Interview Backpack 2 (React, MongoDB, Node JS, Express js)

Md. Nazmus Sakib

MARN Stack Developer

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REACT
• PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION
• HOOKS AND ADVANCED STATE MANAGEMENT
• ROUTING AND NAVIGATION
• STYLING AND ANIMATION
• STATE MANAGEMENT (REDUX, ZUSTAND, RECOIL)
• ADVANCED CONCEPTS

MONGODB
• SCHEMA DESIGN AND DATA MODELING
• INDEXES AND QUERY OPTIMIZATION
• REPLICATION AND SHARDING
• SECURITY AND ACCESS CONTROL
• AGGREGATION AND ADVANCED QUERYING

NODE
• CORE CONCEPTS AND ARCHITECTURE
• MODULES AND PACKAGE MANAGEMENT
• SECURITY AND ERROR HANDLING
• NETWORKING AND APIS
• PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION AND DEBUGGING

Md. Nazmus Sakib

MARN Stack Developer

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EXPRESS
• CORE CONCEPTS AND SETUP
• ROUTING AND ADVANCED ROUTING
• SECURITY AND ERROR HANDLING
• ROUTING, MIDDLEWARE, AND APIS
• PERFORMANCE AND SCALABILITY
• DATABASE INTEGRATION AND ORM

Md. Nazmus Sakib

MARN Stack Developer

https://www.engrsakib.com/
REACT

PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION

1. What is React.memo, and how does it improve performance?

o Answer: React.memo is a higher-order component that memoizes a

functional component's output, preventing re-renders if the props haven't
changed. It helps optimize performance by avoiding unnecessary updates.

2. How does useCallback prevent re-renders?

o Answer: useCallback memoizes a function, preventing it from being

recreated on every render. This helps in preventing child components from
re-rendering unnecessarily when they receive callback props.

3. What is lazy loading in React, and how does it enhance performance?

o Answer: Lazy loading in React is a technique where components are loaded

only when needed, reducing the initial bundle size and improving loading
speed. It is implemented using React.lazy and Suspense.

4. How do you use React Profiler to identify performance bottlenecks?

o Answer: React Profiler measures the rendering time of components, helping

to identify performance bottlenecks. It can be added by wrapping
components with <Profiler> and using the onRender callback to get detailed
metrics.

5. What is code splitting in React, and how is it achieved?

o Answer: Code splitting breaks down the application bundle into smaller
chunks that are loaded on demand, enhancing performance. It is achieved
using dynamic import() and React.lazy with Suspense.

HOOKS AND ADVANCED STATE MANAGEMENT

6. What is the difference between useMemo and useCallback?

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 o Answer: useMemo memoizes the result of a computation, whereas
useCallback memoizes a function definition. Both optimize performance by
preventing unnecessary re-renders.

7. How does useReducer differ from useState?

o Answer: useReducer is used for complex state logic involving multiple state
variables or when the next state depends on the previous one. useState is
simpler and suitable for independent state values.

8. What is the Context API, and when should it be used?

o Answer: Context API provides a way to pass data through the component
tree without prop drilling. It is useful for global state management but should
be used cautiously to avoid re-renders of all consuming components.

9. How do you optimize context performance in React?

o Answer: By memoizing context values and separating context providers for

different parts of the state, you can minimize re-renders and improve
performance.

10. What are custom hooks, and why are they useful?

o Answer: Custom hooks are user-defined functions that allow reusing stateful
logic across multiple components. They enhance code readability and
maintainability.

ROUTING AND NAVIGATION

11. How does React Router's dynamic routing differ from traditional routing?

o Answer: React Router's dynamic routing enables route changes without

reloading the page, maintaining application state. It uses components for
routing, unlike traditional static routing which reloads the entire page.

12. What is lazy loading in React Router, and how is it implemented?

o Answer: Lazy loading in React Router delays component loading until a route
is accessed. It is implemented using React.lazy and Suspense in combination
with React Router's Route component.

