haslwanter in Munich. In 1898 he
settled in his father's house in Rossbach(near Adorf).
In 19°6 he transferred his workshop to Nuremberg
and, in addition to zithers, started to make lutes
and violins. His work was based on expert know-
ledge of old and new models, and it quickly won
Zeitler Franz; Brunswick, c. 1835. Made both violins recognition. After 1918 he followed the Stradivari
and pianos. The pianos were more successful. and Guarneri models. Mostly oil var. His brand and
Zelle Christian; Hamburg, c. 172.2..Maker of musical label can be found near the centre of the back on
instruments. Became citizen on 14. 8. 172.2.. the inside.
Zencker Heinrich Gottlob; Schreiberhau (in Silesia). Zimmer Oskar Albin (nicknamed 'Farber'); Markneu-
19th cent. v.m. kirchen. b. 11.5.187° in Markneukirchen, d. 1952..
Zencker Johann Christian; Hermsdorf, c. 1745. Very Pupil of Gustav Adolf Roth and the Markneukirchen
clever v.m. Perhaps father of Heinrich Gottlob Z. school, where he studied with distinction. He com-
In the Berlin State collection there is an exceptionally pleted his training with Hans Cuno Jaeger, Emil
large doublebass made by him. Very good work. Hjorth of Copenhagen and Georg Piegendorfer of
Zerries Hermann; Brunswick. V.m. of little conse- Augsburg. When he returned home he opened
a workshop which achieved high renown. He was
quence.
 noted for careful repair work and good new bowed Zapf Karl; Miihlhausen, c. 1919. V.m. and repairer.
instruments and lutes. Oil and spirit var. The backs Zapfel Adolf; Magdeburg. b. 1874 in Giirth (near Bad
of his instruments are branded with the name Farber. Elster). For 3 years he worked in' Markneukirchen
Zimmer Oskar Emil; Markneukirchen. b. 19. 8. 1899 with Ernst Hermann Petzold (I). In 1893 he went
in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Ernst Reinhold Schmidt. to Ludwig Ernst Fassmann in Magdeburg, in 1897
He was admitted to the association of v.ms. in 1924. he was independent foreman of the shop and in 1899
He specialised in making plucked instruments. he established himself independently. He made
Zimmer Otto Paul; Wohlhausen (near Markneukir- violins and cellos, but his main occupation was
chen). b. 16. I I. 19°2 in Wohlhausen. Pupil of repairing. He used a var. of his own composition.
Johann Georg Ludwig Dolling. He worked with Zaphel Ernst; Laufbach (near Aschaffenburg), C.1928.
Hermann Lederer and established himself independ~ Mod~rn lute- and v.m. He made all kinds of stringed
ently in 1924. He specialised in making plucked instruments and was a dealer in ancient instruments.
instruments. Zaphel G.; Adorf, Hohendorf. 19th-20th cent. maker
ZimmermannG. August; Klingenthal, c. 1928. Zither- of stringed instruments and bows.
maker. Zaphel Gustav Hermann; Landwiist. b. 1872 in Land-
ZimmermannJulius Heinrich; Markneukirchen. b. 22. 9. wiist, d. after 1933. Bow-maker who established
185I. Owner of a large international firm specialising himself independently in 1898.
in balalaikas, though his factories made every kind Zaphel Kurt Richard; Markneukirchen. b. 3°. 3. 19°6
of musical instrument. in Markneukirchen. Pupil of Paul Heberlein. Passed
Zimmermann Matthias; St Polten, c. 1677. Y.m. who his master's test in 1949. He established himself in-
became citizen of St Palten in 1677. dependently in Markneukirchen in July 1949.
Zipres (?)..; Schongau. 16th cent. lute-maker mentioned Copies Italian models, mainly the 'Wilhelm' Stradi-
by Trautmann. There are no documents relating vari. Good var. of his own composition. One of the
to a lute-maker of this name and date in the Schongau best contemporary v.ms. in Germany. His violins
archives. It seemslikely that Trautmann misread the bear a label and are branded.
name (Ziprer, Zipperer ?).
Zo/chHans; Markneukirchen.b. 22.12.19°4 in Mark-
neukirchen. Pupil of Ernst Heinrich Roth (I) in
Markneukirchen; worked with Otto Glasel (I) in Kurt ZOphel
Gelsenkirchen and then for over 10 years with Peter
Harlan in Markneukirchen, and later with Paul
Markneuklrdlen 19(,.(.
Richard Seckendorf, also in Markneukirchen. In
1947 he established himself independently in Mark-
neukirchen. In addition to modern instruments he is
also known for early forms of bowed and plucked
instruments, e.g. barytones, etc. Uses labels but
also brands his initials.

