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Asynchronous Android Programming 2nd Edition Helder
Vasconcelos Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Helder Vasconcelos
ISBN(s): 9781785883248, 1785883240
Edition: 2nd
File Details: PDF, 2.30 MB
Year: 2016
Language: english
[1]
Asynchronous Android
Programming
Second Edition

Unlock the power of multi-core mobile devices to build

responsive and reactive Android applications

Helder Vasconcelos

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Asynchronous Android Programming
Second Edition

Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: July 2016

Production reference: 1260716

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78588-324-8

www.packtpub.com
 Credits

Author Project Coordinator

Helder Vasconcelos Nidhi Joshi

Reviewer Proofreader
Gavin Matthews Safis Editing

Commissioning Editor Indexer

Edward Gordon Mariammal Chettiyar

Acquisition Editor Graphics

Indrajit Das Disha Haria

Content Development Editor Production Coordinator

Siddhesh Salvi Arvindkumar Gupta

Technical Editor Cover Work

Danish Shaikh Arvindkumar Gupta

Copy Editor
Vibha Shukla
 About the Author

Helder Vasconcelos is a Portuguese Software Engineer based on Dublin,

Ireland, with more than 10 years of experience designing and developing
real-time/multithreaded Java and C++ applications for the telecommunications
and aviation industries. Apart from his day-to-day job, he occupies his spare
time building native Android applications for Bearstouch Software and
other third-party companies.

He graduated with a degree in Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering

from the University of Aveiro in January 2006. During his career, he has worked
as a Software Engineer for companies such as PT Inovação (Portugal), Airtel ATN
(Dublin, Ireland) and Axway (Dublin, Ireland). You can find Hélder on LinkedIn
at (https://ie.linkedin.com/in/heldervasc/en) or on his website at
(http://hvasconcelos.github.io).

I would like to sincerely thanks all technical reviewers, but especially

Gavin. I really appreciate your invaluable feedback and commit that
shaped the quality of the book. A special thanks to my awesome wife
Tania for encourage me when the lack of motivation was killing my
productivity. It would not have been possible without your precious
support. Thanks also to my parents and family for their awesome
effort in my education. Additionally, I would like to thank my
friends, colleagues, clients, and teachers for helping me to shape and
improve my skills and perspectives during my career.
 About the Reviewer

Gavin Matthews is a veteran software engineer specializing in enterprise scale

B2B, MFT and EFSS systems.
 www.PacktPub.com

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 Table of Contents
Preface vii
Chapter 1: Asynchronous Programming in Android 1
Android software stack 2
Dalvik runtime 2
ART runtime 3
Memory sharing and Zygote 4
Android process model 5
Process ranks 5
Process sandboxing 6
Android thread model 6
The main thread 7
The Application Not Responding (ANR) dialog 9
Maintaining responsiveness 10
Concurrency in Android 12
Correctness issues in concurrent programs 14
Liveness issues in concurrent programs 16
Thread coordination 16
Concurrent package constructs 19
Executor framework 20
Android primary building blocks 21
Activity concurrent issues 21
Manipulating the user interface 23
Service concurrent issues 25
Started services issues 25
Bound services issues 26
Service in a separate process 27
Broadcast receiver concurrent issues 28
Android concurrency constructs 28
Summary 29
[i]
Table of Contents

Chapter 2: Performing Work with Looper, Handler,

and HandlerThread 31
Understanding Looper 32
Understanding Handler 34
Sending work to a Looper 37
Scheduling work with post 39
Using Handler to defer work 40
Leaking implicit references 41
Leaking explicit references 43
Updating the UI with Handler 45
Canceling a pending Runnable 46
Scheduling work with send 47
Cancelling pending messages 50
Composition versus inheritance 52
Multithreading with Handler and ThreadHandler 53
Looper message dispatching debugging 58
Sending messages versus posting runnables 59
Applications of Handler and HandlerThread 59
Summary 60
Chapter 3: Exploring the AsyncTask 61
Introducing AsyncTask 62
Declaring AsyncTask types 65
Executing AsyncTasks 67
Providing indeterministic progress feedback 69
Providing deterministic progress feedback 72
Canceling an AsyncTask 75
AsyncTask Execution State 78
Handling exceptions 79
Controlling the level of concurrency 81
Common AsyncTask issues 84
Fragmentation issues 84
Memory leaks 85
Activity lifecycle issues 85
Handling lifecycle issues with early cancellation 86
Handling lifecycle issues with retained headless fragments 87
Applications of AsyncTask 92
Summary 93
Chapter 4: Exploring the Loader 95
Introducing Loaders 96
Loader API 96
Loader 97