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 13. How do nested routes work in React Router?

o Answer: Nested routes allow defining routes within other routes, creating a
hierarchical navigation structure. It is achieved using nested <Route>
components and rendering child routes within parent routes.

14. What is the purpose of the useHistory and useLocation hooks?

o Answer: useHistory allows navigation programmatically, while useLocation

provides information about the current route's URL, enabling dynamic
rendering based on URL parameters.

15. How do you handle route guards in React Router?

o Answer: Route guards are implemented using custom higher-order

components or wrapper components that check authentication status before
rendering the protected route.

STYLING AND ANIMATION

16. What are CSS Modules, and how are they used in React?

o Answer: CSS Modules provide scoped CSS by generating unique class names,
preventing style conflicts. They are imported as objects in React components
for modular styling.

17. How does Styled-Components differ from traditional CSS in React?

o Answer: Styled-Components use tagged template literals to create CSS-in-JS,

enabling dynamic styling with props and theme support. It enhances
maintainability by collocating styles with components.

18. What is Framer Motion, and how is it used in React?

o Answer: Framer Motion is a React animation library that provides declarative

animations using the motion component. It supports complex animations like
drag, hover, and scroll-based effects.

19. How do you implement theming in React applications?

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 o Answer: Theming is implemented using the Context API or third-party
libraries like Styled-Components and Emotion, allowing consistent styling
across the application.

20. What are CSS-in-JS libraries, and what are their benefits?

o Answer: CSS-in-JS libraries like Styled-Components and Emotion allow writing

CSS within JavaScript, supporting dynamic styling and avoiding global scope
conflicts.

STATE MANAGEMENT (REDUX, ZUSTAND, RECOIL)

21. How does Redux differ from Context API?

o Answer: Redux provides a predictable state container with a unidirectional

data flow, supporting middleware and advanced dev tools. Context API is
simpler but lacks advanced state management features.

22. What is Redux Thunk, and why is it used?

o Answer: Redux Thunk is a middleware that allows writing action creators as

functions to handle asynchronous logic before dispatching actions to the
reducer.

23. How does Zustand differ from Redux for state management?

o Answer: Zustand is a lightweight state management library that uses React

hooks without boilerplate, while Redux has a more complex setup with
actions, reducers, and middleware.

24. What is Recoil, and how does it improve state management?

o Answer: Recoil is a state management library that enables shared state

across components with fine-grained control over re-renders, using atoms
and selectors for efficient data flow.

25. How do you optimize Redux performance in large applications?

o Answer: Optimizing Redux performance involves normalizing state, using

memoized selectors with reselect, and splitting reducers for better state
management.

Md. Nazmus Sakib

MARN Stack Developer

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ADVANCED CONCEPTS

26. What is Concurrent Mode in React?

o Answer: Concurrent Mode is an experimental feature that improves

rendering performance by allowing React to interrupt and prioritize
rendering tasks, enhancing user experience.

27. What are Suspense and Error Boundaries used for?

o Answer: Suspense is used for handling asynchronous rendering, like lazy

loading, while Error Boundaries catch rendering errors, preventing UI crashes.

28. How does Server-Side Rendering (SSR) differ from Client-Side Rendering (CSR)?

o Answer: SSR pre-renders HTML on the server, improving SEO and initial load
time, while CSR renders content on the client-side, providing a faster,
dynamic experience.

29. What is React Hydration?

o Answer: Hydration is the process of attaching event listeners to pre-rendered

HTML on the client side, making the UI interactive without re-rendering the
entire content.

30. What is Reconciliation in React?

o Answer: Reconciliation is React's process of comparing the Virtual DOM with

the previous version and updating only the changed parts in the real DOM,
optimizing rendering.

