Week 7 – Handout 1

Declarative Knowledge:

Introduction to Database
 Distinct
 Where Clause
 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison Operators

Functional Knowledge:

 Explain the Data Query Language.

 Create database and use the syntax of Data Query

Language. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO):

 Apply and use MySQL syntax of Data Query Language

INTRODUCTION

Last topic, we discussed the Select Statements as part of Data Manipulation Language
(DML). Though it is part of DML, it can only access data and cannot manipulate it, therefore it
is called Data Query Language (DQL), a limited form of DML.

Select Statements, as stated, can retrieve data from the database. If there are a lot of
similar value and need to fetch the unique value only, the Select Distinct should be use.

On this topic, Select Distinct will be introduced.

Select Distinct Statement

Select Distinct used to retrieve values of all rows that are different from the
specified column. This will ignore duplicate values on the column and only list the
different.

Syntax for Select Distinct

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;

Sample:

SELECT DISTINCT sectionId

FROM tblStudentSection;

In this command, it will show all the different value of the column sectionId and will not
list the duplicate values.
If you want to count the number of distinct values, run this command:

SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT sectionId)

FROM tblStudentSection;

Where Clause.

The SQL Where Clause is used to filter the rows that will be displayed. Using this clause,
it will obtain and display all the rows that satisfied the stated condition.

Syntax with WHERE Clause

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

Sample:

SELECT description

FROM tblItems

WHERE itemName = ‘palmolive’;

In this sample, all values of column description with valued “palmolive” of column
itemName will only displayed.

Notice that palmolive has single quote in between since the value is text. But when the
value is numeric, it is not needed to include in between single quotes.

Comparison Operators

From the above examples, where clause use equals =, a mathematical symbol to
describe the condition. In MySQL, it is one of the Comparison Operators.

The following are the list of Comparison Operators that can be used in condition.
 Operator Description

= Equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

<> Not equal

!= Not equal

Sample:

SELECT * FROM tblSales where price <= 5000;

In this example, it will show all the records in tblSales as long as the column price has
values from 5000 and below.

Arithmetic Operators

The Arithmetic Operators are used to perform Arithmetic operations on column data.

The following are the list of Arithmetic Operators that can be used in the SELECT,

WHERE,
and ORDER BY clauses.

Operator Description

+ Add

- Subtract

* Multiply

/ Divide

% Modulo

Sample:

SELECT itemName, price * quantity As ‘Total Cost’

FROM tblSales;
References:

w3schools, “MySQL WHERE Clause”, [Online]. Available:

https://www.w3schools.com/mysql/mysql_where.asp. [Accessed: 30-January-2023]

edtechbooks, “Arithmetic Operators”, [Online]. Available:

https://edtechbooks.org/learning_mysql/14_arithmetic_operat. [Accessed: 30-January- 2023].

tutorialgateway, “MySQL Arithmetic Operators”, [Online]. Available:

https://www.tutorialgateway.org/mysql-arithmetic-operators/. [Accessed: 30-January-
2023].
 Week 8-9 – Handout 1
Declarative Knowledge:

Overview of Database Models

 Logical Operators
 Aggregate Functions

Functional Knowledge:

 Enumerate and explain Logical Operators and Aggregate Functions.

 Create database and use the syntax of Logical Operators and Aggregate Functions.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO):

 Apply and use MySQL syntax of Logical Operators and Aggregate Functions.

INTRODUCTION TO LOGICAL OPERATORS

We already know that if you need to display specific records, you need to put a
condition on Where Clause. But what if there are more than one conditions to satisfy, can it be
done in MySQL?

In this topic, we will discuss different Logical Operators. Logical Operators are used to
combine two or more condition. It is used to check whether the condition is TRUE, FALSE or
UNKNOWN.

There are three Logical Operators in MySQL. They are AND, OR and NOT.

AND, OR and NOT Logical

Operators Logical AND

Operator

The AND operator will compare two conditions and display records of a table if both
conditions separated by AND are satisfied or TRUE.

The AND operator can be coded in MySQL either in AND word or && symbols (two
ampersand symbols without space).

