CS405PC: JAVA PROGRAMMING

B.TECH II Year II Sem. L T P C3 1 0 4

Course Objectives:
• To introduce the object-oriented programming concepts.
• To understand object-oriented programming concepts, and apply them in solving problems.
• To introduce the principles of inheritance and polymorphism; and demonstrate how they relate to the design of abstract classes
• To introduce the implementation of packages and interfaces
• To introduce the concepts of exception handling and multithreading.
• To introduce the design of Graphical User Interface using applets and swing controls.

Course Outcomes:
• Able to solve real world problems using OOP techniques.
• Able to understand the use of abstract classes.
• Able to solve problems using java collection framework and I/o classes.
• Able to develop multithreaded applications with synchronization.
• Able to develop applets for web applications.
• Able to design GUI based applications

UNIT - I
Object-Oriented Thinking- A way of viewing world – Agents and Communities, messages and methods,
Responsibilities, Classes and Instances, Class Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding, Overriding and
Exceptions, Summary of Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An Overview of Java, Data types,
Variables and Arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, Introducing classes, Methods and Classes,
String handling.
Inheritance– Inheritance concept, Inheritance basics, Member access, Constructors, Creating Multilevel
hierarchy, super uses, using final with inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism, pure polymorphism,
method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of inheritance- specialization, specification,
construction, extension, limitation, combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance.

UNIT - II
Packages- Defining a Package, CLASSPATH, Access protection, importing packages.
Interfaces- defining an interface, implementing interfaces, Nested interfaces, applying interfaces, variables in
interfaces and extending interfaces.
Stream based I/O (java.io) – The Stream classes-Byte streams and Character streams, Reading console Input
and Writing Console Output, File class, Reading and writing Files, Random access file operations, The Console
class, Serialization, Enumerations, auto boxing, generics.

UNIT - III
Exception handling - Fundamentals of exception handling, Exception types, Termination or resumptive
models, Uncaught exceptions, using try and catch, multiple catch clauses, nested try statements, throw, throws
and finally, built- in exceptions, creating own exception sub classes.
Multithreading- Differences between thread-based multitasking and process-based multitasking, Java thread
model, creating threads, thread priorities, synchronizing threads, inter thread communication.

UNIT - IV
The Collections Framework (java.util)- Collections overview, Collection Interfaces, The Collection classes-
Array List, Linked List, Hash Set, Tree Set, Priority Queue, Array Deque. Accessing a Collection via an Iterator,
Using an Iterator, The For-Each alternative, Map Interfaces and Classes, Comparators, Collection algorithms,
Arrays, The Legacy Classes and Interfaces- Dictionary, Hashtable,Properties, Stack, Vector
More Utility classes, String Tokenizer, Bit Set, Date, Calendar, Random, Formatter, Scanner

UNIT - V
GUI Programming with Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, MVC architecture, components,
containers. Understanding Layout Managers, Flow Layout, Border Layout, Grid Layout, Card Layout, Grid Bag
Layout.
Event Handling- The Delegation event model- Events, Event sources, Event Listeners, Event classes, Handling
mouse and keyboard events, Adapter classes, Inner classes, Anonymous Inner classes.
A Simple Swing Application, Applets – Applets and HTML, Security Issues, Applets and Applications,
passing parameters to applets. Creating a Swing Applet, Painting in Swing, A Paint example, Exploring Swing
Controls- JLabel and Image Icon, JText Field, The Swing Buttons- JButton, JToggle Button, JCheck Box,
JRadio Button, JTabbed Pane, JScroll Pane, JList, JCombo Box, Swing Menus, Dialogs.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Java The complete reference, 9th edition, Herbert Schildt, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt.Ltd.
2. Understanding Object-Oriented Programming with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearson Education.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. An Introduction to programming and OO design using Java, J. Nino and F.A. Hosch,John Wiley & sons
2. Introduction to Java programming, Y. Daniel Liang, Pearson Education.
3. Object Oriented Programming through Java, P. Radha Krishna, University Press.
4. Programming in Java, S. Malhotra, S. Chudhary, 2nd edition, Oxford Univ. Press.
5. Java Programming and Object-oriented Application Development, R. A. Johnson, Cengage Learning.
 KOMMURI PRTAP REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Ghanpur (v),Ghatkesar(m),Medchal dist pin:-504304
Department Computer Science And Engineering
JAVA Programming - LESSON PLAN
Course Code: CS405PC Course Title: JAVA Programming
Class: II – B.Tech – II - Sem Academic Year: 2021 -2022
Instructor: A.simhadri Babu Designation: Asst. Professor
UNIT I Syllabus
Object-Oriented Thinking- A way of viewing world – Agents and Communities, messages and methods,
Responsibilities, Classes and Instances, Class Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding, Overriding and Exceptions,
Summary of Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An Overview of Java, Data types, Variables and Arrays,
operators, expressions, control statements, Introducing classes, Methods and Classes, String handling.

Inheritance– Inheritance concept, Inheritance basics, Member access, Constructors, Creating

Multilevel hierarchy, super uses, using final with inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism, pure
polymorphism, method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of inheritance- specialization, specification,
construction, extension, limitation, combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance.

Text COs
Sessio Chapter No. & Web
Date Topic Proposed to be Covered /Referenc Achieve
n No. Page No. Resources
e Book d
https://www.
A Way of Viewing World — tutorialspoin
T1 Ch1 &
1 21.03.2022 Agents, Responsibility, Messages, t.com/java/ja
P 3 -9
Methods, History of Java, va_overview
.html
http://www.
w3professors
.com/java-
T1 CH-1 & tutorials/java
2 22.03.2022 Java Buzzwords,
P 10 - 13 -
introduction/j
ava-
buzzwords/
https://howt
odoinjava.co
3 24.03.2022 JRE, JVM, JDK T2 Ch-1 & P14 CO1
m/java/basics
/jdk-jre-jvm/
http://web.e
ngr.oregonst
Object Oriented Thinking and
ate.edu/~bud
Java Basics: Need for OOP
4 24.03.2022 T2 Ch-1 & P 17-34 d/Books/oop
Paradigm, Summary of OOP
intro3e/info/
Concepts- Over view of JAVA
slides/chap0
1/java.pdf
http://www.
T1 Ch-3 & pskills.in/jav
5 26.03.2022 Data Types, Variables,
p35 -45 a/data-types-
java.jsp
https://www.
Scope and Life Time of Variables, T1 Ch-3 &
6 28.03.2022 tutorialspoin
type conversion and casting p45- 47
t.com/java/ja
 va_overview
.html
https://www.
tutorialspoin
T1 Ch-3 &
7 03.04.2022 Arrays t.com/java/ja
p51- 58
va_overview
.html
https://sites.
google.com/
T1 Ch-4& site/parishud
8 04.04.2022 Operators, Expressions
p61- 79 h/corejavat/4
-java-
operators
https://sites.
google.com/
Control Statements, Simple Java T1 Ch-5& site/parishud
9 5.04.2022
Program, p81- 106 h/corejavat/4
-java-
operators
https://www.
javatpoint.co
Concepts of Classes, Objects, T1 Ch-6 &
10 6.04.2022 m/object-
Constructors p109- 032
and-class-in-
java
https://www.
javatpoint.co
Methods, Access Control, This T1 Ch-7&
11 7.04.2022 m/object-
Keyword, Garbage Collection, P039- 159
and-class-in-
java
https://www.
Overloading Methods and T1 Ch-7& javatpoint.co
03 8.04.2022
Constructors, Method Binding, p035- 155 m/object-
class
https://www.
Inheritance, Overriding and T1 Ch-8 & javatpoint.co
13 10.04.2022
Exceptions, super, final p161 - 185 m/object-
class
https://www.
Parameter Passing, Recursion,
T1 Ch-7 & javatpoint.co
14 13.04.2022 Nested and Inner Classes,
p035 - 145 m/object-
Exploring String Class.
class
Polymorphism-ad hoc
polymorphism, pure T1 Ch-8 &
15 13.04.2022
polymorphism, method overriding, p161 - 185
abstract classes, Object class
 UNIT II Syllabus
Packages- Defining a Package, CLASSPATH, Access protection, importing packages.
Interfaces- defining an interface, implementing interfaces, Nested interfaces, applying interfaces, variables in
interfaces and extending interfaces.
Stream based I/O (java.io) – The Stream classes-Byte streams and Character streams, Reading console Input and
Writing Console Output, File class, Reading and writing Files, Random access file operations, The Console class,
Serialization, Enumerations, auto boxing, generics.

https://www.
T1 Ch-9 &
16 16.04.2022 Packages Introduction javatpoint.co
p 187- 188
m/package
https://www.
T1 Ch-8 &
17 17.04.2022 Package CLASSPATH javatpoint.co
p 188- 189
m/package
https://www.
Access Protection in packages, T1 Ch-8 &
18 19.04.2022 javatpoint.co
importing and creating packages p 190- 194
m/package
https://www.
Interface introduction – Defining
T1 Ch-9 & javatpoint.co
19 22.04.2022 an interface, implementing
p 196- 204 m/interface-
interfaces
in-java
https://www.
Nested interfaces, applying T1 Ch-9 & javatpoint.co
20 24.04.2022
interfaces p 205- 203 m/interface-
in-java
https://www.
variables in interfaces and
T1 Ch-8 & javatpoint.co
21 25.04.2022 extending interfaces.
p 205- 203 m/interface-
Multiple Inheritance with interface CO2
in-java
Stream based I/O (java.io) – The
https://www.
Stream classes-Byte streams and
T1 Ch-13 & inf.unibz.it/~r
22 26.04.2022 Character streams, Reading
p 304- 308 usso/AP/LECT
console Input and Writing Console 4.pdf
Output
https://docs.
oracle.com/ja
File class, Reading and writing
T1 Ch 13 & vase/7/docs/
23 27.04.2022 Files, Random access file
P309-336 api/java/io/R
operations
andomAccess
File.html
https://www.
T1 Ch 13 & inf.unibz.it/~r
24 28.04.2022 The Console class, Serialization
P308 usso/AP/LECT
4.pdf
https://www.
javatpoint.co
Enumerations, auto boxing, T1 Ch 03 &
25 30.04.2022 m/autoboxin
annotations, generics. P263-292
g-and-
unboxing
 Unite -3 Syllabus
Exception handling - Fundamentals of exception handling, Exception types, Termination or resumptive models,
Uncaught exceptions, using try and catch, multiple catch clauses, nested try statements, throw, throws and finally,
built- in exceptions, creating own exception sub classes.

Multithreading- Differences between thread-based multitasking and process-based multitasking, Java thread model,
creating threads, thread priorities, synchronizing threads, inter thread communication.

https://www.
javatpoint.co
Exception Handling: T1 Ch 10&
26 04.05.2022 m/exception
Introduction p 213 - 232
-handling-
in-java
https://www.
Ch 10& javatpoint.co
Concepts of Exception Handling, T1
27 05.05.2022 m/exception
Benefits of Exception Handling, p 213 - 232
-handling-
in-java
Ch 10& https://www.
Termination or Resumptive T1 javatpoint.co
28 5.05.2022
Models, Exception Hierarchy, p 213 - 232 m/try-catch-
block
Usage of Try, Catch, Throw, Ch 10& https://www.
Throws and Finally, Built in T1 javatpoint.co
29 05.05.2022
Exceptions, Creating Own p 213 - 232 m/try-catch-
Exception Sub Classes. block
https://www.
javatpoint.co
m/multithrea
ding
CO3
Differences between Multi- T1 Ch 11 & http://www.
30 14.05.2022
Threading and Multitasking, p233 - 259 pskills.in/jav
a/user-
custom-
define.jsp -
in-java
https://www.
Thread Life Cycle, Creating T1 Ch 11 & javatpoint.co
31 5.06.2022
Threads, p233 - 259 m/life-cycle-
of-a-thread
https://www.
Thread Priorities, Synchronizing T1 Ch 11 & javatpoint.co
32 6.06.2022
Threads, p233 - 259 m/life-cycle-
of-a-thread
https://www.
javatpoint.co
T1 Ch 11 & m/inter-
33 7.06.2022 Inter-thread Communication,
p233 - 259 thread-
communicati
on-example
 https://www.
javatpoint.co
T1 Ch 11 & m/inter-
34 08.06.2022 Thread Groups
p233 - 259 thread-
communicati
on-example
https://www.
javatpoint.co
T1 Ch 11 &
35 12.06.2022 Daemon Threads. Enumerations, m/autoboxin
p233 - 259
g-and-
unboxing
Unit -4 Syllabus
The Collections Framework (java.util)- Collections overview, Collection Interfaces, The Collection classes- Array
List, Linked List, Hash Set, Tree Set, Priority Queue, Array Deque. Accessing a Collection via an Iterator, Using an
Iterator, The For-Each alternative, Map Interfaces and Classes, Comparators, Collection algorithms, Arrays, The
Legacy Classes and Interfaces- Dictionary, Hashtable ,Properties, Stack, Vector More Utility classes, String
Tokenizer, Bit Set, Date, Calendar, Random, Formatter, Scanner

https://docs.
oracle.com/ja
The Collections Framework vase/8/docs/t
T1 Ch 11 &
36 13.06.2022 (java.util)- Collections overview, echnotes/gui
P 497 - 577
Collection Interfaces des/collectio
ns/overview.
html
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
vase/8/docs/t
T1
37 14.06.2022 The Collection classes- echnotes/gui
des/collectio
ns/overview.
html
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
T1 vase/8/docs/ CO4
38 16.06.2022 Array List, Linked List
api/java/util/
ArrayList.htm
l
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
T1
39 17.06.2022 Hash Set, Tree Set vase/8/docs/
api/java/util/
HashSet.html
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
18.06.2022 Priority Queue, Array Deque. T1
40 vase/8/docs/
api/java/util/
Queue.html
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
Accessing a Collection via an T1
41 20.06.2022 vase/8/docs/
Iterator, Using an Iterator
api/java/util/
concurrent/C
 oncurrentHas
hMap.html
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
vase/8/docs/
The For-Each alternative, Map T1
api/java/util/
Interfaces and Classes
concurrent/C
oncurrentHas
hMap.html
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
vase/8/docs/
21.06.2022 Comparators T1
42 api/java/util/
concurrent/C
oncurrentHas
hMap.html
Ch 11 & https://www.
P 497 - 577 tutorialspoint
T1 .com/java/jav
43 22.06.2022 Collection algorithms
a_collection_
algorithms.ht
m
Ch 11 & https://www.
P 497 - 577 tutorialspoint
Arrays, The Legacy Classes and T1
44 23.06.2022 .com/java/jav
Interfaces- Dictionary
a_collections.
htm
Ch 11 & https://begin
P 497 - 577 nersbook.co
T1 m/2044/07/h
45 24.06.2022 Hashtable ,Properties
ashtable-in-
java-with-
example/
Ch 11 & https://docs.
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
T1
46 25.06.2022 Stack, Vector More Utility classes vase/7/docs/
api/java/util/
Stack.html
Ch 11 & https://www.
P 497 - 577 geeksforgeek
s.org/stringto
T1 kenizer-class-
47 26.06.2022 String Tokenizer,
java-
example-set-
1-
constructors/
Ch 11 & https://www.
P 497 - 577 codota.com/c
T1 ode/java/met
48 27.06.2022 Bit Set, Date, Calendar
hods/java.util
.Calendar/set
Time
T1 Ch 11 & https://docs.
49 29.06.2022 Random, Formatter, Scanner
P 497 - 577 oracle.com/ja
 vase/8/docs/
api/?java/util
/Scanner.htm
l
50 30.06.2022 Revision on Collections - Test
Unity -5 Syllabus
GUI Programming with Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, MVC architecture, components, containers.
Understanding Layout Managers, Flow Layout, Border Layout, Grid Layout, Card Layout, Grid Bag Layout.
Event Handling- The Delegation event model- Events, Event sources, Event Listeners, Event classes, Handling
mouse and keyboard events, Adapter classes, Inner classes, Anonymous Inner classes.
A Simple Swing Application, Applets – Applets and HTML, Security Issues, Applets and Applications, passing
parameters to applets. Creating a Swing Applet, Painting in Swing, A Paint example, Exploring Swing Controls-
JLabel and Image Icon, JText Field,
The Swing Buttons- JButton, JToggle Button, JCheck Box, JRadio Button, JTabbed Pane, JScroll Pane, JList,
JCombo Box, Swing Menus, Dialogs.

https://docs.
oracle.com/ja
vase/8/docs/
GUI Programming with Swing – T1 Ch 25 & api/java/awt/
51 1.07.2022
Introduction, limitations of AWT P 797 - 803 package-
summary.htm
l

https://www.
tutorialspoint
MVC architecture, components, T1 Ch 25 & .com/design_
52 2.03.2022
containers. P 797 - 803 pattern/mvc_
pattern.htm

Ch 26 & https://docs.
P 855 - 865 oracle.com/ja
vase/8/docs/ CO5
Understanding Layout Managers, T1
53 2.07.2022 api/java/awt/
Flow Layout, Border Layout,
LayoutManag
er.html

Ch 26 & https://docs.
P 855 - 865 oracle.com/ja
Grid Layout, Card Layout, Grid vase/8/docs/
54 3.07.2022 Bag Layout. api/java/awt/
LayoutManag
er.html

https://docs.
oracle.com/ja
Event Handling: Events Ch 24 &
55 4.07.2022 vase/8/docs/
Introduction Event Sources P 769 - 795
api/java/awt/
event/Action
 Listener.html

https://www.
javatpoint.co
T1 Ch 24 &
56 5.07.2022 Event Classes, Event Listeners, m/event-
P 769 - 795
handling-in-
java
https://www.
javatpoint.co
T1 Ch 24 &
57 6.07.2022 Delegation Event Model, m/event-
P 769 - 795
handling-in-
java
https://www.
javatpoint.co
Handling Mouse and Keyboard T1 Ch 24 &
58 7.07.2022 m/event-
Events, Adapter Classes. P 769 - 795
handling-in-
java
https://docs.
oracle.com/ja
A Simple Swing Application,
T1 CH 31 & vase/8/docs/
59 8.07.2022 Applets – Applets and HTML,
P 1051 - 1037 api/java/appl
Security Issues,
et/package-
frame.html
https://www.
javatpoint.co
Differences between Applets and T1 Ch 23 &
60 10.07.2022 m/java-
Applications, Creating Applets, P747-767
applet

Ch 23 & https://www.
Passing Parameters to Applets, P747-767 javatpoint.co
11.07.2022 Creating a Swing Applet, Painting T1
61 m/java-
in Swing applet

https://docs.
oracle.com/ja
Exploring Swing Controls - JLabel Ch 23 & vase/8/docs/
T1
62 12.07.2022 and Image Icon, JText Field P747-767 api/javax/swi CO6
ng/package-
frame.html

https://docs.
oracle.com/ja
The Swing Buttons- JButton, vase/8/docs/
T1 Ch 23 &
63 13.07.2022 JToggle Button, JCheck Box, api/javax/swi
P747-767
JRadio Button, ng/package-
frame.html

JTabbed Pane, JScroll Pane, JList, https://docs.