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MONGODB
SCHEMA DESIGN AND DATA MODELING

1. What is schema design in MongoDB, and why is it important?

o Answer: Schema design in MongoDB refers to structuring documents and
collections to efficiently store and retrieve data. Good schema design
enhances query performance, scalability, and maintainability.
2. When should you use embedding vs. referencing in MongoDB?
o Answer: Embedding is used for denormalized data and fast read operations
when related data is frequently queried together. Referencing is used for
normalized data, maintaining consistency with separate collections for
related entities.
3. What is data denormalization, and how does it affect performance?
o Answer: Data denormalization stores redundant data for faster read
operations but increases storage usage and update complexity. It reduces the
need for joins and improves query performance.
4. How do you design a one-to-many relationship in MongoDB?
o Answer: A one-to-many relationship can be modeled by embedding an array
of subdocuments within the parent document or by referencing with
ObjectIDs in separate collections.
5. What is a polymorphic schema, and when should it be used?
o Answer: A polymorphic schema supports multiple document structures in a
single collection. It is useful when documents share common fields but have
variations, ensuring flexibility.

INDEXES AND QUERY OPTIMIZATION

6. What are indexes in MongoDB, and how do they improve query performance?
o Answer: Indexes are data structures that store a subset of a collection's fields
for quick lookups. They improve query performance by reducing the need for
full collection scans.
7. What is a compound index, and when should it be used?

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 o Answer: A compound index indexes multiple fields in a specified order,
enhancing query performance for queries that filter on multiple fields. It is
useful when querying by combinations of fields.
8. How do you analyze query performance in MongoDB?
o Answer: Query performance is analyzed using the .explain() method, which
provides details about query execution, index usage, and query planning,
helping identify slow queries.
9. What is index cardinality, and why is it important?
o Answer: Index cardinality refers to the uniqueness of values in an indexed
field. High cardinality indexes are more efficient because they filter out more
documents, speeding up queries.
10. How does MongoDB handle query optimization internally?
o Answer: MongoDB uses a query planner that evaluates multiple execution
plans and chooses the most efficient one based on cost estimation, caching
the plan for repeated queries.

REPLICATION AND SHARDING

11. What is replication in MongoDB, and why is it used?

o Answer: Replication maintains multiple copies of data across servers for high
availability and redundancy. It provides data backup, fault tolerance, and load
balancing for read operations.
12. What is a replica set, and how does it work?
o Answer: A replica set is a group of MongoDB servers with one primary node
and multiple secondary nodes. The primary node handles write operations,
while secondary nodes replicate data for redundancy.
13. What is sharding in MongoDB, and when is it necessary?
o Answer: Sharding distributes large datasets across multiple servers,
improving read/write performance and storage scalability. It is necessary
when a single server cannot handle the data volume.
14. What is a shard key, and how is it chosen?
o Answer: A shard key determines how data is distributed across shards. It
should have high cardinality and be evenly distributed to avoid hotspots and
ensure balanced data distribution.
15. What are the challenges of sharding, and how are they managed?

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 o Answer: Challenges include choosing the right shard key, managing data
rebalancing, and maintaining consistency. Proper shard key selection and
monitoring tools like balancer help manage these challenges.

SECURITY AND ACCESS CONTROL

16. What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) in MongoDB?

o Answer: RBAC restricts database access based on user roles, ensuring users
have only the necessary permissions. It enhances security by following the
principle of least privilege.
17. How do you enable authentication in MongoDB?
o Answer: Authentication is enabled by creating users with roles and starting
MongoDB with the --auth option or configuring security.authorization in the
configuration file.
18. What is data encryption at rest in MongoDB?
o Answer: Data encryption at rest encrypts stored data to protect it from
unauthorized access. MongoDB uses the WiredTiger storage engine with AES-
256 encryption for this purpose.
19. How do you secure MongoDB connections?
o Answer: Connections are secured using SSL/TLS encryption, IP whitelisting,
and firewall rules. Enabling network encryption and using strong
authentication mechanisms enhance security.
20. What is field-level encryption, and how does it work in MongoDB?
o Answer: Field-level encryption encrypts specific fields within documents,
protecting sensitive data. It is implemented using client-side libraries that
handle encryption and decryption.

