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Essential SQL on SQL Server 2008 1st Edition Dr. Sikha
Bagui Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Dr. Sikha Bagui, Dr. Richard Earp
ISBN(s): 9780763781385, 076378138X
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.27 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
Essential SQL
on SQL Server
®
2008
Sikha Bagui | Richard Earp
World Headquarters
Jones and Bartlett Publishers Jones and Bartlett Publishers Jones and Bartlett Publishers
40 Tall Pine Drive Canada International
Sudbury, MA 01776 6339 Ormindale Way Barb House, Barb Mews
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contact the special sales department at Jones and Bartlett via the above contact information or send an
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Copyright © 2011 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any
form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
SQL Server 2008, Visual Studio, and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
United States and other countries.
Production Credits
Publisher: David Pallai
Acquisitions Editor: Timothy McEvoy
Editorial Assistant: Melissa Potter
Associate Production Editor: Tiffany Sliter
Associate Marketing Manager: Lindsay Ruggiero
V.P., Manufacturing and Inventory Control: Therese Connell
Composition: Northeast Compositors, Inc.
Cover Design: Scott Moden
Cover Image: © Denis Babenko/ShutterStock, Inc.
Printing and Binding: Malloy, Inc.
Cover Printing: Malloy, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bagui, Sikha, 1964-
Essential SQL on SQL server 2008 / Sikha Saha Bagui and Richard Walsh Earp.
p. cm.
Includes indexes.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7637-8138-5 (pbk.)
ISBN-10: 0-7637-8138-X
1. SQL (Computer program language) 2. SQL server. 3. Database design. 4. Database management. I. Earp,
Richard, 1940- II. Title.
QA76.73.S67B27 2010
005.75'85—dc22
2009033348

6048
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedicated to my father, Santosh Saha, and mother, Ranu Saha,
and
my husband, Subhash Bagui
and
my sons, Sumon and Sudip
and
my brother, Pradeep, and nieces, Priyashi, and Piyali
S.B.

Dedicated to my wife, Brenda,

and
my children, Beryl, Rich, Gen, and Mary Jo
R.E.
 chapter

11
Contents
Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1—Starting Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 1
1.1 Starting Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 and SQL Server
Management Studio 3
1.2 Creating a Database in Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 5
1.3 The Query Editor 10
1.4 Creating Tables Using the Load Script 13
1.5 Viewing Table Designs 15
1.6 Modifying Table Designs 16
1.7 Viewing Table Data 19
1.8 Deleting a Table 19
1.9 Deleting a Database 20
1.10 Entering a SQL Query or Statement 20
1.11 Parsing a Query 21
1.12 Executing a Query 21
1.13 Saving a Query 22
1.14 Displaying the Results 22
1.15 Stopping Execution of a Long Query 22
1.16 Viewing Error Messages 25
1.17 Printing the Query and Results 25
1.18 Copying the Query and Results 25
1.19 Customizing Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 25
Summary 27
Review Questions 27
Chapter 1 Exercises 27

v
vi Contents

Chapter 2—Beginning SQL Commands in Microsoft® SQL

Server® 29
2.1 Displaying Data with the SELECT Statement 30
2.2 Displaying or Selecting Columns from a Table 33
2.3 Displaying or SELECTing Rows from a Table 46
2.4 The COUNT Function 54
2.5 The ROWCOUNT Function 57
2.6 Using Aliases 58
2.7 Synonyms 63
2.8 Adding Comments to SQL Statements 65
2.9 Some Conventions for Writing SQL Statements 66
2.10 A Few Notes about Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 Syntax 67
Summary 68
Review Questions 68
Chapter 2 Exercises 69

Chapter 3—Creating, Populating, Altering, and

Deleting Tables 71
3.1 Data Types in Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 73
3.2 Creating a Table 81
3.3 Inserting Values into a Table 83
3.4 The UPDATE Command 91
3.5 The ALTER TABLE Command 93
3.6 The DELETE Command 97
3.7 Deleting a Table 98
Summary 98
Review Questions 98
Chapter 3 Exercises 99
References 100