JCombo Box, Swing Menus, T1 Ch 23 & oracle.com/ja
64 14.07.2022
Dialogs. P747-767 vase/8/docs/
api/javax/swi
65 15.07.2022 REVISION ng/package-
frame.html

TEXT BOOK:

1. Java The complete reference, 9th edition, Herbert Schildt, McGraw Hill Education (India)
Pvt.Ltd.
2. Understanding Object-Oriented Programming with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearson
Education.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. An Introduction to programming and OO design using Java, J. Nino and F.A. Hosch,
John Wiley & sons
2. Introduction to Java programming, Y. Daniel Liang, Pearson Education.
3. Object Oriented Programming through Java, P. Radha Krishna, University Press.
4. Programming in Java, S. Malhotra, S. Chudhary, 2nd edition, Oxford Univ. Press.
5. Java Programming and Object-oriented Application Development, R. A. Johnson, Cengage
Learning.
 Course Objective

This course is aimed for the student to understanding of OOP concepts and basics
of Java programming (Console and GUI based), the skills to apply OOP and ava
programming in problem solving and should have the ability to extend his
knowledge of java programming further on his/her own.

Course Outcomes

Illustrate Object Oriented concepts and basics of java

C225.1 programming

C225.2 Make use of the concepts of packages and Interfaces

Implement the concepts of multithreading and /or handle

C225.3 run time errors for Java applications
C225 Java Programming
Utilize collection framework and /or file management in
C225.4 Java applications
Design real time applications using event handling
C225.5
concepts.
Develop real time GUI applications using applet, AWT,
C225.6
JDBC and swings

Java - PO s AND CO s MAPPING:

PSO PSO2 PSO3

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO03
1

CO1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 CO1 3 3
CO2 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 CO2 3 2
CO3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 CO3 2 3
CO4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 CO4 2 2
CO5 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 CO5 2 3
CO6 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 CO6 2 3

Signature of Faculty HOD

 JAVAPROGRAMMING

B.TECH II YEAR - II
SEM(2021-2022)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
 (CS405PC)JAVAPROGRAMMING
Objectives:
ThissubjectaimstointroducestudentstotheJavaprogramminglanguage.Uponsuccessfulcompl
etionofthissubject,studentsshouldbeabletocreateJavaprogramsthatleverage the object-oriented
features of the Java language, such as encapsulation, inheritance
andpolymorphism;usedatatypes,arraysandotherdatacollections;implementerror-
handlingtechniques using exceptionhandling, createand event-driven GUIusingSwingcomponents.

UNIT-I

Object-Oriented Thinking- A way of viewing world – Agents and Communities, messages

And methods, Responsibilities, Classes and Instances, Class Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding,
Overriding and Exceptions, Summary of Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An Overview of
Java, Data types, Variables and Arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, Introducing
classes, Methods and Classes, String handling.

Inheritance– Inheritance concept, Inheritance basics, Member access, Constructors, Creating

Multilevel hierarchy, super uses, using final with inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism,
pure polymorphism, method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of inheritance
specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation, combination, benefits of inheritance,
costs of inheritance.

UNIT - II

Packages- Defining a Package, CLASSPATH, Access protection, importing packages.

Interfaces- defining an interface, implementing interfaces, Nested interfaces, applying interfaces,
variables in interfaces and extending interfaces.

Stream based I/O (java.io) – The Stream classes-Byte streams and Character streams, Reading
console Input and Writing Console Output, File class, Reading and writing Files, Random access file
operations, The Console class, Serialization, Enumerations, auto boxing, generics.

UNIT - III

Exception handling - Fundamentals of exception handling, Exception types, Termination or

resumptive models, Uncaught exceptions, using try and catch, multiple catch clauses, nested try
statements, throw, throws and finally, built- in exceptions, creating own exception sub classes.

Multithreading- Differences between thread-based multitasking and process-based multitasking,

Java thread model, creating threads, thread priorities, synchronizing threads, inter thread
communication.

UNIT - IV

The Collections Framework (java.util)- Collections overview, Collection Interfaces, The Collection
classes- Array List, Linked List, Hash Set, Tree Set, Priority Queue, Array Deque. Accessing a
Collection via an Iterator, Using an Iterator, The For-Each alternative, Map Interfaces and Classes,
Comparators, Collection algorithms, Arrays, The Legacy Classes and Interfaces- Dictionary,
Hashtable ,Properties, Stack, Vector,More Utility classes, String Tokenizer, Bit Set, Date,
Calendar, Random, Formatter, Scanner
 UNIT - V

GUI Programming with Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, MVC architecture, components,
containers. Understanding Layout Managers, Flow Layout, Border Layout, Grid Layout, Card Layout,
Grid Bag Layout.

Event Handling- The Delegation event model- Events, Event sources, Event Listeners, Event
classes, Handling mouse and keyboard events, Adapter classes, Inner classes, Anonymous Inner
classes.

A Simple Swing Application, Applets – Applets and HTML, Security Issues, Applets and
Applications, passing parameters to applets. Creating a Swing Applet, Painting in Swing, A Paint
example, Exploring Swing Controls- JLabel and Image Icon, JText Field, The Swing Buttons
JButton, JToggle Button, JCheck Box, JRadio Button, JTabbed Pane, JScroll Pane, JList, JCombo
Box, Swing Menus, Dialogs.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Java The complete reference, 9th edition, Herbert Schildt, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt.
Ltd.
2. Understanding Object-Oriented Programming with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearson
Education.

REFERENCEBOOKS:
1. JavaforProgrammers,P.J.DeitelandH.M.Deitel,PEA(or)Java:HowtoProgram,P.J.Deiteland
H.M.Deitel, PHI
2. ObjectOrientedProgrammingthroughJava,P.RadhaKrishna,UniversitiesPress.
3. ThinkinginJava, Bruce Eckel, PE
4. ProgramminginJava,S.MalhotraandS.Choudhary,OxfordUniversitiesPress.

CourseOutcomes:

 An understanding of theprinciples and practiceof objectoriented analysisand design

intheconstruction ofrobust, maintainableprogramswhich satisfytheirrequirements;
 A competence to design, write, compile, test and execute straightforward programs using
ahighlevel language;
 Anappreciationoftheprinciplesofobject orientedprogramming;
 Anawarenessoftheneedforaprofessionalapproachtodesignandtheimportanceofgooddocume
ntation to the finishedprograms.
 Beabletoimplement,compile,testandrunJavaprogramscomprisingmorethanoneclass,to
addressaparticularsoftwareproblem.
 Demonstratethe abilitytousesimple datastructures likearraysin aJavaprogram.
 Beableto makeuse of members of classes found in the JavaAPI(suchas theMath class).
 INDEX

S.No Unit Topic Pageno

1 OOPConcepts:-Dataabstraction,encapsulationinheritance 1
I

2 BenefitsofInheritance 2
I

3 I Polymorphism,classesandobjects 2

4 I Procedural andobjectorientedprogrammingparadigms 3

5 I JavaProgramming-Historyof Java 4

6 I Comments,Datatypes, Variables,Constants 5-9

7 I ScopeandLifetimeofvariables 10

8 I Operators,OperatorHierarchy,Expressions 11-12

9 I Typeconversionandcasting,Enumeratedtypes 12-13

Controlflow-
10 I 13-14
blockscope,conditionalstatements,loops,breakandcontinuestate
ments
11 I Simplejavastandalone programs,arrays 14-18

12 I Consoleinputandoutput, formattingoutput 18-19

13 I Constructors,methods,parameterpassing 19-20

14 I Staticfieldsandmethods,accesscontrol,thisreference, 21-30

Overloadingmethodsandconstructors,recursion,
15 I 30-34
garbagecollection,
Buildingstrings, exploringstringclass.
16 I 34-36
S.No Unit Topic Pageno

Inheritance – Inheritance hierarchies super and sub

17 I 37-40
classes,Memberaccess rules
superkeyword,preventinginheritance:finalclassesandmethods,the
18 I 40-41
Object classand its methods.

19 I Polymorphism–dynamicbinding,methodoverriding, 41-42

20 I abstractclasses and methods. 43

Interfaces-InterfacesVs
21 II 43-44
Abstractclasses,defininganinterface,implement
interfaces
Accessing implementations through interface
22 II 45
references,extendinginterface.

23 II Innerclasses-Usesofinnerclasses,localinner classes 45-46

24 II Anonymousinnerclasses,staticinnerclasses,examples. 46

25 II Packages-Defining,creatingandaccessingapackage, 46-47

26 II UnderstandingCLASSPATH, importingpackages. 47

Exception handling- Dealing with errors, benefits of

27 II 48
exceptionhandling
Theclassificationofexceptions-
28 III 48-50
exceptionhierarchy,checkedexceptionsand unchecked
exceptions
29 III Usageoftry,catch,throw,throwsandfinally, 50-54

30 III Rethrowingexceptions,exceptionspecification, 54

31 III Builtinexceptions,creatingownexceptionsubclasses. 54

Multithreading–
32 III 55-56
Differencesbetweenmultipleprocessesandmultiplethreads,
thread states
Creatingthreads,interruptingthreads,threadpriorities,sy
33 III 56-59
nchronizingthreads

34 III Inter-threadcommunication,producerconsumerpattern 59

35 III Exploringjava.net and java.text. 60

S.No Unit Topic Pageno

CollectionFrameworkin Java–
36 IV 62
Introductiontojavacollections,Overviewofjavacollectionframe
work,Generics
Commonlyusedcollection classes-ArrayList,Vector,
37 IV 63-71
Hashtable,Stack, Enumeration,Iterator

38 IV StringTokenizer,Random,Scanner, CalendarandProperties. 71-76

Files- Streams- Byte streams, Character streams,

39 IV 77-82
Textinput/output, Binaryinput/output
Randomaccessfileoperations,FilemanagementusingFileclass.
40 IV 83-84

ConnectingtoDatabase –
41 IV 85-88
JDBCType1to4drivers,Connectingto aadatabase,
Queryingadatabaseandprocessingtheresults,updatingdatawith
42 IV JDBC. 89-94

GUI Programming with Java- The AWT class

43 V hierarchy,IntroductiontoSwing, SwingVs AWT,Hierarchyfor 95-100
Swing
components
44 V Containers– Jframe,JApplet, JDialog,JPanel 100-104

OverviewofsomeSwingcomponents–
45 V 104-108
Jbutton,JLabel,JTextField,JTextArea,
simpleSwingapplications,
Layoutmanagement– Layoutmanagertypes –
46 V 109-111
border,gridandflow
EventHandling-
47 V 111-112
Events,Eventsources,Eventclasses,EventListeners,
RelationshipbetweenEventsourcesandListeners,Delegationeve
48 V 112-113
ntmodel,
Handlingabuttonclick,HandlingMouseevents,Adapterclasses.
49 V 114-116

50 V Applets–Inheritancehierarchyfor applets 118-119

Differencesbetweenappletsandapplications,
51 V 120
Lifecycleofanapplet,

52 V Passingparameters to applets, applet securityissues. 121

 Unit-1

OOPConcepts

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as

inheritance,databinding,polymorphismetc.

Simula isconsideredasthefirstobject-
orientedprogramminglanguage.Theprogrammingparadigmwhereeverythingisrepresentedasanobjec
tisknownastrulyobject-orientedprogramminglanguage.

Smalltalk isconsideredasthefirst trulyobject-orientedprogramminglanguage.

OOPs(ObjectOrientedProgrammingSystem)

Objectmeansarealwordentitysuchaspen,chair,tableetc.Object-OrientedProgramming isa
methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies
thesoftwaredevelopment and maintenancebyprovidingsomeconcepts:

o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen,
table,keyboard,bikeetc. It can bephysicalandlogical.

Class

Collectionof objectsiscalledclass.Itisalogicalentity.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known
asinheritance.It providescodereusability.It isusedtoachieveruntimepolymorphism.
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page1
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page2
Polymorphism

Whenonetaskisperformedbydifferentwaysi.e.knownaspolymorphism.Forexample:toconvincethecusto
mer differently, todraw somethinge.g. shapeorrectangleetc.

In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve

polymorphism.Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog

barks woof etc.Abstraction

Hidinginternaldetailsandshowingfunctionalityisknownasabstraction.Forexample:phone
call,wedon'tknowtheinternalprocessing.

Injava, weuseabstractclass andinterfaceto achieveabstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding(orwrapping)codeanddatatogetherintoasingleunitisknownasencapsulation.Forexampl
e: capsule, it is wrapped with differentmedicines.

Ajavaclassistheexampleofencapsulation.Javabeanisthefullyencapsulatedclassbecauseallthedata
membersareprivate here.

Benefitsof Inheritance

 One of the key benefits of inheritance is to minimize the amount of duplicate code in
anapplication by sharing common code amongst several subclasses. Where equivalent
codeexists in two related classes, the hierarchy can usually be refactored to move the
commoncode up to a mutual superclass. This also tends to result in a better organization of
code andsmaller,simpler compilation units.
 Inheritancecanalsomakeapplication code moreflexibleto
changebecauseclassesthatinherit from a common superclass can be used
interchangeably. If the return type of amethodis superclass
 Reusability-facilitytouse publicmethods of baseclass without rewritingthe same.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page3
 Extensibility -extending thebaseclass logic asperbusiness logicofthederivedclass.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page4
 Datahiding-baseclass candecide tokeep some data privateso thatit cannotbe
alteredbythe derivedclass
Proceduralandobjectorientedprogrammingparadigms

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page5
 JavaProgramming-HistoryofJava

ThehistoryofjavastartsfromGreenTeam.Javateammembers(alsoknownas Green
Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for digitaldevicessuchas
set-topboxes,televisionsetc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it
wassuitedforinternetprogramming.Later,JavatechnologyasincorporatedbyNetscape.

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-

businesssolutionsetc.Therearegiventhemajorpointsthatdescribesthehistoryofjava.

1) JamesGosling, MikeSheridan,and PatrickNaughton initiatedtheJavalanguage

project in June 1991. The small team ofsun engineers called GreenTeam.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-
topboxes.

3) Firstly,itwascalled"Greentalk"byJamesGoslingandfileextensionwas.gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the
Greenproject.

JavaVersionHistory

Therearemanyjava
versionsthathasbeenreleased.CurrentstablereleaseofJavaisJavaSE8.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta

(1995)2.JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan,
1996)3.JDK 1.1 (19th Feb,
1997)4.J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec,
1998)5.J2SE 1.3 (8th May,
2000)6.J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb,
2002)7.J2SE5.0(30thSep,200
4)
8. JavaSE6(11thDec, 2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July,
2011)10.JavaSE8(18thMarch,20
14)

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page6
FeaturesofJava
There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java
Featuresgivenbelow aresimple and easyto understand.
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platformindependent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architectureneutral
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. HighPerformance
11. Multithreaded
12.Distributed

JavaComments

The java comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler and interpreter.
Thecomments can be used to provide information or explanation about the variable, method,
class oranystatement.It canalsobeusedto hide programcodeforspecifictime.

TypesofJavaComments

Thereare3types ofcomments in java.

1. SingleLineComment
2. MultiLineComment
3. DocumentationComment

JavaSingleLineComment

Thesingle linecommentis used to commentonlyoneline.

Syntax:

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page7
1. //Thisissingle linecomment

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page8
Example:

publicclassCommentExample1{
public static void main(String[] args)
{int i=10;//Here, i is a
variableSystem.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

10

JavaMultiLineComment

Themultilinecommentis usedto commentmultiple linesof code.

Syntax:

/*T
hisis
multi
linecom
ment
*/

Example:

publicclassCommentExample2{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){
/*Let'sdeclareandprintva
riableinjava.*/
int
i=10;System.out.prin
tln(i);
}}

Output:

10
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page9
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page10
JavaDocumentationComment

The documentation comment is used to create documentation API. To create documentation API, you
needto usejavadoctool.

Syntax:

/**
This
is
documentation
comment
*/

Example:

/**TheCalculator class providesmethodstoget additionandsubtractionof given2numbers.*/

publicclassCalculator{
/**Theadd() methodreturns additionof given numbers.*/
publicstatic int add(inta,intb){returna+b;}
/**Thesub() methodreturns subtractionof given numbers.*/
publicstatic int sub(inta,intb){returna-b;}
}

Compileitbyjavactool:

javacCalculator.java

CreateDocumentation APIbyjavadoctool:

javadocCalculator.java

Now,therewillbeHTMLfilescreatedforyourCalculatorclassinthecurrentdirectory.OpentheHTMLfilesandseet
heexplanation ofCalculatorclass provided throughdocumentationcomment.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page11
DataTypes

Datatypesrepresentthedifferentvaluesto bestoredinthevariable.Injava, therearetwotypesofdatatypes:

o Primitivedatatypes
o Non-primitivedatatypes

DataType DefaultValue Defaultsize

boolean false 1bit

char '\u0000' 2byte

byte 0 1byte

short 0 2byte

int 0 4byte

long 0L 8byte

float 0.0f 4byte

double 0.0d 8byte

JavaVariableExample:AddTwoNumbers
classSimple{
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args){
int
a=10;int
b=10;intc
=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}}

Output:20

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page12
VariablesandDataTypes inJava

Variableisanameofmemorylocation.Therearethreetypesofvariablesinjava:local,instanceandstatic.

Therearetwotypes ofdata typesin java:primitive andnon-primitive.

TypesofVariable

Therearethreetypes of variablesinjava:

o localvariable
o instancevariable
o staticvariable

1) LocalVariable

Avariablewhichisdeclaredinsidethemethodiscalledlocalvariable.

2) InstanceVariable

Avariable which is declared insidethe class but outsidethe method, iscalledinstancevariable.Itisnot

declaredas static.

3) Staticvariable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be

local.Wewill havedetailed learningof thesevariables in next chapters.

Exampletounderstandthetypesofvariablesinjava

classA{
int data=50;//instance
variablestatic int m=100;//static
variablevoid method(){
intn=90;//localvariable
}
}//endofclass

ConstantsinJava

A constant is a variable which cannot have its value changed after declaration. It uses the
'final'keyword.

Syntax
modifierfinaldataType variableName=value;//globalconstant

modifierstaticfinal dataTypevariableName=value;//constantwithin ac

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page13
ScopeandLifeTimeofVariables
The scope of a variable defines the section of the code in which the variable is visible. As
ageneral rule, variables that are defined withina block are not accessible outside that
block.Thelifetimeofavariablereferstohowlongthevariableexistsbeforeitisdestroyed.Destroying
variables refers to deallocating the memory that was allotted to the variables whendeclaring it.
We have written a few classes till now. You might have observed that not allvariables are the
same. The ones declared in the body of a method were different from thosethat were declared
in the class itself. There are three types of variables: instance variables,formalparametersor
localvariablesandlocalvariables.