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

Loader Manager 98
LoaderManager.LoaderCallbacks 99
Loader lifecycle 100
Loading data with Loader 101
Building responsive apps with AsyncTaskLoader 107
Building responsive apps with CursorLoader 116
Combining Loaders 119
Applications of Loader 125
Summary 125
Chapter 5: Interacting with Services 127
Introducing Service 128
Started service 131
Building responsive apps with IntentService 136
Handling results 139
Posting results with PendingIntent 139
Posting results as system notifications 142
Applications of IntentService 143
HTTP uploads with IntentService 144
Reporting progress 146
Bound Service 149
Communicating with a Local Service 150
Broadcasting results with intents 158
Detecting unhandled broadcasts 160
Applications of Services 163
Summary 164
Chapter 6: Scheduling Work with AlarmManager 165
Introducing AlarmManager 166
Scheduling alarms with AlarmManager 167
Setting alarms in recent Android versions 169
Testing your alarms in Doze Mode 172
Setting a Window alarm 173
Debugging AlarmManager alarms 173
Canceling alarms 175
Scheduling repeating alarms 176
Scheduling an alarm clock 178
Handling alarms 179
Handling alarms with Activities 180
Handling alarms with BroadcastReceiver 181
Working with BroadcastReceiver 183
Asynchronous work with goAsync 186

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

Handling alarms with Services 187

Staying awake with WakeLocks 188
Resetting alarms after a system reboot 190
Applications of AlarmManager 192
Summary 192
Chapter 7: Exploring the JobScheduler API 195
Introduction to JobScheduler 196
Setting running criteria 197
Scheduling a job 200
Implementing the JobService 203
Listing pending jobs 208
Canceling a job 211
Scheduling a periodic job 211
Applications of the JobScheduler 212
Summary 213
Chapter 8: Interacting with the Network 215
Introducing Android HTTP clients 216
AndroidHttpClient 217
HttpURLConnection 218
Performing HTTP requests asynchronously 218
Retrieving a text response 225
Interacting with JSON web APIs 227
Converting Java objects to JSON 228
Interacting with XML web APIs 234
Converting Java objects to XML 235
Converting XML to Java objects 237
Customizing HTTP timeouts 241
Communicating securely over SSL sessions 243
Summary 251
Chapter 9: Asynchronous Work on the Native Layer 253
Introduction to JNI 254
Android NDK (Native Development Kit) 255
Calling C functions from Java code 256
Calling C++ functions from native code 260
Accessing Java objects from native code 262
Executing native background work on Java threads 265
Executing asynchronous work on a native thread 270
Attaching and detaching native threads from JVM 270
JNI references explained 276
Interacting with UI from native threads 277

[ iv ]
 Table of Contents

Starting the native threads 279

Stopping the native threads 279
Handling Java exceptions in the native layer 280
Interacting with a Java monitor from native code 283
Wrapping native data objects 287
Summary 291
Chapter 10: Network Interactions with GCM 293
Introduction to GCM 294
Setting up and configuring GCM for your application 296
Registering the GCM Receiver 298
Setting up a registration service 298
InstanceID listener 300
Receiving downstream messages 302
Receiving messages from topic 306
Sending upstream messages 310
GcmListenerService delivery callbacks 314
Executing tasks with GCM Network Manager 315
Building a one shot task 316
Summary 320
Chapter 11: Exploring Bus-based Communications 321
Introduction to bus-based communication 322
EventBus library 323
Defining events 324
Submitting events 325
Registering sbscribers 326
Thread mode 327
Posting sticking events 334
Removing sticky events 338
Summary 339
Chapter 12: Asynchronous Programing with RxJava 341
Introduction to RxJava 342
Cold versus Hot Observable 344
RxJava setup 344
Creating Observables 344
Transforming Observables 347
Understanding Schedulers 349
Performing IO operations with Schedulers 351
Canceling subscriptions 354
Composing Observables 354
Monitoring the event stream 356

[v]
Table of Contents

Combining Observables 359

Observing UI Events with RxJava 362
Working with Subjects 366
Summary 369
Index 371

[ vi ]
 Preface
Whether you are Android beginner developer or an Android seasoned programmer,
this book will explore how to achieve efficient and reliable multithreaded Android
applications.