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM tableName

WHERE condition1 AND

condition2 AND
 condition3 ...;

Sample:

SELECT itmName, price

FROM tblSales

WHERE price >= 50 AND

quantity > 9;

In this command, it will display all rows in tblSales with itmName and price as the
table column that has price greater than or equal on 50 AND quantity should be also
greater than 9.

Logical OR Operator

The OR operator will compare two conditions and display records of a table if at least
ONE condition separated by OR were satisfied or TRUE.

The OR operator can be coded in MySQL either in OR word or || symbols (two pipe
symbols without space).

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM tableName

WHERE condition1

OR condition2 OR

condition3 ...;

Sample:

SELECT itmName, price

FROM tblSales

WHERE price >= 50 OR

quantity > 9;

In this command, it will display all rows in tblSales with itmName and price as the table
column that has price greater than or equal on 50. If the price is NOT greater than nor NOT
equal on 50 BUT quantity is greater than 9, then the condition is still satisfied, and it will show
the rows where the condition satisfied.

Logical NOT Operator

If we want to display rows using a condition that returns NOT TRUE, we may use NOT
Operator. This operator reverse its Boolean value from the satisfied condition. If the condition is
TRUE, it will reverse into FALSE and if the condition is FALSE, it will be reverse into TRUE instead.

The NOT operator can be coded in MySQL in NOT word AFTER the WHERE word in
MySQL command and BEFORE the condition. You can also use on NOT Operator the !
symbols (exclamation point) BEFORE the = symbol which will be written as !=.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM tableName

WHERE NOT condition1;

Or it can be written as:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM tableName

WHERE columnName != column_value;

Sample:

SELECT quantity, price

FROM tblSales

WHERE NOT itmName = ‘soap’;

Or it can be written as:

SELECT quantity, price

FROM tblSales

WHERE itmName != ‘soap’;

In this command, it will display all rows in tblSales with quantity and price as the table
column that has itmName value that is NOT EQUAL to ‘soap’.
Combining AND, OR and NOT

The following command is the combine AND and OR Operator

Sample:

SELECT itmName, price

FROM tblSales

WHERE quantity > 9 AND (itmName = ‘soap’ OR itmName = ‘shampoo’);

In this command, it will display all rows in tblSales with itmName and price as the table
column that has quantity greater than 9 AND the itmName value should be EITHER in ‘soap’ or
‘shampoo’.

The following command is the combine AND and NOT Operator

Sample:

SELECT itmName, price

FROM tblSales

WHERE quantity > 9 AND

NOT itmName = ‘soap’;

In this command, it will display all rows in tblSales with itmName and price as the table
column that has quantity greater than 9 AND the itmName value should NOT be ‘soap’.

IN and BETWEEN

Operators IN Operator

IN operator is used to search multiple specific values that will match in the set given in
WHERE clause. It is also the shorthand for multiple conditions of OR.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM tableName

WHERE columnName IN (value1, value2, ...);

 Sample:

SELECT quantity, price

FROM tblSales

WHERE itmName IN (‘soap’, ‘shampoo’, ‘can goods’);

In this command, it will display all rows in tblSales with quantity and price as the table
column that has itmName value of either ‘soap’, ‘shampoo’, or ‘can goods’.

BETWEEN Operator

The BETWEEN Operator is used to take values on a given range. Range values can be in
number, dates or text.

It is written in inside the CONDITION with word BETWEEN followed by the stating value, followed
by AND word and then followed by ending value.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM tableName

WHERE columnName BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

Sample:

SELECT itmName, quantity

FROM tblSales

WHERE price BETWEEN 100 AND 200;

In this command, it will display all rows in tblSales with itmName and quantity as the table
column that has price value FROM 100 up to 200.

INTRODUCTION TO AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

In MySQL, there are many functions that are pre-defined that can produce wanted
results on data rows. Some can be used only numeric values while some can be use in text
that includes numbers. MySQL provides 2 mainly types of functions, Aggregate and Scalar
Functions.

In this topic, we will explain the Aggregate Functions and its examples.
Aggregate Functions

This functions can be used in a group of rows to give result of single value. Some
examples are MIN(), MAX(), COUNT(), SUM() and AVG().

