INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Management
Management is the act of getting things done systematically to
achieve the goal of the organization by utilizing the available
resources of the organization efficiently and effectively.
Cont…
⚫ Management is the purposive activity of working with
others to achieve organizational goals effectively by
utlizing organizational resources which are limited.
⚫ It is a universal phenomenon.
⚫ All organizations require management for survival and
growth.
Cont…
⚫ Management is the essential pre-requisite of any
organization involving which task to be done, when to do,
how to do, which resources to be used facilitating for the
utilization of resources tactfully and ensure competencies.
⚫ It is inherent for goal achievement.
⚫ Human and non-human both types of resources play vital
role for proper management.
Cont…
⚫ Mary Parker Follet (1919) “ the art of getting things done
with and through people.”
⚫ Chester I. Barnard (1938) “getting things done through
people by making the efficient use of resources.”
⚫ Ricky W. Griffin (2012) “ Management is a set of
activities (including planning, organizing, leading and
controlling) directed at an organization’s resources
(human, financial, physical and information), with the aim
of achieving organizational goals effectively and
efficiently in a changing environment.
Concept of Business Management
⚫ Business is the organized activity which prioritizes on providing
goods or services to the customers or service seekers for earning
profit and maximizing wealth.
⚫ Profit/Wealth is the important element that reveals efficiency of
business.
⚫ Business management is the practice of managing business activities
that ensures efficiency of business and facilitates for the achievement
of desired results.
⚫ It involves planning, organizing , leading and controlling the
business activities which are related to human resource, operations,
strategy, technology and innovation, marketing and finance.
⚫ In addition, business management also acquires and allocates
resources most productively.
Cont…
⚫ To address the need of complexity that arise in business
environment, the importance of business management is
growing.
⚫ It concentrates its attention on sustainable progress,
growth of business and will always be accountable to
customers and other stakeholders.
⚫ Business management is a dynamic and goal oriented.
⚫ It adapts in such a manner that businesses change as per
change in expectation of environment and customers
residing in different corners of society.
Functions of Management
⚫ Planning(deciding in advance about what, how, when to do)
⚫ Organizing(structuring formal relationship of employees)
⚫ Staffing(right man at the right place/position)
⚫ Directing(providing direction and influencing behavior)
Supervision
Motivation
Communication
Co-ordination
❑ Controlling(Taking corrective action for actual performance)
❑ Budgeting( Financial estimates for revenue and expeditures)
❑ Reporting(providing feedback)
 Planning