Chapter 4—Joins 101

4.1 The JOIN 102
4.2 The Cartesian Product 110
4.3 Equi-Joins and Non-Equi-Joins 112
4.4 Self-Joins 113
4.5 Using ORDER BY with a Join 115
4.6 Joining More than Two Tables 116
4.7 The OUTER JOIN 118
Summary 123
Review Questions 123
Chapter 4 Exercises 123
Contents vii

Chapter 5—Functions 127

5.1 Aggregate Functions 130
5.2 Row-Level Functions 135
5.3 Other Functions 142
5.4 String Functions 148
5.5 Conversion Functions 164
5.6 Date Functions 167
Summary 174
Review Questions 174
Chapter 5 Exercises 175

Chapter 6—Query Development and Derived Structures 179

6.1 Query Development 180
6.2 Parentheses in SQL Expressions 185
6.3 Derived Structures 189
6.4 Query Development with Derived Structures 202
Summary 208
Review Questions 208
Chapter 6 Exercises 209

Chapter 7—Set Operations 213

7.1 Introducing Set Operations 214
7.2 The UNION Operation 216
7.3 The UNION ALL Operation 219
7.4 Handling UNION and/or UNION ALL Situations with an Unequal
Number of Columns 220
7.5 The IN and NOT ... IN Predicates 222
7.6 The Difference Operation 233
7.7 The Union and the JOIN 236
7.8 A UNION Used to Implement a Full Outer JOIN 242
Summary 243
Review Questions 244
Chapter 7 Exercises 244

Chapter 8—Joins Versus Subqueries 249

8.1 The IN Subquery 250
8.2 The Subquery as a JOIN 251
8.3 When the JOIN Cannot Be Turned into a Subquery 254
8.4 More Examples Involving Joins and IN 255
8.5 Using Subqueries with Operators 259
Summary 262
viii Contents

Review Questions 262

Chapter 8 Exercises 263

Chapter 9—Aggregation and GROUP BY 265

9.1 A SELECT in Modified BNF 266
9.2 The GROUP BY Clause 266
9.3 The HAVING Clause 272
9.4 GROUP BY and HAVING: Aggregates of Aggregates 274
9.5 Auditing in Subqueries 279
9.6 Nulls Revisited 283
Summary 286
Review Questions 287
Chapter 9 Exercises 287

Chapter 10—Correlated Subqueries 291

10.1 Noncorrelated Subqueries 292
10.2 Correlated Subqueries 293
10.3 Existence Queries and Correlation 295
10.4 SQL Universal and Existential Qualifiers 308
Summary 315
Review Questions 316
Chapter 10 Exercises 316

Chapter 11—Indexes and Constraints on Tables 321

11.1 The “Simple” CREATE TABLE 322
11.2 Indexes 323
11.3 Constraints 327
Summary 349
Review Questions 349
Chapter 11 Exercises 350
Appendix 1 355
Appendix 2 359
Glossary of Important Commands and Functions 373
Index 381
 chapter

11
Preface
Preface

Why This Book?

SQL Server® database software is one of the most powerful database engines
used today. Microsoft’s latest release of SQL Server, SQL Server® 2008, is a
comprehensive database platform that provides secure and reliable storage
for both relational and structured data, enabling one to build and manage
high-performance data applications. SQL Server 2008’s close integration
with Microsoft® Visual Studio® development system, Microsoft® Office®
system, and a suite of new development tools sets it apart from previous
versions and from other database engines. This system allows one to build,
debug, and operate applications faster than ever before.
SQL Server 2008 can be installed on small machines using the Micro-
soft® Windows® operating system as well as large servers. In recent years,
the computer industry has seen a dramatic increase in the popularity of
relational databases and multiuser databases, and there is a great need for
application developers and people who can write SQL code efficiently and
correctly for relational and multiuser databases. This book focuses on SQL
programming using SQL Server 2008—a relational and multiuser database.
The book is aimed at students who wish to learn SQL using Microsoft’s
SQL Server 2008, and is expected to be used by schools and SQL training
organizations, as well as by database and IT professionals who are actively
working with SQL Server 2008.
This book is mainly intended to be a systematic learning guide to
learn SQL using SQL Server 2008. The book starts with very simple SQL
concepts, and slowly builds into more complex query development. The
purpose of this book is to present every topic, concept, and idea with ex-
amples of code and output. Exercises have also been included so the user