Instancevariables

Instance variables are those that are defined within a class itself and not in any method
orconstructor of the class. They are known as instance variables because every instance of
theclass (object) contains a copy of these variables. The scope of instance variables is
determinedby the access specifier that is applied to these variables. We have already seen
about it earlier.The lifetime of these variables is the same as the lifetime of the object to which
it belongs.Object once created do not exist for ever. They are destroyed by the garbage
collector of Javawhen there are no more reference to that object. We shall see about Java's
automatic garbagecollectorlateron.

Argumentvariables

Thesearethevariablesthataredefinedintheheaderoafconstructororamethod.Thescopeof these
variables is the method or constructor in which they are defined. The lifetime
islimitedtothetimeforwhichthemethodkeepsexecuting.Oncethemethodfinishesexecution,thesev
ariablesaredestroyed.

Localvariables

A local variable is theone that is declaredwithina method ora constructor(not in

theheader).Thescopeandlifetimearelimitedtothemethoditself.

One important distinction between these three types of variables is that access specifiers
canbeappliedtoinstancevariablesonlyandnottoargumentor localvariables.

In addition to the local variables defined in a method, we also have variables that are
definedinbockslifeanifblockandanelseblock.Thescopeandisthesameasthatoftheblockitself.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page14
 Operatorsinjava

Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, /

etc.Therearemanytypes ofoperators in javawhichare given below:

o UnaryOperator,
o ArithmeticOperator,
o shiftOperator,
o RelationalOperator,
o BitwiseOperator,
o LogicalOperator,
o TernaryOperatorand
o AssignmentOperator.

OperatorsHierarchy

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page15
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page16
 Expressions
Expressions are essential building blocks of any Java program, usually created to produce a
newvalue, although sometimes an expression simply assigns a value to a variable. Expressions
arebuiltusingvalues, variables, operatorsand method calls.

TypesofExpressions

While an expression frequently produces a result, it doesn't always. There are three types
ofexpressions inJava:

 Thosethat produceavalue, i.e. theresultof(1 +1)

 Thosethat assignavariable,forexample(v =10)
 Those that have no result but might have a "side effect" because an expression can
includea wide range of elements such as method invocations or increment operators that
modifythestate(i.e. memory)ofaprogram.

JavaTypecastingandTypeconversion

WideningorAutomatic TypeConversion
Wideningconversiontakesplacewhentwodatatypesareautomaticallyconverted.Thishappenswhen:
 Thetwodatatypesarecompatible.
 Whenweassignvalueofasmallerdatatypetoabiggerdata type.

For Example, in java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no
automaticconversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean. Also, char and boolean
are notcompatible with each other.

NarrowingorExplicitConversion
Ifwewanttoassignavalueoflargerdatatypetoasmallerdatatypeweperformexplicittypecastingornarrowing.
 Thisisuseful forincompatible datatypeswhere automaticconversion cannotbedone.
 Here,target-typespecifiesthedesiredtypetoconvertthespecifiedvalue to.



JAVAPROGRAMMING Page17
JavaEnum

Enuminjavais adata typethat containsfixed setof constants.

Itcanbeusedfordaysoftheweek(SUNDAY,MONDAY,TUESDAY,WEDNESDAY,THURSDAY,FRIDA
YandSATURDAY),directions(NORTH,SOUTH,EASTandWEST)
etc. The java enum constants are static and final implicitly. It is available from JDK

1.5.JavaEnums can bethought ofas classes that havefixedset ofconstants.

Simpleexampleofjava enum
classEnumExample1{
publicenumSeason{WINTER,SPRING, SUMMER,FALL}

public static void main(String[] args)

{for (Season s :
Season.values())System.out.println(s);
}}
Output:
WINTERSPRIN
GSUMMER
FALL

ControlFlow Statements

The control flow statements in Java allow you to run or skip blocks of code when
specialconditionsaremet.

The“if”Statement
The “if” statement in Java works exactly like in most programming languages. With the help
of“if” you can choose to execute a specific block of code when a predefined condition is met.
Thestructureof the“if”statement in Javalooks likethis:

if (condition){
//executethiscode
}

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page18
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page19
The condition is Boolean. Boolean means it may be true or false. For example you may put
amathematicalequation ascondition.Look atthis full example:

CreatingaStand-AloneJavaApplication

1. Write a main method that runs your program. You can write this method anywhere. In
thisexample, I'll write my main method in a class called Main that has no other methods.
Forexample:
2. public class
Main3. {
4. public static void main(String[]
args)5. {
6. Game.play();
7. }}
8. Makesureyourcodeiscompiled,andthatyou havetesteditthoroughly.
9. If you're using Windows, you will need to set your path to include Java, if you
haven'tdone so already. This is a delicate operation. Open Explorer, and look
insideC:\ProgramFiles\Java, and you should see some version of the JDK. Open this folder,
andthen open the bin folder. Select the complete path from the top of the Explorer window,
andpressCtrl-C to copyit.

Next, find the "My Computer" icon (on your Start menu or desktop), right-click it, and
selectproperties. Click on the Advanced tab, and then click on the Environment variables
button.Look at the variables listed for all users, and click on the Path variable. Do not delete
thecontents of this variable! Instead, edit the contents by moving the cursor to the right
end,entering a semicolon (;), and pressing Ctrl-V to paste the path you copied earlier. Then
goahead and save your changes. (If you have any Cmd windows open, you will need to
closethem.)

10. If you're using Windows, go to the Start menu and type "cmd" to run a program
thatbrings up a command prompt window. If you're using a Mac or Linux machine, run
theTerminalprogram to bringup acommand prompt.
11. In Windows, type dir at the command prompt to list the contents of the current
directory.OnaMacorLinuxmachine, type ls to do this.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page20
 12. Now we want to change to the directory/folder that contains your compiled code. Look
atthe listing of sub-directories within this directory, and identify which one contains your
code.Type cd followed by the name of that directory, to change to that directory. For
example, tochangeto a directorycalledDesktop,you would type:

cdDesktop

Tochangetotheparentdirectory,type:

cd..

Every time you change to a new directory, list the contents of that directory to see where to
gonext.Continuelistingandchangingdirectoriesuntilyoureachthedirectorythatcontains
your.classfiles.

13. IfyoucompiledyourprogramusingJava1.6,but
plantorunitonaMac,you'llneedtorecompileyourcodefrom thecommand line, bytyping:

javac-target1.5*.java

14. Nowwe'llcreate asingle JARfilecontainingallofthefilesneeded torunyourprogram.

Arrays
Java provides a data structure, the array,which stores afixed-size sequential collection
ofelements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often
moreusefulto think ofan arrayasacollection ofvariables ofthesame type.

Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99,
youdeclareonearrayvariablesuchasnumbersandusenumbers[0],numbers[1],and...,numbers[99] to
represent individual variables.

This tutorial introduces how to declare array variables, create arrays, and process arrays
usingindexedvariables.

DeclaringArrayVariables:
To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to reference the array, and you
mustspecify the type of array the variable can reference. Here is the syntax for declaring an
arrayvariable:

dataType[] arrayRefVar;// preferred way.or

dataTypearrayRefVar[];//worksbutnotpreferredway.

Note: The style dataType[] arrayRefVar is preferred. The style dataTypearrayRefVar[]

comesfromthe C/C++ language andwasadopted inJava toaccommodateC/C++programmers.
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page21
Example:

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page22
 Thefollowingcodesnippets are examples ofthis syntax:

double[]myList; //preferredway.
or
doublemyList[]; //worksbutnotpreferred way.

CreatingArrays:
Youcan createan arraybyusingthe new operator with the followingsyntax:

arrayRefVar=newdataType[arraySize];
Theabovestatement does two things:

 ItcreatesanarrayusingnewdataType[arraySize];

 Itassignsthereferenceofthenewlycreated arrayto thevariablearrayRefVar.

Declaringanarrayvariable,creatinganarray,andassigningthereferenceofthearraytothevariablecan
becombined in one statement, as shown below:

dataType[]arrayRefVar=newdataType[arraySize];
Alternativelyyoucancreatearraysasfollows:

dataType[]arrayRefVar={value0,value1,...,valuek};
Thearrayelementsareaccessedthroughtheindex.Arrayindicesare0-based;thatis,theystartfrom0 to
arrayRefVar.length-1.

Example:
Followingstatementdeclaresanarrayvariable,myList,createsanarrayof10elementsofdoubletypeand
assigns its referenceto myList:

double[]myList=newdouble[10];
FollowingpicturerepresentsarraymyList.Here,myListholdstendoublevaluesandtheindicesarefrom 0
to 9.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page23
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page24
ProcessingArrays:
Whenprocessingarrayelements,weoftenuseeitherforlooporforeachloopbecausealloftheelementsin an
arrayare ofthe same typeand thesizeof thearrayis known.

Example:
Hereisacompleteexample ofshowinghowto create,initializeand processarrays:

publicclass TestArray
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{double[]myList={1.9,2.9,3.4,3.5};
//Printallthearrayelementsfor(in
t i=0;i<myList.length; i++){
System.out.println(myList[i]+"");
}
// Summing all
elementsdoubletotal =0;
for (int i = 0; i <myList.length; i++)
{total+=myList[i];
}
System.out.println("Totalis"+total);
// Finding the largest
elementdoublemax=myList[
0];
for (int i = 1; i <myList.length; i++)
{if(myList[i]>max)max =myList[i];
}
System.out.println("Maxis"+max);
}
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page25
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page26
 Thiswouldproducethefollowingresult:

1.9
2.9
3.4
3.5
Totalis 11.7
Maxis 3.5
publicclass TestArray{
public static void main(String[] args)
{double[]myList ={1.9,2.9,3.4,3.5};
//Print all the arrayelements
for(doubleelement:myList){S
ystem.out.println(element);
}}}

JavaConsoleClass

TheJavaConsoleclassisbeusedtogetinputfromconsole.Itprovidesmethodstoreadtextsandpasswords.

Ifyou readpasswordusingConsoleclass,itwillnotbedisplayedtotheuser.

Thejava.io.Consoleclassisattachedwithsystemconsoleinternally.TheConsoleclassisintroducedsince
1.5.

Let'sseeasimpleexampleto read textfrom console.

1. Stringtext=System.console().readLine();
2. System.out.println("Textis: "+text);

JavaConsoleExample

importjava.io.Console;
classReadStringTest{
public static void main(String
args[]){Console
c=System.console();System.out.println("E
nter your name: ");String
n=c.readLine();System.out.println("Welco
me"+n); } }
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page27
 Output

Enter your name: Nakul

JainWelcomeNakul Jain

Constructors

Constructorin javaisaspecialtypeofmethod thatisused toinitializetheobject.

Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides
dataforthe object that is whyit is known as constructor.

Therearebasicallytwo rules defined for theconstructor.

1. Constructorname mustbesameas itsclass name

2. Constructormusthavenoexplicitreturntype

Typesofjavaconstructors

Therearetwotypes ofconstructors:

1. Defaultconstructor(no-argconstructor)
2. Parameterizedconstructor

JavaDefaultConstructor

Aconstructorthat havenoparameterisknownasdefaultconstructor.

Syntaxofdefaultconstructor:
1. <class_name>(){}

Exampleofdefaultconstructor

In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked
atthetimeof object creation.
classBike1{
Bike1(){System.out.println("Bikeiscreated");}
public static void main(String

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page28
args[]){Bike1b=newBike1();
}}
Output:Bikeis created

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page29
 Exampleofparameterizedconstructor
In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters.
Wecan haveanynumberofparameters in the constructor.
classStudent4{
intid;
Stringname;

Student4(int i,String
n){id =i;
name=n;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+""+name);}

public static void main(String

args[]){Student4 s1 = new
Student4(111,"Karan");Student4 s2 = new
Student4(222,"Aryan");s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:

111Karan
222Aryan

ConstructorOverloading inJava

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number
ofconstructors that differ in parameter lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors
bytakinginto account thenumberof parameters in the list and their type.

ExampleofConstructorOverloading
classStudent5{
intid;String
name;intage
;
Student5(int i,String
n){id =i;
name=n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int
a){id =i;
name =
n;age=a;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+""+name+""+age);}

public static void main(String

args[]){Student5 s1 = new
Student5(111,"Karan");Student5 s2 = new
Student5(222,"Aryan",25);s1.display();
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page30
 s2.display();
}}

Output:

111Karan0
222Aryan25
JavaCopyConstructor

Thereisnocopyconstructorinjava.But,wecancopythevaluesofoneobjecttoanotherlikecopyconstruc
tor in C++.

There aremanyways tocopythevalues ofoneobject into another in java.Theyare:

oByconstructor
oByassigningthe values
of oneobject into another
oByclone()method ofObject class

Inthisexample,wearegoingtocopythevaluesofoneobjectintoanotherusingjavaconstructor.
classStudent6{
intid;
Stringname;
Student6(int i,String
n){id =i;
name=n;
}

Student6(Student6
s){id =s.id;
name=s.name;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+""+name);}

public static void main(String

args[]){Student6 s1 = new
Student6(111,"Karan");Student6s2
=newStudent6(s1);s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:

111Karan
111Karan

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page31
Java-Methods
A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an
operation.WhenyoucalltheSystem.out.println()
method,forexample,thesystemactuallyexecutesseveralstatements in order to
displayamessageonthe console.

Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values, invoke
amethodwith or without parameters, and applymethod abstraction in theprogram design.

CreatingMethod
Consideringthe followingexampleto explainthesyntaxof amethod−

Syntax

publicstaticint methodName(inta, intb) {

// body
}

Here,

 publicstatic−modifier

 int−returntype

 methodName −nameofthemethod

 a,b−formalparameters

 inta, intb−listofparameters

Methoddefinitionconsistsofamethodheaderandamethodbody.Thesameisshowninthe
followingsyntax−

Syntax

modifierreturnTypenameOfMethod(Parameter List){
// methodbody
}

Thesyntaxshownabove includes−

 modifier− Itdefinestheaccesstypeofthemethodand itisoptionalto use.

 returnType−Methodmayreturnavalue.
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page32
  nameOfMethod − Thisisthe methodname. Themethodsignature consistsof the method
nameand theparameter list.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page33
  Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number
ofparametersofamethod. Theseareoptional, method maycontainzero parameters.

 methodbody −Themethodbodydefineswhatthemethoddoeswith thestatements.

CallbyValueandCallbyReferenceinJava
There is only call by value in java, not call by reference. If we call a method passing a value,
itis known as call by value. The changes being done in the called method, is not affected in
thecallingmethod.

Exampleofcallbyvaluein java
Incaseof callbyvalueoriginal valueis notchanged.Let'stake asimpleexample:
classOperation{
intdata=50;
voidchange(intdata){
data=data+100;//changes willbein thelocalvariableonly
}
public static void main(String
args[]){Operationop=newOperation();System.
out.println("before change
"+op.data);op.change(500);
System.out.println("afterchange"+op.data);
}
}
Output:beforechange50
afterchange50

InJava,parameters arealways passedbyvalue. Forexample, followingprogramprintsi =

10,j = 20.
//Test.javacla
ssTest{
//swap()doesn'tswapiandj
public static void swap(Integer i, Integer j)
{Integertemp=newInteger(i);
i = j;
j= temp;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{Integeri=newInteger(10);
Integerj=newInteger(20);sw
ap(i,j);
System.out.println("i="+i + ", j="+j);
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page34
 }
}

StaticFieldsandMethods

The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java
statickeyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the
classthan instanceof the class.

Thestatic canbe:

1. variable(alsoknownasclassvariable)
2. method(alsoknownas classmethod)
3. block
4. nestedclass

Javastaticvariable

Ifyoudeclareanyvariableasstatic,itisknownstaticvariable.

o Thestaticvariablecanbeusedtoreferthecommonpropertyofallobjects(thatisnotuniqueforeachobject)
e.g. companyname ofemployees,collegenameofstudents etc.

o Thestatic variablegets memoryonlyonce inclassarea atthetime ofclassloading.

Advantageof static variable

Itmakesyourprogrammemoryefficient (i.eitsavesmemory).

Understandingproblemwithoutstaticvariable
1. class Student{
2. introllno;
3. Stringname;
4. String
college="ITS";5.}

Exampleofstaticvariable
//Programof staticvariable
class Student8{
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page35
introllno;

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page36
 Stringname;
static String college
="ITS";Student8(int r,String
n){rollno= r;
name=n;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(rollno+""+name+""+college);}
public static void main(String
args[]){Student8 s1 = new
Student8(111,"Karan");Student8s2=newStude
nt8(222,"Aryan");

s1.display();
s2.display();
}}
Output:111KaranITS
222AryanITS

Javastaticmethod

Ifyouapplystatickeyword withanymethod,it isknown asstaticmethod.

o Astaticmethodbelongs tothe classrather thanobject ofaclass.

o Astaticmethodcan beinvoked without theneed forcreatinganinstanceofaclass.
o staticmethodcan accessstaticdata memberand canchangethe valueof it.

Exampleofstaticmethod
//Programof changingthecommon propertyof allobjects(staticfield).

class
Student9{in
t
rollno;String
name;
staticStringcollege= "ITS";
static void
change(){college="B
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page37
BDIT";
}
Student9(int r, String
n){rollno=r;
name=n;

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page38
 }
void display(){System.out.println(rollno+""+name+""+college);}
public static void main(String
args[]){Student9.change();
Student9 s1 = new Student9
(111,"Karan");Student9 s2 = new Student9
(222,"Aryan");Student9 s3 = new Student9
(333,"Sonoo");s1.display();
s2.display();
s3.display();
}}
Output:111 Karan
BBDIT222AryanBB
DIT

Javastaticblock

o Isusedtoinitializethestaticdatamember.
o Itis executedbefore mainmethod at thetime ofclassloading.

Example of static
blockclassA2{
static{System.out.println("static block is
invoked");}public static void main(String
args[]){System.out.println("Hello main");
}}
Output: static block is
invokedHellomain

AccessControl

AccessModifiersinjava

Therearetwotypesofmodifiersinjava:accessmodifiersandnon-accessmodifiers.

Theaccessmodifiersinjavaspecifiesaccessibility(scope)of adatamember,method,constructororclass.

Thereare4typesof java accessmodifiers:

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page39
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page40
 1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public

privateaccess modifier
Theprivate access modifieris accessibleonlywithinclass.

