Department of Mathematics

School of Engineering and Technology

Lab Manual
for
Linear Algebra and Calculus using Python Programming
 24BTPHY102: LINEAR ALGEBRA USING PYTHON
PROGRAMMING

LIST OF PROGRAMS:
Lab 1: Find the rank of a matrix and solution of linear equations by Gauss
Seidel method.
Lab 2: Compute eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, and find the Dominant
Eigenvalues and corresponding Eigenvector by Rayleigh power method.
Lab 3: 2-D plots of cartesian and polar curves.
Lab 4: Finding angle between two polar curves.
Lab 5: Find the partial derivatives and Jacobians.
Lab 6: Evaluation of improper integrals.
Lab 7: Solution of First-order Linear Differential Equation and Exact
Differential Equation
Lab 8: Solution of second-order differential Equation
 PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Introduction: Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language
known for its simplicity and readability. It was created by Guido van Rossum and
first released in 1991. Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including
procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. It has become one of the
most popular programming languages, widely used for web development, data
science, artificial intelligence, automation, scripting, and more.
Key features of Python include:
1. Readability: Python's syntax is designed to be clear and readable, making
it easy for developers to write and maintain code.

2. Versatility: Python can be used for various applications, from simple scripts
to complex software development.

3. Large Standard Library: Python comes with a comprehensive standard

library that provides modules and packages for various tasks, reducing the
need for external dependencies.

4. Community Support: Python has a large and active community of

developers, which contributes to the availability of numerous third-party
libraries and frameworks.

5. Interpreted Language: Python is an interpreted language, meaning that

code can be executed directly without compilation. This makes development
and debugging more straightforward.

6. Cross-platform: Python is compatible with various operating systems,

including Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it a cross-platform
language.

Anaconda Navigator is a package manager, environment manager and python

distribution with a collection of 1500 + open-source package with free community
support.
Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web application that allows you to create and
share documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
It supports various programming languages, with Python being one of the most
widely used.

Basics of Python:
❖ To run the program → Shift + Enter
❖ Addition → +
❖ Subtraction → -
❖ Multiplication → *
❖ Division → / (Quotient as answer)
❖ Floor division → // (Quotient value without decimal as answer)
❖ Modulus → % (Remainder as answer)
❖ Absolute value → abs() (Returns the absolute value of a number)
❖ Round value → round() (function rounds a number to a specified
number of decimal places)
❖ Power value → ** or pow(base value, power value)
❖ math.sqrt(x) →Returns the square root of x.
❖ math.exp(x) →Returns the e raised to the power x.
❖ math.log(x, base) → Returns the logarithm of x to the given base. If the
base is not specified, it returns the natural logarithm.
❖ math.log10(x) →Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.
❖ math.factorial(x) → Returns the factorial of x.
❖ math.gcd(a, b) →Returns the greatest common divisor of a and b.

Solved examples:
2+7
9
9-2
7
7*7
49
7/2
3.5
 7//2
3
7%2
1
abs(-7)
7
round(3.6)
4
pow(2,3)
8
(or)
2**3
8
import math
math.sqrt(25)
5.0
import math
math.exp(2)
7.3890560
import math
math.log(1)
0.0
(or)
import math
math.log(4,2)
2
import math
math.factorial(3)
6
 import math
math.gcd(2,3)
1

Syntax for creating the matrix:

Syntax:
import numpy as np

# Creating a 3x3 matrix

matrix = np.array([
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
])

print(matrix)
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]]

Trigonometric Functions:
Syntax:
math.sin(x), math.cos(x), math.tan(x):
Returns the sine, cosine, and tangent of x, respectively.

Examples:
math.sin(0)
0
Differentiation:
Syntax:
from sympy import*
x,y=symbols(‘x,y’)
function=diff(function, independent variable)
display(function)
Example:
Differentiate 𝑓 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 w.r.t. x
Code:
from sympy import*
x,y=symbols('x,y')
function=diff(x**2+2*x, x)
display(function)
2x+2

Differential equations:
Syntax:
from sympy import*
init_printing()
x,y=symbols(‘x,y’)
y=Function(“y”)(x)
y1=Derivative(y,x)z1=dsolve(Eq(),y)
display(z1)

𝑑𝑦
Example: Solve 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 tan 𝑥 − 𝑦 3 sec 𝑥 = 0