AGGREGATION AND ADVANCED QUERYING

21. What is the aggregation framework in MongoDB?

o Answer: The aggregation framework processes data through a pipeline of
stages, transforming documents and calculating results. It supports filtering,
grouping, sorting, and complex data analysis.
22. How do you use $lookup for joining collections in MongoDB?
o Answer: $lookup performs a left outer join between documents in different
collections, enabling relational-style joins. It is useful for retrieving related
data across collections.
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 23. What is the $facet stage in aggregation pipelines?
o Answer: $facet runs multiple aggregation pipelines in parallel and combines
their results. It is used for multi-faceted reporting, such as pagination and
analytics dashboards.
24. How do you optimize aggregation pipelines in MongoDB?
o Answer: Aggregation pipelines are optimized by matching early in the
pipeline, using projections to limit fields, indexing fields used in $match, and
avoiding $unwind on large arrays.
25. What is MongoDB's $graphLookup, and when is it used?
o Answer: $graphLookup performs recursive searches on hierarchical data,
enabling queries on parent-child relationships or graph structures. It is useful
for organizational hierarchies or social networks.

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MARN Stack Developer

https://www.engrsakib.com/
NODE.JS

CORE CONCEPTS AND ARCHITECTURE

1. What is the Event Loop in Node.js, and how does it work?

o Answer: The Event Loop is a core part of Node.js's non-blocking architecture.

It continuously monitors the call stack and callback queue, executing
callbacks asynchronously to handle I/O operations efficiently.

2. How does Node.js handle asynchronous operations?

o Answer: Node.js handles asynchronous operations using callbacks, Promises,

and async/await. It uses the Event Loop to manage non-blocking tasks
without freezing the main thread.

3. What are streams in Node.js, and why are they important?

o Answer: Streams are objects that handle continuous data flows efficiently,
such as reading from or writing to files or network connections. They improve
performance by processing data in chunks.

4. What is the difference between process.nextTick() and setImmediate()?

o Answer: process.nextTick() executes callbacks before the next Event Loop

cycle, whereas setImmediate() schedules callbacks to run at the end of the
current Event Loop cycle.

5. How does the module system work in Node.js?

o Answer: Node.js uses CommonJS modules (require and module.exports) and

ES modules (import and export). It resolves modules using a hierarchical file
system search.

MODULES AND PACKAGE MANAGEMENT

6. What is NPM, and how does it differ from Yarn?

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 o Answer: NPM (Node Package Manager) is the default package manager for
Node.js, while Yarn is an alternative package manager known for faster
installations and better dependency management.

7. What is a package.json file, and what are its key sections?

o Answer: package.json is a manifest file containing metadata about the

project, dependencies, scripts, and configurations. Key sections include
name, version, dependencies, and scripts.

8. How do you create and publish a Node.js package?

o Answer: A Node.js package is created using npm init, and publishing is done
with npm publish after authentication. Versioning follows Semantic
Versioning (SemVer) guidelines.

9. What are peer dependencies, and when are they used?

o Answer: Peer dependencies specify compatible versions of packages required

by a module but not installed automatically, ensuring compatibility in shared
ecosystems like plugins.

10. How can you manage multiple versions of Node.js on the same machine?

o Answer: Multiple versions are managed using Node Version Manager (NVM),
which allows installing, switching, and maintaining different Node.js versions.

SECURITY AND ERROR HANDLING

11. How do you handle errors in asynchronous code in Node.js?

o Answer: Errors are handled using try-catch blocks with async/await, .catch()
with Promises, or passing errors to callbacks using the Node.js error-first
callback pattern.

12. What are the best practices for securing a Node.js application?

o Answer: Best practices include using environment variables, validating user

input, implementing HTTPS, preventing SQL injection, and avoiding the use of
outdated dependencies.

13. What is the purpose of Helmet in Node.js applications?

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 o Answer: Helmet is a middleware that secures Express apps by setting HTTP
headers to prevent common vulnerabilities like cross-site scripting (XSS) and
clickjacking.

14. How do you prevent Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in Node.js?

o Answer: XSS is prevented by escaping user input, validating data, using

templating engines that auto-escape, and enabling Content Security Policy
(CSP) headers.

15. What is the significance of input validation and sanitization?

o Answer: Input validation checks data types and formats, while sanitization
removes malicious code. Both protect against injection attacks, ensuring data
integrity and security.