Simpleexampleofprivateaccess modifier
In this example, we have created two classes A and Simple. A class contains private
datamember and private method. We are accessing these private members from outside the
class,sothereis compile timeerror.
classA{
privateintdata=40;
privatevoid msg(){System.out.println("Hellojava");}}
publicclassSimple{
public static void main(String
args[]){Aobj=newA();
System.out.println(obj.data);//Compile Time
Errorobj.msg();//CompileTimeError
}}

2) defaultaccessmodifier
Ifyoudon'tuseany modifier,itistreatedas default
bydefault.Thedefaultmodifierisaccessibleonlywithin package.

Exampleofdefaultaccessmodifier
In this example, we have created two packagespack and mypack. We are accessing the Aclass
from outside its package, since A class is not public, so it cannot be accessed from
outsidethepackage.
//save by
A.javapackage
pack;classA{
voidmsg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}

//save by
B.javapackage
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page41
mypack;importp
ack.*;

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page42
classB{
public static void main(String
args[]){A obj = new A();//Compile
Time
Errorobj.msg();//CompileTimeError}}

In theabove example, the scope of class A and its method msg() is default so it cannot
beaccessedfrom outsidethepackage.

3) protectedaccess modifier

The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the package but
throughinheritanceonly.

The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It
can'tbeapplied on the class.

Exampleofprotectedaccessmodifier

Inthisexample,wehavecreatedthetwopackagespackandmypack.TheAclassofpackpackageispublic,s
ocanbeaccessedfromoutsidethepackage.Butmsgmethodofthispackageisdeclaredasprotected,soit
canbeaccessedfrom outsidethe classonlythroughinheritance.

//save by
A.javapackage
pack;publicclas
sA{
protectedvoid msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}}
//save by
B.javapackage
mypack;import
pack.*;classBexten
dsA{
public static void main(String
args[]){Bobj =newB();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page43
 4) publicaccessmodifier
Thepublicaccessmodifier isaccessibleeverywhere.Ithasthewidestscopeamongallothermodifiers.
Exampleofpublicaccess modifier
//save by
A.javapackage
pack;publicclas
sA{
publicvoidmsg(){System.out.println("Hello");}}
//save by
B.javapackage
mypack;import
pack.*;classB{
public static void main(String
args[]){Aobj =newA();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

Understandingalljavaaccess modifiers

Let'sunderstandtheaccessmodifiers byasimpletable.

AccessM within withinp outside package outside

odifier class ackage bysubclassonly package

Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page44
 thiskeywordinjava

Usageof javathiskeyword

Hereis giventhe6usage ofjavathiskeyword.

1. thiscanbeusedtorefer current classinstancevariable.

2. thiscanbeusedto invokecurrentclass method(implicitly)
3. this()can beusedto invokecurrent classconstructor.
4. thiscanbepassed asan argumentinthemethodcall.
5. thiscanbepassed asargument intheconstructor call.
6. thiscanbeusedtoreturnthecurrent classinstancefrom themethod.

class
Student{int
rollno;String
name;floatfee
;
Student(introllno,Stringname,floatfee){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;t
his.fee=fee;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(rollno+""+name+""+fee);}
}
classTestThis2{
public static void main(String
args[]){Student s1=new
Student(111,"ankit",5000f);Student s2=new
Student(112,"sumit",6000f);s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:
111 ankit5000
112 sumit 6000

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page45
Differencebetweenconstructorandmethodin java

JavaConstructor JavaMethod

Constructorisused toinitializethestateofan object. Methodisusedtoexposebehaviourofan

object.

Constructormustnothavereturn type. Methodmusthavereturn type.

Constructorisinvokedimplicitly. Methodisinvokedexplicitly.

Thejavacompilerprovidesadefaultconstructorifyoudon't Method is not provided by compiler

haveanyconstructor. inanycase.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page46
 Constructornamemustbesameas the classname. Methodnamemayormaynotbe

sameasclassname.

Therearemanydifferencesbetweenconstructorsand methods.Theyare givenbelow

ConstructorOverloadinginJava

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number
ofconstructors that differ in parameter lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors
bytakinginto account thenumberof parameters in the list and their type.

ExampleofConstructorOverloading
classStudent5{
intid;String
name;intage
;
Student5(int i,String
n){id =i;
name=n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int
a){id =i;
name =
n;age=a;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+""+name+""+age);}

public static void main(String

args[]){Student5 s1 = new
Student5(111,"Karan");Student5 s2 = new
Student5(222,"Aryan",25);s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}

Output:
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page47
 111Karan0
222Aryan25

MethodOverloadinginjava

Ifaclasshasmultiplemethodshavingsamenamebutdifferentinparameters,itisknownasMethod
Overloading.

Ifwehavetoperformonlyoneoperation,havingsamenameofthemethodsincreasesthereadabilityof
theprogram.

MethodOverloading:changingno.ofarguments

Inthisexample,wehavecreatedtwomethods,firstadd()methodperformsadditionoftwonumbersandsec
ond addmethod performs addition of threenumbers.

Inthisexample,wearecreatingstaticmethodssothatwedon'tneedtocreateinstanceforcallingmethods.

classAdder{
staticintadd(inta,int b){returna+b;}
staticintadd(inta,intb,intc){returna+b+c;}
}
classTestOverloading1{
public static void main(String[] args){

System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));Syst
em.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11));
}}

Output:

22
33

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page48
MethodOverloading:changingdatatypeofarguments

Inthisexample,wehavecreatedtwomethodsthatdiffersindatatype.Thefirstaddmethodreceivestwo
integer arguments andsecond add methodreceives twodoublearguments.

RecursioninJava
Recursion in java is a process in which a method calls itself continuously. A method in java
thatcallsitself is called recursive method.

JavaRecursion Example1: FactorialNumber

publicclassRecursionExample3 {
staticintfactorial(intn){
if (n ==
1)return
1;else
return(n*factorial(n-1));
}}
public static void main(String[] args)
{System.out.println("Factorialof5is:"+factorial(5));
}}

Output:

Factorialof5 is:120

JavaGarbageCollection

Injava, garbagemeansunreferencedobjects.

GarbageCollectionisprocessofreclaimingtheruntimeunusedmemoryautomatically.Inotherwords, it is a
wayto destroythe unusedobjects.

Todoso,wewereusingfree()functioninClanguageanddelete()inC++.But,injavaitisperformed
automatically.So, javaprovidesbettermemorymanagement.
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page49
Advantageof Garbage Collection

o Itmakesjavamemoryefficient becausegarbagecollectorremovestheunreferencedobjectsfrom
heap memory.
o Itisautomaticallydonebythegarbagecollector(apartofJVM)sowedon'tneedtomakeextraeffort
s.

gc() method
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing.
Thegc()is found in System and Runtime classes.

publicstatic void gc(){}

Simple Example of garbage collection in

javapublicclass TestGarbage1{
publicvoidfinalize(){System.out.println("objectisgarbagecollected");}
public static void main(String
args[]){TestGarbage1 s1=new
TestGarbage1();TestGarbage1 s2=new
TestGarbage1();s1=null;
s2=null;Syst
em.gc();
}}
objectisgarbagecollectedo
bjectisgarbagecollected
JavaString

stringisbasicallyanobjectthatrepresentssequenceofcharvalues.Anarrayofcharactersworkssameas
javastring.Forexample:

1.char[]ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
2.String s=new

String(ch);ssameas:

1. Strings="javatpoint";
2. Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations onstring such
ascompare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(),
substring()etc.
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page50
 3. The java.lang.String
classimplements Serializable,Comparableand CharSequenceinterfaces.

CharSequenceInterface

The CharSequence interface is used to represent sequence of characters. It is implemented

byString, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes. It means, we can create string in java by
usingthese3 classes.

The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed. Whenever we change

anystring,anewinstanceiscreated.Formutablestring,youcanuseStringBufferandStringBuilderclass
es.
Therearetwoways tocreate Stringobject:
1. Bystringliteral
2. Bynewkeyword

StringLiteral

JavaStringliteral is created byusingdouble quotes. ForExample:

1.Strings="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the string constant pool first. If the
stringalready exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If string doesn't
exist inthepool, anew stringinstanceis createdand placed in thepool. Forexample:

1. Strings1="Welcome";
2. Strings2="Welcome";//will not createnewinstance

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page51
 Bynewkeyword
1.Strings=new String("Welcome");//createstwoobjectsandonereferencevariable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non pool) heap memory and
theliteral "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the
objectinheap (non pool).

JavaStringExample
publicclassStringExample{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
Strings1="java";//creatingstringbyjavastringliteral
charch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
Strings2=newString(ch);//convertingchararraytostring
String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new
keywordSystem.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
System.out.println(s3);
}}
Java
stringse
xample
ImmutableStringin Java

In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or

unchangeable.Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string

object is created.Let's tryto understand theimmutabilityconcept bytheexamplegiven below:

classTestimmutablestring{
public static void main(String
args[]){Strings="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the
endSystem.out.println(s);//willprintSachinbecause stringsareimmutableobjects
}}
Output:Sachin
classTestimmutablestring1{
public static void main(String
args[]){String s="Sachin";
s=s.concat("
Tendulkar");System.out.pr
intln(s);
}}Output:Sachin Tendulkar

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page52
 InheritanceinJava

Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and
behaviorsofparent object.Inheritancerepresents theIS-A relationship, alsoknownasparent-
childrelationship.

Whyuseinheritanceinjava
o ForMethod Overriding(so runtimepolymorphismcan beachieved).
o ForCodeReusability.

SyntaxofJavaInheritance
1.class Subclass-name extends Superclass-
name2.{
3. //methods and
fields4.}

Theextendskeywordindicatesthatyouaremakinganewclassthatderivesfromanexistingclass.Themea
ningof "extends"is to increasethefunctionality.

classEmployee{
floatsalary=40000;
}
classProgrammerextendsEmployee{
intbonus=10000;
public static void main(String
args[]){Programmerp=new
Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary
is:"+p.salary);System.out.println("BonusofProgrammeris
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page53
 :"+p.bonus);
}}

Programmersalaryis:40000.0

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page54
 Bonusofprogrammer is:10000

Types ofinheritanceinjava

SingleInheritanceExample

File:TestInheritance.java

classAnimal{
voideat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
classDogextendsAnimal{
voidbark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
classTestInheritance{
public static void main(String
args[]){Dogd=newDog();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}
Output:
barking...
eating...

MultilevelInheritanceExample

File:TestInheritance2.java

classAnimal{
voideat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
classDogextendsAnimal{
voidbark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
classBabyDogextendsDog{
voidweep(){System.out.println("weeping...");}
}
classTestInheritance2{
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page55
public static void main(String
args[]){BabyDogd=newBabyDog();d.
weep();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}

Output:

weeping...
barking...
eating...

HierarchicalInheritanceExample

File:TestInheritance3.java

classAnimal{
voideat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
classDogextends Animal{
voidbark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
classCatextends Animal{
voidmeow(){System.out.println("meowing...");}
}
classTestInheritance3{
public static void main(String
args[]){Catc=newCat();
c.meow();
c.eat();
//c.bark();//C.T.Error
}}

Output:

meowing...
eating...

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page56
 Memberaccess andInheritance

Asubclassincludes allofthemembersof itssuperclassbutit cannotaccess thosemembers ofthe

super class that have been declared as private. Attempt to access a private variable wouldcause
compilation error as it causes access violation. The variables declared as private, is
onlyaccessiblebyother members ofits own class. Subclass havenoaccess to it.

superkeywordinjava

Thesuperkeywordinjavaisareferencevariablewhichisusedtoreferimmediateparentclassobject.

Wheneveryoucreatetheinstanceofsubclass,aninstanceofparentclassiscreatedimplicitlywhichis
referredbysuper referencevariable.

Usageof javasuperKeyword

1. supercanbe usedto referimmediateparentclassinstance variable.

2. supercanbe usedto invoke immediate parentclassmethod.

3. super()canbeusedtoinvokeimmediateparent classconstructor.

superisusedtoreferimmediateparentclassinstancevariable.

classAnimal{
Stringcolor="white";
}
class Dog extends
Animal{Stringcolor="black
";
voidprintColor(){System.out.println(color);//prints
colorofDogclass
System.out.println(super.color);//printscolorofAnimalclass
}
}
classTestSuper1{
public static void main(String
args[]){Dogd=newDog();
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page57
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page58
 d.printColor();
}}

Output:

black
white
FinalKeywordinJava

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many
context.Finalcanbe:

1. variable

2. method

3. class

The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is called
blankfinal variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor only. The blank
finalvariablecan bestatic alsowhich willbeinitialized inthe static blockonly.

ObjectclassinJava

The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other words, it is
thetopmostclass ofjava.

The Object class is beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you don't know.
Noticethatparent classreferencevariablecanrefer thechild classobject, knowas upcasting.

Let's take an example, there is getObject() method that returns an object but it can be of any
typelikeEmployee,Studentetc, wecan useObject classreferenceto referthat object.Forexample:

1. Objectobj=getObject();//wedon'tknowwhatobjectwillbereturnedfromthismethod

The Object class provides some common behaviors to all the objects such as object can
becompared,object can becloned, object can benotifiedetc.

MethodOverridinginJava

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is
knownasmethod overriding injava.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page59
Usageof JavaMethodOverriding
o Methodoverridingisusedtoprovidespecificimplementationofamethodthatisalreadyprovided
byits superclass.
o Methodoverridingisused forruntimepolymorphism

RulesforJavaMethodOverriding
1. methodmust havesame nameas in theparentclass
2. methodmust havesame parameteras in theparent class.
3. mustbeIS-Arelationship(inheritance).

Example of method
overridingClassVehicle{
voidrun(){System.out.println("Vehicleisrunning");}
}
classBike2extendsVehicle{
voidrun(){System.out.println("Bikeisrunningsafely");}
public static void main(String
args[]){Bike2obj =newBike2();
obj.run();
}

Output:Bike is runningsafely

1.classBank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return0;}
}
classSBIextendsBank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return8;}
}
class ICICIextendsBank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return7;}
}
classAXISextendsBank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return9;}
}
classTest2{
public static void main(String
args[]){SBIs=newSBI();
ICICI i=new
ICICI();AXISa=newA
XIS();
System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest:
"+s.getRateOfInterest());System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest:
"+i.getRateOfInterest());System.out.println("AXISRateofInterest:"+
a.getRateOfInterest());
}}
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page60
Output:
SBIRateofInterest:8

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page61
 ICICIRateofInterest:7A
XISRateofInterest:9

AbstractclassinJava

A class that is declared with abstract keyword is known as abstract class in java. It can
haveabstract and non-abstract methods (method with body). It needs to be extended and its
methodimplemented. Itcannot beinstantiated.

Exampleabstractclass
1.abstractclass A{}

abstractmethod
1.abstractvoidprintStatus();//nobodyandabstract

Exampleofabstractclassthathasabstractmethod
abstractclassBike{
abstractvoid run();
}
classHonda4extendsBike{
voidrun(){System.out.println("runningsafely..");}
public static void main(String
args[]){Bikeobj =newHonda4();
obj.run();
}
1.}
runningsafely..

Unit-2
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page62
 Interface inJava

Aninterfacein java isablueprintofaclass.It hasstaticconstantsandabstractmethods.

The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract
methodsin the java interface not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritance inJava.

Java Interface also represents IS-A

relationship.Itcannotbeinstantiated

justlikeabstract class.

Therearemainlythreereasons to useinterface. Theyare given below.

o Itisusedto achieveabstraction.
o Byinterface,wecansupport the functionalityof multiple inheritance.
o Itcanbeusedtoachieve loosecoupling.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page63
Internaladditionbycompiler

Understandingrelationshipbetweenclassesandinterfaces

//Interfacedeclaration: byfirstuser
interfaceDrawable{
voiddraw();
}
//Implementation: bysecond user
classRectangleimplementsDrawable{
publicvoiddraw(){System.out.println("drawingrectangle");}
}
classCircleimplementsDrawable{
publicvoiddraw(){System.out.println("drawingcircle");}
}
//Usinginterface: bythirduser
classTestInterface1{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
Drawable d=new Circle();//In real scenario, object is provided by method e.g.
getDrawable()d.draw();
}}
Output:drawingcircle

MultipleinheritanceinJavabyinterface

interfacePrintable{
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page64
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page65
 voidprint();
}
interfaceShowable{
void show();
}
classA7implementsPrintable,Showable{
public void
print(){System.out.println("Hello");}public void
show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}publicstatic
voidmain(Stringargs[]){
A7 obj = new
A7();obj.print();
obj.show();
}}

Output:Hello
Welcome
Abstractclass Interface

1)Abstractclasscanhaveabstractandno Interface can have only abstract methods.

n-abstract methods. SinceJava8,itcanhavedefaultandstaticmethodsa
lso.
2) Abstract class doesn't Interfacesupportsmultipleinheritance.
supportmultipleinheritance.
3)Abstractclasscanhavefinal,non- Interfacehasonlystatic and finalvariables.
final,staticandnon-staticvariables.
4) Abstract class can provide Interfacecan'tprovidetheimplementationofabst
theimplementation ofinterface. ractclass.
5)Theabstractkeywordisusedtodeclare Theinterface keyword used to declare
abstract class. isinterface.
6)Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); interface draw();
} void
}

JavaInnerClasses

Javainnerclass ornestedclassis aclasswhich isdeclaredinsidethe classorinterface.

Weuseinnerclassestologicallygroupclassesandinterfacesinoneplacesothatitcanbemorereadableand
maintainable.

SyntaxofInnerclass
1. classJava_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. classJava_Inner_class{
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page66
4. //code
5. }}

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page67
Advantageof javainnerclasses

Therearebasicallythree advantages of inner classesin java. Theyareas follows:

1) Nestedclassesrepresentaspecialtypeofrelationshipthatisitcanaccessallthemembers(data
members and methods)of outerclassincludingprivate.

2) Nestedclassesareused
todevelopmorereadableandmaintainablecodebecauseitlogicallygroupclasses and interfaces in
oneplaceonly.

3) CodeOptimization:Itrequireslesscodetowrite.

Differencebetweennested classand innerclass inJava

Innerclass isapart ofnested class.Non-static nestedclasses areknownasinnerclasses.

TypesofNestedclasses

Therearetwotypesofnestedclassesnon-staticandstaticnestedclasses.Thenon-
staticnestedclassesarealso knownas innerclasses.

o Non-staticnestedclass(innerclass)
1. Memberinner class
2. Anonymousinnerclass
3. Localinner class
o Staticnestedclass
JavaPackage

Ajavapackage is agroup of similar typesofclasses,interfaces and sub-packages.Package in

java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined package.There are

many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql

etc.AdvantageofJavaPackage

1) Javapackageisusedtocategorizetheclassesandinterfacessothattheycanbeeasilymaintained.

2) Javapackageprovides accessprotection.