Code:
from sympy import*
init_printing()
x,y=symbols('x,y')
y=Function("y")(x)
y1=Derivative(y,x)
z1=dsolve(Eq(y1+y*tan(x)-y**3*sec(x),0),y)
display(z1)

1 1
Output: 𝑦(𝑥) = −√𝐶 cos 𝑥 or 𝑦(𝑥) = √𝐶 cos 𝑥
1 −2 sin 𝑥 1 −2 sin 𝑥
Integrals:
Syntax:
from sympy import*
x,y=symbols(‘x,y’)
function=integrate(function, independent variable)
display(function)

Example: Integrate 𝑓 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
Code:
from sympy import*
x,y=symbols('x,y')
f=x**2+3*x
W1=integrate(f,x)
display(W1)
𝑥3 3𝑥 2
Output: 3
+ 2

Double and triple integral integration:

1 𝑥
Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Code:
from sympy import*
x,y,z=symbols('x,y,z')
f=x**2+y**2
W1=integrate(f, (y,0,x), (x,0,1))
display(W1)
Output: 1/3
Built-in commands for plotting the graphs in Python:
In Python, several libraries provide functionalities for plotting graphs and
visualizations. Two popular ones are Matplotlib and Seaborn. Below are some built-
in commands for plotting graphs using these libraries:
Matplotlib:

Line Plot:
Code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel('X-axis Label')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis Label')
plt.title('Line Plot')
plt.show()
Output:

How to use if conditions?

1. if statement — for implementing one-way branching
2. if..else statements —for implementing two-way branching

#Syntax:
if condition:
statements

# Check if the given number is positive

a=int(input("Enter an integer: "))
 if a>0:
print("Entered value is positive")
Enter an integer: 5
Entered value is positive

# Synatx:
# if condition:
#statements 1
# else:
# statements 2
# If condition is True- statements 1 will be executed
# otherwise- statements 2 will be executed
a=int(input("Enter an integer: "))
if a>0:
print("Number entered is positive")
else:
print("Number entered is negative")
Enter an integer: -5
Number entered is negative

While loop
• Is used to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given condition is
satisfied.
• When the condition is false, immediately after the loop in the program is
executed
• Syntax:
while expression:
statement(s)

count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(count)
count += 1
1
2
3
4
5

# Print multiplication table

n=int(input("Enter the number: "))
i=1
while(i<11):
print(n,'x',i,'=',n*i)
i=i+1
Enter the number: 2
2x1=2
2x2=4
2x3=6
2x4=8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
2 x 10 = 20

For loop
• are used for sequential traversal
• it falls under the category of definite iteration
• also used to access elements from a container (for example list,
string,tuple)using built-in function range()
• Syntax:
for variable_name in sequence :
statement_1
statement_2
....

The range() function

Syntax:

• range(a): Generates a sequence of numbers from 0 to a, excluding a,

incrementing by 1.
 • range(a,b): Generates a sequence of numbers from a to b excluding b,
incrementing by 1.
• range(a,b,c): Generates a sequence of numbers from a to b excluding b,
incrementing by c.
#Print numbers from 101 to 130 with a step length 2
excluding 130.
for i in range(101,130,2):
print(i)
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
# Sum of first n natural numbers
sum=0
n=int(input("Enter n: "))
for i in range(1,n+1): # i=1, sum=1; i=2, sum=3; ....
sum=sum+i
print("Sum of first ",n,"natural numbers = ",sum)
Enter n: 2
Sum of first 2 natural numbers = 1
Sum of first 2 natural numbers = 3
# Multiplication table
n=int(input("Enter the number"))
for i in range(1,11):
print(n,'x',i,'=',n*i)
Enter the number 2
2x1=2
2x2=4
2x3=6
2x4=8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
2 x 10 = 20
Lab1: Find the rank of a matrix and solution of linear
equations by Gauss seidel method
Use python
1. To find Rank of the matrix
2. To check whether the given system is diagonally dominant or not.
3. To find the solution if the system is diagonally dominant.