We'll look at best asynchronous constructs and techniques, commonly used by

Android Developer community, to execute computation intensive or blocking tasks
off the main thread, keeping the UI responsive, telling the user how things are going,
making sure we finish what we started, using those powerful multicore processors,
and doing it all without wasting the battery.

By using the right asynchronous construct, much of the complexity is abstracted

from the developer, making the application source code more readable and
maintainable and less error prone.

Using step-by-step guidelines and code examples, you will learn how manage
interactions between several threads and avoid concurrency and synchronization
problems that might occur when two or more threads access a shared resource to
complete a background job, to update the UI or retrieve the latest application data.

At the end of this journey you will know how build well-behaved applications with
smooth, responsive user-interfaces that delight users with speedy results and data
that's always fresh.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Asynchronous Programming in Android, gives an overview of the Android
process and thread model, and describes some of the challenges and benefits of
concurrency in general, before discussing issues specific to Android.

[ vii ]
Preface

Chapter 2, Performing Work with Looper, Handler and HandlerThread details the
fundamental and related topics of Handler, HandlerThread, and Looper, and
illustrates how they can be used to schedule tasks on the main thread, and to
coordinate and communicate work between cooperating background threads.

Chapter 3, Exploring the AsyncTask, covers the most common concurrent construct of
programming in Android. We learn how AsyncTask works, how to use it correctly,
and how to avoid the common pitfalls that catch out even experienced developers.

Chapter 4, Exploring the Loader, introduces the Loader framework and tackles the
important task of loading data asynchronously to keep the user interface responsive
and glitch free.

Chapter 5, Interacting with Services, we explored the very powerful Service Android
component, putting it to use to execute long-running background tasks with or
without a configurable level of concurrency. This component gives us the means to
perform background operations beyond the scope of a single Activity lifecycle and
to ensure that our work is completed even if the user leaves the application.

Chapter 6, Scheduling Work with AlarmManager, introduces to us a system API that

could be used to defer work or create periodic tasks. The scheduled task could wake
up the device to complete the work or alert users to new content.

Chapter 7, Exploring the JobScheduler API, covers a job scheduling system API
introduced with Android Lollipop that allows us to start background work
when a set of device conditions, such as energy or network, are fulfilled.

Chapter 8, Interacting with the Network, we cover in detail HttpUrlConnection

Android HTTP client. With the HttpUrlConnection HTTP client, we will create
an asynchronous toolkit that is able to fetch JSON documents, XML or text from a
remote server.

Chapter 9, Asynchronous Work on the Native layer, introduces the JNI interface, an
Java standard interface that will allow us to execute concurrent tasks on native
code (C/C++), interact with the Java code from the native layer or update the
UI from the native code.

Chapter 10, Network Interactions with GCM, we will learn how to use the Google GCM
to efficiently push and pull efficiently realtime messages from your server and how
to schedule work with Google Play Services framework.

Chapter 11, Exploring Bus-based Communications, we will introduce to the reader the
publish-subscribe messaging pattern and the Event Bus Library, a publish-subscribe
implementation that allow us to deliver asynchronous messages between Android
application components.

[ viii ]
 Preface

Chapter 12, Asynchronous Programing with RxJava, we will introduce RxJava, a library
used to easily compose asynchronous and event-based tasks on Java by using
observable data streams.

What you need for this book

To follow along and experiment with the examples, you will need a development
computer with a Java 7 (or 8) SE Development Kit and the Android Software
Development Kit Version 9 or above (you will need at least Version 21 to try all of
the examples).

You will also need Android Studio IDE. The examples have been developed using
Google's new Android Studio IDE and use its integrated build system, Gradle.

While you can run the examples using the emulator provided by the Android SDK, it
is a poor substitute for the real thing. A physical Android device is a much faster and
more pleasurable way to develop and test Android applications!

Many of the examples will work on a device running any version of Android since
2.3, GingerBread. Some examples demonstrate newer APIs and as a result, require a
more recent Android version—up to Android 5, Lollipop.

Who this book is for

This book is for Android Developers who want to learn how to build multithreaded
and reliable Android applications using high level and advanced asynchronous
techniques and concepts.

