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2.Artificial Intelligence(RTIT)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on creating systems that exhibit human-like intelligence, including learning, reasoning, and understanding natural language. The document outlines the foundations of AI, its historical development, and various task domains where AI is applied, such as perception, natural language processing, and expert systems. Key concepts discussed include the Turing Test, cognitive modeling, and the evolution of AI from early enthusiasm to its current state.

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48 views

2.Artificial Intelligence(RTIT)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on creating systems that exhibit human-like intelligence, including learning, reasoning, and understanding natural language. The document outlines the foundations of AI, its historical development, and various task domains where AI is applied, such as perception, natural language processing, and expert systems. Key concepts discussed include the Turing Test, cognitive modeling, and the evolution of AI from early enthusiasm to its current state.

Uploaded by

komalbhagat8803
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence

1
Introduction

• AI is a branch of Computer • AI systems also


Science concerned with can understand a
the study and creation of natural language
computer systems. or perceive and
• AI exhibits some form of comprehend a
intelligence: visual scene, and
– systems that learn new perform other
concepts and tasks, types of feats that
require human
– can reason and draw types of
useful conclusions
intelligence.
about the world.
• Understanding of AI requires an
understanding of terms like
– Intelligence
– Knowledge
– Reasoning
– Thought
– Cognition
– Learning
– And number of computer related terms
Introduction

• What is AI?
• The foundations of AI
• A brief history of AI
• The state of the art
• Introductory problems

4
What is AI?

• Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think”


(Oxford dictionary)

• AI is the study of how to make computers do things


which at the moment people do better.

• Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face, Object,


Intuition, Inferencing, Learning new skills, Decision
making, Abstract thinking

5
What is AI?

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

6
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test

• Alan Turing (1912-1954)


• “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950)

Imitation Game
Human

Human Interrogator
AI System

7
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test

• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30%


chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes.

• Anticipated all major arguments against AI in


following 50 years.

• Suggested major components of AI: knowledge,


reasoning, language, understanding, learning.

8
Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modelling

• Not content to have a program correctly solving a


problem.
More concerned with comparing its reasoning steps
to traces of human solving the same problem.

• Requires testable theories of the workings of the


human mind: cognitive science.

9
Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought

• Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify “right


thinking”, i.e., unquestionable reasoning processes.

• Formal logic provides a precise notation and rules for


representing and reasoning with all kinds of things in
the world.

• Obstacles:
− Informal knowledge representation.
− Computational complexity and resources.

10
Acting Rationally

• Acting so as to achieve one’s goals, given one’s


beliefs.

• Does not necessarily involve thinking.

• Advantages:
− More general than the “laws of thought” approach.
− More amenable to scientific development than human-
based approaches.

11
The Foundations of AI

• Philosophy (423 BC − present):


− Logic, methods of reasoning.
− Mind as a physical system.
− Foundations of learning, language, and rationality.

• Mathematics (c.800 − present):


− Formal representation and proof.
− Algorithms, computation, decidability, tractability.
− Probability.

12
The Foundations of AI

• Psychology (1879 − present):


− Adaptation.
− Phenomena of perception and motor control.
− Experimental techniques.

• Linguistics (1957 − present):


− Knowledge representation.
− Grammar.

13
A Brief History of AI

• The gestation of AI (1943 − 1956):


− 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain.
− 1950: Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”.
− 1956: McCarthy’s name “Artificial Intelligence” adopted.

• Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 − 1969):


− Early successful AI programs: Samuel’s checkers,
Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry
Theorem Prover.
− Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning.

14
A Brief History of AI

• A dose of reality (1966 − 1974):


− AI discovered computational complexity.
− Neural network research almost disappeared after
Minsky & Papert’s book in 1969.

• Knowledge-based systems (1969 − 1979):


− 1969: DENDRAL by Buchanan et al..
− 1976: MYCIN by Shortliffle.
− 1979: PROSPECTOR by Duda et al..

15
A Brief History of AI

• AI becomes an industry (1980 − 1988):


− Expert systems industry booms.
− 1981: Japan’s 10-year Fifth Generation project.

• The return of NNs and novel AI (1986 − present):


− Mid 80’s: Back-propagation learning algorithm reinvented.
− Expert systems industry busts.
− 1988: Resurgence of probability.
− 1988: Novel AI (ALife, GAs, Soft Computing, …).
− 1995: Agents everywhere.
− 2003: Human-level AI back on the agenda.

16
Task Domains of AI
• Ordinary Tasks:
– Perception
• Vision
• Speech
– Natural Languages
• Understanding
• Generation
• Translation
– Common sense reasoning
– Robot Control
• Formal Tasks
– Games : chess, checkers etc
– Mathematics: Geometry, logic,Proving properties of programs
• Expert Tasks:
– Engineering ( Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning)
– Scientific Analysis
– Medical Diagnosis
– Financial Analysis

17

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