Rank of the matrix:

2 −1 −3 −1
1 2 3 1
1. Find the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [ ]
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
Code:
#Rank of a matrix
import numpy as np
from scipy . linalg import null_space
# Define a linear transformation interms of matrix
A = np . array ([[2, -1, -3, -1], [1 , 2 , 3, -1], [1 , 0 ,
1, 1], [0, 1, 1, -1]])
# Find the rank of the matrix A
rank = np . linalg . matrix_rank ( A )
print (" Rank of the matrix ", rank )
Output:
Rank of the matrix 3
0 1 −3 −1
1 0 1 1
2. Find the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [ ]
3 1 0 2
1 1 −2 0
Code:
#Rank of a matrix
import numpy as np
from scipy . linalg import null_space
# Define a linear transformation interms of matrix
A = np . array ([[0, 1, -3, -1], [1 , 0 , 1, 1], [3 , 1 ,
0, 2], [1, 1, -2, 0]])
# Find the rank of the matrix A
 rank = np . linalg . matrix_rank ( A )
print (" Rank of the matrix ", rank )
Output:
Rank of the matrix 2

Exercise:
0 2 3 4
3. Find the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [2 3 5 4]
4 8 13 12
4 0 2 1
4 1 3 4
4. Find the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [ ]
2 3 4 7
2 3 1 4

Gauss-Seidel method:

Gauss-Seidel method is an iterative method to solve a system of linear equations.

The method works if the system is diagonally dominant. That is |𝑎𝑖𝑗 | ≥ ∑𝑖≠𝑗 |𝑎𝑖𝑗 |
for all 𝑖′𝑠
5. Solve the system of equations using the Gauss-Seidel method:
20𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 17; 3𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 𝑧 = −18; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 25.
Code:
#Gauss Seidel
f1 = lambda x ,y , z: ( 17-y+2*z )/20
f2 = lambda x ,y , z: (-18-3*x+z )/20
f3 = lambda x ,y , z: ( 25-2*x+3*y )/20
# Initial setup
x0 = 0
y0 = 0
z0 = 0
count = 1
# Reading tolerable error
e = float ( input ('Enter tolerable error : ') )
# Implementation of Gauss Seidel Iteration
print ('\n Count \tx\ty\tz\n')
condition = True
while condition :
x1 = f1 ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
 y1 = f2 ( x1 , y0 , z0 )
z1 = f3 ( x1 , y1 , z0 )
print ('%d\t%0.4f\t%0.4f\t%0.4f\n' %( count , x1 ,
y1 , z1 ) )
e1 = abs ( x0-x1 ) ;
e2 = abs ( y0-y1 ) ;
e3 = abs ( z0-z1 ) ;
count += 1
x0 = x1
y0 = y1
z0 = z1
condition = e1>e and e2>e and e3>e
print ('\n Solution : x=%0.3f , y=%0.3f and z = %0.3f\
n'% ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) )

Enter tolerable error : 0.001

Count x y z

1 0.8500 -1.0275 1.0109

2 1.0025 -0.9998 0.9998

3 1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

Solution : x=1.000 , y=-1.000 and z = 1.000

6. Solve 10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12; 𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 12 by Gauss

-Seidel Iteration method.
Code:
# Gauss Seidel Iteration
f1 = lambda x ,y , z: ( 12-y-z )/10
f2 = lambda x ,y , z: ( 12-x-z )/10
f3 = lambda x ,y , z: ( 12-x-y )/10
x0,y0,z0 = 0,0,0
# Reading tolerable error
e = float ( input ('Enter tolerable error : ') )
print ('\t Iteration \t x\t y\t z\n')
for i in range (0 , 25 ):
 x1 = f1 ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
y1 = f2 ( x1 , y0 , z0 )
z1 = f3 ( x1 , y1 , z0 )
# Printing the values of x, y, z in ith iteration
print ('%d\t%0.4f\t%0.4f\t%0.4f\n' %(i , x1 , y1 ,
z1 ) )
e1 = abs ( x0 - x1 ) ;
e2 = abs ( y0 - y1 ) ;
e3 = abs ( z0 - z1 ) ;
x0 = x1
y0 = y1
z0 = z1
if e1>e and e2>e and e3>e:
continue
else :
break
print ('\n Solution : x=%0.3f , y=%0.3f and z =
%0.3f\n'% ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) )

Enter tolerable error : 0.001

Iteration x y z

0 1.2000 1.0800 0.9720

1 0.9948 1.0033 1.0002

2 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000

Solution : x=1.000 , y=1.000 and z = 1.000

Exercise:
7. Solve the system of equations using the Gauss-Seidel method:
10𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9; 𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 𝑧 = −22; −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 22.
8. Solve the system of equations using the Gauss-Seidel method:
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 20.
Lab 2: Compute Eigen values and Eigen vectors, find the
Dominant Eigen values and corresponding Eigen vector by
Rayleigh power method.
Use python
1. To find dominant and corresponding eigenvector by Rayleigh power
method.

