RAM CHAMELI CHADHA VISHVAS GIRLS COLLEGE
Meerut Road, Ghaziabad
PRACTICAL FILE
Subject: Data Base Management System (BCA-505)
Semester: BCA-3rd Year (5th Semester)
Submitted By : Submitted To :
Ms. Deepika Solanki Mrs. Shweta Sharma
Roll No.: 220953106011
## 1. **CREATE TABLE**
CREATE TABLE Students (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Age INT
);
## 2. **ALTER TABLE**
ALTER TABLE Students ADD Email VARCHAR(100);
## 3. **DROP TABLE**
DROP TABLE Students;
## 4. **INSERT INTO**
INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, FirstName, LastName, Age) VALUES (1, 'mohan', 'Doe',
20), (2, 'Deepika', 'Solanki', 22), (3, 'nisha', 'tyagi, 19),(4, 'riya', 'tyagi', 33);
## 5. **UPDATE**
UPDATE Students SET Age = 21 WHERE StudentID = 1;
## 6. **DELETE**
DELETE FROM Students WHERE StudentID = 1;
## 7. **SELECT**
SELECT * FROM Students;
## 8. **WHERE**
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > 18;
## 9. **DISTINCT**
SELECT DISTINCT Age FROM Students;
## 10. **SAVEPOINT**
SAVEPOINT sp1;
## 11. **SQL Operators**
### a) **AND**
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > 18 AND FirstName = 'John';
### b) **BETWEEN**
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age BETWEEN 18 AND 25;
## 12. **SET Operations**
### a) **UNION**
SELECT FirstName FROM Students UNION SELECT FirstName FROM Teachers;
### b) **INTERSECT**
SELECT FirstName FROM Students INTERSECT SELECT FirstName FROM Teachers;
## 13. **JOIN Operations**
### a) **CROSS JOIN**
SELECT * FROM Students CROSS JOIN Courses;
### b) **INNER JOIN**
SELECT * FROM Students INNER JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;
### c) **NATURAL JOIN**
SELECT * FROM Students NATURAL JOIN Courses;
### d) **OUTER JOIN (LEFT/RIGHT/FULL)**
- **LEFT JOIN**:
SELECT * FROM Students LEFT JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;
- **RIGHT JOIN**:
SELECT * FROM Students RIGHT JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;-
**FULL JOIN**:
SELECT * FROM Students FULL JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;
### e) **SELF JOIN**
SELECT A.StudentID, B.FirstName FROM Students A, Students B WHERE A.StudentID != B.StudentID;
### 14) **HELLO WORLD Program in PL/SQL. **
DECLARE
message varchar2(100):= 'Hello, World!';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
/
### 15.) ** Program to display Sum of Two
Numbers in PL/SQL. **
-- Declare a PL/SQL block
DECLARE
-- Declare variables
num1 NUMBER := 10; -- First number
num2 NUMBER := 20; -- Second number
sum NUMBER; -- Variable to store the result
BEGIN
-- Perform addition
sum := num1 + num2;
-- Display the result
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The sum of ' || num1 || ' and ' || num2 || ' is: ' || sum);
END;
/
### 16.) **Program to find the largest of three
numbers in PL/SQL. **
DECLARE
num1 NUMBER := 10;
num2 NUMBER := 25;
num3 NUMBER := 15;
largest NUMBER;
BEGIN
IF num1 > num2 AND num1 > num3 THEN
largest := num1;
ELSIF num2 > num3 THEN
largest := num2;
ELSE
largest := num3;
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The largest number is: ' || largest);
END;
/
### 17.) **Program to find a Factorial of a
Number (using a Loop). **
DECLARE
num NUMBER := 5;
factorial NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..num LOOP
factorial := factorial * i;
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The factorial of ' || num || ' is: ' || factorial);
END;
/
### 18.) **Program to display Fibonacci Series in
PL/SQL. **
DECLARE
n NUMBER := 5;
a NUMBER := 0;
b NUMBER := 1;
temp NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Fibonacci Series:');
FOR i IN 1..n LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a);
temp := a + b;
a := b;
b := temp;
END LOOP;
END;
/
### 19.) **Program to check if a Number is Prime in PL/SQL. **
DECLARE
num NUMBER := 17;
is_prime BOOLEAN := TRUE;
BEGIN
IF num <= 1 THEN
is_prime := FALSE;
ELSE
FOR i IN 2..FLOOR(SQRT(num)) LOOP
IF MOD(num, i) = 0 THEN
is_prime := FALSE;
EXIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
END IF;
IF is_prime THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(num || ' is a prime number.');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(num || ' is not a prime number.');
END IF;
END;
/
### 20.) **Program to demonstrate Exception
Handling in PL/SQL. **
DECLARE
divisor NUMBER := 0;
dividend NUMBER := 50;
result NUMBER;
BEGIN
BEGIN
result := dividend / divisor;
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Division by zero is not allowed.');
END;
END;
/
### 21.) **Program to use a Cursor to Retrieve
data from a Table.**
CREATE TABLE employees(
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
employee_name VARCHAR(50)
);
INSERT INTO employees VALUES(1,'Tanuja bharti');
INSERT INTO employees VALUES(2,'naina tyagi');
DECLARE
TYPE ref_cursor_type IS REF CURSOR;
cursor_variable ref_cursor_type;
emp_id employees.employee_id%TYPE;
emp_name employees.employee_name%TYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cursor_variable FOR'SELECT*FROM employees';
LOOP
FETCH cursor_variable INTO emp_id,emp_name;
EXIT WHEN cursor_variable%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID:'||emp_id||',Employee Name:'||emp_name);
END LOOP;
CLOSE cursor_variable;
END;
