MILESTONE 18/25

18/25  that's 72% RETAKE

 18 questions were answered correctly.

7 questions were answered incorrectly.

1 


Which of the following is a weak inductive argument?

Things that are blue are sad. The sky is blue, so it must be sad.
 

People who like wine think they're a big deal. Aaron thinks he's a
 big deal, so he must like wine.

Most nurses are good people. Andrew is a nurse. Andrew is

 probably a good person.
MILESTONE Krista's favorite composer is Tchaikovsky. Jason also likes 18/25
  Tchaikovsky. Jason and Krista probably have a lot in common.

CONCEPT
 Evaluating the Structure of an Argument

2 


Which of the following represents act utilitarianism?

Penelope works because she needs money for rent and food.
 

Phillip rescues a stranger from a burning car because he would do

  that for anyone.

Pedro bikes to work because he believes in not wasting gas.



Patrice looks out for her family because she believes it's her duty.


CONCEPT
 Act and Rule Utilitarianism
 3 

MILESTONE 18/25
Which of the following is a deductive argument?

It has snowed on my birthday every year since I was born.

 Therefore, it will snow on my birthday this year.

Helen was seen exiting the alley after a robbery had taken place. It
 follows that Helen committed the robbery.

Every time I’ve visited the farmer’s market, I’ve found heirloom
tomatoes. So, this week when I go to the farmer’s market, I will find

heirloom tomatoes.

Traffic is very heavy today. When traffic is heavy, I take the bus to
  work. I will take the bus to work today.

CONCEPT
 Deductive and Inductive Inference

4 


Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics?
MILESTONE  Abby is looking for an ethical system that is based in cultural norms. 18/25

Abner is looking for an ethical system that is about more than just
  doing good.

Andrew is looking for an ethical system that puts his own

  development first.

Adelaide is looking for an ethical system that evaluates actions

 based on their effects.

CONCEPT
 Support for Virtue-Based Ethics

5 


Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy?

Philosophy defends what is traditional in society.



Philosophy is useful as a tool to justify personal opinions.


MILESTONE Philosophy improves understanding of argumentation. 18/25
 

Philosophy maintains society's collective memory.



CONCEPT
 Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics

6 


Jerome conducts a survey to see how many of his neighbors believe they have a moral duty to report suspicious
activity to the police. He finds that 8 in 10 believe they have such a duty.

Which branch of ethics do the results of Jerome's survey represent?

Applied ethics


Descriptive ethics
 

Normative ethics


Metaethics

MILESTONE
CONCEPT 18/25
 Branches of Ethics

7 


Mai has moved to the United States from Myanmar. She does not know how to drive and is frightened by the
freeways and traffic congestion. Her husband insists that she learn to drive because they live in a suburb with no
public transportation.

“No,” says Mai firmly. “I am 38 years old and I have always been able to reach my destination without driving a car.”

According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— Mai or her husband?

Her husband, because driving is a societal norm in the United

  States.

Mai, because driving is not valued in her society like it is in the

 United States.

Her husband, because he cannot transport Mai everywhere she

 needs to go.

Mai, because she does not want to learn to drive.


MILESTONE
CONCEPT 18/25
 Applying Conventionalism

8 


According to egoism, what might an egoist think about when compelled to serve on a jury?

I have an important project at work I am obligated to complete this

  week.

We are obligated to honor the Constitution and its directive that

 everyone has a right to face a jury.

The criminal justice system is obligated to work for all people.



It is a fair system when a panel of ordinary citizens are obligated to

 pass judgment.

CONCEPT
 Applying Egoism

9 

 An argument is strong and the conclusion is true, but both premises are false.
MILESTONE 18/25
Which of the following terms best describes the argument?

Unsound
 

Sound


Uncogent
 

Cogent


CONCEPT
 Further Evaluating an Argument

10 


Tom passed the same homeless person each day as he walked to work. The homeless person never asked for
money, but one day Tom stops and hands the man a $10 bill.

According to virtue-based ethics, Tom’s action is unethical if he __________.

MILESTONE values the man’s life more than he values his own 18/25


feels satisfied that he has done a good deed



gives the man money out of a sense of superiority

 

tells the man how to spend the money



CONCEPT
 Apply Virtue-Based Ethics

11 


Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?

Divine command theory relies on sacred texts that are silent on

  some issues.

Divine command theory doesn't give a compelling reason for being

 good.

Divine command theory does not offer a firm basis for morality.
 
MILESTONE 18/25

Divine command theory is too relative.