3) Javapackageremovesnamingcollision.

packagemypack;
publicclassSimple{
public static void main(String
args[]){System.out.println("Welcometopackage"
);
}}
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page68
 Howto compile javapackage

If you are not using any IDE, you need to follow the syntax given

below:javac-d directoryjavafilename
How torunjavapackageprogram

ToCompile:javac-d. Simple.java
ToRun:javamypack.Simple

Usingfully qualifiedname

Exampleofpackagebyimport fullyqualified name

//save by
A.javapackage
pack;publicclas
sA{
publicvoidmsg(){System.out.println("Hello");}}
//save by
B.javapackage
mypack;classB{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
pack.A obj = new pack.A();//using fully qualified
nameobj.msg();
}
}
Output:Hello

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page69
 UNIT-3

ExceptionHandling
The exceptionhandlinginjava isoneofthepowerful mechanismtohandletheruntimeerrorsso that
normal flow ofthe application canbemaintained.

Whatis exception

In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which
isthrownat runtime.

AdvantageofExceptionHandling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the
application.Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we use
exceptionhandling.

TypesofException

Therearemainlytwotypesofexceptions:checkedanduncheckedwhereerrorisconsideredasuncheckede
xception. Thesunmicrosystem says therearethreetypes of exceptions:

1. CheckedException
2. UncheckedException
3. Error

Differencebetweencheckedanduncheckedexceptions

1) Checked Exception: The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and
Errorare known as checked exceptions e.g.IOException, SQLException etc. Checkedexceptions are
checkedatcompile-time.

2) UncheckedException:
TheclassesthatextendRuntimeExceptionareknownasuncheckedexceptionse.g.ArithmeticException,Nul
lPointerException,ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptionetc.Unchecked exceptions are notchecked
atcompile-timeratherthey are checkedatruntime.

3) Error:Errorisirrecoverablee.g.OutOfMemoryError,VirtualMachineError,AssertionErroretc.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page70
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page71
HierarchyofJavaExceptionclasses

CheckedandUnCheckedExceptions

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page72
Javatryblock

Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used
withinthe method.

Javatryblock must befollowed byeither catch or finallyblock.

Syntaxofjavatry-catch

1. try{
2. //codethat maythrowexception
3. }catch(Exception_class_Name

ref){}Syntax of try-finallyblock

1. try{
2. //codethat maythrowexception
3. }finally{}

Javacatchblock

Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block

only.Youcan usemultiple catch block with asingletry.

Problemwithoutexceptionhandling

Let'stryto understand theproblem if wedon't usetry-catch block.

publicclassTesttrycatch1{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){int
data=50/0;//may throw
exceptionSystem.out.println("restofthec
ode...");
}}
Output:
Exceptioninthreadmainjava.lang.ArithmeticException:/byzero

As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of
thecode...statement is not printed).

There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not
beexecuted.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page73
Solutionbyexceptionhandling

Let'sseethe solution of aboveproblem byjavatry-catchblock.

publicclassTesttrycatch2{

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page74
 publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{
intdata=50/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException
e){System.out.println(e);}System.out.println("rest
ofthecode...");
}}
1.Output:
Exceptioninthreadmainjava.lang.ArithmeticException:/byzerorest
of the code...

Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the
code...statement isprinted.

JavaMulticatchblock

IfyouhavetoperformdifferenttasksattheoccurrenceofdifferentExceptions,usejavamulticatchblo
ck.

Let'sseeasimpleexampleofjavamulti-catchblock.

1. publicclassTestMultipleCatchBlock{
2. publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
3. try{
4. int a[]=new
int[5];5. a[5]=30/0;
6. }
7. catch(ArithmeticExceptione){System.out.println("task1iscompleted");}
8. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println("task 2
completed");9.}
10. catch(Exceptione){System.out.println("commontaskcompleted");
11. }
12. System.out.println("rest of the
code...");13.}}

Output:task1
completedrestof

Javanestedtryexample

Let'sseeasimple exampleof javanested tryblock.

classExcep6{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{t
ry{
System.out.println("goingtodivide");
intb =39/0;
}catch(ArithmeticExceptione){System.out.println(e);}
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page75
try{

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page76
 int a[]=new
int[5];a[5]=4;
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
e){System.out.println(e);}System.out.println("otherstatement);
}catch(Exception
e){System.out.println("handeled");}System.out.println
("normalflow..");
}
1.}
Java finallyblock

Javafinallyblockisablockthatisusedtoexecuteimportantcodesuchasclosingconnection,streametc.

Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or

not.Javafinallyblock follows tryorcatch block.

UsageofJavafinally

Case1

Let's see the java finally example where exception doesn't

occur.classTestFinallyBlock{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{
int
data=25/5;System.out.pr
intln(data);
}
catch(NullPointerException
e){System.out.println(e);}finally{System.out.println("finally
block is always
executed");}System.out.println("restofthecode...");
}
}
Output:5
finallyblockisalwaysexecutedre
stof the code...

Javathrowkeyword

TheJavathrowkeywordis used toexplicitlythrow an exception.

We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The
throwkeywordismainlyusedtothrow customexception.Wewillseecustom exceptionslater.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page77
 Thesyntaxofjavathrow keywordisgivenbelow.

1.throwexception;

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page78
Javathrowkeywordexample

Inthisexample,wehave createdthevalidatemethodthattakesintegervalueasaparameter. Ifthe age

is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a messagewelcometo
vote.

1.publicclassTestThrow1{
staticvoid validate(intage){
if(age<18)
thrownewArithmeticException("notvalid");
else
System.out.println("welcometovote");
}
public static void main(String
args[]){validate(13);
System.out.println("restofthecode...");
}}

Output:

Exceptioninthreadmainjava.lang.ArithmeticException:notvalid
Javathrowskeyword

The Javathrowskeyword isusedtodeclareanexception.Itgivesaninformationtotheprogrammer that

there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide
theexceptionhandlingcodeso that normal flow can bemaintained.

ExceptionHandlingismainlyusedtohandlethecheckedexceptions.Ifthereoccursanyuncheckedexcepti
onsuchasNullPointerException,itisprogrammersfaultthatheisnotperformingcheck up beforethe
codebeingused.

Syntaxofjavathrows
1. return_typemethod_name()throwsexception_class_name{
2. //method
code3.}
4.

Javathrowsexample

Let's see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can
bepropagated bythrows keyword.

importjava.io.IOException;
classTestthrows1{

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page79
 voidm()throwsIOException{
thrownew IOException("deviceerror");//checkedexception

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page80
 }
void n()throws
IOException{m();
}
void p(){
try{
n();
}catch(Exceptione){System.out.println("exceptionhandled");}
}
public static void main(String
args[]){Testthrows1 obj=new
Testthrows1();obj.p();
System.out.println("normal
flow...");}}Output:
exception
handlednormalflo

JavaCustomException

IfyouarecreatingyourownExceptionthatisknownascustomexceptionoruser-
definedexception.Javacustomexceptions areusedto customizethe exceptionaccordingto userneed.

By the help of custom exception, you can have your own exception and

message.Let'sseeasimple exampleof java custom exception.

class InvalidAgeException extends

Exception{InvalidAgeException(Strings){
super(s);
}}
classTestCustomException1{
staticvoidvalidate(intage)throws InvalidAgeException{
if(age<18)
thrownew InvalidAgeException("notvalid");

else
System.out.println("welcometovote");
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{validate
(13);
}catch(Exceptionm){System.out.println("Exceptionoccured: "+m);}

System.out.println("restofthecode...");
}}

Output:Exceptionoccured: InvalidAgeException:notvalidrestofthecode...

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page81
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page82
 Multithreading

Multithreadingin javaisaprocessof executingmultiplethreadssimultaneously.

Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing

andmultithreading,both areusedto achievemultitasking.

But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a common memory
area.They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between
thethreadstakes less timethan process.

JavaMultithreadingis mostlyusedingames,animation etc.

AdvantagesofJavaMultithreading

1) Itdoesn'tblocktheuser becausethreadsareindependentand youcanperformmultipleoperationsat

sametime.

2) Youcanperformmanyoperations togethersoitsaves time.

3) Threads areindependent soitdoesn'taffectotherthreadsifexceptionoccurinasinglethread.

LifecycleofaThread(ThreadStates)

A thread can be in one of the five states. According to sun, there is only 4 states in thread
lifecyclein java new, runnable, non-runnableandterminated. Thereis norunningstate.

Butforbetter understandingthe threads, we areexplainingit in the5 states.

Thelifecycleof thethread in javaiscontrolled byJVM. Thejavathread states areas follows:

1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable(Blocked)
5. Terminated

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page83
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page84
Howto createthread

Thereare twowaystocreateathread:

1. ByextendingThreadclass
2. ByimplementingRunnable interface.

Threadclass:

Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on
athread.Threadclass extendsObject class andimplements Runnableinterface.

CommonlyusedConstructorsofThreadclass:

oThread()
oThread(Stringname)
oThread(Runnabler)
oThread(Runnabler,String name)

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page85
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page86
CommonlyusedmethodsofThreadclass:

1. publicvoidrun(): isusedtoperformactionforathread.
2. publicvoidstart():startstheexecutionofthe thread.JVMcallstherun()methodonthe thread.
3. publicvoidsleep(longmiliseconds):Causesthecurrentlyexecutingthreadtosleep(temporarilycease
execution) forthe specifiednumber ofmilliseconds.
4. publicvoidjoin(): waitsforathreadtodie.
5. publicvoidjoin(long miliseconds): waitsforathreadto dieforthespecifiedmiliseconds.
6. publicintgetPriority():returns thepriorityof thethread.
7. publicintsetPriority(intpriority):changesthe priorityofthethread.
8. publicStringgetName():returnsthenameofthe thread.
9. publicvoidsetName(Stringname):changesthenameofthethread.
10. publicThreadcurrentThread():returnsthereferenceof currentlyexecutingthread.
11. publicintgetId():returnstheidofthethread.
12. publicThread.StategetState():returnsthestateofthethread.
13. publicbooleanisAlive():tests ifthethread isalive.
14. publicvoidyield():causesthecurrentlyexecutingthreadobjecttotemporarilypauseandallowotherthrea
ds to execute.
15. publicvoidsuspend():isusedtosuspendthethread(depricated).
16. publicvoidresume(): is usedtoresumethesuspendedthread(depricated).
17. publicvoidstop():isusedtostopthethread(depricated).
18. publicbooleanisDaemon(): testsifthethreadisadaemonthread.
19. publicvoidsetDaemon(booleanb): marksthethreadasdaemonoruserthread.
20. publicvoidinterrupt(): interruptsthethread.
21. publicbooleanisInterrupted():testsifthethreadhasbeeninterrupted.
22. publicstaticbooleaninterrupted(): testsifthecurrentthreadhasbeeninterrupted.

Runnableinterface:

The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to
beexecutedbyathread. Runnable interfacehaveonlyonemethod named run().
1. publicvoidrun(): isusedtoperformactionforathread.

Startingathread:

start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs
followingtasks:
oAnewthread starts(withnew callstack).
oThethread moves fromNew state tothe Runnablestate.
oWhenthethreadgets achanceto execute, itstarget run() method will run.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page87
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page88
JavaThreadExamplebyextendingThreadclass

classMultiextendsThread{
publicvoidrun(){System.out.println("threa
disrunning...");
}
public static void main(String
args[]){Multi t1=newMulti();
t1.start();
}}
Output:threadisrunning...

JavaThreadExamplebyimplementingRunnableinterface

classMulti3implementsRunnable{public
voidrun(){System.out.println("threadisru
nning...");
}
public static void main(String
args[]){Multi3m1=newMulti3();
Thread t1 =new
Thread(m1);t1.start();
}}
Output:threadisrunning...

PriorityofaThread(ThreadPriority):
Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In
mostcases, thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as
preemptivescheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that
whichschedulingit chooses.

3constantsdefinedinThreadclass:

1. publicstaticintMIN_PRIORITY
2. publicstaticintNORM_PRIORITY
3. publicstaticintMAX_PRIORITY

Defaultpriorityof athreadis5(NORM_PRIORITY).ThevalueofMIN_PRIORITYis1andthevalue
ofMAX_PRIORITY is 10.

Example of priority of a
Thread:class TestMultiPriority1 extends
Thread{publicvoidrun(){
System.out.println("running thread name
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page89
 is:"+Thread.currentThread().getName());System.out.println("runningthreadpriorityis:"
+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page90
 TestMultiPriority1 m1=new
TestMultiPriority1();TestMultiPriority1 m2=new
TestMultiPriority1();m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_
PRIORITY);m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIO
RITY);m1.start();
m2.start();
}}
Output:running thread name is:Thread-
0runningthread priorityis:10
running thread name is:Thread-
1runningthread priorityis:1

Javasynchronizedmethod

If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized

method.Synchronizedmethod isusedtolockan object for anysharedresource.

When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that
objectandreleases it when the thread completes its task.

Exampleofinterthreadcommunicationinjava

Let'sseethesimple exampleof interthread communication.

classCustomer{
intamount=10000;
synchronized void withdraw(int
amount){System.out.println("going to
withdraw...");if(this.amount<amount){
System.out.println("Less balance;waitingfordeposit...");
try{wait();}catch(Exceptione){}
}
this.amount-
=amount;System.out.println("withdrawcomp
leted...");
}
synchronized void deposit(int
amount){System.out.println("going to
deposit...");this.amount+=amount;System.
out.println("deposit completed...
");notify();
}
}
classTest{
public static void main(String
args[]){final Customer c=new
Customer();newThread(){
publicvoidrun(){c.withdraw(15000);}
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page91
}.start();
newThread(){

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page92
publicvoid run(){c.deposit(10000);}
}
start();
}}
Output:goingto withdraw...
Lessbalance;waitingfordeposit...g
oingto deposit...
deposit
completed...withdra
ThreadGroupinJava

Javaprovidesaconvenientwaytogroupmultiplethreadsinasingleobject.Insuchway,wecansuspend,resume
orinterrupt groupofthreads byasingle method call.

Note:Nowsuspend(),resume()andstop()methodsaredeprecated.

Java thread group is implemented by java.lang.ThreadGroup

class.ConstructorsofThreadGroupclass

There areonlytwoconstructors ofThreadGroup class.

ThreadGroup(String
name)ThreadGroup(ThreadGroupparent,Stringna
me)

Let'sseea codeto group multiplethreads.

1. ThreadGrouptg1=new ThreadGroup("Group A");

2. Threadt1=new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable(),"one");
3. Threadt2=newThread(tg1,new MyRunnable(),"two");
4. Threadt3=new Thread(tg1,newMyRunnable(),"three");

Nowall3threadsbelongtoonegroup.Here,tg1isthethreadgroupname,MyRunnableistheclassthatimple
ments Runnableinterface and"one","two"and"three"arethethreadnames.

Nowwecan interruptall threads byasingle lineof codeonly.

1. Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup().interrupt();

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page93
 Exploringjava.netandjava.text

java.net
The term network programming refers to writing programs that execute across multiple
devices(computers),in which thedevicesare all connected to eachotherusinganetwork.

The java.net package of the J2SE APIs contains a collection ofclasses and interfaces thatprovide
the low-level communication details, allowing you to write programs that focus onsolvingthe
problem at hand.

Thejava.netpackageprovides supportforthetwocommonnetworkprotocols−

 TCP
−TCPstandsforTransmissionControlProtocol,whichallowsforreliablecommunicationbetwe
entwoapplications.TCPistypicallyusedovertheInternetProtocol,which is referred to as
TCP/IP.

 UDP−UDPstandsforUserDatagramProtocol,aconnection-lessprotocolthatallowsforpackets
of data to betransmitted betweenapplications.

Thischaptergivesa goodunderstandingonthefollowingtwo subjects−

 SocketProgramming−ThisisthemostwidelyusedconceptinNetworkingandithas
been explained inverydetail.

 URLProcessing−This wouldbecoveredseparately.

java.text

The java.text package is necessary for every java developer to master because it has a lot
ofclassesthatishelpfulinformattingsuchasdates,numbers,andmessages.

java.textClasses

Thefollowingaretheclassesavailableforjava.textpackage[tabl

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page94
e]
Class|Description
SimpleDateFormat|is a concrete class that helps in formatting and parsing of
dates.[/table]

UNIT-4
CollectionFrameworkinJava

Collectionsinjavaisaframeworkthatprovidesanarchitecturetostoreandmanipulatethegroupof
objects.

All the operations that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion,
manipulation,deletion etc. can beperformed byJavaCollections.

Java Collection simply means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides
manyinterfaces(Set,List,Queue,Dequeetc.)andclasses(ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList,PriorityQueue,
HashSet,LinkedHashSet, TreeSetetc).

Whatisframeworkinjava
o providesreadymadearchitecture.
o representssetofclassesandinterface.
o is optional.

WhatisCollectionframework

Collection framework represents a unified architecture for storing and manipulating group
ofobjects.It has:

1. Interfaces anditsimplementationsi.e.classes
2. Algorithm

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page95
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page96
HierarchyofCollectionFramework

JavaArrayListclass
JavaArrayListclassusesadynamicarrayforstoringthe
elements.ItinheritsAbstractListclassandimplementsList interface.

TheimportantpointsaboutJavaArrayListclassare:

o JavaArrayListclasscancontainduplicateelements.
o JavaArrayListclassmaintainsinsertionorder.
o JavaArrayListclassisnonsynchronized.
o JavaArrayListallowsrandomaccess becausearrayworksat theindexbasis.
o In Java ArrayList class, manipulation is slow because a lot of shifting needs to be
occurredif anyelement isremoved from thearraylist.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page97
ArrayListclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclarationforjava.util.ArrayListclass.

ConstructorsofJavaArrayList

Constructor Description

ArrayList() It is used to build an emptyarraylist.

ArrayList(Collectionc Itisusedtobuildanarraylistthatisinitializedwiththeelement
) sof the collection c.

ArrayList(int Itisusedtobuildanarraylistthathasthespecifiedinitialcapac
capacity) ity.

Java ArrayList
Exampleimportjava.util.*;
classTestCollection1{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();//Creating
arraylistlist.add("Ravi");//Addingobject in arraylist
list.add("Vijay");
list.add("Ravi");
list.add("Ajay");
//Traversing list through
IteratorIterator
itr=list.iterator();while(itr.hasNext()){
System.out.println(itr.next());}}}

Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page98
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page99
 vector

ArrayListandVectorbothimplementsListinterfaceandmaintainsinsertionorder.

ButtherearemanydifferencesbetweenArrayListandVector classesthataregivenbelow.

ArrayList Vector

1)ArrayListisnotsynchronized. Vectorissynchronized.

2)ArrayList increments50% Vector increments 100% means doubles the

ofcurrentarraysizeifnumberofelem arraysizeiftotalnumberofelementexceedsthanitscapac
entexceedsfromitscapacity. ity.

