SESSION

A Internet and Its Components

A Word Wide Web
Internet
. and A Website, Web page, Web portal
Its Applications A Web browsers A Biogs
. 6-3.1

DI Introduction
Networks are everywhere : Any multiple things connecting together and enhancing reach
form a network. You have heard about terms like network of roads, network of rails and
network of computers around the globe, the internet. In this chapter, we shall talk about some
technical basics related to networks especially Internet.

Internet and its Components

As you all know that Internet is a computer-based worldwide information network. It can be
assumed as an example of WAN (Wide Area Network). The Internet is composed of a large
number of smaller interconnected networks. These networks may link tens, hundreds, or
thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with each oth~r and to share
various resources, such as powerful supercomputers and databases (collection of data) of
information. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and
inexpensively communicate with each other. Unlike traditional
broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet is a
decentralized system. Each connected individual can
IDIJII ············ .......\
-
: Wt
! COJ
.
! co,'
Internet is a computer- : : co
communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, based world wide com- : : sp
and can sell products with a minimum overhead cost. munications network, : :w
which is composed of l ~.bu
Internet is not a thing which you can touch and feel. It is made up
of many components offering various different types of services.
large number of smaller : ...
interconnected networks. :
Let us talk about these Internet components in coming lines. ·• ■■• • • • ■ O ■ e ■■■ •a ■ ••• ■■ a I ■ • ■■•

World Wide Web (WWW)

Ill t 1960s to the early 1990s, the Internet was a communication and research tool
From the 1a e i' vely for academic and military purposes. This changed radically with the
_,......, t exc1us · . . . f
used d.W-'.05 th World Wide Web (WWW) or Web m short m 1989. The WWW 1s a set~
introduction of e d protocols governing the way in which multimedia• files (multimedia
ams standatd5 an t ntain a combination of text, photographs, graphics, video and audio) are
progr ' ments tha co
les are the doc~ d on the Internet.
fi d and d1splaye
create A.138
 Session·6 : INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Before WWW, Internet was mamly used for obt • .
. .
information. But post-WWW, the Internet po l •ty
. .
ammg textual
pu an
tremendously becaus_e of graphic-mtensive nature of WWW.
grew
..,. . ..................:
.
: The World Wide Web :
TI1erefore, we may attribute the explosion in u se and popularity of 1(WWW) is a set of ;
Internet to WWW only. : programs, standards and :
: protocols that allow~ the :
The World Wide Web (WWW) is also affectionately called "The j multimedia and hypertext ;
Web" . WWW was proposed between 1989-1991 by Tim : files to be created :
Berners-Lee. Proposed in 1989, WWW became a reality with : displayed and linked o~ \
: the Internet. :
invention of HTML and a text browser in 1990. ...............................
Difference between WWW and Internet
Most people think that WWW is Internet and vice versa, which is NOT TRUE.
A large part of the Internet is the 'World Wide Web" {YvWW). This is made up of web sites that
have one or !!tOre web pages. This is the part of the Internet that you probably use most of the
time.
But the Internet isn't just the web pages that you use every day. It also consists of :
•> Forums where people can seek help and advice about a topic.
•> Research databases used by universities and large companies.
•> USENET - discussion groups about a specific subject from •p(~•Jl!l!IJ~I"' ··...... ············~
11111

the latest boy band to favourite pets - for example, Google : www was proposed :
Groups. : between 1989-1991 by ~
: Tim Berners-Lee.
♦) Email and Instant Messaging (IM) systems. •............ ................. .

lt is really important to understand that the Internet is not the same as the WWW. Th~ Inte_met
is to the World Wide Web as Europe is to Germany. One is the container, the other is an item
within the container.
'Ilic lntcmct
................................
.: While Internet is a collection of .• ----------)
FT~ email
: computers or networking devices
: connected together · WWW is a
: collection of docume,nts1 linked via ( World Wida
l special links called hyperlinks.
: WWW forms a large part of Internet T~: l"---... P2P
: but is not the Internet. Gophd,,' -

'•••••••••, .......... ....... v••••• •••••••• • ••• Figure 6.1 WWW vs. Internet

f6.4 Internet Terminology rminology- In the

. ·u be
ood if we briefly talk about Internet te
Before we proceed furth_er, it w1. ;ome basic terms related to Internet.
following lines we are mtroducmg mputer on the
, other co
Client the networks that requests services from an
Any computer on
d sends the
Internet. ters processes an f
t receives requests from client compu ' can be other types 0
Any computer tha t There
Servers respond to web related regues ·
W b
output. e / ti· ns
O
sen,ers to handle different type of requests ac •
~'
~~
U.N IT !If : BASIC fl, I