MySQL MIN() and MAX() Function

Use the MIN() function if you want to get the lowest row value of the chosen column
while use the MAX() function if you want to get the highest row value of the chosen column.

MIN() Syntax

Syntax:

SELECT MIN(columnName)

FROM tableName

WHERE condition;

Sample:

SELECT MIN(Price) AS LowestPrice

FROM tblItems;

In this command, it will display the lowest price value from tblItems. Notice that
the syntax AS LowestPrice were added to display the column name as LowestPrice
instead of MIN(Price).

MAX() Syntax

Syntax:

SELECT MAX(columnName)

FROM tableName;

Sample:

SELECT MAX(Price) AS HighestPrice

FROM tblItems;

In this command, it will display the lowest price value from tblItems.
COUNT(), SUM() & AVG()

Use the COUNT() function if you want to get the number of rows of selected column.

Syntax:

SELECT COUNT(columnName)

FROM tableName;

Sample:

SELECT COUNT(items) AS itemCount

FROM tblItems;

In this command, it will display the items row number from tblItems.

Use the SUM() function if you want to get the summation of all rows of selected numeric
column.

Syntax:

SELECT SUM(columnName)

FROM tableName;

Sample:

SELECT SUM(price) AS totalAmount

FROM tblSales

WHERE membershipStatus = ‘Regular’;

In this command, it will display the summation of all rows of column price with Regular as
membershipStatus ONLY and the column will be named as totalAmount.

Use the AVG() function if you want to get the average of all rows of selected numeric
column.
 Syntax:

SELECT AVG(columnName)

FROM tableName;

Sample:

SELECT SUM(price)

FROM tblItems

WHERE itemCategory = ‘Diaper’ and description = ‘Medium’;

In this command, it will display the average of all rows of column price with Diaper as
itemCategory and Medium as description ONLY.

References:

w3schools, “MySQL AND, OR and NOT Operators”, [Online]. Available:

https://www.w3schools.com/mysql/mysql_and_or.asp. [Accessed: 31-January-2023].

dotnettutorials, “IN and BETWEEN Operator in MySQL”, [Online]. Available:

https://dotnettutorials.net/lesson/in-operator-mysql/. [Accessed: 31-January-2023].

w3schools, “MySQL MIN() and MAX() Functions”, [Online]. Available:

https://www.w3schools.com/mysql/mysql_min_max.asp. [Accessed: 1-February-2023].

dotnettutorials, “COUNT Function in MySQL”, [Online]. Available:

https://dotnettutorials.net/lesson/count-function-in-mysql/. [Accessed: 1-February-2023]
 Week 10-11 – Handout 1
Declarative Knowledge:

Getting Ready to

MySQL
 Limit Clause
 Like Operator
 Aliases
 Order by

Functional Knowledge:

 Explain the Limit Clause, Like Operator, Aliases and Order by Clause.
 Create database and use the syntax of Limit Clause, Like Operator, Aliases and Order
by Clause.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO):

 Apply and use MySQL syntax of Limit Clause, Like Operator, Aliases, and Order by Clause.

INTRODUCTION

Last topic, we discussed the pre-defined functions that can produce wanted result on
data rows. What if we want to limit and filter the results that produces on our displayed rows?

On this topic, we will discuss the Limit Clause as well as Like Operator that both can limit
and filter data row results.

MySQL Limit Clause and Like

Operator Limit Clause

The Limit Clause is used to specify the number of retrieved data rows. It is useful on
large tables with more than thousands of rows as retrieving many data will generate poor
performance specially when it is not needed.

LIMIT Syntax

Syntax:

SELECT columnName(s)

FROM tableName

WHERE condition

LIMIT number;
 Sample:

SELECT *

FROM tblItems

LIMIT 5;

In this command, it will display ONLY 5 rows from tblItems. Notice that the rows that were
displayed were the 1st 5 rows that were added in the table.

Adding a WHERE Clause

Sample:

SELECT *

FROM tblSales

WHERE membershipStatus = 'Regular'

LIMIT 5;

In this command, it will display ONLY 5 rows from tblItems with a value of Regular ONLY in
column membershipStatus.

