Cloud Architecture and Services

CCA2002
 Course Objective

 To learn the cloud computing layered architecture

and models
 To learn cloud services based on web and service-
oriented architecture
 To learn the management of cloud services
 To learn cloud application development
 To develop and implement cloud IT model

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 Module -1

INTRODUCTION:
 Cloud Architecture- Layers: Layers in cloud architecture,
Software as a Service (SaaS), features of SaaS and benefits,
Platform as a Service (PaaS), features of PaaS and benefits,
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), features of IaaS and benefits,
Service providers, challenges and risks in cloud adoption.
 Cloud Architecture- Models: Cloud deployment model: Public
clouds – Private clouds – Community clouds - Hybrid clouds -
Advantages of Cloud computing. Business Agility:
 Benefits and challenges to Cloud architecture: Application
availability, performance, security and disaster recovery; next
generation Cloud Applications - Cloud computing Architecture –
Cloud containers

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 Introduction to Cloud Computing
 The National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) defines Cloud
Computing as:

“A model for enabling ubiquitous,

convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing
resources (for example networks, servers,
storage, applications, etc) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.

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 Cloud Computing (Contd..

Figure shows the pictorial representation of Cloud Computing in detail.

Critical data that takes different forms, such as emails, text document,
videos, chats and presentations are stored, accessed and processes as
needed by the the cloud user- which is a set of software and hardware
devices (servers and storage ) commissioned in a data centre, either in a
single or multiple location(s).

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Essential characteristics of Cloud Computing
 On-demand self-service: Cloud Computing empowers the consumer to
unilaterally provision computing capabilities like server time and network
storage with no need for human interaction with individual service providers.

 Broad Network Access: In cloud computing, the Internet allows any thin or
thick client, such as laptop or a mobile phone, to access capabilities through
standard mechanisms.

 Resource pooling: In the Cloud Environment, the provider’s computing

resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers through the multi-tenant
model, with different resources being assigned and reassigned on a real-time
basis according to consumer demand. The user loses control over the location of
the data but may be able to specify a higher level of abstraction.

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 Essential characteristics of Cloud
Computing(Contd..
 Rapid Elasticity: Capabilities can be both elastically and automatically
provisioned and released, to scale rapidly with demand. To the consumer, the
capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be
appropriated in any quantity at any time.

 Measured service: Cloud Systems automatically monitor, control, optimise

and report resource usage, thus providing transparency for both the provider
and consumer of the utilised service.

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 Cloud Service Models

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 Cloud Service Models (Contd..
 Software as a Service (SaaS): The ability to access the
provider’s applications running in the cloud environment is
referred to as SaaS. Devices such as smart phones, laptops,
desktops and tablets can be used to access the applications
through a web browser or a program interface. The cloud user,
however, cannot access or manage the cloud infrastructure that
hosts the applications. This includes the servers, storage devices,
network and individual application components.

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 Advantages of SaaS
 Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
 Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their
web browser without needing to download and install any
software. This reduces the time spent in installation and
configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in the way of
the software deployment.
 Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
 Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software,
customers rely on a SaaS provider to automatically perform the
updates.
 Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features
on-demand.

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 Cloud Service Models (Contd..
 Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS assists a developer who
writes custom application by provisioning the hardware,
operating system, database and middleware. In the PaaS model,
user do not have any control over the cloud infrastructure just
like the SaaS model. However, they have the ability to monitor
and manage the applications that they have deployed and the
respective configuration settings for the application-hosting
environment.

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 Advantages of PaaS:
 Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the
infrastructure and other IT services, which users can access
anywhere via a web browser.
 Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use
basis thus eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises
hardware and software.
 Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support
the complete web application lifecycle: building, testing,
deploying, managing, and updating.
 Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced
complexity thus, the overall development of the application can be
more effective.

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 Cloud Service Models (Contd..
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): The user is allowed to
provision processing, storage, networks and other fundamental
computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and
run operating system and other applications. Though the cloud
user can establish complete control over operating systems,
storage and deployed applications, the underlying cloud
infrastructure remains unperturbed.

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 Advantages of IaaS:
 Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces
ongoing cost and IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis,
typically by the hour, week, or month.
 Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less
expensive than traditional web hosting.
 Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better
security than your existing software.
 Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying
data center or the introduction of new releases of the
development or underlying software. This is all handled by
the IaaS Cloud Provider.

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 Difference between IAAS, PAAS and SAAS :
Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS
Infrastructure as a Software as a
Stands for Platform as a services.
services. services.