Syntax for the commands used:

• np.linalg.eig(A): Compute the eigenvalues and right eigenvectors of a
square array
np.linalg.eig(A)

• np.linalg.eigvals(A): Computes the eigenvalues of a non-symmetric array.

• np.array(parameter): Creates ndarray
np.array([[1,2,3]]) is a one-dimensional array
np.array([[1,2,3,6],[3,4,5,8],[2,5,6,1]]) is a multi-dimensional array

Largest eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector by Rayleigh method:

For a given Matrix A and initial eigenvector X0, the power method goes as follows:
Consider AX0 take the largest numbers say λ1 from the column vector, and write
𝐴𝑋 = 𝜆1 𝑋1. At this stage, λ1 is the approximate eigenvalue and X1 will be the
corresponding eigenvector. Now multiply the Matrix A with X1 and continue the
iteration. This method is going to give the dominant eigenvalue of the Matrix
1. Find the largest eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of matrix
2 0 1
[0 2 0] by Rayleigh’s Power Method
1 0 2
Code:
#eigenvector by Rayleigh method
import numpy as np
def normalize ( x ):
 fac = abs( x ) .max ()
x_n = x / x .max ()
return fac , x_n
x = np . array ([1 , 0 , 0])
a = np . array ([[2, 0, 1 ],[0 ,2 , 0],[1 ,0 , 2]])
for i in range ( 10 ):
x = np .dot(a , x )
lambda_1 , x = normalize ( x )
print (' Eigenvalue :', lambda_1 )
print (' Eigenvector :', x )
Output:

Eigenvalue : 2.9998983946352364

Eigenvector : [1. 0. 0.99996613]

2. Find the largest eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of matrix

4 1 −1
[ 2 3 −1] by taking the initial eigen vector as [1, 0.8, −0.8]𝑇
−2 1 5
Code:
#eigenvector by Rayleigh method
import numpy as np
def normalize ( x ):
fac = abs( x ) .max ()
x_n = x / x .max ()
return fac , x_n
x = np . array ([1, 0.8 , -0.8])
a = np . array ([[4 ,1 , -1 ],[2 ,3, -1],[-2 ,1 , 5]])
for i in range ( 10 ):
x = np .dot(a , x )
lambda_1 , x = normalize ( x )
print (' Eigenvalue :', lambda_1 )
print (' Eigenvector :', x )
Output:

Eigenvalue : 5.999977420010387
Eigenvector : [ 1. 0.99999624 -0.99999624]
Exercise:
3. Find the largest eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of matrix
10 2 1
[ 2 10 1 ] by taking the initial eigen vector as [0, 0, 1]𝑇
2 1 10
4. Find the largest eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of matrix
2 −1 0
[−1 2 −1] by taking the initial eigen vector as [1, 1, 1]𝑇 .
0 −1 2
Lab 3: 2-D plots of cartesian and polar curves.
Use python
1. to plot Cartesian curves.
2. to plot polar curves.
Syntax for the commands used:

• Plot y versus x as lines and or markers using default line style, color, and
other customizations.
plot(x, y, color='green', marker='o',
linestyle='dashed',linewidth=2,markersize=12)

• A scatter plot of y versus x with varying marker size and/or color.

scatter(x_axis_data, y_axis_data, s=None,
c=None, marker=None, cmap=None,vmin=None,
vmax=None,alpha=None,
linewidths=None,edgecolors=None)
• Return num evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval [start, stop].
The endpoint of the interval can optionally be excluded
numpy.linspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True,
retstep=False,dtype=None, axis=0)

• Return evenly spaced values within a given interval. arange can be called
with a varying number of positional arguments
numpy.arange([start, ]stop, [step,]dtype=None,
*, like=None)

1. Plotting points (Scattered plot)

Code:
# importing the required module
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = [1,2,3,4,6,7,8] # x axis values
 y = [2,7,9,1,5,10,3] # corresponding y axis values
plt.scatter(x, y) # plotting the points
plt.xlabel('x- axis') # naming the x axis
plt.ylabel('y- axis') # naming the y axis
plt.title('Scatter points') # giving a title to my graph
plt.show() # function to show the plot