3)ArrayListis notalegacy class,itis Vectorisalegacy class.

introduced in JDK1.2.

4)ArrayListis fastbecauseitisnon- Vectoris slow

synchronized. becauseitissynchronizedi.e.inmultithreading
environment, it will hold the
otherthreadsinrunnableornon-
runnablestateuntilcurrentthread releases
thelockofobject.

5)ArrayListusesIteratorinterfacetot VectorusesEnumerationinterfacetotraversetheeleme
raversetheelements. nts.But it canuseIterator also.

ExampleofJavaVector

Let'sseeasimpleexampleofjavaVector classthatusesEnumerationinterface.

1. importjava.util.*;
2. classTestVector1{
3. publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
4. Vector<String>v=newVector<String>();//creatingvector
5. v.add("umesh");//methodofCollection
6. v.addElement("irfan");//methodofVector
7. v.addElement("kumar");
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page100
8. //traversingelements usingEnumeration

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page101
 9. Enumeratione=v.elements();
10. while(e.hasMoreElements()){
11. System.out.println(e.nextElement());
12.}}}

Output:

umesh
irfank
umar

JavaHashtableclass

JavaHashtableclassimplementsahashtable,whichmapskeystovalues.ItinheritsDictionaryclassand
implements theMapinterface.

Theimportantpoints aboutJavaHashtable classare:

o A Hashtable is an array of list. Each list is known as a bucket. The position of bucket
isidentifiedbycallingthehashcode()method.AHashtablecontainsvaluesbasedonthekey.
o Itcontains onlyuniqueelements.
o It mayhavenothaveanynull keyor value.
o Itissynchronized.

Hashtableclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclaration forjava.util.Hashtable class.

1. public class Hashtable<K,V>extends Dictionary<K,V>implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable,

Serializable

HashtableclassParameters

Let'sseetheParametersforjava.util.Hashtable class.

o K:Itisthe typeofkeysmaintained bythismap.

o V:Itisthetypeofmappedvalues.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page102
ConstructorsofJavaHashtableclass

Constructor Description

Hashtable() ItisthedefaultconstructorofhashtableitinstantiatestheHashtableclass.

Hashtable(intsize) Itisusedtoacceptanintegerparameterandcreatesahashtablethathas an
initial sizespecifiedbyinteger value size.

Hashtable(int size, float Itisusedtocreateahashtablethathasaninitialsizespecifiedbysizeand

fillRatio) afill ratio specified byfillRatio.

JavaHashtableExample
importjava.util.*;
classTestCollection16{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){Hashtable<Integer,String>
hm=new Hashtable<Integer,String>();hm.put(100,"Amit");
hm.put(102,"Ravi");
hm.put(101,"Vijay");
hm.put(103,"Rahul");
for(Map.Entry
m:hm.entrySet()){System.out.println(m.getKey()+
""+m.getValue());
}}}

Output:

103Rahul
102Ravi
101 Vijay
100 Amit

Stack
Stackisa subclassofVectorthat implementsastandardlast-in,first-outstack.

Stackonlydefinesthedefaultconstructor,whichcreatesanemptystack.Stackincludesallthemethods
definedbyVector, and adds several of its
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page103
 own.

Stack()

Example
Thefollowingprogram illustrates several ofthemethods supported bythiscollection−

importjava.util.*;

publicclassStackDemo{

staticvoidshowpush(Stack st,int a){

st.push(newInteger(a));

System.out.println("push("+ a+ ")");

System.out.println("stack:"+st);}

staticvoidshowpop(Stack st){

System.out.print("pop->");

Integera=(Integer)st.pop();

System.out.println(a);

System.out.println("stack:"+st);}

publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){

Stackst=new Stack();

System.out.println("stack:"+st);

showpush(st,42);

showpush(st,66);

showpush(st,99);

showpop(st);

showpop(st);

showpop(st);

try{

showpop(st);

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page104
 }catch(EmptyStackException e){

System.out.println("emptystack");
}}}

Thiswillproducethefollowingresult −

Output
stack:[]push(4
2)stack:
[42]push(66)s
tack: [42,
66]push(99)
stack:[42, 66, 99]
pop->99
stack:[42, 66]
pop->66
stack:[42]
pop ->
42stack:[
]
pop ->emptystack
Enumeration

TheEnumerationInterface

The Enumeration interface defines the methods by which you can enumerate (obtain one at
atime)the elements in acollection ofobjects.
Themethods declared byEnumeration aresummarizedin thefollowingtable −

Sr.No. Method&Description
1
booleanhasMoreElements()

Whenimplemented,itmustreturntruewhiletherearestillmoreelementstoextract,andfalsewhena
ll the elements havebeenenumerated.

2
ObjectnextElement()
Thisreturnsthenextobjectintheenumeration asagenericObjectreference.

Example:Followingis anexampleshowingusageofEnumeration.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page105
iswillproducethefollowingresult −

import

java.util.Vector;importjava.ut

il.Enumeration;

publicclassEnumerationTester{

public static void main(String args[])

{Enumerationdays;

VectordayNames=newVector();da

yNames.add("Sunday");dayName

s.add("Monday");dayNames.add("

Tuesday");dayNames.add("Wedn

esday");dayNames.add("Thursday

");dayNames.add("Friday");dayN

ames.add("Saturday");

days =

dayNames.elements();while(days.

hasMoreElements()){

System.out.println(days.nextElement());

} }}

Output
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

Saturday

Iterator
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page106
 It is a universal iterator as we can apply it to any Collection object. By using Iterator, we
canperform both read and remove operations. It is improved version of Enumeration with
additionalfunctionalityofremove-abilityofaelement.
Iterator must be used whenever we want to enumerate elements in all Collection
frameworkimplemented interfaces like Set, List, Queue, Deque and also in all implemented
classes of Mapinterface.Iterator isthe only cursoravailableforentirecollection framework.
Iteratorobject canbecreatedbycallingiterator()methodpresent inCollection interface.
//Here "c"is anyCollection object. itr is of
//type
Iteratorinterfaceandrefersto"c"Iteratoritr
Iteratorinterfacedefinesthreemethods:
//Returns trueif theiteration hasmoreelements
publicbooleanhasNext();

//Returns thenext elementin theiteration

// ItthrowsNoSuchElementExceptionifnomore
//elementpresent
publicObjectnext();

//Remove thenext element intheiteration

//This method can becalled onlyonceper call
// to next()

publicvoidremove();
remove()methodcanthrow twoexceptions
 UnsupportedOperationException:If theremove operationisnotsupportedbythisiterator
 IllegalStateException:Ifthenextmethodhasnotyetbeencalled,ortheremovemethodhasalreadyb
eencalled after thelast call to thenext method
LimitationsofIterator:
 Onlyforward direction iteratingispossible.
 Replacementandadditionofnewelementisnotsupported byIterator.

StringTokenizerinJava

Thejava.util.StringTokenizer
classallowsyoutobreakastringintotokens.Itissimplewaytobreakstring.

Itdoesn'tprovidethe facilitytodifferentiate numbers,quotedstrings,identifiers etc.

ConstructorsofStringTokenizerclass

Thereare3constructorsdefinedintheStringTokenizerclass.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page107
 Constructor Description

StringTokenizer(Stringstr) createsStringTokenizerwithspecifiedstring.

StringTokenizer(String str, creates StringTokenizer with specified string and

Stringdelim) delimeter.

StringTokenizer(String str, createsStringTokenizerwithspecifiedstring,delimeter

String delim, boolean and returnValue. If return value is true, delimiter
returnValue) charactersareconsideredtobetokens.Ifitisfalse,
delimitercharactersservetoseparatetokens.

MethodsofStringTokenizerclass

The6usefulmethodsof StringTokenizerclassareasfollows:

Publicmethod Description

booleanhasMoreTokens() checksifthereis moretokensavailable.

StringnextToken() returnsthenexttokenfromtheStringTokenizerobject.

StringnextToken(String delim) returnsthenext tokenbasedon thedelimeter.

booleanhasMoreElements() sameashasMoreTokens()method.

ObjectnextElement() sameasnextToken()but itsreturntypeisObject.

intcountTokens() returnsthe total numberoftokens.

SimpleexampleofStringTokenizerclass

Let'sseethesimpleexampleofStringTokenizerclassthattokenizesastring"mynameiskhan"onthe basis
of whitespace.

importjava.util.StringTokenizer;
publicclassSimple{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page108
 StringTokenizerst=newStringTokenizer("mynameiskhan","");
while (st.hasMoreTokens())
{System.out.println(st.nextToken()
);
}}}
Output:my
name
iskh
an

ExampleofnextToken(Stringdelim)methodofStringTokenizerclass
importjava.util.*;
publicclassTest{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){
StringTokenizerst=newStringTokenizer("my,name,is,khan");
// printingnext token
System.out.println("Nexttokenis:"+st.nextToken(","));
} }
Output:Nexttokenis :my

java.util.Random
 For using this class to generate random numbers, we have to first create an instance of
thisclass and then invoke methods such as nextInt(), nextDouble(), nextLong() etc using
thatinstance.
 We can generate random numbers of types integers, float, double, long, booleans using
thisclass.
 We can pass arguments to the methods for placing an upper bound on the range of
thenumbers to be generated. For example, nextInt(6) will generate numbers in the range 0
to 5bothinclusive.
//AJavaprogramtodemonstrate randomnumbergeneration
// using
java.util.Random;importj
ava.util.Random;

publicclass generateRandom{

publicstatic void main(Stringargs[])

{
// create instance of Random
classRandomrand
=newRandom();

// Generate random integers in range 0 to

999intrand_int1 =rand.nextInt(1000);
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page109
 intrand_int2=rand.nextInt(1000);

// Print random integersSystem.out.println("Random

Integers:
"+rand_int1);System.out.println("RandomIntegers:"
+rand_int2);

//GenerateRandomdoubles
double rand_dub1 =
rand.nextDouble();doublerand_dub2=ra
nd.nextDouble();

//Printrandom doubles
System.out.println("Random Doubles:
"+rand_dub1);System.out.println("RandomDoubles:"
+rand_dub2);
}}
Output:

RandomIntegers:547
RandomIntegers:126
RandomDoubles: 0.8369779739988428
RandomDoubles: 0.5497554388209912

JavaScannerclass

There are various ways to read input from the keyboard, the java.util.Scanner class is one of
them.The JavaScanner classbreakstheinputintotokensusingadelimiterthatiswhitespacebydefault.It
provides manymethods toread and parsevarious primitive values.

Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and primitive types using
regularexpression.
JavaScannerclassextendsObjectclassandimplements Iterator andCloseableinterfaces.

CommonlyusedmethodsofScannerclass

ThereisalistofcommonlyusedScannerclass methods:

Method Description

publicStringnext() itreturnsthe nexttoken from thescanner.

publicStringnextLine() itmovesthescannerpositiontothenextlineandr

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page110
 publicbytenextByte() itscansthenexttokenasa byte.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page111
 publicshort nextShort() itscansthenexttoken asashort value.

publicintnextInt() itscans thenext token asan int value.

publiclongnextLong() itscans thenext token as alongvalue.

publicfloat nextFloat() itscansthenexttoken asafloat value.

public itscans thenext tokenas adouble value.

double
nextDouble()

JavaScannerExampleto getinputfromconsole

Let'sseethesimpleexampleoftheJavaScannerclasswhichreadstheint,stringanddoublevalueas an
input:

importjava.util.Scanner;
classScannerTest{
public static void main(String
args[]){Scanner sc=new
Scanner(System.in);System.out.println(
"Enter your rollno");int
rollno=sc.nextInt();System.out.println("
Enter your name");String
name=sc.next();System.out.println("Ent
er your
fee");doublefee=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Rollno:"+rollno+" name:"+name+"
fee:"+fee);sc.close();
}}Output:
Enteryourrollno1
11
Enteryourname
Ratan
Enter4
50000
Rollno:111name:Ratanfee:450000
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page112
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page113
 JavaCalendarClass

Java Calendar class is an abstract class that provides methods for converting date between
aspecific instant in time and a set of calendar fields such as MONTH, YEAR, HOUR, etc.
ItinheritsObject class andimplements theComparable interface.

JavaCalendarclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclarationofjava.util.Calendarclass.

1. publicabstractclass CalendarextendsObject
2. implementsSerializable,Cloneable,Comparable<Calendar>

JavaCalendarClassExample

importjava.util.Calendar;
publicclassCalendarExample1 {
public static void main(String[] args)
{Calendarcalendar=Calendar.getInstance();
System.out.println("The current date is : "+
calendar.getTime());calendar.add(Calendar.DATE,-15);
System.out.println("15 days ago: "+
calendar.getTime());calendar.add(Calendar.MONTH,4);
System.out.println("4 months later: "+
calendar.getTime());calendar.add(Calendar.YEAR, 2);
System.out.println("2yearslater:"+calendar.getTime());
}}

Output:

The current date is : Thu Jan 19 18:47:02 IST

201715daysago: WedJan 0418:47:02IST 2017
4monthslater:ThuMay04 18:47:02IST2017
2yearslater:Sat May0418:47:02IST2019

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page114
 Java-FilesandI/O
The java.io package contains nearly every class you might ever need to perform input and
output(I/O)inJava.Allthesestreamsrepresentaninputsourceandanoutputdestination.Thestreaminthe
java.io packagesupportsmanydatasuch asprimitives, object,localizedcharacters, etc.

Stream
Astreamcanbedefinedasa sequenceofdata. Therearetwo kindsofStreams−

 InPutStream−TheInputStreamisusedtoread datafromasource.

 OutPutStream−TheOutputStream isusedforwritingdatatoadestination.

Java provides strong but flexible support for I/O related to files and networks but this
tutorialcovers very basic functionality related to streams and I/O. We will see the most
commonly usedexamplesonebyone−

ByteStreams
Java byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. Though there are
manyclasses related to byte streams but the most frequently used
classesare, FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. Following is an example which makes
useofthesetwo classesto copyan input fileinto an output file−

Example

importjava.io.*;

publicclassCopyFile {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException

{FileInputStream in =null;

FileOutputStream out =

null;try{

in=newFileInputStream("input.txt");

out=newFileOutputStream("output.txt");i

ntc;

while((c =in.read())!=-1){
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page115
 out.write(c);

}finally{

if(in !=null){

in.close();

if (out != null)

{out.close();

}}}}

Nowlet'shave afile input.txtwiththefollowingcontent −

Thisistest forcopyfile.

As a next step, compile the above program and execute it, which will result in creating
output.txtfilewiththesamecontentaswehaveininput.txt.Solet'sputtheabovecodeinCopyFile.javafile
and do the following−

$javacCopyFile.java
$javaCopyFile

CharacterStreams
Java Byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes,
whereasJava Character streams are used to perform input and output for 16-bit unicode. Though
therearemanyclassesrelatedto character streams but the most frequently used
classesare, FileReader and
FileWriter.ThoughinternallyFileReaderusesFileInputStreamandFileWriter uses
FileOutputStream but here the major difference is thatFileReader reads twobytesatatime and
FileWriterwritestwo bytes at a time.

Wecanre-writetheaboveexample,whichmakestheuseofthesetwoclassestocopyaninput
file(havingunicodecharacters)intoanoutputfile−

Example

importjava.io.*;

publicclassCopyFile {
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page116
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])throwsIOException{
 FileReader in =

null;FileWriter out =

null;try{

in = new

FileReader("input.txt");out = new

FileWriter("output.txt");intc;

while ((c = in.read()) != -1)

{out.write(c);}

}finally{

if(in !=null){

in.close();}

if (out != null)

{out.close();

}}}}

Nowlet'shave afile input.txtwiththefollowingcontent −

This is test forcopyfile.

As a next step, compile the above program and execute it, which will result in creating
output.txtfile with the same content as we have in input.txt. So let's put the above code in
CopyFile.javafileand do the following−

$javacCopyFile.java
$javaCopyFile

StandardStreams
All the programming languages provide support for standard I/O where the user's program
cantake input from a keyboard and then produce an output on the computer screen. Java provides
thefollowingthreestandardstreams −

 StandardInput−Thisisusedtofeedthedatatouser'sprogramandusuallyakeyboard
isusedasstandardinputstream andrepresentedasSystem.in.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page117
  Standard Output − This is used to output the data produced by the user's program
andusuallyacomputerscreenisusedforstandardoutputstreamandrepresentedasSystem.out.

 Standard Error − This is used to output the error data produced by the user's
programandusuallyacomputerscreenisusedforstandarderrorstreamandrepresentedasSyste
m.err.

Following is a simple program, which creates InputStreamReader to read standard input

streamuntiltheusertypesa"

Example
importjava.io.*;

publicclassReadConsole {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException

{InputStreamReadercin =null;

try{

cin=newInputStreamReader(System.in);System.o

ut.println("Entercharacters,'q'toquit.");charc;

do{

c = (char)

cin.read();System.ou

t.print(c);

}while(c!='q');

}finally{

if(cin!=null){

cin.close();

}} }}

Thisprogram continuesto readand outputthe samecharacter untilwepress'q'−

$javacReadConsole.java
$javaReadConsole

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page118
 Enter characters, 'q' to
quit.1
1
e
e
q
q

ReadingandWritingFiles
Asdescribedearlier,astreamcanbedefinedasasequenceofdata.TheInputStreamisusedtoreaddatafro
m asourceandtheOutputStreamisusedforwritingdata toa destination.

Hereis ahierarchyof classes todeal withInput andOutput streams.

ThetwoimportantstreamsareFileInputStreamandFileOutputStream

FileInputStream
Thisstreamisusedforreadingdatafromthefiles.Objectscanbecreatedusingthekeywordnewand
thereareseveral types ofconstructorsavailable.

Followingconstructortakesafilenameasastringtocreateaninputstreamobjecttoreadthe
file −

InputStreamf=newFileInputStream("C:/java/hello");
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page119
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page120
 Following constructortakesafileobjecttocreateaninputstreamobjecttoreadthefile.Firstwe
createafileobject usingFile()methodasfollows−

File f = new
File("C:/java/hello");InputStreamf=new

Onceyouhave InputStreamobjectinhand,thenthereisalistofhelpermethodswhichcanbeusedto read

to stream ortodo other operations onthe stream.

 ByteArrayInputStream

 DataInputStream

FileOutputStream
FileOutputStreamisusedtocreateafileandwritedataintoit.Thestreamwouldcreateafile,ifit doesn't
alreadyexist, beforeopeningit foroutput.

HerearetwoconstructorswhichcanbeusedtocreateaFileOutputStreamobject.