IAAS is used by SAAS is used by end

Uses PAAS is used by developer.
network architects. user.

IAAS give access to the PAAS give access to run time

resources like virtual environment to deployment SAAS give access to
Access
machines and virtual and development tools for the end user.
storage. application.

It is a service model
It is service model that It is a cloud computing model
in cloud computing
provide visualized that delivers tools that is used
Model that host software
computing resources for development of
make available for
over internet. application.
client.
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 Difference between IAAS, PAAS and SAAS (Contd..:
Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS
There is no
In which you required
Technical It required technical requirement about
knowledge of subject to
understanding. knowledge. technicalities company
understand basic setup.
handle everything.

It is popular between
It popular between
It is popular between consumer and
developer who focus on
Popularity. developer and company.such as file
the development of apps
researchers. sharing, email and
and scripts.
networking

Amazon web M.S office web,

Facebook, and google
Cloud services. services, sun, vcloud Facebook and google
search engine.
express. apps.

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 Difference between IAAS, PAAS and SAAS (Contd..:
Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS
Enterprise AWS virtual private
Microsoft azure. IBM cloud analysis.
services. cloud.

Outsourced
Salesforced. Force.com, Gigaspaces. AWS, terremark
cloud services.

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 History of Cloud Computing
One of the most questions comes in our mind “when and where was the first premise
of cloud computing witnessed?”

 1950-1960:
The concept of time sharing was introduced to allow multiple users to gain shared
access to data and CPU time. This was done to lower the cost of maintenance of
large-sized computers.

 1960-1970:
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the basis of internet was
introduced. The basis of staying connected and accessing data from any location was
established.

 1970-1980:
IBM introduced the Virtual Machine OS, and this enabled users to have multiple
virtual machines on a single physical node.

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 History of Cloud Computing(Contd..

 1980-1990:
The time period between1980 and 1990 witnessed the emergence of Internet
Service Providers and Application Service Providers, which broke the realm of
desktops and single user server to deliver hosted application services.

 1990-2000:
The internet became more prevalent, and virtualized connections for PC-based
systems grew to correct network traffic and bandwidth usage. Grid computing
gained popularity along with object oriented programming and web services.

 After 2000:
The 21st century witnessed tremendous growths of the cloud as more and more
corporate solutions and services from players like IBM and Oracle came in the
market.

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 Types of Cloud

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 Public Cloud
 Public cloud is open to all to store and access information
via the Internet using the pay-per-usage method.
 In public cloud, computing resources are managed and
operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP).
Example:
Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2),
IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise,
Microsoft,
Google App Engine,
Windows Azure Services Platform.

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Public Cloud

Advantage

1) Low Cost
Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same resources
with a large number of consumers.
2) Location Independent
Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the internet.
3) Save Time
In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain data
centers in which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their time to establish
connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates, configure, and assemble
servers.
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Public Cloud
4) Quickly and easily set up
Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and deployed and configured it
remotely through the cloud service provider within a few hours.
5) Business Agility
Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer resources based on the
organization's requirements.
6) Scalability and reliability
Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available) services
to the users at an affordable cost.
Disadvantage
1) Low Security
Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
2) Performance
In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet connectivity.
3) Less customizable
Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.

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Private Cloud
•Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.

•Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal

network (within the organization) and selected users instead of the
general public.

•Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data

through firewalls and internal hosting.

Examples:
•HP Data Centers
•Microsoft
•Ubuntu

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Private Cloud
Advantages

1) More Control
Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than
public clouds because it is only accessed by selected users.

2) Security & privacy

Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing.
Private cloud improved the security level as compared to the public cloud.

3) Improved performance
Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space
capacity.

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Private Cloud
Disadvantages

1) High cost
The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware
resources are costly.

2) Restricted area of operations

As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area
of operations is limited.

3) Limited scalability
Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted
resources.

4) Skilled people
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Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
Hybrid Cloud
▪Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud

▪The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a
unified, automated, and well-managed computing environment.

▪In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by

the public cloud and critical activities are performed by the private
cloud.

▪Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.

▪The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft,

Google, Cisco, and NetApp.
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Hybrid Cloud
Advantages
1) Flexible and secure
It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.
2) Cost effective
Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save costs
for both infrastructure and application support.
3) Collaboration benefits
It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud
is capable of adapting to the demands that each company needs for space, memory,
and system.
4) Security
Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the private
cloud.
5) Risk Management
Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to manage the risk.
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Hybrid Cloud
Disadvantages
1)Networking issues
In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of the private
and the public cloud.