ix
x Preface

gains proficiency in SQL using SQL Server. The best approach to using this
book efficiently is to read with SQL Server open and active. As the book
is read, it will be advantageous to actually work through the examples.
If the book is being used for a beginning database course, students can
do the exercises over the course of one semester at a pace of one chapter
per week. The exercises are found at the ends of the respective chapters.
Due to the dramatic increase in the popularity of relational and mul-
tiuser databases, many schools and training organizations are using SQL
Server in their database courses to teach database principles and concepts.
This has generated a need for a concise book on SQL Server programming:
Essential SQL on SQL Server® 2008.

SQL and SQL Server

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used for query-

ing, updating, and managing relational databases, and lately SQL has be-
come the de facto standard “language” for accessing relational databases.
SQL is not really a language so much as it is a database query tool. In this
book, we concentrate on learning SQL using SQL Server 2008.
SQL allows us to define a relational database by creating and modifying
tables (in this sense, SQL is a data definition language, or DDL). SQL also
allows us to tell SQL Server which information we want to select (retrieve),
insert, update, or delete. That is, SQL also allows us to query the relational
database in a flexible way, as well as change the stored data (in this sense,
SQL is a data manipulation language, or DML).
This book is targeted at SQL Server users on the Windows operating
system, but is easily adaptable to other platforms.

Audience and Coverage

This book can be used as a standalone exercise to learn SQL using SQL
Server 2008. It can also be used to supplement a theoretical database text
in an introductory databases class. This book does not assume any prior
database knowledge.
This book consists of 11 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the user to
SQL Server 2008, explaining how to open SQL Server, load the database,
and view and perform simple table manipulations. Chapter 1 also covers
how and where to enter a SQL query, how to customize SQL Server 2008’s
settings, and how to connect to other databases. Chapter 2 introduces
the user to some beginning SQL commands in SQL Server. Chapter 3
discusses creating, populating, altering, and deleting tables, as relational
databases are built on the idea of tabular data. Chapter 4 introduces and
covers all types of joins, which are a common database mechanism for
Preface xi

combining tables. Chapter 5 covers SQL Server 2008’s functions. Chapter

6 discusses query development as well as the use of views and other derived
structures. Chapter 7 covers simple set operations. Chapters 8, 9, and 10
cover subqueries, aggregate functions, and correlated subqueries. Chapter
11 addresses indexes and constraints that can be added to tables in SQL
Server 2008.
Appendix 1 describes the Student course database and other tables
that are used throughout the book. Appendix 2 contains the script that
loads the Student course database. A glossary of important commands
and functions has also been provided.
This book is complete enough for beginning SQL users to get an
overview of what SQL Server entails and how to use SQL. There are even
many SQL programmers who have based their employment on this mate-
rial. This book gives the user a very good feel for what SQL is, and how it
is used in SQL Server.

—Sikha Bagui and Richard Earp

 chapter

11
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments

Our special thanks to Tim McEvoy and the incredible staff at Jones and
Bartlett Publishers for their hard work putting this book together.

We would also like to thank President Judy Bense and Provost Chula
King for their inspiration, encouragement, and true leadership qualities,
and Dean Jane Halonen for her continuing support.