They want to learn this technology because they want learn how to build efficient
applications that are able to interact orderly with internal/external services and
frameworks using Android standard constructs and APIs.

No prior knowledge of of concurrent and asynchronous programming is required.

This book is also targeted towards Java experts who are new to Android.

Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of
their meaning.

[ ix ]
Preface

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions,
pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows:
"We can include other contexts through the use of the include directive."

A block of code is set as follows:

[default]
exten => s,1,Dial(Zap/1|30)
exten => s,2,Voicemail(u100)
exten => s,102,Voicemail(b100)
exten => i,1,Voicemail(s0)

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the
relevant lines or items are set in bold:
[default]
exten => s,1,Dial(Zap/1|30)
exten => s,2,Voicemail(u100)
exten => s,102,Voicemail(b100)
exten => i,1,Voicemail(s0)

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

# cp /usr/src/asterisk-addons/configs/cdr_mysql.conf.sample
/etc/asterisk/cdr_mysql.conf

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the
screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "Clicking
the Next button moves you to the next screen."

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about
this book—what you liked or disliked. Reader feedback is important for us as it helps
us develop titles that you will really get the most out of.

[x]
 Preface

To send us general feedback, simply e-mail [email protected], and mention

the book's title in the subject of your message.

If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing
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[ xi ]
Preface

The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/
PacktPublishing/Asynchronous-Android-Programming. We also have other code
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[ xii ]
 Asynchronous Programming
in Android
Asynchronous programming has become an important topic of discussion in the past
few years, especially when using the concurrent processing capabilities available on
the most recent mobile hardware.

In recent years, the number of independent processing units (cores) available on

the CPU have increased, so to benefit from this new processing power, a new
programming model called asynchronous programming has appeared to orchestrate
the work between the several independent hardware-processing units available on
the device. Asynchronous programming comes to the rescue to solve the problems
that could arise from this new processing paradigm.

Android applications, since they mostly run on devices with multiple units of
processing, should take advantage of asynchronous programming to scale and
improve the application performance when blocking operations, and when
CPU-intensive tasks are required.

Android is an open source operating system (OS) based on Linux kernel that was
devised in 2003 by Andy Rubin, Nick Sears, Chris White, and Rick Miner, and then
acquired by Google in July, 2005.

The Android OS, actually maintained by Google and the Open Handset Alliance,
was created to provide an open mobile-device platform for devices with limited
resources of computation, memory, and energy.

The platform has been incorporating advanced mobile devices standards, such as
NFC and Bluetooth LE, and its scope has grown from a pure smartphone platform to
a broader software platform for smart watches, TVs, tablets, and consoles.

[1]
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Ketel's Well, 183.
Kettle, Roman, 100.
Keswick, 52, 73, 100, 108, 112,
151, 156, 157, 166, 176, 183,
208; 224; Sea-gulls in, 64.
Kiln Hill, 201.
Kirkstone Pass, 119.
Krall of a Norse Chieftain, 99.

Lamb, Charles, 187.

Lamb, The Pet, 30.
Lancaster, James, 172.
Landnama, Bok of Iceland, 86.
Langdale, 52.
Latrigg, 100, 111, 112, 228.
Lewthwaite, Barbara, 29.
Lingholme, 209.
Lodore, 182 to 188, 213; after
storm, 176.
Lonscale, 150, 152, 156, 164,
232.
Lonsdale, Lord, 225.
Lorton, 166; Yew, 173.
Loughrigg, 22, 27, 49, 74.
Loweswater, 170.
Lythe, 137.
Lythe Marsh, 145.

Macaulay, Zachary, 86.

Man, The whole duty of, 162.
Manchester, 123 to 131.
Mellbreak, 172.
Milton, 128, 141, 221.
Mite, 59.
Mona's Isle, 59.
Mons Angelorum, 215.
Mons Beata, 212, 214.
Mons Blencathrae, 214.
Mons Borgadalis, 214.
Morecambe Bay, 119.
Muncaster Fell, 59, 60.

Nab Cottage, 23 f., 39.

Naddle, 208.
Need fire, 147.
Nether Stowey, 224.
Nicholson, Cornelius, 133.
Nimrod, A North-Country, 189.

Orthwaite, 97.