Output:

2. Plotting a line (Line plot)

Code:
# importing the required module
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = [1,2,3,4,6,7,8] # x axis values
y = [2,7,9,1,5,10,3] # corresponding y axis values
plt.plot(x, y, 'r+--') # plotting the points
plt.xlabel('x- axis') # naming the x axis
plt.ylabel('y- axis') # naming the y axis
plt.title('My first graph!') # giving a title to my graph
plt.show() # function to show the plot
Output:

Functions
3. Exponential curve, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
Code:
# importing the required modules
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.001)
y = np.exp(x) # Exponential function
plt.plot(x,y) # plotting the points
plt.title("Exponential curve ") # giving a title to the
graph
plt.grid() # displaying the grid
plt.show() # shows the plot
Output:

4. Sine and Cosine curves

Code:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.001)
y1 = np.sin(x)
y2=np.cos(x)
plt.plot(x,y1,x,y2)
plt.title("sine curve and cosine curve")
plt.xlabel("Values of x")
plt.ylabel("Values of sin(x) and cos(x) ")
plt.grid()
plt.show()
Output:

Implicit Function:
5. Strophoid: 𝑦 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥), 𝑎 > 0
Code:
from sympy import *
x, y = symbols('x y')
p3= plot_implicit(Eq((y**2)*(2-x), (x**2)*(2+x)), (x,-5, 5), (y,-5, 5),
title= 'Strophoid: $y^2 (a-x)=x^2 (a+x), a> 0$') # a=2

Exercise:

6. Plot the graph Circle:𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5

7. Plot the graph Lemniscate: 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
Polar Curves
The matplotlib.pyplot.polar() function in the pyplot module of matplotlib python
library is used to plot the curves in polar coordinates.

Syntax:
matplotlib.pyplot.polar(theta, r, **kwargs)

• Theta: This is the angle at which we want to draw the curve.

• r: It is the distance.

8. Cardioid: 𝑟 = 5(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

Code:
#Plot cardioid r=5(1+cos theta)
from pylab import *
theta=linspace(0,2*np.pi,1000)
r1=5+5*cos(theta)
polar(theta,r1,'r')
show()
Output:

Exercise:
9. Four leaved Rose: 𝑟 = 2|cos(2𝑥)|
10. Limacon: 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Lab 4: Finding angle between two polar curves.
Use python
1. To find angle between two polar curves.

Syntax for the commands used:

• diff()
diff(function,variable)

• solve()
This line solves the equation, finding the points of intersection between the
two curves.

• syntax of Substitute: subs()

Angle between two polar curves:

𝑑𝜃
Angle between radius vector and tangent is given by 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

If 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑1 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑1 are angle between radius vector and tangent of two curves then
|𝜑1 − 𝜑2 | is the angle between two curves at the point of intersection.
1. Find the angle between the curves 𝑟 = 4(1 + cos 𝑡) and 𝑟 = 5(1 − cos 𝑡).
Code:
from sympy import *
r,t =symbols('r,t')

r1=4* (1+cos(t));
r2=5* (1-cos(t));
dr1=diff(r1,t)
dr2=diff(r2,t)
t1=r1/dr1
t2=r2/dr2
q=solve(r1-r2,t)
w1=t1.subs({t:float(q[1])})
w2=t2.subs({t:float(q[1])})
 y1=atan(w1)
y2=atan(w2)
w=abs(y1-y2)
print('Angle between curves in radians is %0.3f'%(w))

Output
Angle between curves in radians is 1.571
2. Find the angle between the curves 𝑟 = 4 cos 𝑡 and 𝑟 = 5 sin 𝑡.
Code:
from sympy import *
r,t =symbols('r,t')
r1=4*(cos(t));
r2=5*(sin(t));
dr1=diff(r1,t)
dr2=diff(r2,t)
t1=r1/dr1
t2=r2/dr2
q=solve(r1-r2,t)
w1=t1.subs({t:float(q[0])})
w2=t2.subs({t:float(q[0])})
y1=atan(w1)
y2=atan(w2)
w=abs(y1-y2)
print('Angle between curves in radians is
%0.4f'%float(w))

Output
Angle between curves in radians is 1.5708

Exercise:
3. Find the angle between the radius vector and tangent to the following polar
𝑎
curves 𝑟 = 𝑎𝜃 and 𝑟 = 𝜃
4. Find the angle between the radius vector and tangent to the
following polar curves 𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃 and 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃
Lab 5: Find the partial derivatives and Jacobians.
Use python
1. to find partial derivatives of functions of several variables.
2. to find Jacobian of function of two and three variables.