Followingconstructortakesafilenameasastringtocreateaninputstreamobjecttowritethe
file −

OutputStreamf=newFileOutputStream("C:/java/hello")

Followingconstructortakesafileobjecttocreateanoutputstreamobjecttowritethefile.First,
wecreate afileobjectusingFile()methodasfollows−

File f = new
File("C:/java/hello");OutputStreamf=newFi

OnceyouhaveOutputStreamobjectinhand,thenthereisalistofhelpermethods,whichcanbeusedto
writeto stream orto doother operations on the stream.
 ByteArrayOutputStream
 DataOutputStream

Example

Followingistheexample todemonstrate InputStreamandOutputStream−

importjava.io.*;

publicclassfileStreamTest{

public static void main(String args[])

{try{
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page121
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page122
 bytebWrite[]={11,21,3,40,5};

OutputStreamos=newFileOutputStream("test.txt");fo

r(intx=0; x<bWrite.length ;x++){

os.write( bWrite[x] );// writes the

bytes}os.close();

InputStreamis=newFileInputStream("test.txt");in

tsize=is.available();

for(int i = 0; i <size; i++)

{System.out.print((char)is.read()+ "");}

is.close();

} catch (IOException e)

{System.out.print("Exception");

} }}

Java.io.RandomAccessFileClass
TheJava.io.RandomAccessFileclassfilebehaveslikealargearrayofbytesstoredinthefilesystem.Instanceso
f thisclass supportboth reading andwritingtoarandomaccessfile.

Classdeclaration
FollowingisthedeclarationforJava.io.RandomAccessFileclass−

publicclassRandomAccessFilee
xtendsObject
implementsDataOutput,DataInput,Closeable

Classconstructors
S.N. Constructor& Description

1
RandomAccessFile(Filefile,Stringmode)

Thiscreatesarandomaccessfilestreamtoreadfrom,andoptionallytowriteto,thefilespecifiedbythe
Fileargument.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page123
 2
RandomAccessFile(Filefile,Stringmode)

Thiscreatesarandomaccessfilestreamtoreadfrom,andoptionallytowriteto,afilewiththespecifiedn
ame.

Methodsinherited
Thisclassinheritsmethodsfromthefollowingclasses−

 Java.io.Object

Java.io.FileClassinJava
The File class is Java’s representation of a file or directory path name. Because file and
directorynames have different formats on different platforms, a simple string is not adequate to
name them.The File class contains several methods for working with the path name, deleting and
renamingfiles,creatingnewdirectories,listingthecontentsofadirectory,anddeterminingseveralcommo
nattributes of files anddirectories.
 Itisan abstract representationoffileanddirectorypathnames.
 A pathname, whether abstract or in string form can be either absolute or relative. The
parentofan abstract pathnamemaybeobtained byinvokingthegetParent()method ofthis class.
 First of all, we should create the File class object by passing the filename or directory
nameto it. A file system may implement restrictions to certain operations on the actual file-
system object, such as reading, writing, and executing. These restrictions are
collectivelyknownas access permissions.
 Instances of the File class are immutable; that is, once created, the abstract
pathnamerepresentedbyaFileobject will neverchange.
How tocreateaFileObject?
A File object is created by passing in a String that represents the name of a file, or a String
oranotherFileobject. For example,
Filea=newFile("/usr/local/bin/geeks");

definesanabstractfilenameforthegeeksfileindirectory/usr/local/bin.Thisisanabsoluteabstractfilenam
e.
Programtocheckif afileordirectoryphysicallyexistornot.
//Inthis program,weacceptsa fileor directoryname from
//commandlinearguments.Then theprogramwillcheckif
// that fileordirectoryphysicallyexistor not and
//itdisplaysthe propertyofthat fileordirectory.
*importjava.io.File;

// Displaying file
propertyclassfileProperty
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page124
 //accept file name or directory name through command line
argsStringfname=args[0];

//pass the filename or directory name to File

objectFilef=newFile(fname);

//apply File class methods on File

objectSystem.out.println("File name
:"+f.getName());System.out.println("Path:
"+f.getPath());System.out.println("Absolute path:"
+f.getAbsolutePath());System.out.println("Parent:"+f.getP
arent());System.out.println("Exists:"+f.exists());
if(f.exists())
{
System.out.println("Is
writeable:"+f.canWrite());System.out.println("Is
readable"+f.canRead());System.out.println("Is a
directory:"+f.isDirectory());System.out.println("File
Sizeinbytes"+f.length());
}
}
}

Output:

File name

:file.txtPath:file.

txt

Absolute

path:C:\Users\akki\IdeaProjects\codewriting\src\file.txtParent:nu

ll

Exists:true

Is

writeable:trueIsr

Connceting toDB

WhatisJDBCDriver?
JDBCdriversimplementthedefinedinterfacesintheJDBCAPI,forinteractingwithyourdatabaseserver.

Forexample,usingJDBCdriversenableyoutoopendatabaseconnectionsandtointeractwithitbysending
SQLor databasecommands then receivingresults with Java.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page125
 The Java.sql package that ships with JDK, contains various classes with their behaviours
definedand their actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party vendors
implementsthejava.sql.Driver interfacein their databasedriver.
JDBCDriversTypes
JDBCdriverimplementationsvarybecauseofthewidevarietyofoperatingsystemsandhardware
platforms in which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation types into
fourcategories,Types1, 2, 3,and 4,which is explained below −

Type1:JDBC-ODBCBridgeDriver
In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each
clientmachine. Using ODBC, requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN)
thatrepresentsthetarget database.

When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only supported
ODBCaccess but now this type of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no
otheralternativeis available.

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge that comes

withJDK1.2 is agood exampleof this kind ofdriver.

Type2:JDBC-NativeAPI
In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls, which are
uniqueto the database. These drivers are typically provided by the database vendors and used in
thesame manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge. The vendor-specific driver must be installed on
eachclientmachine.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page126
 If we change the Database, we have to change the native API, as it is specific to a database
andthey are mostly obsolete now, but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2
driver,becauseit eliminates ODBC's overhead.

TheOracleCallInterface(OCI)driverisanexampleofaType2driver.

Type3:JDBC-NetpureJava
In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to access databases. The JDBC clients
usestandard network sockets to communicate with a middleware application server. The
socketinformation is then translated by the middleware application server into the call format
requiredbythe DBMS, and forwarded to thedatabaseserver.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and
asingledriver canactuallyprovide accessto multiple databases.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page127
 You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for
theclient application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's
configurationinorder to effectivelyusethis driver type.

Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the
database,understandingthe nuances will provehelpful.

Type4:100%PureJava
In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver communicates directly with the vendor's
databasethrough socket connection. This is the highest performance driver available for the
database andis usuallyprovided bythevendoritself.

Thiskindofdriverisextremelyflexible,youdon'tneedtoinstallspecialsoftwareontheclientorserver.
Further, thesedrivers can bedownloadeddynamically.

MySQL'sConnector/JdriverisaType4driver.Becauseoftheproprietarynatureoftheirnetworkprotocols,
databasevendors usuallysupplytype4 drivers.

WhichDrivershouldbeUsed?
Ifyouareaccessingonetypeofdatabase,suchasOracle,Sybase,orIBM,thepreferreddrivertypeis 4.

IfyourJavaapplicationisaccessingmultipletypesofdatabasesatthesametime,type3isthepreferreddriver.

Type2driversareusefulinsituations,whereatype3ortype4driverisnotavailableyetforyourdatabase.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page128
 Thetype1driverisnotconsideredadeployment-leveldriver,andistypicallyusedfordevelopmentand
testingpurposes only.
Exampletoconnecttothemysqldatabaseinjava

Forconnectingjavaapplicationwiththemysqldatabase,youneedtofollow5stepstoperformdatabase
connectivity.

InthisexampleweareusingMySqlasthedatabase.Soweneedtoknowfollowinginformationsforthe
mysql database:

1. Driverclass:Thedriver classforthemysqldatabaseis com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.

2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the mysql databaseis
jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo wherejdbcistheAPI,mysqlisthedatabase,localhost is
the server name on which mysql is running, we may also use IP address, 3306isthe port
number and sonooisthe database name. We may use any database, insuchcase,you need
toreplacethe sonoo withyour databasename.
3. Username:Thedefaultusernameforthemysqldatabaseisroot.
4. Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the mysql database.
Inthisexample, weare goingto userootas the password.

Let'sfirstcreateatableinthemysqldatabase,butbeforecreatingtable,weneedtocreatedatabase first.

1. createdatabasesonoo;
2. usesonoo;
3. create table emp(id int(10),name varchar(40),age

int(3));ExampletoConnectJavaApplicationwithmysqldatab

ase

Inthisexample,sonoois thedatabasename,rootis theusername andpassword.

importjava.sql.*;
classMysqlCon{
public static void main(String
args[]){try{Class.forName("com.mysql.jd
bc.Driver");
Connection
con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://l

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page129
 ocalhost:3306/sonoo","root","root");
//heresonoo isdatabasename,rootisusernameand password
Statementstmt=con.createStatement();
ResultSetrs=stmt.executeQuery("select*fromemp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+""+rs.getString(2)+""+rs.getString(3));con.cl
ose();
}catch(Exceptione){System.out.println(e);}
}}

Theabove examplewillfetchall therecords of emptable.

Toconnectjavaapplicationwiththemysqldatabasemysqlconnector.jarfileisrequiredtobeloaded.

Twowaysto loadthe jar file:

1. pastethemysqlconnector.jarfileinjre/lib/extfolder
2. setclasspath

1) pastethe mysqlconnector.jarfilein JRE/lib/extfolder:

Downloadthemysqlconnector.jarfile.Go tojre/lib/ext folderand pastethejarfilehere.

2) setclasspath:
There are two ways to set the
classpath:1.temporary2.permane
nt

Howtosetthetemporaryclasspath
opencommand promptand write:
1.C:>setclasspath=c:\folder\mysql-connector-java-5.0.8-bin.jar;.;

How tosetthepermanentclasspath:
Go toenvironmentvariable then clickonnewtab.Invariable namewrite classpath andinvariable
value paste the path to the mysqlconnector.jar file by appending mysqlconnector.jar;.;
asC:\folder\mysql-connector-java-5.0.8-bin.jar;

JDBC-ResultSets

The SQL statements that read data from a database query, return the data in a result set.
TheSELECT statement is the standard way to select rows from a database and view them in a
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page130
resultset.Thejava.sql.ResultSetinterfacerepresents theresult setofadatabasequery.

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 AResultSetobjectmaintainsacursorthatpointstothecurrentrowintheresultset.Theterm"resultset"refer
s to therow and column data contained in a ResultSetobject.

Themethodsof theResultSetinterfacecanbebrokendowninto threecategories−

 Navigationalmethods:Usedtomovethe cursor around.

 Getmethods: Usedtoviewthedatainthecolumnsofthecurrentrowbeingpointedbythecursor.

 Updatemethods: Usedtoupdatethedatainthecolumnsofthecurrentrow.Theupdatescanthen
beupdated in theunderlyingdatabaseaswell.

ThecursorismovablebasedonthepropertiesoftheResultSet.Thesepropertiesaredesignatedwhenthe
correspondingStatementthat generates the ResultSetis created.

JDBCprovidesthefollowingconnectionmethodstocreatestatementswithdesiredResultSet−

 createStatement(intRSType,intRSConcurrency);

 prepareStatement(StringSQL,intRSType,intRSConcurrency);

 prepareCall(Stringsql,intRSType,intRSConcurrency);

The first argument indicates the type of a ResultSet object and the second argument is one of
twoResultSet constantsforspecifyingwhether aresult set is read-onlyor updatable.

TypeofResultSet
ThepossibleRSTypearegivenbelow.IfyoudonotspecifyanyResultSettype,youwillautomaticallyget one
that is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.

Type Description

ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY Thecursor canonlymoveforwardintheresultset.

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE The cursor can scroll forward and backward,

andthe result set is not sensitive to changes made
byothers to the database that occur after the result
setwascreated.

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 ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE. The cursor can scroll forward and backward,
andthe result set is sensitive to changes made
byotherstothedatabasethatoccurafter
theresultsetwascreated.

ConcurrencyofResultSet
ThepossibleRSConcurrencyaregivenbelow.IfyoudonotspecifyanyConcurrencytype,youwillautom
aticallyget onethat is CONCUR_READ_ONLY.

Concurrency Description

ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY Createsaread-onlyresultset. Thisisthedefault

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE Createsanupdateable resultset.

ViewingaResultSet
The ResultSet interface contains dozens of methods for getting the data of the current

row.Thereisa get methodfor each ofthepossibledatatypes,andeachgetmethodhas twoversions

 Onethattakes inacolumnname.

 Onethat takes inacolumn index.

Forexample,ifthecolumnyouareinterestedinviewingcontainsanint,youneedtouseoneof
thegetInt()methodsofResultSet−

S.N. Methods&Description

1 publicintgetInt(StringcolumnName)throwsSQLException

Returnstheint inthe currentrowin thecolumn namedcolumnName.

2 publicintgetInt(intcolumnIndex)throwsSQLException
Returnstheintinthecurrentrowinthespecifiedcolumnindex.Thecolumnindexstartsat1,
meaningthe first column of arow is 1, thesecond column of arow is 2, and so on.

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Similarly, there are get methods in the ResultSet interface for each of the eight Java
primitivetypes,as wellascommontypessuchasjava.lang.String,java.lang.Object,andjava.net.URL.

TherearealsomethodsforgettingSQLdatatypesjava.sql.Date,java.sql.Time,java.sql.TimeStamp,jav
a.sql.Clob,andjava.sql.Blob.Checkthedocumentationformoreinformationabout
usingtheseSQLdata types.

Forabetter understanding, let us studyViewing-ExampleCode.

UpdatingaResultSet
TheResultSetinterfacecontainsacollectionofupdatemethodsforupdatingthedataofaresultset.

Aswith theget methods, therearetwoupdatemethods foreach datatype−

 Onethattakes inacolumnname.

 Onethat takes inacolumn index.

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Forexample,toupdateaStringcolumnofthecurrentrowofaresultset,youwoulduseoneof
thefollowingupdateString()methods−

S.N. Methods&Description

1 publicvoidupdateString(intcolumnIndex,Strings)throwsSQLException

ChangestheStringinthespecifiedcolumn tothevalueofs.

2 public void updateString(String columnName, String s) throws

SQLExceptionSimilartothepreviousmethod,exceptthatthecolumnisspecifiedbyitsnameinst
eadofits index.

There are update methods for the eight primitive data types, as well as String, Object, URL,
andtheSQLdatatypes in thejava.sql package.

Updating a row in the result set changes the columns of the current row in the ResultSet
object,but not in the underlying database. To update your changes to the row in the database, you
needto invokeoneof thefollowingmethods.

S.N. Methods&Description

1 publicvoidupdateRow()

Updatesthecurrent row byupdatingthecorrespondingrow in the database.

2 publicvoiddeleteRow()
Deletesthecurrentrowfromthedatabase

3 publicvoidrefreshRow()
Refreshesthe data in theresultset toreflect anyrecent changesin thedatabase.

4 publicvoidcancelRowUpdates()
Cancelsanyupdates madeon thecurrent row.

5 publicvoidinsertRow()
Insertsarowintothedatabase.Thismethodcanonlybeinvokedwhenthecursorispointingto
theinsert row.

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 UNIT-5
GUIProgrammingwithjava
TheAWTClass hierarchy

Java AWT(Abstract Window Toolkit) isan API to develop GUI or window-

basedapplicationsin java.

JavaAWTcomponentsareplatform-
dependenti.e.componentsaredisplayedaccordingtotheviewofoperatingsystem. AWTisheavyweight
i.e.itscomponents areusingthe resourcesofOS.

Thejava.awtpackageprovidesclassesforAWTapisuchasTextField,Label,TextArea,RadioButton,Che
ckBox, Choice,List etc.

JavaAWTHierarchy

Thehierarchyof JavaAWT classes aregivenbelow.

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Container

TheContainerisacomponentinAWTthatcancontainanothercomponentslikebuttons,textfields, labels
etc. The classes that extends Container class are known as container such asFrame, Dialogand
Panel.

Window

Thewindowisthecontainerthathavenobordersandmenubars.Youmustuseframe,dialogoranotherwind
owfor creatingawindow.

Panel

ThePanelisthecontainerthatdoesn'tcontaintitlebarandmenubars.Itcanhaveothercomponents
likebutton, textfield etc.

Frame

TheFrameisthecontainerthatcontaintitlebarandcanhavemenubars.Itcanhaveothercomponents likebutton,
textfield etc.

UsefulMethodsofComponentclass

Method Description

publicvoidadd(Component c) insertsa component on this component.

publicvoidsetSize(intwidth,intheight) setsthesize(width andheight) ofthecomponent.

publicvoidsetLayout(LayoutManagerm) definesthelayoutmanagerforthe component.

publicvoidsetVisible(booleanstatus) changesthevisibilityofthecomponent,bydefaultfalse.

JavaAWTExample

Tocreatesimpleawtexample,youneedaframe.TherearetwowaystocreateaframeinAWT.

o ByextendingFrameclass (inheritance)
o Bycreatingtheobject ofFrame class (association)

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page137
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page138
AWTExamplebyInheritance

Let'sseeasimpleexampleofAWTwhereweareinheritingFrameclass.Here,weareshowingButtoncomponent
on theFrame.

importjava.awt.*;
class First extends
Frame{First(){
Buttonb=newButton("clickme");b.setBounds(30,100,8
0,30);// setting button positionadd(b);//adding button
into framesetSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and
300 heightsetLayout(null);//nolayoutmanager
setVisible(true);//nowframewill bevisible,bydefault notvisible
}
public static void main(String
args[]){Firstf=newFirst();
}}
The setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height) method is used in the above example
thatsetstheposition ofthe awt button.

JavaSwing

Java Swing tutorial is a part of Java Foundation Classes (JFC) that is used to create window-
based applications. It is built on the top of AWT (Abstract Windowing Toolkit) API and
entirelywrittenin java.

UnlikeAWT,JavaSwingprovidesplatform-independent andlightweightcomponents.

Thejavax.swingpackageprovidesclassesforjavaswingAPIsuchasJButton,JTextField,JTextArea,JRa
dioButton, JCheckbox,JMenu, JColorChooseretc.

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DifferencebetweenAWT and Swing.

No. Java AWT JavaSwing

1) AWT components areplatform- Javaswingcomponentsareplatform-

dependent. independent.

2) AWTcomponents areheavyweight. Swingcomponentsare lightweight.

3) AWTdoesn'tsupportpluggablelookand Swingsupportspluggablelookandfeel.
feel.

4) AWT providesless componentsthan Swingprovides

Swing. morepowerfulcomponentssuchastables,
lists,scrollpanes,colorchooser,tabbedpan
eetc.

5) AWT doesn't follows MVC(Model Swingfollows MVC.

ViewController) where model represents
data,viewrepresentspresentationandcontrol
leractsasaninterfacebetweenmodeland
view.