CONCEPT
 Refutations of Divine Command Theory

12 


Which of the following pairs of goods are probably different in kind according to idealist utilitarianism?

My life and the life of my children



All of the answer choices are correct.

 

A polio vaccine and a syringe

 

A dog and a cat



CONCEPT
 Hedonic and Idealist Utilitarianism
 13 

MILESTONE 18/25
"Forced redistribution of wealth is morally wrong because it is a form of stealing, and stealing is always wrong."

To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?

Conventionalism


Utilitarianism


Virtue-based ethics


Kantian deontology
 

CONCEPT
 Case Study: Wealth Distribution

14 


Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist?

MILESTONE Michelle lets her husband decide what to eat since she's fine either 18/25
 way.

Malachi sees an opportunity to cheat and get ahead at work, so he

  takes it.

Rather than take his dream vacation, Milo serves as a foster parent
 so children can have a stable home.

Madison brings a wallet she found on the ground to the police

 station rather than keeping it for herself.

CONCEPT
 Commitments of Egoism

15 


According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act impermissible?

It violates applicable regulations.


MILESTONE It is done with bad intent. 18/25
 

Most people find it morally bad.



It doesn't meet my own needs.



CONCEPT
 Commitments of Kantian Deontology

16 


Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?

Egoism promotes the common good by putting individuals first.



Egoism does not account for the agent's pain.



Egoism does not allow for inherent human dignity.

 

Egoism is focused on positive effects for the agent.


MILESTONE
CONCEPT 18/25
 Problems with Egoism

17 


Which statement about Kantian deontology is true?

It is a relativist theory because it focuses on character rather than

 on actions.

It is an objectivist theory because ethics must be determined by

  pure reason and apply to all persons.

It is a relativist theory because a commitment to the happiness of

 the individual ensures happiness for all.

It is an objectivist theory because it uses consequences to evaluate

 actions for all people.

CONCEPT
 Kantian Deontology

18 

 Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology?
MILESTONE 18/25

Ferdinand is looking for an ethical framework that uses the Bible as

 a basis for morality.

Felicity is looking for an ethical framework that is based on

 accepted societal norms.

Frannie is looking for an ethical framework that can evaluate actions

  beyond just their effects.

Ford is looking for an ethical framework where he can look out for
 his own wants and needs.

CONCEPT
 Support for Kantian Deontology

19 


Choose the true statement about virtue-based ethics.

MILESTONE According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, only the actor’s 18/25
 intent is considered when assigning moral value.

According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, people can be

 judged by the consequences of their actions.

According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, actions are

 judged against the greater good.

According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, actions are less

  important than the agent's moral character.

CONCEPT
 Virtue-Based Ethics

20 


Choose the statement that exemplifies consequentialism.

Lying is impermissible because it is intrinsically wrong.


MILESTONE Lying is impermissible because society demands honesty. 18/25


Lying is impermissible because it reveals a dishonest nature.



Lying is impermissible because it causes others to mistrust you.

 

CONCEPT
 Sources of Value in Ethical Decisions

21 


Ingrid steals from a wealthy neighbor's excess so she can afford shoes for her children.

How would a utilitarian classify this action?

Impermissible
 

Neutral


Obligatory
 

Supererogatory
 
MILESTONE 18/25

CONCEPT
 Commitments of Utilitarianism

22 


Consider the following argument:

(1) Mortgage rates are at an all time low. (2) It is therefore a good time to buy a home. (3) Also, property values have
been increasing over the last five years, and (4) a number of new homes in my neighborhood are for sale.

Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion?

4


2
 

3


1


CONCEPT
 Premises and Conclusions
MILESTONE 18/25
23 


Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?

Karin is looking for an ethical framework that has a basis outside of

 humanity.

Keith is looking for an ethical framework that focuses on his own

 character.

Kayden is looking for an ethical framework that says, "Right is right,

 even if nobody is right."

Kelly is looking for an ethical framework that respects diverse

  traditions.

CONCEPT
 Support for Conventionalism

24 


"Genetic screening is acceptable because embryos are not considered children and can be neutrally discarded."
 To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing?
MILESTONE 18/25

Conventionalism
 

Utilitarianism
 

Egoism


Kantian deontology


CONCEPT
 Case Study: Genetic Screening

25 


What is the goal of philosophy?

To gain self-knowledge


To justify beliefs

 MILESTONE To pursue truth 18/25
 

To persuade others


CONCEPT
 Introduction to Philosophy

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