NETWORKING AND APIS

16. How do you create an HTTP server in Node.js without Express?

o Answer: An HTTP server is created using the built-in http module with
http.createServer() method, handling requests and responses manually.

17. What is middleware in Node.js, and how does it work in Express?

o Answer: Middleware is a function that executes during the request-response

cycle. In Express, middleware can modify requests, responses, or end the
cycle by sending a response.

18. How do you handle CORS issues in Node.js?

o Answer: CORS issues are handled by setting the Access-Control-Allow-Origin

header or using the cors middleware package in Express to allow cross-origin
requests.

19. What is RESTful API, and how do you implement it in Node.js?

o Answer: A RESTful API follows the REST architecture, using standard HTTP
methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to perform CRUD operations. It is
implemented using Express routes.

20. How do you make HTTP requests in Node.js?

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 o Answer: HTTP requests are made using the built-in http or https modules, or
third-party libraries like Axios and node-fetch for easier syntax and Promise-
based requests.

PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION AND DEBUGGING

21. How can you improve the performance of a Node.js application?

o Answer: Performance is improved by using asynchronous patterns,

clustering, caching, load balancing, reducing middleware usage, and
optimizing database queries.

22. What is clustering in Node.js, and how does it enhance performance?

o Answer: Clustering creates multiple child processes, each running on a

separate CPU core, enhancing scalability and performance by balancing the
workload.

23. How do you debug Node.js applications?

o Answer: Debugging is done using console.log(), the built-in debugger (node

inspect), or advanced tools like VSCode's debugger and Chrome DevTools.

24. What are memory leaks in Node.js, and how do you identify them?

o Answer: Memory leaks occur when unused objects are not garbage collected.
They are identified using tools like Node.js heap snapshots, Memory Profiler,
and clinic.js.

25. How do you handle asynchronous error logging in Node.js?

o Answer: Asynchronous error logging is handled using libraries like winston or

pino, which support asynchronous transports, allowing efficient and non-
blocking logging.

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EXPRESS.JS

CORE CONCEPTS AND SETUP

1. What is Express.js, and why is it popular?

o Answer: Express.js is a lightweight, fast, and flexible Node.js web application

framework that simplifies routing, middleware, and server creation, making it
one of the most popular choices for building RESTful APIs and web
applications.

2. How do you create a basic Express.js application?

o Answer: A basic Express app is created by requiring express, initializing the

app with express(), setting routes with app.get(), and listening on a port with
app.listen().

3. What is middleware in Express.js?

o Answer: Middleware is a function that processes requests before they reach

the route handler. It can modify the request/response objects, terminate the
request-response cycle, or pass control to the next middleware.

4. What are route handlers in Express.js?

o Answer: Route handlers define how a server responds to a specific HTTP

request. In Express, they are set using methods like app.get(), app.post(),
app.put(), and app.delete().

5. How can you serve static files in an Express.js application?

o Answer: Static files can be served using the built-in express.static()

middleware. This allows serving HTML, CSS, JS, and image files from a
specified directory.

ROUTING AND ADVANCED ROUTING

6. How does routing work in Express.js?

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 o Answer: Routing in Express is done by defining HTTP methods and specifying
URL patterns. Route parameters, queries, and middleware functions can be
used for dynamic routing.

7. What are route parameters in Express.js, and how do you access them?

o Answer: Route parameters are dynamic parts of a URL that can capture
values. They are accessed using req.params in route handlers, e.g.,
app.get('/user/:id', (req, res) => {...}).

8. What are query parameters in Express.js?

o Answer: Query parameters are values passed in the URL after the ? symbol.
They are accessed using req.query, e.g., req.query.name.

9. How can you handle multiple route methods for the same route?

o Answer: Multiple methods for a single route can be handled using the same
route path but different HTTP methods. For example, app.get() and
app.post() can be used for the same route with different logic.

10. What is router-level middleware in Express.js?

o Answer: Router-level middleware is middleware applied to specific routers in

Express. It can be used to handle routes grouped in specific areas of the
application using router.use().