2) Infrastructure Compatibility
Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid cloud. With dual-
levels of infrastructure, a private cloud controls the company, and a public
cloud does not, so there is a possibility that they are running in separate
stacks.

3) Reliability
The reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

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Community Cloud
•It is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be accessible
by a group of several organizations to share the information.

•It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the

community, a third party, or a combination of them.

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Community Cloud
Advantages
▪Cost effective
Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared
between several organizations or a community.

▪Flexible and Scalable

The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with
every user. It allows the users to modify the documents as per their needs
and requirement.

▪Security
Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than
the private cloud.

▪Sharing infrastructure
Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and
other capabilities among various organizations.
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Community Cloud
Disadvantages
•Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

•The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all
community members.

•Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.

•Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.

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Cloud Computing Architecture

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Cloud Computing Architecture
Front End:
The front end of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of the
system. It includes the network, application or programs that are used to
access the cloud. For instance while accessing a web-based email
application, the web browser acts as the front end.

Middleware:
For smooth communication between the front and the back end of the
cloud computing architecture, certain protocols must be followed. The part
of the system that connects the networked computers and facilitates the
proper functioning between the front and the back end is called the
middleware.

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Cloud Computing Architecture
Back End:
The back end of the cloud architecture refers to the hardware section which
includes the servers, deployment models, security mechanisms, storage and
the computing systems. Based on the requirements, a specific hardware
configuration is set up initially to get the organization into the cloud. As the
requirement increase, additional servers and storage modules are deployed
from time to time.

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 Merits of Cloud Computing
 Mobilising the workforce
 Increased cost control
 Enhanced productivity
 Reduced impact on the environment
 Better agility

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 Advantage of Cloud Computing
 Lower computer costs
 Improved performance
 Reduced software cost
 Instant software updates
 Unlimited storage capacity
 Increased data reliability
 Universal document access
 Latest version availability
 Device independence

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 Disadvantage of Cloud Computing
 Requires a constant Internet connection
 Does not work well with low-speed connections
 Stored data can be lost
 Stored data might not be secure

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 Cloud Providers
 Cloud provider provides different services on cloud through
the internet.
 These resources include tools and applications like:
 Data storage
 Servers
 Databases
 Networking
 Software
 Cloud platforms are popular options that saves cost,
increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance and
security.

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 Cloud Providers
 Amazon Cloud computing (AWS)

 Google Cloud Platform

 Azure Cloud Computing (Microsoft Azure)

 Hadoop

 Force.com and Salesforce.com

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 Amazon Cloud computing (AWS)

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 Amazon Cloud computing (AWS)
 AWS Compute Services
 Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
 LightSail
 Elastic Beanstalk
 EKS (Elastic Container Service for Kubernetes)
 AWS Lambda

 AWS Migration Services

 DMS (Database Migration Services)
 SMS (Server Migration Services)
 Snowball

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 Amazon Cloud computing (AWS)
 AWS Storage Services
 Amazon Glacier
 Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)
 AWS Storage Gateway

 AWS Database Services

 Amazon RDS
 Amazon DynamoDB (used for NOSQL database service)
 Neptune (used for graph database)
 Amazon RedShift (used for dataware housing solutions)

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 Amazon Cloud computing (AWS)

 AWS Security Services

 IAM
 Inspector
 Certificate Manager
 WAF
 Cloud Directory
 KMS
 Shield

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 Microsoft Azure

 AWS Analytics Services

 Athena
 CloudSearch
 ElasticSearch
 QuickSight
 Data Pipeline

 Management Services
 CloudWatch
 CloudFormation
 ServiceCatalog
 AWS Autoscaling
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 Microsoft Azure

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 Azure Services

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 Azure Service-Compute
 Cloud Service
 Resource provisioning (request, assign, release)
 Load balancing
 Health Monitoring

 Service Fabric
 Used for development of micro services

 Functions
 As lambda function in AWS.
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 Azure Service-Networking
 Azure CDN (content delivery network)
 Speed of content delivery
 Provides high bandwidth for delivering the content

 Express Route
 Your device will be connected with others through private
connection

 Virtual Network
 A kind of secure network resources are shared and managed.