Syntax for the commands used:

• To create a matrix:
Matrix([[row1],[row2],[row3]....[rown]])
Ex: A 3×3 matrix can be defined as a
Matrix([[a11,a12,a13],[a21,a22,a23],[a31, a32 a33]])

• Evaluate the determinant of a matrix M:

Determinant(M)
det(M)

• If a function is of two or more than two independent variables then it

differentiates the function partially w.r.t variable.
If 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) then,
𝜕𝑢
➢ 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑢, 𝑥)
𝜕𝑢
➢ 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑢, 𝑦)
𝜕2 𝑢
➢ = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑢, 𝑥, 𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 2
2
𝜕 𝑢
➢ 𝜕𝑦 2
= 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑢, 𝑦, 𝑦)

1. Prove that Mixed partial derivatives 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦𝑥 for 𝑢 = e𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 −

𝑦 sin 𝑦).

Code:
from sympy import *
x,y =symbols('x y')
u=exp(x)*(x*cos(y)-y*sin(y))
dux=diff(u,x)
 duy=diff(u,y)
duxy=diff(dux,y)
duyx=diff(duy,x)
if duxy==duyx:
print('Mixed partial derivatives are equal')
else:
print('Mixed partial derivatives are not equal')

Output:
Mixed partial derivatives are equal.

2. Prove that 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦) then 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0.

Code:
from sympy import *
x,y =symbols('x y')
u=exp(x)*(x*cos(y)-y*sin(y))
display(u)
dux=diff(u,x)
duy=diff(u,y)
uxx=diff(dux,x)
uyy=diff(duy,y)
w=uxx+uyy
w1=simplify(w)
print('Ans:',float(w1))

Output:
𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑥 cos(𝑦) − 𝑦 sin(𝑦)), Ans 0.
𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥
3. If 𝑢 = 𝑧
,𝑣 = 𝑥
,𝑤 = 𝑦
then prove that 𝐽 = 4.

Code:
from sympy import *
x,y,z=symbols('x,y,z')
u=x*y/z
v=y*z/x
w=z*x/y
 dux=diff(u,x)
duy=diff(u,y)
duz=diff(u,z)

dvx=diff(v,x)
dvy=diff(v,y)
dvz=diff(v,z)

dwx=diff(w,x)
dwy=diff(w,y)
dwz=diff(w,z)
J=Matrix([[dux,duy,duz],[dvx,dvy,dvz],[dwx,dwy,dwz]])
;

print("The Jacobian matrix is \n")

display(J)

# Find the determinat of Jacobian Matrix

Jac=det(J).doit()
print('\n\n J = ', Jac)

Output:
The Jacobian matrix is
𝑦 𝑥 −𝑥𝑦
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2
−𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑧 −𝑥𝑧 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦

J=4

4. 𝑋 = 𝜌 ∗ cos(ϕ) ∗ sin(𝜃), 𝑌 = 𝜌 ∗ cos(𝜙) ∗ cos(𝜃), 𝑍 = 𝜌 ∗ sin(𝜙) then

𝜕(𝑋,𝑌,𝑍)
find 𝜕(𝜌,𝜙,𝜃).

Code:
 from sympy import *
from sympy.abc import rho, phi, theta

X=rho*cos(phi)*sin(theta);
Y=rho*cos(phi)*cos(theta);
Z=rho*sin(phi);

dx=Derivative(X,rho).doit()
dy=Derivative(Y,rho).doit()
dz=Derivative(Z,rho).doit()
dx1=Derivative(X,phi).doit();
dy1=Derivative(Y,phi).doit();
dz1=Derivative(Z,phi).doit()
dx2=Derivative(X,theta).doit()
dy2=Derivative(Y,theta).doit();
dz2=Derivative(Z,theta).doit();

J=Matrix([[dx,dy,dz],[dx1,dy1,dz1],[dx2,dy2,dz2]]);
print('The Jacobian matrix is ')
display(J)

print('\n\n J = \n')
display(simplify(Determinant(J).doit()))