Zolch Julius; Bad Brambach, c. 192.8.Maker of stringed KURTzO PHEL

instruments.
Zoller Julius; Karlsruhe. b. 2.2..7.1893 in Grotzingen
(near Karlsruhe). Made peculiar instruments incor-
porating some characteristics of the violin, the banjo
and a 5-stringed guitar simultaneously. Tbe sound-
holes were in the sides. Zuber Max Otto; Breitenfeld (near Markneukirchen).
Zoller Oswald; lnnsbruck. b. 1774, d. 2.8. 12..1816. b. 2..12..1895, d. 27. 3. 1957. Maker of mandolins.
V.m. whose successorwas not allowed to take over Zubirch Johann Friedrich; Breslau, c. 1778. Good v.m.
his shop without first submitting a sample of work whose instruments are, however, rarely encountered.
to the magistrates. Zudeck Christoph; the Black Forest, c. 17°1. His label
Zollerank E. ; Breitenfeld. 2.othcent. bow-maker. was found in a viola with deep sides and no edges.

~
Zunterer Anton; Munich. b. 1858 in Mittenwald, 1792. Brother of Konrad Z. According to Dr F.
d. 1917 in Munich. Pupil of the Mittenwald v.m. Waldner he was a player as well as v.m.
school who worked with Anton Sprenger in Stutt- Zunterer Pancraz; Seefeld (in the Tyrol), C.1749.
gart and Gabriel Lemb6ck in Vienna, then with Franz Though the name Zunterer was quite common in
Ramftler in Munich, whom he succeededin 1888. Seefeld, there was no Pancraz among them. His
He copied Stradivari and Guarneri using oil or spirit existence seemsto be proved, however, by a violin
var. When he died, the shop was managedby the wi- bearing his label. The work is modest and in the
dow and their son Josef. style of the Tyrolean School.
Zwerger ..; Neuberg, c. 185°. Son of Franz Xaver Z.
and probably also his pupil.
Zwerger Anton (I); Mittenwald, 1750-1794. Perhaps
father of Anton Z. (II), or even identical with
him. Good work in the style of the Kloz School.
Zwerger Anton (II); Passau, Salzburg, 1788-182;.
Probably came from Mittenwald, as can also be
judged from a violin made by him, the style and var.
of which shows the influence of the Kloz School.
Used quite good table wood. Yellow-red var. and
Zunterer Hans; Munich. b. II. I. 1917 in Mittenwald. pleasant tone. He W{l.SSupplier to the Bishop of
Son of Josef Z. He attended the v.m. school in Passau.For some time he also worked in Salzburg.
Mittenwald, then worked in his father's workshop Zwerger Blasius; Mittenwald. b.;. 2.1768. Son of
and after the latter's death in 1960 becameits owner. Ignaz Z. Though a violin dated 179° bearing a hand-
He copies Stradivari and usesalso an original model. written label could have been made by him, it is
Oil var. Good repairs. not certain whether he was actually a V.m.
Zunterer Josef,. Munich. b. 9. 6.1894, d. 1.9.1960. Son Zwerger Franz Xaver; Neuburg. b. 5.7. 176; in Mit-
of Anton Z. He was apprenticed to Matthias Wein- tenwald, d. c. 18;0. Probably son of Ignaz Z. He
eisen of Mittenwald and later worked with Winter- was in Neuburg after Josef Hollmayr's death and
ling. He established himself independently in Mu- became master v.m. in 1795. Though he copied
nich in 1917. Followed Stradivari and Guarneri Stradivari, he made instruments with much lower
models. Oil or spirit var. arching. The wood was good in quality but is now
ruined by death-watch beetle. The scroll is well
carved but clumsy, the var. brittle and lemon-
yellow. The tone, however, is surprisingly pleasant.
Zwerger Ignaz; Mittenwald, Neuburg, 1755-177°.
Talented Mittenwald maker who later moved to
Neuburg. There are no documents to prove it,
however, and he never actually became citizen of
Neuburg.
Zunterer Konrad; Seefeld (in the Tyrol). b. 17.12. Zwiebe/mannC. J. F. H.; Lubeck. d.1897. Musician
1717, d. 12. 2. 1778. According to Dr F. Waldner who repaired instruments for the trade, but did so
he was the son of a joiner. He mainly made double- rather badly.
basseswhich can be found, among other places, in Zymbrecht ..; Fussen, c. 1611. Maker of gambas.
lnnsbruck and Sterzing, in local churches. Zyr/er Johann; Nuremberg, c. 1794. Name found in
Zunterer Leopold; Seefeld. b. 14. II. 1722, d. 13.7. a viola modelled on Kloz. Ordinary work.
 Legal Notices

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