Our sincere appreciation also goes to Dr. Leo TerHaar, chair of the Com-
puter Science Department, for his advice, guidance, and support through
the completion of this book, as well as Dr. Norman Wilde and Dr. Ed
Rodgers for their continuing encouragement. And, last but not least, we
would like to thank our fellow faculty members and Diana Walker for their
continuous support.

xiii
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
17000 Jain und Buddhisten, 10500 Europäer, 1168 Eurasier.
[587] Natürlich mit eignem Bad, für 8 Rupien täglich,
einschliesslich der Verpflegung, aber ohne Bier und Wein.
[588] Kleinhändler treiben sich auf dem Flur herum und bieten
dem Fremden für den Sovereign 2 Anna mehr, als der Wechsler
giebt, machen aber keine sonderlichen Geschäfte.
[589] In den „Waarenhäusern für Officiere“ (Army and Navy
Cooperative-Stores for India, A. & N. Stores) werden die
indischen Cigarren zu 3½ Rupien das Hundert verkauft, d. i. 5
Pfennige für das Stück. Sie sind mittelmässig. Man bekommt auch
theurere, aber nicht bessere.
[590] „Geben Sie doch Elsass-Lothringen an die Franzosen,“ sagte
am ersten Abend in Bombay mein zufälliger Tischnachbar, ein
Brite, nachdem er meine Herkunft erkundigt. „Geben Sie,“
erwiderte ich, „Gibraltar, Malta, Cypern, Aegypten an ihre
Eigenthümer, und keinen Rath an diejenigen, die ihn nicht
wollen.“
[591] Vom Parsi-Theater werde ich noch sprechen.
[592] Weiter nördlich mit ihr sich kreuzt.
[593] Wir finden den Namen „B a a r g e l d“ nicht so anmuthig, als
er den Morgenländern erscheinen mag. Aber schon den alten
Persern galt, nächst dem Lügen, das S c h u l d e n m a c h e n für
die grösste Schande. (Herodot I, 138.)
[594] Parsi, Juden, Mohammedaner sind es, welche hier Gebäude
errichtet und Stiftungen zum Allgemeinwohl gemacht; aber kein
einziger von den in Indien reich gewordenen Briten.
[595] Wem mein Urtheil zu strenge vorkommt, namentlich im
Vergleich mit den üblichen Lobeserhebungen der Reisebücher, der
vergleiche F e r g u s s o n (S. 5): It is only in India that the two
systems can now be seen practised side by side, — the educated
and intellectual European always failing because his principles are
wrong, the feeble and uneducated native as inevitably succeeding
because his principles are right. The Indian builders think only of
what they are doing and how they can best produce the effect
they desire. In the European system it is considered more
essential that a building should be a correct c o p y of something
else than good in itself — — —
[596] An der Ecke zwischen Esplanade Market road und
Cruikshank road.
[597] Victoria Terminus, Great Indian Peninsular Railway.
[598] Ein wohlhabender Jude, der Wohlthäter seiner armen
Glaubensgenossen aus Bagdad, der Gründer grossartiger Fabriken
(von Baumwollen- und Seiden-Stoffen) und Docks, der Stifter
zahlreicher öffentlicher Anstalten, wie der Gewerbe-Schule und
des Albert-Museum.
[599] Wo die Seeleute, Dank der Wohlthätigkeit indischer
Fürsten, namentlich des von Baroda, billige und angenehme
Wohnung finden.
[600] Elphinstone reclamation, Mody Bay reclamation.
[601] New-Orleans hat 1885/86 über 6 Millionen Centner
ausgeführt.
[602] Gesammtwerth dieser 6 Millionen Centner 240 Millionen
Mark. — Die Baumwollen-Ernte der Erde betrug 1884 an 1600