Output:
The Jacobian matrix is
sin (θ)cos (𝜑) cos (𝜑)cos (𝜃) sin (𝜑)
−ρ sin(𝜑) sin (𝜃) −ρsin (φ)cos (𝜃) ρcos (𝜑)
ρcos(𝜑) cos (𝜃) −ρ sin(𝜃) cos (𝜑) 0

𝐽 = 𝜌2 cos (𝜑)
Exercise:
𝑦 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
1. If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 ). Verify that 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
2. If 𝑢 = log ( ). Show that 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 = 1.
𝑥+𝑦
 3. If 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣𝑤 and 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤 find Jacobian of
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤.
4. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑧 3 , 𝑣 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 and 𝑤 = 2𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 find
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
𝑎𝑡 (−2, −2,1).
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

Lab 6: Evaluation of improper integrals

Use python
1. to evaluate improper integrals

Syntax for the commands used:

• Data pretty printer in Python:
pprint()

• Integrate:
integrate(function,(variable, min_limit, max_limit))

Note: We can evaluate improper integral involving infinity by using 𝑖𝑛𝑓.

∞
1. Evaluate ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Code:
from sympy import *
x=symbols('x')
w1=integrate(exp(-x),(x,0,float('inf')))
print(simplify(w1))
Output:
1
𝜋
2. Evaluate ∫02 sin7 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Code:
from sympy import *
x=symbols('x')
w1=integrate(sin(x)**7,(x,0,float(pi/2)))
 print(simplify(w1))
Output:
0.457142857142857

𝜋
3. Evaluate ∫02 sin9 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Code:
from sympy import *
x=symbols('x')
w1=integrate(sin(x)**9,(x,0,float(pi/2)))
print(simplify(w1))

Output:
0.406349206349206
𝜋
4. Evaluate ∫02 sin6 (𝑥) cos 4(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Code:
from sympy import *
x=symbols('x')
w1=integrate(sin(x)**6 *
cos(x)**4,(x,0,float(pi/2)))
print(simplify(w1))

Output:
0.0184077694546277

Exercise:
∞ 𝑥2
5. Evaluate ∫0 (1+𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥.
2𝜋
6. Evaluate ∫0 cos4(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋
7. Evaluate ∫02 cos 5(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
 𝜋
8. Evaluate ∫0 sin8(𝑥) cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Lab 7: Solution of First-order Linear Differential Equation

and Exact Differential Equation
Use python
1. to find solution to the linear differential equation
2. to find the solution of the exact differential equation

Linear Differential Equation

The syntax for the commands used:

• sympy: This imports all functions and classes from the `sympy` library. This
is generally not recommended for larger projects due to namespace
pollution, but it can be convenient for small scripts or interactive sessions.
• Define the symbols: The symbols function creates symbolic variables `x`
and `y`. These symbols can be used to define mathematical expressions and
equations.
• Function("y")(x): Here, Function ("y") creates a symbolic function y, and
(x) indicates that y is a function of the variable x. Now, y represents 𝑦(𝑥).
• Eq(…., 0): This creates a symbolic equation
• dsolve(..., y): This function attempts to solve the differential equation for y.
• display(): This function displays the result nicely formatted.
𝑑𝑦 2
1. Solve 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥3
Code:
from sympy import *

# Define the variables and function

x = symbols('x')
y = Function('y')(x)

# Define the differential equation

diff_eq = Eq(y.diff(x) + (2/x)*y, x**3)

# Display the differential equation

 print("Differential Equation:")
display(diff_eq)

# Solve the differential equation

solution = dsolve(diff_eq, y)

# Display the general solution

print("General Solution:")
display(solution)

Output:

Differential Equation:

𝑑 2𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) + 𝑥
= 𝑥3

General Solution:

𝑥6
𝐶1 +
6
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 2
2. Solve + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Code:
from sympy import *

# Define the variables and function

x = symbols('x')
y = Function('y')(x)

# Define the differential equation

diff_eq = Eq(y.diff(x) + (2/x)*y, x*log(x))

# Display the differential equation

print("Differential Equation:")
display(diff_eq)

# Solve the differential equation

solution = dsolve(diff_eq, y)
 # Display the general solution
print("General Solution:")
display(solution)

Output:

Differential Equation:

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦(𝑥)
𝑦(𝑥) + = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

General Solution:

𝑐1 +𝑥 4 (4 log(𝑥)−1)
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥2

Exercise:
𝑑𝑦
1. Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

Exact Differential Equation:

1. Solve (2xy + 3y)dx + (x 2 + 3x)dy = 0

Code:
from sympy import *

# Define the variables

x, y = symbols('x y')

# Define M and N
M = 2*x*y + 3*y
N = x**2 + 3*x

# Check for exactness

exact_condition = diff(M, y) == diff(N, x)

if exact_condition:
print("The given equation is exact.")
 # Find the potential function
f_x = integrate(M, x) + integrate(N - diff(integrate(M,
x), y), y)

print("The potential function is:", f_x)

# Find the solution by setting f(x, y) equal to a

constant
C = symbols('C')
solution = Eq(f_x, C)

print("The solution is:", solution)

else:
print("The given equation is not exact.")

Output:

The given equation is exact.

The potential function is: x**2*y + 3*x*y
The solution is: Eq(x**2*y + 3*x*y, C)

2. Solve (ey + 1)cos(x)dx + ey sin(x)dy = 0

Code:
from sympy import *

# Define the variables

x, y = symbols('x y')

# Define M and N
M = (exp(y) + 1) * cos(x)
N = exp(y) * sin(x)

# Check for exactness

exact_condition = diff(M, y) == diff(N, x)

if exact_condition:
print("The given equation is exact.")
 # Find the potential function
f_x = integrate(M, x) + integrate(N - diff(integrate(M,
x), y), y)

print("The potential function is:", f_x)

# Find the solution by setting f(x, y) equal to a

constant
C = symbols('C')
solution = Eq(f_x, C)

print("The solution is:", solution)

else:
print("The given equation is not exact.")

Output:

The given equation is exact.

The potential function is: (exp(y) + 1)*sin(x)
The solution is: Eq((exp(y) + 1)*sin(x), C)

Exercise:

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑎𝑦
1. Solve 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎𝑥−𝑦2
𝑦
2. Solve (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
Lab 8: Solution of second-order differential Equation
A second-order differential equation is defined as
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑃(𝑋), 𝑄(𝑥), and 𝑓(𝑥) are functions of 𝑥.

When 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, the equation is called a homogenous second-order differential

equation Otherwise, the second-order differential equation is non-homogenous.

1. Solve (𝐷 2 − 6𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 3𝑒 −4𝑥

Code:
 from sympy import *
# Define the variables
x = symbols('x')
y = Function('y')(x)

# Define the differential operators

D2 = y.diff(x, 2)
D1 = y.diff(x)

# Define the differential equation

lhs = D2 -6*D1 + 9*y
rhs = 3*exp(-4*x)
diff_eq = Eq(lhs, rhs)

# Solve the differential equation

solution = dsolve(diff_eq, y)

# Display the solution

print("The solution to the differential equation is:")
solution

Output:
The solution to the differential equation is:
3𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 3𝑥 +
49

2. Solve (𝐷 3 + 𝐷 2 + 𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥+4

Code:
from sympy import *

# Define the variables

x = symbols('x')
y = Function('y')(x)

# Define the differential operator

D3 = y.diff(x, 3)
D2 = y.diff(x, 2)
 D1 = y.diff(x)

# Define the differential equation

lhs = D3 + D2 + D1 + y
rhs = exp(3*x + 4)
diff_eq = Eq(lhs, rhs)

# Solve the differential equation

solution = dsolve(diff_eq, y)

# Display the solution

print("The solution to the differential equation is:")
solution

Output:
The solution to the differential equation is:

𝑒 3𝑥 + 4
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) +
40
3. Solve (𝐷 3 − 1)𝑦 = 3 cos 2𝑥
from sympy import *

# Define the variables

x = symbols('x')
y = Function('y')(x)

# Define the differential operator

D3 = y.diff(x, 3)
D2 = y.diff(x, 2)
D1 = y.diff(x)

# Define the differential equation

lhs = D3 + D2 + D1 + y
rhs = exp(3*x + 4)
diff_eq = Eq(lhs, rhs)

# Solve the differential equation

solution = dsolve(diff_eq, y)
 # Display the solution
print("The solution to the differential equation is:")
solution

Output:
The solution to the differential equation is:

√3𝑥 √3𝑥 −𝑥 24 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) 3 cos (2𝑥)

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + (𝐶1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )) 𝑒 2 − −
2 2 65 65

Exercise:

1. Solve (4𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 4

2. Solve (𝐷 2 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