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 Azure Service-Networking
 Azure DNS
 Used for hosting the application
 Name resolution is handled through DNS

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 Azure Service-Storage
 Disk Storage (HDD, SSD)

 Blob Storage-used to store huge amounts of unstructured

data (text data, binary data, audio, video)

 File Storage-several formats of file are supported

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 Azure Applications
 Application development

 Testing

 Application hosting

 Creating Virtual Machine

 Virtual hard drives

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 Azure Advantage
 Storage Efficiency

 Cost effective

 Stability

 Security

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 Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
 GCP is offered by Google
 It is a suite of cloud computing services that runs on the same
infrastructure that google uses internally for its end users
products
 provides a set of management tools it provides a series of
cloud services : computing, data storage, data analytics,
machine learning

 GCP is IaaS of google platform.

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 Features of GCP
 Virtual Machines (predefined, custom)

 Local SSD- associated with each VM

 Persistent Disks- suppose one instance of VM terminated

whatever persistent disk is attached with it, that can be
attached with new available VM

 GPU Accelerators- used to accelerate the compute speed of

your application.
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 Features of GCP
 Global Load Balancing

 How incoming request will be distributed

 State of each resource

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 Challenges and Risks in cloud adoption
1. Security and Privacy Risks
• Data Breaches: Cloud environments are often targets for cyberattacks. Storing
sensitive data on the cloud can expose it to risks like unauthorized access or data theft.
• Data Loss: Whether due to cyberattacks, insider threats, or system failures, there’s a
risk of data loss, especially if robust backup and recovery mechanisms are not in place.
• Compliance Issues: Many organizations face industry-specific regulatory
requirements (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA). Ensuring that cloud providers comply with these
standards is a critical challenge.
2. Vendor Lock-In
• Dependence on Providers: Moving workloads or data from one cloud provider to
another can be challenging and costly, leading to vendor lock-in.
• Migration Complexities: Transitioning to another provider, or back to on-
premises infrastructure, may require significant changes to applications, which can be
both time-consuming and costly.

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 Challenges and Risks in cloud adoption
3. Cost Management and Optimization
• Uncontrolled Costs: While cloud services offer scalability, they can lead to
unexpected or spiraling costs if not properly managed, especially with over-provisioning
of resources or inefficient usage.
• Complex Pricing Models: Cloud pricing structures can be complex, with costs
associated with different levels of usage, storage, data transfer, and other services.
Predicting costs can be difficult.
4. Performance and Downtime
• Service Reliability: Even leading cloud providers experience outages, which can
disrupt business operations.
• Latency Issues: For certain applications, the distance between the user and the cloud
provider’s data center can introduce latency, impacting performance.
• Network Dependency: Cloud services rely on internet connectivity, which can
introduce a single point of failure or degradation in performance if connectivity is
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unreliable.
Challenges and Risks in cloud adoption
5. Skill Gaps and Training
• Talent Shortage: Adopting cloud technology often requires new skills (e.g., DevOps,
cloud architecture, security), but there’s a shortage of professionals with the necessary
expertise.
• Training and Development: Existing IT teams may require additional training to
effectively manage cloud environments, and it can take time to build internal expertise.
6. Interoperability and Portability
• Multi-Cloud Complexity: Many organizations adopt a multi-cloud strategy to avoid
vendor lock-in or to use the best cloud services for specific purposes. Managing and
integrating different cloud environments can be complex.
• Portability Issues: Ensuring that applications or data can move between different
cloud environments without requiring significant reconfiguration or changes is a
challenge.
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Benefits of Cloud Architecture
 1. Application Availability:
• High Uptime: Cloud service providers offer SLAs that ensure high availability
(typically 99.9% or more), minimizing downtime.
• Global Reach: Cloud architectures enable applications to be deployed in multiple
regions worldwide, improving access and reducing latency.
• Auto-Scaling: Dynamic scaling ensures that applications can handle variable workloads
by adjusting resources based on demand.

 2. Performance:
• Elasticity: Cloud infrastructure automatically adjusts resources (computing power,
storage, etc.) to maintain optimal performance under variable workloads.
• Global CDN: Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) in the cloud improve performance
by caching content closer to users.
• Load Balancing: Cloud services distribute traffic across multiple servers to enhance
application speed and reliability.
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Benefits of Cloud Architecture
3. Security:
• Advanced Security Features: Cloud providers offer encryption, identity
management, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and network security measures.
• Compliance: Most cloud providers comply with industry standards (e.g., GDPR,
HIPAA) and undergo regular audits, reducing the burden on organizations.
• Data Redundancy: Automatic replication of data across various locations mitigates
risks of data breaches or loss.