Millionen Kilogramm = 32 Millionen Centner. Von den 1882/83 im
Welthandel nachweisbaren 42 Millionen Centner stammten 32 aus
den Vereinigten Staaten, 7 aus Ostindien, 2½ aus Aegypten. Für
1890 beziffert sich die g e s a m m t e Baumwollengewinnung auf
2800 Millionen Kilogramm, davon entfallen auf Ostindien 552.
[603] Ein Deutscher, der grade nach Bombay kam, wurde von
einem Engländer gefragt, ob er die Reise wegen Lord Hawkin’s
Kampfspiel unternommen. Der Deutsche erwiederte: „Dann
müsste ich verrückt sein.“ Der Engländer fragte: „Wie so?“
[604] Dieser Theil von Hornby road wird auch auf einzelnen
Karten als Esplanade Market road bezeichnet.
[605] Noch vor zehn Jahren war dieser Z w i s c h e n r a u m
zwischen der englischen und der einheimischen Stadt f a s t
u n b e b a u t.
[606] An ihrer Kreuzung mit Parell road.
[607] Z e n d a v e s t a, Vendidad V, 67 und 68. (Es spricht Ahura-
mazda.) „Das ist die Reinigkeit, o Zarathustra, das Gesetz: Wer
sich selbst rein hält durch gute Gedanken, Worte, Handlungen.“
Z., Jaçna, XII, 2: „Ich ergreife alle guten Gedanken, Worte und
Werke.“ Und an sehr vielen anderen Stellen.
[608] Cap. 44, 45.
[609] I, 131.
[610] Geboren 1827 in Würtemberg, 1859 Professor im Poona
College bei Bombay. 1868 Professor in München, † 1876.
[611] Der eigentliche Namen in den Pehlwi- (Pahlavi-) Büchern
der Parsi lautet Avistak va zand, d. h. Lehre und Erklärung.
A v i s t a k (von vista, das gewusste, offenbarte, vid = wissen, das
an Veda erinnert,) bedeutet die L e h r e des Zoroaster und seiner
Nachfolger; Z a n d die Erklärung dieser alten, dunklen Lehre, erst
in der alten Sprache, später und hauptsächlich aber in Pahlavi.
Das Wort Z a n d gehört zur Wurzel zan (Sanskrit jnâ, griechisch
γνω) und bedeutet eigentlich W i s s e n s c h a f t. In der Bibel der
Parsi folgt immer auf einen Vers der eigentlichen altiranischen
Avesta eine wörtliche Uebersetzung im mitteliranischen Pahlavi,
mitunter mit erläuternden Erklärungen.
[612] Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass die alten Gesänge erst von Mund
zu Mund, wie die Veden, fortgepflanzt und dann, in Keilschrift, auf
Kuhhäute verzeichnet worden waren. — P a h l a v i scheint =
p a r t h i s c h zu sein und „alt“ zu bedeuten.
[613] Beim Gottesdienst entzünden sie ein Feuer auf heiligem
Becken.
[614] Nach seinem Tode wurde von E. W. W e s t die zweite
Auflage besorgt: Essays on the sacred language, writings and
religion of the Parsis. London 1878.
[615] Von g a i, singen; derselbe Name kommt auch in der
Sanskrit-Literatur vor.
[616] Ahura = lebendig, wie ayur = Leben im Sanskrit; mad =
gesammt; dhao = Schöpfer.
[617] Unser Wort P a r a d i e s stammt aus dem Iranischen
p a i r i - d e z a, Um-Wallung, Garten (wie περί-βολος). Das Wort
gelangte in’s Hebräische (pardes) und ins Griechische
(παράδεισος).
[618] So heisst heute Zarathustra.
[619] 1819 zu Meerut i n I n d i e n g e b o r e n, hat er zu
Glasgow und Giessen Chemie studirt, wurde Professor der Chemie
in Edinburgh, Oberaufseher der Museen und Gewerbe-Schulen,
Generalpostmeister, Sprecher des Unterhauses und hat ausser
vielen andren Werken eines über die Grundsätze der Chemie
verfasst.
[620] Procès verbal de la séance de la douzième assemblée
générale de la Société pour la propagation de la c r é m a t i o n.