('
 A.140 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-IX

Webpage Any digital page/document hosted on Internet (i.e., accessible via Intemet.)
Web Site A collection of interconnected webpages, designed with a certain goal in mind.
Web Portal A web site or service that offers a broad array of resources such as e-mail f
search-engines among others, e.g., sites like MSN, Yahoo, lndiatimes etc. ' orull\\,
Web Browser A program or software on a client computer, that retrieves information from the
Examples are : Internet Explorer Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Netscaper MWeb
I ~~
Opera, Safari, Lynx etc. 6.s.1
Web Client A web client is a program or a component on client side that requests and USEs
services provided by web server.
Examples of web clients are web browser, a specific web page with componen~
y,Jebh<
fetching information from web server, email programs, file sharing programs, chat
programs etc.
URL Uniform Resource Locator It is the unique address of a web page on Internet.
Blog Short for Web log, a blog is a web page that serves as a publicly accessible personal Addre
journal for an individual. A blog is a frequently updated online personal journal or
diary.
Blogger
The author of a blog is called blogger. A blogger is the one who regularly writes and
Horni
updates entries in his/her blog.
p
Blogging The action of writing blog is called blogging.
A
Newsgroups are Internet discussion forums where groups of users with common Desii
R Newsgroup
T interests gather to discuss on a common topic of interest.

Email Short for electronic mail, email refers to messages distributed by electronic means
Con
from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network mostly Internet.
1
Email Address Every email has a unique electronic post-office-box with a unique address on a
The
network where e-mail can be sent ; this unique address is known as email address.
Each email address has three sections. Let's look at the example below :

[email protected]
,
Username
t
@ host or domain name
,
Username
[email protected]
t
@
'\
host of domain name
I
Following sections talk about these in details.

Web Site
A web site is a collection of web pages which are digital files o-enerally written usiJlg
HyperText Markup Language (HTML). For a web site to be available to ~veryone in the world at
all times, it muSt be st0 red or "hoSted" on a computer that is connected to the Internet rouod
the clock. Such a computer is known as a Web server.
The web pages of a website a~e linked together (through hyperlinks and hypertext) and share
common interface and design. The site might also contain additional documents and fileS
a . ages, videos or other digital assets.
such as un
 Session 6 . INTE
RNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS
A.141 ~
With Internet inYading in ev
kind of causes and

• • • .
s h
ses ery p ere, we see websites for all
can also be thoug~~ as }~t'.et clan al_so say that a website
gi a env1ronment ca bl
dehvenng information and solutions and promotu . pa e_ of
·
•n• . ".. . . . ."•·:
•
: A website or a site Is n ;
behveen people, places, and things to su ort th 1.g mteraction ~ group of related web :
organization it was created for. PP e goals of the : pages hosted on a web. )
: server and are linked :
: together and share a :
6 5 .1 Components of a Website : common interface and :
As you know that a website is a collection of a related webpages : design. ·
hosted on a webserver. There are some components essential for
.... , ,. :...... .................. .......
making a website. These are being listed below.

Webhost Hosting is w here. a website is physically located · Group of linked web pages qualify
• to
be called a website only when hosted on a webserver. On a webserver som 1
f fil , ew 1ere,
are a set o es that are transmitted to user computers when they specify the address
of the website.
~
naJ ~ Address This is the address of the website (also called URL of the site). When someone asks to
see a website, (s)he needs to put this address into the web browser, and the asked site
is delivered by the webserver.
Homepage Every website has a home page. It is the first web page that appears when viewers go
to a website. Home page of a website is very important as it sets the look and feel of
the website and directs viewers to the rest of the pages in the website.
nmon Design It is the overall look and feel the website has as a Of•Jil' .............. ·............:.
result of proper use and integration elements like
navigation menus, graphics, layout etc. We have given above the compo- :
neans nents of website, not a webpage. :
Content All the webpages contained in the website together Often people mistakenly consider ;
1et.
make up the content of the website. components of webpage as :
on a components of a website. But there :
The Navigation Structure is a difference, which will be :
~
The navigation structure of a website is the order : clear to you when we cover later ;
of the pages, the collection of what links to what.
Usually it is held together by at least one
~-....................................
: the components of a webpage. :

navigation menu.