4. Disaster Recovery:
• Automated Backups: Cloud services offer regular, automated backups, simplifying
disaster recovery processes.
• Geographical Redundancy: Data is stored across multiple geographical locations,
ensuring that if one region fails, another region can restore the service.

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Challenges of Cloud Architecture
1. Application Availability:
•Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Cloud applications require a stable internet
connection, and service disruptions can affect availability.
•Single Provider Outages: Outages or issues with the cloud service provider can affect
the availability of critical applications.

2. Performance:
•Latency Issues: Despite the global reach, network latency may still affect applications,
particularly for real-time services.
•Resource Contention: Shared infrastructure may result in performance degradation if
neighboring workloads demand high resources.
•Cost vs. Performance: Maintaining optimal performance in the cloud can lead to
increased costs as organizations scale resources.

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Challenges of Cloud Architecture
3. Security:
• Shared Responsibility Model: While cloud providers offer security, organizations
must manage certain aspects themselves, and poor configuration can lead to
vulnerabilities.
• Data Privacy: Ensuring the security of sensitive data in a multi-tenant environment
poses challenges for compliance and data sovereignty.
• Insider Threats: Employees of cloud providers or companies could have unauthorized
access to sensitive data if security policies are not enforced correctly.

4. Disaster Recovery:
• Restoration Time: While cloud providers offer disaster recovery options, recovery
times can still be affected by network speed and data volume.
• Cost of Redundancy: Achieving geographical redundancy and setting up effective
disaster recovery can be expensive, particularly for small businesses.
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Cloud Containers
•Containers are isolated, lightweight software units that package an application’s
code, libraries, dependencies, and runtime into a single bundle.

•Unlike traditional virtual machines (VMs), containers share the host OS kernel,
making them far more efficient in terms of resource usage (faster startup, lower
memory footprint).

•Docker is the most popular container platform, but other container runtimes like
CRI-O, containerd, and Podman are also used in cloud environments.

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How Containers differ from virtual machine

•VMs: Each VM has its own full OS, which makes them more resource-
intensive (e.g., separate kernel and OS per instance).

•Containers: Containers share the OS kernel of the host, making them

much lighter and faster to spin up. They are more scalable, allowing multiple
containers to run on a single VM or physical machine.

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Benefits of Containers
•Portability: Containers run consistently across different environments—
whether it’s a developer's laptop, an on-premise server, or a public cloud
platform.

•Isolation: Containers isolate applications, ensuring that they don’t

interfere with each other, enhancing security and reliability.

•Efficiency: Since containers are lightweight, they consume fewer

resources compared to VMs, allowing more applications to run on the same
hardware.

•Scalability: Containers can be scaled up or down rapidly based on

demand, enabling elastic cloud applications.

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Benefits of Containers
•Consistency: Containers ensure that the environment (OS, dependencies,
libraries) remains consistent across various stages, minimizing the "it works
on my machine" problem.

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Containers in cloud environment
 Cloud providers have integrated container support into their platforms to
provide seamless management and scaling. Major cloud platforms offer container
management services:

• Amazon Web Services (AWS): Provides services like Amazon Elastic

Container Service (ECS), Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS), and AWS Fargate
(serverless containers).

• Microsoft Azure: Offers Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS), Azure Container

Instances (ACI), and Azure Container Registry.

• Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Provides Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE),

Cloud Run (serverless containers), and Container Registry.

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Next generation Cloud Applications
•Microservices: Applications are built as a collection of loosely coupled,
independently deployable services. This enhances scalability, reliability, and
continuous deployment.

•Containers and Kubernetes: Containers (e.g., Docker) allow consistent

environments across development and production, while Kubernetes
orchestrates containerized applications at scale.

•Serverless Architectures: Serverless computing (e.g., AWS Lambda,

Azure Functions) abstracts infrastructure management, allowing developers
to focus on writing code while cloud providers handle the operational
complexity.

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Next generation Cloud Applications
•AI-Driven Features: Modern applications embed AI and ML models to provide
personalized recommendations, predictive analytics, natural language processing, and
automation.

•Cross-Cloud Compatibility: Applications are designed to be deployed across multiple

cloud environments (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud), preventing vendor lock-in and
optimizing cost and availability.

•CI/CD Pipelines: Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD)

pipelines are integrated into the cloud environment, ensuring faster delivery, testing, and
rollouts.

•Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Tools like Terraform and AWS CloudFormation allow the
automation of infrastructure provisioning and management, making cloud environments
more reproducible and scalable.

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