Budgeting
Organizing

Management
Reporting Functions
Staffing
POSDCR
B
Controlling Directing
Characterstics/Essence/Nature of
Management
⚫ Universal and pervasive
⚫ Goal oriented
⚫ Continuous process
⚫ Multidimensional activity
⚫ Group activity
⚫ Dynamic function
⚫ Both a science and art
⚫ A profession
⚫ Multidisciplinary
Levels/Hierarchy of Management
⚫ Top level Management
Management practice adopted by top level managers
Most important and top level hierarchy in organizational
structure
Responsible for formulation of vision, mission, long term
goals, strategies of the organization
Controls and coordinates all departments
Provides guidance and direction to middle and lower level
management
Responsible for overall functions of management
Cont…
⚫ Middle level Management
Management practice adopted by middle level managers
Ensures effective coordination and communication
between top and lower level management by acting as
bridge
Responsible for carrying out departmental functions
effectively and efficiently
Gives more priority to organizing and directing functions
Cont…
⚫ Lower level management
Management practice adopted by lower level managers
Usually focused on execution and controlling functions
Guide and instruct workers for day to day activities
Provide information about the problems or issues of lower
level to the top management for timely address
Responsible for solving grievance of the workers
Motivate workers for efficiency
Types of Managers
Managers By Level
⚫ Top managers(Includes board of directors, chief executives, president, chief executive
directors,etc who are involved in providing long term direction to the organization)
⚫ Middle managers( Includes departmental heads, unit or division heads who act as bridge
between top and lower level managers and are engaged in organizing and directing functions
of management)
⚫ Lower level managers ( They include functional managers who are engaged in operational
natured jobs and come with direct contact with the workers and are responsible for quality
and quantity control issues, examples section officer, foreman, superintendent, etc)
Managers by nature of jobs
⚫ Generalist managers ( Managers not responsible to perform specialized tasks but are engaged
in formulation of long term plans and policies as per changing situation in multiple area of
operation)
⚫ Functional managers( Managers belonging to particular department to carry out specific
function in the organization )
⚫ Staff managers( Managers engaged in providing advices to the line and functional authorities
and are not directly connected to chain of command. They have advisory authority and also
support line and functional authorities in recruiting , selecting, training and compensating the
employees)
Managerial Roles and Skills
⚫ Interpersonal Roles
Figurehead role( greeting and receiving visitors, participating and inagurating)
Leader role(directing, motivating, staffing, controlling)
Laison role(maintaining networks outside the workplace who provide help and
information)
⚫ Informational Role(monitoring role, disseminator role and spokes person role)
Monitor role: Constantly observing and scanning internal and external factors
affecting the organization
Disseminator role: Constantly transmitting information regarding changes in
organizational policies or other matters to subordinates, peers and other members in
the organization
Spokes person role: Disseminating the organization’s information to the
environment
⚫ Decisional Role
Enterpreneurship role: Solving problems, generating new ideas and implementing
them and looking for new ways of doing business
Cont…
Disturbance handler role: Involvement in addressing
disputes, customer’s complains, employee grievances,
machine breakdowns, cash flow shortages,etc.
Resource allocator role: Involved in allocating resources
in best possible manner and establishing priorities among
various departments and units and making budgetary
allocations on organizational priorities
Negotiator role: Involvement in making negotiations on
work, performance, objectives, resources or anything else
influencing the unit.
Cont…
Managerial Skills
⚫ Technical Skills: Required to maximum degree for lower
level managers who have specific skills on specific area of
business
⚫ Human Skills: Required equally for all top, middle and
lower level managers in the organization.
⚫ Conceptual Skills: Required to maximum degree for top
level managers responsible for formulating long term
plans and policies and dealing with complex situations in
the changing environment
Cont…
Changing Jobs of managers (From
specialist to general Manager)
⚫ Managers today are promoted as general manager from
specialist manager in modern organizations when they gain
experience and possess confidence of managing overall
organization.
⚫ For example, successful finance professionals may be
promoted to general management position running entire
divisions.
⚫ Traditionally, managers with only hard skills were more
successful.
⚫ But in modern organizations, only hard skill is not sufficient
for success in managerial job, soft skills play crucial role.
Significance of changing job of
managers
⚫ Adapt as per Changing technology
⚫ Address and become alert to Changing Security threats
⚫ Increased emphasis on ethics
⚫ Increased competitiveness
⚫ Customer satisfaction
⚫ Innovative efforts
Emerging management issues and
challenges
⚫ Globalization
⚫ Environmental dynamism
⚫ Workforce diversity
⚫ Ethics and social responsibility
⚫ Empowerment of employees
⚫ Technological development
⚫ Innovation and change
⚫ Quality and productivity
⚫ Changing culture
⚫ Changing customer expectation
⚫ Knowledge management
Business Environment and Society
⚫ Business Environment is sum or collection of all internal and external
factors such as employees, customers needs and expectations, supply
and demand, management, clients, suppliers, owners, activities by
government, innovation in technology, social trends, market trends,
economic changes, etc.
⚫ Business environment helps in identifying business opportunities, tapping
useful resources, assists in planning, and improves the overall performance,
growth, and profitability of the business.
⚫ The internal factors are prevalant within the premises of the organization
which are controllable by the organizations.
⚫ The external factors exist outside the premises of the organization and are
uncontrollable by the organization.
⚫ The management of the organization should be able to cope with the social
needs of people residing in different corners of the society as every
organizations function in society.
External Environment
⚫ General Environment
⚫ Task Environment
Cont….
⚫ General environment
Political
Economic
Sociocultural
Technological
Legal
Cont…
⚫ Task Environment
Customer
Supplier
Competitor
Creditor/Financial institution
Distributor
Media
Government agencies
Pressure Groups
Strategic partners/Alliances
Analysis of environment using
Porter’s five forces model
⚫ Barriers to entry
⚫ Threat of substitutes
⚫ Buyers power
⚫ Bargaining power of suppliers
⚫ Competitive rivalry
Corporate Social Responsibility
⚫ Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept
whereby companies integrate social and environmental
concerns in their business operations and interactions with
their stakeholders.
⚫ Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a self-regulating
business model that helps a company be socially
accountable—to itself, its stakeholders, and the public.
⚫ Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a broad business
concept. It usually describes a company's commitment to carry
out their business in an ethical way.
Examples of corporate social
responsibility

⚫ environmental management, eg waste reduction and

sustainability
⚫ responsible sourcing, eg using only fair trade ingredients
⚫ improvement of working standards and conditions
⚫ contributing to educational and social programmes
⚫ employee volunteering
⚫ socially responsible investment
⚫ development of employee and community relations
Managerial Ethics
⚫ Management ethics is the ethical treatment of employees,
stockholders, owners and the public by a company.
⚫ Managerial ethics is a set of principles and rules dictated by
upper management that define what is right and what is wrong
in an organization.
⚫ Management ethics is philosophically related to moral conduct,
duty, and judgment of our managers.
⚫ The organization is a social system. Any unethical activities
may harm all the stakeholders of an organization. Hence, the
management of a business organization must be aware of the
significance of maintaining an ethical standards for its
existence and sustained growth.
Cont…