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COA Experiment No 9-10

The document outlines the design of a computer's control unit using hardwired and microprogrammed approaches. Hardwired control units utilize fixed logic circuits for faster operation, while microprogrammed control units store control signals in memory, leading to slower performance. Additionally, it describes the components and execution steps of a simple instruction set computer, including the roles of the control unit, data path, and registers.

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10 views6 pages

COA Experiment No 9-10

The document outlines the design of a computer's control unit using hardwired and microprogrammed approaches. Hardwired control units utilize fixed logic circuits for faster operation, while microprogrammed control units store control signals in memory, leading to slower performance. Additionally, it describes the components and execution steps of a simple instruction set computer, including the roles of the control unit, data path, and registers.

Uploaded by

malaygill1210
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

:9
Object: - Design the control unit of a computer using either hardwiring or microprogramming
based on its register transfer language description.
Hardwired Control Unit: The control hardware can be viewed as a state machine that changes from
one state to another in every clock cycle, depending on the contents of the instruction register, the
condition codes, and the external inputs. The outputs of the state machine are the control signals. The
sequence of the operation carried out by this machine is determined by the wiring of the logic elements
and hence named “hardwired”.
 Fixed logic circuits that correspond directly to the Boolean expressions are used to generate the
control signals.
 Hardwired control is faster than micro-programmed control.
 A controller that uses this approach can operate at high speed.
 RISC architecture is based on the hardwired control unit

Fig. 9.1 Harwired Control Unit

Microprogrammed Control Unit:

The control signals associated with operations are stored in special memory units inaccessible
by the programmer as Control Words.

Control signals are generated by a program that is similar to machine language programs.

The micro-programmed control unit is slower in speed because of the time it takes to fetch
microinstructions from the control memory.
Some Important Terms

Control Word: A control word is a word whose individual bits represent various control
signals.

Micro-routine: A sequence of control words corresponding to the control sequence of a


machine instruction constitutes the micro-routine for that instruction.

Micro-instruction: Individual control words in this micro-routine are referred to as


microinstructions.

Micro-program: A sequence of micro-instructions is called a micro-program, which is


stored in a ROM or RAM called a Control Memory (CM).

Control Store: the micro-routines for all instructions in the instruction set of a computer are
stored in a special memory called the Control Store.

Figure 9.2: Microprogrammed Control Unit


Output:-

Fig 9.2: - Design the control unit of a computer


Experiment No.:10
Object: - Implement a simple instruction set computer with a control unit and a data path.

Theory:

Designing a simple Instruction Set Computer (ISC) with a control unit and a data path without
writing code involves understanding the basic architecture and components involved. Here's a
conceptual description of such a system:

Components of a Simple ISC:

Control Unit: The control unit manages the operation of the ISC. It's responsible for fetching
instructions, decoding them, and controlling the data path's operations.

Data Path: The data path consists of registers and components that perform arithmetic and logical
operations. It's where data is manipulated.

Registers: The ISC typically includes registers to store data temporarily. Common registers
include the Program Counter (PC), Instruction Register (IR), and general-purpose registers (e.g.,
R1, R2, R3).

Memory: The memory stores both program instructions and data. It's essential for reading
instructions and storing results.

Basic Instruction Set:


For this simple ISC, we'll define three instructions:

ADD: Add the values in two registers and store the result in a destination register.

Example: ADD R1, R2, R3 would add the contents of R1 and R2 and store the result in R3.

SUB: Subtract the value of one register from another and store the result in a destination register.

Example: SUB R2, R1, R3 would subtract the contents of R1 from R2 and store the result in R3.

LOAD: Load a value from memory into a register.

Example: LOAD R1, 42 would load the value 42 into R1.


Execution Steps:
Here are the high-level steps for executing instructions in this simple ISC:

Fetch: The control unit fetches the next instruction from memory based on the Program Counter
(PC).
Decode: The control unit decodes the fetched instruction to determine the operation (ADD, SUB,
LOAD) and the operands involved.

Execute: The data path performs the specified operation, such as addition, subtraction, or loading,
based on the decoded instruction.

Write Back: The result of the operation is written back to the specified destination register or
memory location.

Update PC: The Program Counter is updated to point to the next instruction.

Repeat: Steps 1-5 are repeated until a halt or branching instruction is encountered.

Fig. 10.1: Central Processing Unit


Output:-

Fig.10.2:- Simple instruction set computer with a control unit

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