Page-boy's reminiscences of
Wordsworth, 44.
Patterdale, 167.
Patrick, James, of Kendal, 122.
Paris Exhibition, 90.
Pearson, Mrs., 118.
Pearson, William, of Borderside,
116; his admiration for
Wordsworth, 125; his
character, 128; letter to
Wordsworth, 136; his tour on the
Continent, 138 f.
Peat-fuel, 234.
Peel's horn, 101; his Norse
ancestor, 107.
Peel, John, 196, 201.
Pelter Bridge, 41.
Penistone, 219.
Penrith, 52, 218, 220, 221, 223.
Play, At the Grasmere, 69;
analysis of, 74 f.
Poems, by W. Wordsworth, 125.
Poole, 224.
Portinscale, 197.
Prelude, The, by Wordsworth,
121, 122.
Protestant Alliance, 136.

Rake, 97.
Ravenglass, 60, 68, 183; sand-dunes, 59.
Red Pike, 172.
Redbank, 27, 35, 48.
Reed's English Literature, 141.
Richardson, John, 200.
Robinson, 216.
Robinson Crusoe, 120.
Roman Camp, 105.
Roncesvalles, 120.
Rossetti, Christina, 92.
Ruskin, 2, 211.
Rydal chimneys, 19 f., 31.
Rydal Falls, 46.
Rydal Valley, 17.

Saddleback, 152.
St. John-in-the Vale, 200, 208.
Scafell, 102, 109, 228.
Scott, Sir Walter, 2, 141.
Sea-gulls, 60 f.
Seascale, 63.
Sedbergh Grammar School, 88.
Shakespeare, 85, 128, 141, 221.
Sheep, Skiddaw, 231.
Shepherd's Crag, 178.
Shepherd's Cross, 232.
Shepherd Lord, Song of the, by
Wordsworth, 191.
Shoulthwaite, 193.
Silence, Mountain, 227.
Skiddaw, 94, 96, 98, 100, 101,
109, 113, 157, 168, 178, 188,
194, 227.
Smith, Thomas, 127, 134.
Solway, 101.
Somersby Wold, 1.
Southey, 50, 94, 107, 181; letter
to his brother, 187.
Spedding, James, 96.
Spenser, 221.
Squirrels, 210.
Stanley, A Shepherd's likeness
to Dean, 151.
Stockdale, 151.
Stott of Oldham, 61.
Strathclyde, 112.
Styhead Pass, 183, 197.
Superstitions of Westmoreland,
146.
Swallows, 229.
Swan, Inn, 36, 39.

Tarn-foot, 48.
Tebay, 143.
Tennyson, 96, 227.
Tewfit tarn, 208.
Theatre, Grasmere, 73.
Threlkeld, 190, 192, 203, 204.
Tilberthwaite's Yew-tree, 167.
Titmice, 213.
Tongue Ghyll beck, 31.
Town End, 20, 37.

Uldale, 99, 151, 152.

Ulf, the Norseman, 101.
Underbarrow, 120.

Viking chieftain's burial ground,

111.
Victoria Bay, 216.

Walla Crag, 188, 216.

Walla Lake, 215.
Walla Wood, 212.
Walls Castle, 60.
Walton, Isaac, 120.
Wanthwaite Crags, 201.
Wars, Wellington's, 155.
Watendlath, 179.
Waterton, 141.
Watson, James, of Kendal,
123.
Westmoreland, 16, 27, 69 f., 87,
93, 116, 146, 197.
Whinfell Hall, 171.
Whinlatter Pass, 113, 172.
Whitbeck, 232.
White Moss Tarn, 27.
White of Selborne, 141.
Whiteside, 172.
Wilson, of Elleray, Professor,
50 f.
Windermere, 119.
Winster, 121, 127, 145; Vale,
118, 119, 122; River, quotation
from Pearson, 130.
Wordsworth, Dora, 58, 131.
Wordsworth, Dorothy, 7, 14, 35,
49, 58, 134, 136, 223.
Wordsworth, John, 218 f.
Wordsworth, Rev. John, 12.
Wordsworth, Mrs., 10, 23, 25,
34, 41, 44, 46, 49, 51.
Wordsworth, William, Reminiscences
of peasantry about,
1 ff.
Wordsworth, William, junior,
37.
Wylie Ghyll, 152, 156.
Wythburn, 195.
Wythop, 102, 113, 169.

Y
Yews, The, 118, 122, 124, 131,
132.
Yew-tree, A famous, 166.
Yorkshire, 129.
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