6.5.2 Website vs. Portal . t donatleast

A alr d know that a website is a collection of related web pages. It is hos e a URL
s you ea y . . rk throu h an Internet address known as .
one. web server, accessible Vla a ter7:eb ortafalso has similar characteristics, but there ,s
(Uniform Resource Locator). A Port~ o d p 1 hich ou must know.
a key difference between a website an a porta, w y -1!!1!!1!!11!1111' ....................:
A Web portal is a launch pad to a host of web based
· · ther •
l~t•Jil'.. ..... ype of ·
i
services such as email, shoppmg, gaming, n~ws, we~ . : A Web portal i~ also i~ ~oncent i
and so on whereas a website is concerned with proV1dmg : website but it differs cyp1cal :
nl F a • . es from a I •
. f ti" bout a company cause o y. or a user, : and serv1c ·des on y:
m orma on a . A • . chat prov1 r ks •
. th entry point for using these services. : webs1t~ d . f rmacion and in :
portal 1s e . . fi O
f : s eciahze m o •
::::::::e other hand pmv,des some spec, c type \,'.'..' .''.'.'.. '.'..'.'.'..''.'.~·......... . --~
1
 jiP
Followmg table lists the differences between these two.
S.No.
1. Web Portal 1Portall
Collection of launch webpages of array of web- Website
services like email, search engine, weather, gaming, Collection of webpages offering a special'
news etc.
2. pertaining to the need and goal of the ~Zed ~0nten1
It is normally an entry point or gateway for using the owning the website. rganization
offered web-services. It is often the final destination to acces
3. the 2rovided specific information. 5 ao d use
Generally linked to many other websites that provide
these web-services. A website is generally linked to its own webp
4. ages.
A complete environment for managing and inte-
_gratif"!g a large number of diverse aQIJlications. Caters to or delivers one specific type of applicati
5. or content as per the yoal of the website. on
Examples : Yahoo, Rediff, MSN, AOL etc.
Examples : edupillar.com, cbseacademic.in,
neert. nic. in etc.
ID Web Pages

A webpage is a digital document that is linked to the World Wide Web and viewable by any°"
connected to the internet having a web browser. It can contain any type of information, such•
text, colour, graphics, animation, video and sound etc. -at-'""••··•........,
Content wise the components of a webpage are : Hypertext and Hyper/inks , ~
HJPertext refers to a digital text, which is more than just text as it can
include information in various media formats such as : : Hypertext refers to the:
•> text : combination of text, :
♦ images : graphic images, audio &:
•> graphics : video tracks, and :
•> video I
♦ sound •> hJPerlinks hyperlinks. A Hyperlink /
: refers to a dynamic link :
6.8
Ifyperlink refers to a link from a hypertext file to another such file. A : upon clicking at which a:
: new web page or program :
hyper/ink can be in the form of a graphic or text, upon dicking where
the linked document opens up. .
: opens.
'
:
Following figure ~
~ ............................
.....
t1t . - , , _ i - u,i,