LIKE Operator

The LIKE Operator is used in a WHERE clause to retrieved specific string pattern. To
produce string pattern, wildcard characters frequently used to signify omitted characters.

• % (percent) symbol signify zero to multiple characters in the result

• _ (underscore) symbol signify one or single character in the result

The % sign and _ can be combine as wildcard characters to produce wanted string
pattern.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM tableName

WHERE columnName Like pattern;

 Sample:

SELECT customerName

FROM tblSales

WHERE customerName LIKE 'm%';

In this command, it will display all the customer names in tblSales that starts in letter m.

Here are the other samples of LIKE operators using % and _ wildcards:

Syntax Expected Result

LIKE '%m' Return string that ends in "m"

LIKE '%sa%' Return string that have "sa" in any position

LIKE '_o%' Return string that have "o" in second

position

LIKE '_ate%' Return string that starts in any character followed by "ate" string

LIKE 'o_%' Return string that starts in "o" and character length should at least in

2 LIKE 'o %' Return string that starts in "o" and character length should at least

in 3 LIKE 'm%a' Return string that start in "m" and ends in "a"

MySQL Aliases

Aliases is used to give a table or column a temporary name. It only exists in the query
duration. It is frequently used to make the name of the table or column more readable.
Aliases in tables is useful when there are more than one table used in a query. Aliases in
column is useful when functions in column were used or when two or more columns
combined in a query.

Syntax:

SELECT columnName AS aliasName

FROM tableName;

Sample:

SELECT SUM(price) AS totalAmount

FROM tblSales;
 In this command, it will display the summation of all rows of column price and the
column will be named as totalAmount. The alias is useful since there is a function used.

Sample:

SELECT (price * discount) AS ‘Discounted Amount’

FROM tblSales;

In this command, it will display the Discounted Amount of all rows in table tblSales since
the column price and discount (assuming this is the discount percentage in decimal format)
were multiplied. The alias is useful since there are multiple columns used.

Sample:

SELECT a.custName, b.itemName, b.price

FROM tblCustomers AS a

INNER JOIN tblSales AS b

WHERE a.CustId = b.CustId;

In this command, the alias is useful since there are multiple tables were used in query.
See the sample WITHOUT the use of ALIAS.

Sample:

SELECT tblCustomers.custName, tblSales.itemName, tblSales.price

FROM tblCustomers

INNER JOIN tblSales

WHERE tblCustomers.CustId = tblSales.CustId;

In this command, since there are no ALIASES were used in the table, the name of the
table was used for each column selected as it is needed to add for correct syntax. It is also
noticed that there is coding challenge as the name of the table were too long to be added
multiple times.
Order By Clause

This Clause is used if you want to sort the data rows result based on specified columns.
It can be in ascending order or descending. It can be applied to column on any data type
such varchar, integer, double, date, etc.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM tableName

ORDER BY columnName ASC|DESC;;

Sample:

SELECT itemName, description

FROM tblItems

ORDER BY itemName;

In this command, it will display all rows showing columns of itemName and description
from tblItems and it will be in alphabetical order of itemName since the data type is varchar.
If the query doesn’t have syntax DESC, the default order will be in ascending. Otherwise, add
the syntax DESC after the column name stated in the ORDER BY.

ORDER BY Multiple Columns

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM tableName

ORDER BY columnName1, columnName2, ... ASC|DESC;;

Sample:

SELECT *

FROM tblItems

ORDER BY description ASC, itemName DESC;

 In this command, it will display all rows showing all columns from tblItems and it will be
in alphabetical ascending order of description but if there are rows that have the same
description, it will be ordered in descending by itemName.

References:

w3schools, “MySQL LIKE Operator”, [Online]. Available:

https://www.w3schools.com/mysql/mysql_like.asp. [Accessed: 2-February-2023].

dotnettutorials, “LIMIT Clause in MySQL”, [Online]. Available:

https://dotnettutorials.net/lesson/limit-clause-in-mysql/. [Accessed: 2-February-2023].

dotnettutorials, “Order by Clause in MySQL”, [Online]. Available:

https://dotnettutorials.net/lesson/order-by-clause-in-mysql/. [Accessed: 3-February-2023]