SECURITY AND ERROR HANDLING

11. How do you handle errors in Express.js?

o Answer: Errors are handled using middleware. The error-handling

middleware takes four parameters (err, req, res, next) and is defined after all
other middleware and routes.

12. What is the purpose of the next() function in Express?

o Answer: The next() function passes control to the next middleware function
in the stack. It is used to handle asynchronous operations or chain multiple
middleware.

13. How do you prevent Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in Express.js?

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 o Answer: XSS is prevented by sanitizing user inputs, using libraries like
express-validator, and setting proper HTTP headers such as Content Security
Policy (CSP).

14. How do you protect against SQL Injection in Express.js?

o Answer: SQL injection is prevented by using parameterized queries and ORM

libraries like Sequelize or Mongoose that automatically escape inputs.

15. How can you secure sensitive data in Express.js applications?

o Answer: Sensitive data is secured using HTTPS, hashing passwords with

libraries like bcrypt, and using environment variables for sensitive
information like API keys.

ROUTING, MIDDLEWARE, AND APIS

16. What is Express.js Router, and how is it used?

o Answer: The Express Router is used to modularize the routing system. It

allows defining routes in separate files and linking them to the main
application using app.use(router).

17. What is the difference between app.use() and app.all() in Express?

o Answer: app.use() is used for middleware that executes for all HTTP
methods, while app.all() handles all HTTP methods for a specific route.

18. How do you implement authentication in an Express.js application?

o Answer: Authentication is implemented using middleware to verify the user’s

credentials (e.g., using passport.js or JWT) before granting access to certain
routes.

19. What are template engines in Express.js?

o Answer: Template engines like Pug, EJS, and Handlebars are used to generate
dynamic HTML content on the server-side before sending it to the client.

20. What is the role of app.set() and app.get() in Express?

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 o Answer: app.set() is used to set application settings (e.g., views,
environment), while app.get() is used to retrieve those settings within the
application.

PERFORMANCE AND SCALABILITY

21. How do you improve performance in an Express.js application?

o Answer: Performance is improved by caching responses, using compression

middleware (compression), minimizing synchronous code, and implementing
request throttling or rate-limiting.

22. What is the role of clustering in scaling Express.js applications?

o Answer: Clustering allows the application to take advantage of multi-core

systems by spawning multiple processes, each handling different requests,
improving scalability and performance.

23. How do you handle large file uploads in Express?

o Answer: Large file uploads are handled using multer middleware, which
supports storage configurations and file size limits.

24. What are the advantages of using async/await in Express.js?

o Answer: async/await simplifies asynchronous code, making it cleaner, easier

to read, and reducing the callback hell. It also improves error handling with
try/catch blocks.

25. What is the purpose of compression middleware in Express?

o Answer: The compression middleware reduces the size of the response body
by compressing it using gzip or deflate, improving the performance of the
application.

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DATABASE INTEGRATION AND ORM

26. How do you connect an Express.js application to a database?

o Answer: A database connection is established using libraries such as

mongoose for MongoDB or sequelize for SQL databases. Configuration files
store credentials and connection settings.

27. What is the role of Sequelize ORM in Express.js?

o Answer: Sequelize is an ORM for SQL databases that provides an easy-to-use

API for defining models, performing CRUD operations, and handling
relationships between tables in Express.js.

28. How do you perform CRUD operations using MongoDB and Mongoose in
Express.js?

o Answer: CRUD operations are performed using Mongoose's model methods

like find(), save(), update(), and delete(), typically inside route handlers.

29. How do you set up a connection pool with a SQL database in Express?

o Answer: A connection pool is configured in sequelize or pg-promise, which

optimizes database queries by reusing connections and reducing overhead.

30. How do you ensure data consistency and reliability in Express.js with MongoDB?

o Answer: Data consistency is ensured by using Mongoose schema validation,

transactions (in MongoDB 4.x+), and error handling to manage operations
like creating, updating, and deleting documents.

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MARN Stack Developer

https://www.engrsakib.com/