INTRODUCTION TO
FUZZY LOGIC,
CLASSICAL SETS AND
FUZZY SETS
FUZZY LOGIC
• Fuzzy logic is the logic underlying approximate,
rather than exact, modes of reasoning.
• It is an extension of multivalued logic: Everything
including truth, is a matter of degree.
• It contains as special cases, not only the
classical two valued logic and multivalued logic
systems, but also probabilistic logic.
• A proposition p has a truth value:
• 0 or 1 in two – value system
• Element of a set T in multivalue system
• Range over the fuzzy subsets of T in fuzzy
logic.
FUZZY LOGIC
• Boolean logic uses sharp distinctions.
• Fuzzy logic reflects how people think.
• Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles for
knowledge representation and reasoning based on
degrees of membership.
TYPES AND MODELING OF UNCERTAINTY
FUZZY vs PROBABILITY
Fuzzy ≠ Probability
Probability deals withuncertainty anlikelihood
Fuzzy logic deals withambiguity anvagueness
NEED OF FUZZY LOGIC
Based on intuition and judgment.
No need for a mathematical model.
Provides a smooth transition between members and nonmembers.
Relatively simple, fast and adaptive.
Less sensitive to system fluctuations.
Can implement design objectives, difficult to express
mathematically, in linguistic or descriptive rules.
CLASSICAL SETS (CRISP SETS)
Conventional or crisp sets are Binary. An element either belongs to the
set or does not.
{True, False}
{1, 0}
CRISP SETS
OPERATIONS ON CRISP SETS
UNION:
INTERSECTION:
COMPLEMENT:
DIFFERENCE:
PROPERTIES OF CRISP SETS
The various properties of crisp sets are as follows:
FUZZY SETS
Fuzzy Sets
• Fuzzy sets may be viewed as an extension and generalization of the basic
concepts of crisp sets.
• A fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership between 1 and 0.
• The membership in a fuzzy set need not be complete, i.e., member of
one fuzzy set can also be member of other fuzzy sets in the same
universe.
• A fuzzy set A in the universe of discourse U can be defined as a set of
ordered pairs and it is given by:
• Where μA(x) is the degree of membership of x in A and it indicates the
degree that x belongs to A.
• The degree of membership μA(x) assumes values in the range from 0 to
1, i.e., the membership is set to unit interval [0, I] or μA(x) ϵ [0, 1].
Fuzzy Sets
• When the universe of discourse U is discrete and finite, fuzzy set A is
given as follows:
• Where “n” is a finite value.
• When the universe of discourse U is continuous and infinite, fuzzy set A
is given as follows:
• A fuzzy set is universal fuzzy set if and only if the value of the
membership function is 1 for all the members under consideration.
• Any fuzzy set A defined on a universe U is a subset of that universe.
• Two fuzzy sets A and B are said to be equal fuzzy sets if μA(x) = μB(x) for
all x ϵ U.
• A fuzzy set A is said to be empty fuzzy set if and only if the value of the
membership function is 0 for all possible members considered.
• The universal fuzzy set can also be called whole fuzzy set.
• The collection of all fuzzy sets and fuzzy subsets on universe U is called
fuzzy power set P(U).
• Since all the fuzzy· sets can overlap, the cardinality of the fuzzy power
set, nP(U) is infinite.
OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS
MORE OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS
• Algebraic Sum: The algebraic sum (A+B) of fuzzy sets A and B is defined as:
• Algebraic Product: The algebraic product (A.B) of two fuzzy sets A and B is defined
as:
• Bounded Sum: The bounded sum (A Ꚛ B) of two fuzzy sets A and B is defined as:
• Bounded Difference: The bounded difference (A ʘ B) of two fuzzy sets A and B is
defined as:
PROPERTIES OF FUZZY SETS
Except for the law of excluded middle and law of contradiction.
That is, for fuzzy set A
SUMMARY
This chapter discussed the basic concepts of fuzzylogic.
An introduction to crisp sets and fuzzy sets has been included.
The operations and properties of crisp sets and fuzzy sets are also
dealt with.