[621] unter den Parsi sind, wie unter den Chinesen und Japanern
und allen Völkern alter Cultur, viele kurzsichtige Brillenträger;
unter den Hindu weniger, da bei ihnen die Gesammtzahl der
Gebildeten stets geringer geblieben.
[622] Ausserdem auch Tho. Cook.
[623] Acht von ihnen sind jetzt zerbrochen.
[624] Derselbe macht etwa 35 Kilometer in der Stunde.
[625] Der zweispännige Postwagen kostet für die dreitägige Fahrt
hin und zurück nur 42 Rupien.
[626] 1 + 2 = 20 + 2 Millionen Mark, 3 und 4 unschätzbar.
[627] Das einzige, was man sieht, sind Tropflöcher unmittelbar
am Eingang der Felsentempel und beginnende Verwitterung
einzelner Bildsäulen. Hier und da ist von roher Hand absichtlich
Verstümmelung verübt worden. — In Elephanta haben die
Portugiesen schlimmer gehaust.
[628] Aus f r e i s t e h e n d e n F e l s b l ö c k e n haben die
dravidischen Hindu einsteinige Tempel ausgehauen, z. B. zu
Mahavellipur bei Madras.
[629] Auf jedem Pfeiler steht ein Blumenkorb, aus dem die von
frei ausgemeisselten Blumenwindungen umgebene Säule zur
Decke emporsteigt.
[630] Da der Abfall des Hügelrückens nicht sehr steil ist, war
meist ein Vorhof nothwendig.
[631] Die m e i s t e n dieser Höhlen haben eine f l a c h e Decke.
[632] Der Schmuck der Säulen mit Figuren und Palmenblättern ist
wunderbar.
[633] Bildsäulen von Buddha und ihre Verehrung sind, nach den
Denkmälern, nicht bekannt vor dem 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr.
(C a ï n e setzt jenen Bau in das Jahr 1306 n. Chr.?)
[634] D. h. der Auswurf. Ob die Buddhisten von den Schiwa-
Verehrern so genannt wurden?
[635] Auch eine k l i n g e n d e S ä u l e wird dem Reisenden
gezeigt. Das Klingen hängt ab von der Spannung.
[636] Dabei ist die Rupie dieses Staates von Haiderabad
minderwerthig; die Kupferscheidemünze sieht aus wie ein
gestempelter Bonbon.
[637] An diesem Tag vergass ich, die Zahl aufzuschreiben.
[638] Der in der Mitte der Insel (mit der Erhebung des Djebel
Schamschan) bis zu 1760 Fuss emporsteigt.
[639] XXVII, 23 und 24. „Haran und Canne und Eden, sammt den
Kaufleuten aus Seba, Assur und Kilmad sind auch deine (Tyrus’)
Kaufleute gewesen. Die haben alle mit Dir gehandelt mit
köstlichem Gewand, mit seidenen und gestickten Tüchern, welche
sie in köstlichen Kasten, von Cedern gemacht und wohl verwahrt,
auf deine Märkte geführet haben.“
[640] εὐδαίμων, glücklich.
[641] T h r e e h o u r s i n A d e n. Bombay, Educational Society
Press, 1891.
[642] Die deutschen Quellen setzen meist 600.
[643] Das neueste Conversations-Lexicon von Brockhaus (1893, I,
140) sagt irrthümlich: „41960 E., meist
m o h a m m e d a n i s c h e H i n d u.“
[644] Aden ist der Präsidentschaft Bombay unterstellt, doch sind
dem Befehlshaber seit 1864 grössere Befugnisse eingeräumt.
[645] 1892 Einfuhr (aus ausserindischen Ländern) 26¾, Ausfuhr
30 Millionen Rupien.
[646] Main-Pass.
[647] Die Rupie reicht bis hierher.
[648] Die Kanal-Gesellschaft stellt dieselbe und die Arbeiter, lässt
sich aber dafür tüchtig bezahlen.
[649] Eine besondere Süsswasserleitung vom Nil nach Ismailija,
in der Mitte der Land-Enge, und von da südlich bis Suez musste
angelegt, Baggermaschinen von vorher ungekannter Mächtigkeit
gebaut werden.
[650] Le canal de Suez, par Ferdinand de Lesseps.
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