(Fig. 6.2) shows you

hypertext and
link
~======;lliiii- 1..=ro:r.liiitv;:;::;;;;~;.:--- - - - - - - - - ---:i
Hypertext comprises
hyper S of text, graphic, audio,
m
. a webpage. Video and hyperilnks, ____ ,_
The web page shown
here has all of them i.e .
the hypertext. A Hyperllnk. Noti~
n-., 1U10,1,1
mlfllmum au11mu
•Y•t•rn lhat vo,ir comput.,
rtQfSr•mtnt• tnHtt
/t,f l'ron!P~ ~rM- l'or thata the
to cursor
hand changB>
here. UpOl'the
moro 11
,,,o,meoon, lllt•M vlf/1 lht fir ~~~•"'=
• P::::
IO=••="==:J' clicking here, web
~~~~
J!!m www ro,rmofi corotrr20•nno•-=...._,:: , D 0 corresponding
The
cursor
~
• ,X! •
'"••n ex,mpl8f"' 1116 l'romP•~ Turori.l fflNlmt IN!
-..... ,.. Y°"oox.,,,,,, 11•wn<J,rd m~,.tor
lht m1111n1um, ur ro, rcreon rtt<Muuon ol
llv0<111oumo,diflQt1n1
'••~iJll(,(J"' fl9'11to,, 1/\o ••~•• v0u croet« dufl(IO tho
p
page opens u ·

e 6.2 HYP ertext and hyperlink ---Ji~~~~=::::-::--------~._.::r:.::::;-i

·===========-=====--=~:::::;::::=-..::..;
Web Browsers
th
is a program at lets you visit different sites on the Net and display their offerings
web browser
own coniputer. You. visit a site by supplying the browser with an address, or URL. we
nd
your ers are mte ed to let You access resources on World Wide Web - I
specuj -'"caUY, b~ow;e
t files in t form of web pages. However, you can use a browser to access other type' o
:1.yperteX
:.1• ms a5 well.
tne syste
 51144/on 6 : INTERt--lCT /•,ND 11S /\PPLIC/1

ThtJl'C arr rnon y browarirn ilVllilabl .. t·l \ IOf-Jf,

e in 1e market c
Modale, Nl!/1icape, /11/eme/ Bxplorer s(/;(II/,
I
,r. ,• Q/Jera M c.g, Iuugle Citrume
,, I n,MM! , ....... ...........,.
(cw of them H11Ch as Nl'/11cnpe Nov/a , C ' ncwe 7 etc, but only • !(IJ"
, ,r. I ' ,..a101' ougle C/11·0111 ' M . • .
a11d M1crooo
I MOS1 . " (MS IE)
f 11trm1e/ hx11/orer~ - appear just ab)e, l oz1/la Pire'ox
,, :: A we b browHer lb ~ ::
Thoug 1, , J\TC (developed by NCS <_u everywhere. : program that Im you
S11p1•rcomp11ti11g Applicntio11) was the first A - Nat1011al Centre for ) visit different shes on the j
market. web browser to come into : Net aod dl~play their :
j offerings on your own i
......... , ...................:.
: computer,

JIM Biogs
A blog is a kind of website, The term "bl 0 ,.,, . h
,, bl " d• . o JS t e shortened for 0 f
we, og - a 1ary or. Journal on the web · The owner of the m bl : A blog refers to an onllne :
wntes
. , on t11e
f d . blog and 1s known as blogg h
er or aut or of the blog Theog : journal where entries are :
acttv1ty o up ahng or writing for blog is called blogging. . j posted. The word blog ~
: has been derived from :
The "blogger" (or author) writes periodically about a certa· t . f ; weBLOG,
able by anyorw · J h · ( m op1c o • ......................... ..
" :
rnation, such a-
I,1s or
• ,er
• c oosmg personal experiences1 tho ugI1ts, hobb'1es, political
..
aspirati_ons, et~.). T~e blogger can provide links to other websites that
s/he thmks might interest the audience. The updates put on the blog
.
,.,. ...................:
.
by the blogger are called blog-posts. ; A person who writes and :
ct refers 10 the Biogs usually have a few features that are useful for the blogger and : maintains a blog is called :
ion of 1m : blogger and art of :
the readers. : writing a blog is called :
mages, audio &
; blogging,
cracks, and .............................. •'.
s. A Hyperllnk 6.8. l Types of Biogs,
a dynamic hnk Web of today has millions upon millions of biogs. There are biogs
king at which a maintained by individuals, there are biogs maintained by companies or organizations on the
,age or program web, and then there are blogs dedicated to factual information like news, and so on. But, one
...... , •••• ,.,,,1 thing is common - they tend to fall into these types of biogs :
1. Personal blog. This is the most common type of blog. Maximum numbers of blogs on
Internet belong to this category. After all, blogging started off as a way of creating an online
diary. A typical blogger may be keen on posting stories about their interest such as fishing, or
dancing or collecting something.
2. News and views. This type of blog contains factual stories about News, maintained by
journalists. News and television companies such as the BBC have many professional journalists

3. Company biogs. Many companies run biogs to let

............ ................
who post stories and views about the latest events. Visitors can add their own opinions as well.
:

their customers and clients know what is going on in the •: While blog poses 00 restrJction ::
company that would interest clients or customers such as new :: on number of charac1ers / words :
blog generally •
products coming up or progress being made on some project. :• f or a post' a co
micro •
certain number of :
limits a pose 140 characters is •
4. Micro-blogs. This is a new type of blog where one can crers e.g., :
chra . for a post (tweet) on :
t111f post very short comments that others can follow Twitter is rhe 1,m/1 :
the best example of a micro-blog where one can only post 140 .,,1crer, •
tnei! offe 11 • r • • • • • • • •• • • • •" • • • • • •

~ <12l,• ••• i •• '.,. •• •••

or l)P t)it characters with each entry called a Tweet'. The entries become
a running commentary about one's life and interests.
wev ~J
~tnef t1

u
 (a) compucer - • , VJ.tu vv1cte Web ?
(b) Browser [NCERT]
(c) Internet Connection
(d) All of the above
Zl. Which of the following is a web browser ?
) Internet (b) Chrome [NCERT]
(c) Windows
(d) None of the above
~ET US REVISE

❖ Internet is a network of many small networks that exist all over the world.
❖ The World Wide Web is a set of programs, standards and protocols that allows the multimedia files to be created
displayed and linked on the Internet. '
❖ The hypertext is a combination of text, graphic images, audio and video tracks and hyperlinks.
❖ A website or a site is a group of related web pages hosted on a webserver and are linked together and share a
common interface and design.
❖ A Web portal is also a type of website but it differs in content and services from a typical website that provides
only specialized information.
❖ A document that uses HTTP is called a w.eb page.
❖ The top-level web page of a web site is called home page.
❖ A web portal is a web site offering variety of services at single point.
❖ A blog refers to an online journal where entries are posted. The word blog has been derived from WEB LOG.

~lution Time
- . ..l

1. What is Internet ? iemet is composed of

Ans. Internet is a computer-based world wid~ information network. The In
a large number of smaller interconnected networks. else 00 the Intentet, can .
On Internet, each connected individual can commumca . t e w ith anyone ' -~ •
Publish iciP:::lQ !:lnrl """"" call n1"nr-t11rh: 'tArHh :::l ni-in-irrnnn nvPrhead cost. ---- ··