CommonlyusedMethodsofComponentclass

Method Description

publicvoidadd(Component c) addacomponent onanothercomponent.

publicvoidsetSize(intwidth,intheight) sets sizeof thecomponent.

publicvoidsetLayout(LayoutManagerm) setsthelayoutmanager forthecomponent.

publicvoidsetVisible(booleanb) setsthevisibilityofthecomponent.Itisbydefaultfalse.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page140
 HierarchyofJavaSwingclasses

Thehierarchyof javaswingAPIisgiven below.

JavaSwingExamples

Therearetwowaysto createaframe:

o Bycreatingtheobject ofFrame class (association)

o ByextendingFrameclass (inheritance)

Wecan writethecodeof swinginsidethe main(),constructororanyother method.

SimpleJavaSwingExample

Let'sseeasimpleswingexamplewherewearecreatingonebuttonandaddingitontheJFrameobjectinside
themain()method.

File:FirstSwingExample.java
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JAVAPROGRAMMING Page142
 importjavax.swing.*;
publicclassFirstSwingExample{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){
JFramef=new JFrame();//creatinginstanceofJFrame
JButton b=new JButton("click");//creating instance of
JButtonb.setBounds(130,100,100, 40);//x axis, y axis, width,
heightf.add(b);//addingbutton in JFrame
f.setSize(400,500);//400 width and 500
heightf.setLayout(null);//using no layout
managersf.setVisible(true);//makingtheframe
visible
}}
Containers

JavaJFrame

The javax.swing.JFrame class is a type of container which inherits the java.awt.Frame

class.JFrameworkslikethemainwindowwherecomponentslikelabels,buttons,textfieldsareaddedtocr
eateaGUI.

UnlikeFrame,JFramehastheoptiontohideorclosethewindowwiththehelpofsetDefaultCloseOperation
(int)method.

JFrameExample

import
java.awt.FlowLayout;import
javax.swing.JButton;import
javax.swing.JFrame;import
javax.swing.JLabel;import
javax.swing.Jpanel;publicclass
JFrameExample{
publicstaticvoidmain(Strings[]){
JFrame frame = new JFrame("JFrame
Example");JPanel
panel=newJPanel();panel.setLayout(newFlowLay
out());
JLabel label = new JLabel("JFrame By

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page143
Example");JButton button = new
JButton();button.setText("Button");
panel.add(label);

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page144
 panel.add(button);frame.add(panel)
;frame.setSize(200,
300);frame.setLocationRelativeTo(
null);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);frame.setVisibl
e(true);
}}
JApplet
AswepreferSwingtoAWT.NowwecanuseJAppletthatcanhaveallthecontrolsofswing.TheJApplet
class extends the Applet class.

ExampleofEventHandlinginJApplet:

import
java.applet.*;import
javax.swing.*;importjav
a.awt.event.*;
public class EventJApplet extends JApplet implements
ActionListener{JButton b;
JTextFieldtf;
public void
init(){tf=newJTextF
ield();
tf.setBounds(30,40,150,20);
b=new
JButton("Click");b.setBoun
ds(80,150,70,40);add(b);ad
d(tf);b.addActionListener(t
his);setLayout(null);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent
e){tf.setText("Welcome");
}}Intheaboveexample,wehavecreatedallthecontrolsininit()methodbecauseitisinvokedonlyonce.
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <appletcode="EventJApplet.class"width="300"height="300">
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JAVAPROGRAMMING Page146
 </applet></body>
</html>

JDialog

TheJDialogcontrolrepresentsatoplevelwindowwithaborderandatitleusedtotakesomeformof input
from the user.It inherits theDialogclass.

UnlikeJFrame,itdoesn't havemaximizeandminimizebuttons.

JDialogclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclarationforjavax.swing.JDialogclass.

1.public class JDialog extends Dialog implements WindowConstants, Accessible,

RootPaneContainer

CommonlyusedConstructors:

Constructor Description

JDialog() Itisusedtocreateamodelessdialogwithoutatitleandwithout
aspecifiedFrameowner.

JDialog(Frameowner) ItisusedtocreateamodelessdialogwithspecifiedFrame as
its ownerand an emptytitle.

JDialog(Frameowner,Stringtitle,bo Itisusedtocreateadialogwiththespecifiedtitle,owner
oleanmodal) Frameand modality.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page147
JavaJDialogExample
importjavax.swing.*;
importjava.awt.*;
import
java.awt.event.*;public class
DialogExample {private
static JDialog
d;DialogExample(){
JFramef=new JFrame();
d=newJDialog(f,"DialogExample",true);d.setL
ayout(newFlowLayout() );
JButton b = new JButton
("OK");b.addActionListener(newActionLis
tener()
{
publicvoidactionPerformed(ActionEvente)
{
DialogExample.d.setVisible(false);
}

}); Output:

d.add( new JLabel ("Click button to

continue."));d.add(b);
d.setSize(300,300);
d.setVisible(true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
newDialogExample();
}}

JPanel

TheJPanelisasimplestcontainerclass.Itprovidesspaceinwhichanapplicationcanattachanyothercompo
nent.It inherits the JComponents class.

Itdoesn'thavetitlebar.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page148
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page149
JPanelclassdeclaration

1.publicclassJPanel extendsJComponentimplementsAccessible

JavaJPanelExample

importjava.awt.*;
importjavax.swing.*;
public class PanelExample
{PanelExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("Panel
Example");JPanel panel=new
JPanel();panel.setBounds(40,80,200,200);
panel.setBackground(Color.gray);
JButton b1=new JButton("Button
1");b1.setBounds(50,100,80,30);b1.se
tBackground(Color.yellow);JButton
b2=new JButton("Button
2");b2.setBounds(100,100,80,30);b2.s
etBackground(Color.green);panel.add
(b1); panel.add(b2);f.add(panel);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);f
.setVisible(true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
newPanelExample();
}}
Overview of some Swing ComponentsJava

JButton

TheJButtonclassisusedtocreatealabeledbuttonthathasplatformindependentimplementation.Theapplicationresultins
ome actionwhenthebuttonis pushed.ItinheritsAbstractButtonclass.

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page150
JButtonclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclarationforjavax.swing.JButtonclass.

1.publicclassJButton extendsAbstractButtonimplementsAccessible

JavaJButtonExample

importjavax.swing.*;
publicclass ButtonExample {
public static void main(String[] args)
{JFrame f=new JFrame("Button
Example");JButton b=new JButton("Click
Here");b.setBounds(50,100,95,30);
f.add(b);f.setSize(400,4
00);f.setLayout(null);f.
setVisible(true);}}

JavaJLabel

The object of JLabel class is a component for placing text in a container. It is used to display
asingle line of read only text. The text can be changed by an application but a user cannot edit
itdirectly.It inherits JComponent class.

JLabelclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclarationforjavax.swing.JLabelclass.

1.publicclassJLabelextendsJComponentimplementsSwingConstants,Accessible

CommonlyusedConstructors:

Constructor Description

JLabel() CreatesaJLabelinstancewithnoimageandwithanemptys
tringforthe title.

JLabel(Strings) CreatesaJLabel instance with thespecifiedtext.

JLabel(Iconi) CreatesaJLabelinstancewiththespecifiedimage.

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 JLabel(String Icon i, int CreatesaJLabelinstancewiththespecifiedtext,image,an
s,ho d horizontal alignment.
rizontalAlignment)

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page152
 CommonlyusedMethods:

Methods Description

StringgetText() treturns thetext stringthatalabel displays.

void setText(Stringtext) Itdefinesthe singlelineof

textthiscomponentwilldisplay.

void Itsetsthealignmentofthelabel'scontentsalongthe
setHorizontalAlignment(int Xaxis.
alignment)

IcongetIcon() Itreturnsthe graphicimagethatthelabeldisplays.

intgetHorizontalAlignment() It returns the alignment of the label's contents

alongthe Xaxis.

JavaJLabelExample

importjavax.swing.*;
class LabelExample
{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("Label
Example");JLabell1,l2;
l1=new JLabel("First
Label.");l1.setBounds(50,50,
100,30);l2=new JLabel("Second
Label.");l2.setBounds(50,100,10
0,30);f.add(l1);
f.add(l2);f.setSize(300,300);f.set
Layout(null);f.setVisible(true);
}
}

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page153
 JTextField

TheobjectofaJTextFieldclassisatextcomponentthatallowstheeditingofasinglelinetext.ItinheritsJTextCom
ponentclass.

JTextFieldclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclarationforjavax.swing.JTextFieldclass.

1.publicclassJTextFieldextendsJTextComponentimplementsSwingConstants

JavaJTextFieldExample

importjavax.swing.*;
classTextFieldExample
{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("TextField
Example");JTextFieldt1,t2;
t1=new JTextField("Welcome to
Javatpoint.");t1.setBounds(50,100,200,30);
t2=new JTextField("AWT
Tutorial");t2.setBounds(50,150,200,3
0);f.add(t1);
f.add(t2);f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
} }
JavaJTextArea

TheobjectofaJTextAreaclassisamultilineregionthatdisplaystext.Itallowstheeditingofmultipleline text.It
inherits JTextComponent class

JTextAreaclassdeclaration

Let'sseethedeclarationfor javax.swing.JTextAreaclass.

1. publicclassJTextAreaextendsJTextComponent

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page154
JavaJTextAreaExample

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page155
importjavax.swing.*;
publicclassTextAreaExample
{
TextAreaExample(){JFram
ef=newJFrame();
JTextArea area=new JTextArea("Welcome to
javatpoint");area.setBounds(10,30,200,200);
f.add(area);f.setSiz
e(300,300);f.setLa
yout(null);f.setVis
ible(true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
newTextAreaExample();
}}

SimpleJavaApplications

importjavax.swing.JFrame;importj
avax.swing.SwingUtilities;

public class Example extends JFrame

{publicExample(){
setTitle("Simple
example");setSize(300,
200);setLocationRelativeTo(
null);
setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{Example ex = new
Example();ex.setVisible(true);
}}

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page156
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page157
 LayoutManagement

JavaLayoutManagers

TheLayoutManagersareusedtoarrangecomponentsinaparticularmanner.LayoutManagerisaninterfac
ethat is implemented byallthe classesoflayout managers.

BorderLayout

TheBorderLayoutprovides fiveconstantsfor eachregion:

1. publicstaticfinalint NORTH
2. publicstaticfinalintSOUTH
3. publicstaticfinalintEAST
4. publicstaticfinalintWEST
5. publicstaticfinalintCENTER

ConstructorsofBorderLayoutclass:

o BorderLayout():creates aborderlayoutbut withnogapsbetweenthecomponents.

o JBorderLayout(inthgap,intvgap):createsaborderlayoutwiththegivenhorizontalandverticalgap
s between thecomponents.

ExampleofBorderLayoutclass:
importjava.awt.*; Output:
importjavax.swing.*;
publicclassBorder
{
JFrame
f;Border(
)
{
f=newJFrame();
JButton b1=new
JButton("NORTH");;JButton b2=new
JButton("SOUTH");;JButton b3=new
JButton("EAST");;JButton b4=new
JButton("WEST");;JButton b5=new
JButton("CENTER");;f.add(b1,Border
Layout.NORTH);f.add(b2,BorderLayo
ut.SOUTH);f.add(b3,BorderLayout.EA
ST);f.add(b4,BorderLayout.WEST);f.a
dd(b5,BorderLayout.CENTER);f.setSiz
e(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args)
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page158
{
newBorder();
}}

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page159
JavaGridLayout

TheGridLayoutisusedtoarrangethecomponentsinrectangulargrid.Onecomponentisdisplayedin
eachrectangle.

ConstructorsofGridLayoutclass
1. GridLayout(): createsagridlayoutwith one columnpercomponentinarow.
2. GridLayout(introws,intcolumns):createsagridlayoutwiththegivenrowsandcolumnsbut no
gaps between thecomponents.
3. GridLayout(introws,intcolumns,inthgap,intvgap):createsagridlayoutwiththegivenrows
andcolumnsalongwithgiven horizontaland vertical gaps.

ExampleofGridLayoutclass
1. importjava.awt.*;
2. import
javax.swing.*;public class
MyGridLayout{JFramef;
MyGridLayout(){f
=newJFrame();
JButton b1=new
JButton("1");JButton b2=new
JButton("2");JButton b3=new
JButton("3");JButton b4=new
JButton("4");JButton b5=new
JButton("5");JButton b6=new
JButton("6");JButton b7=new
JButton("7");JButton b8=new
JButton("8");JButtonb9=newJ
Button("9");
f.add(b1);f.add(b2);f.add(b3);f.add(b4);f.add(b5);
f.add(b6);f.add(b7);f.add(b8);f.add(b9);
f.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,3));
//setting grid layout of 3 rows and 3
columnsf.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){
new MyGridLayout();}}
JavaFlowLayout

TheFlowLayoutisused toarrange the componentsina line,one afteranother(in a flow).Itisthedefaultlayout

of applet or panel.

FieldsofFlowLayoutclass
1. publicstaticfinalintLEFT
2. publicstaticfinalintRIGHT
3. publicstaticfinalintCENTER
4. publicstaticfinalintLEADING
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page160
 5. publicstaticfinalintTRAILING

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page161
ConstructorsofFlowLayoutclass
1. FlowLayout():createsaflowlayoutwithcenteredalignmentandadefault5unithorizontaland
verticalgap.
2. FlowLayout(intalign):createsaflowlayoutwiththegivenalignmentandadefault5unithorizont
al and vertical gap.
3. FlowLayout(intalign,inthgap,intvgap):createsaflowlayoutwiththegivenalignmentand
thegivenhorizontal and verticalgap.

ExampleofFlowLayoutclass
importjava.awt.*;
importjavax.swing.*;public
class
MyFlowLayout{JFramef;
MyFlowLayout(){f
=newJFrame();
JButton b1=new
JButton("1");JButton b2=new
JButton("2");JButton b3=new
JButton("3");JButton b4=new
JButton("4");JButtonb5=newJ
Button("5");
f.add(b1);f.add(b2);f.add(b3);f.add(b4);f.add(b5);f.s
etLayout(newFlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT));
//setting flow layout of right
alignmentf.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){
newMyFlowLayout();
}}
EventHandling

EventandListener(JavaEventHandling)
Changing the state of an object is known as an event. For example, click on button,
draggingmouse etc. The java.awt.event package provides many event classes and Listener
interfaces foreventhandling.

TypesofEvent

Theeventscan bebroadlyclassified intotwocategories:

 Foreground Events - Those events which require the direct interaction of user.They
aregenerated as consequences of a person interacting with the graphical components
inGraphicalUserInterface.Forexample,clickingonabutton,movingthemouse,enteringachara
cter throughkeyboard,selectinganitem fromlist, scrollingthepageetc.

 BackgroundEvents-Thoseeventsthatrequiretheinteractionofenduserareknownas
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page162
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page163
 backgroundevents.Operatingsysteminterrupts,hardwareorsoftwarefailure,timerexpires,ano
peration completionarethe example of backgroundevents.

EventHandling

Event Handling is the mechanism that controls the event and decides what should happen if
anevent occurs. This mechanism have the code which is known as event handler that is
executedwhen an event occurs. Java Uses the Delegation Event Model to handle the events. This
modeldefines the standard mechanism to generate and handle the events.Let's have a brief
introductionto thismodel.

TheDelegation EventModelhasthefollowingkeyparticipantsnamely:

 Source -Thesourceisanobjectonwhicheventoccurs.Sourceisresponsibleforproviding
information of the occurred event to it's handler. Java provide as with
classesforsourceobject.

 Listener -Itisalsoknownaseventhandler.Listenerisresponsibleforgeneratingresponse to an
event. From java implementation point of view the listener is also anobject. Listener
waits until it receives an event. Once the event is received , the listenerprocesstheevent an
thenreturns.

EventclassesandListenerinterfaces:
EventClasses ListenerInterfaces

ActionEvent ActionListener

MouseEvent MouseListenerandMouseMotionListener

MouseWheelEvent MouseWheelListener

KeyEvent KeyListener

ItemEvent ItemListener

TextEvent TextListener

AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener

WindowEvent WindowListener

ComponentEvent ComponentListener

ContainerEvent ContainerListener

FocusEvent FocusListener
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page164
JAVAPROGRAMMING Page165
 StepstoperformEvent Handling

Followingstepsarerequiredtoperformeventhandling:

1. ImplementtheListenerinterfaceandoverridesitsmethods
2. Registerthecomponent withtheListener

ForregisteringthecomponentwiththeListener,manyclassesprovidetheregistrationmethods.Forexamp
le:

o Button
o publicvoidaddActionListener(ActionListenera){}
o MenuItem
o publicvoidaddActionListener(ActionListenera){}
o TextField
o publicvoidaddActionListener(ActionListenera){}
o publicvoidaddTextListener(TextListenera){}
o TextArea
o publicvoidaddTextListener(TextListenera){}
o Checkbox
o publicvoidaddItemListener(ItemListenera){}
o Choice
o publicvoidaddItemListener(ItemListenera){}
o List
o publicvoidaddActionListener(ActionListenera){}
o publicvoidaddItemListener(ItemListenera){}

EventHandlingCodes:
Wecan put the event handlingcodeinto oneof thefollowingplaces:
1. Sameclass
2. Otherclass
3. Annonymousclass

Exampleofeventhandlingwithinclass:
importjava.awt.*;
importjava.awt.event.*;
class AEvent extends Frame implements
ActionListener{TextFieldtf;

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JAVAPROGRAMMING Page167
AEvent(){
tf=newTextField();tf.setBounds(6
0,50,170,20);Button b=new
Button("click
me");b.setBounds(100,120,80,30);
b.addActionListener(this);add(b);
add(tf);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);s
etVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent
e){tf.setText("Welcome");
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
new AEvent();
}}
publicvoidsetBounds(intxaxis,intyaxis,intwidth,intheight);havebeenusedintheaboveexample
that setsthe position of thecomponent it maybebutton, textfield etc.

JavaeventhandlingbyimplementingActionListener

importjava.awt.*;
importjava.awt.event.*;
class AEvent extends Frame implements
ActionListener{TextField tf;
AEvent(){
//create
componentstf=new
TextField();
tf.setBounds(60,50,170,20);Button
b=new Button("click
me");b.setBounds(100,120,80,30);
//register
listenerb.addActionListener(this);//passingcurrentin
stance
//add components and set size, layout and
visibilityadd(b);add(tf);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);s
etVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent
e){tf.setText("Welcome");
}
}}

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publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
new AEvent();

}}

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 JavaMouseListenerInterface

The Java MouseListener is notified whenever you change the state of mouse. It is notified
againstMouseEvent.TheMouseListenerinterfaceisfoundinjava.awt.eventpackage.Ithasfivemethods
.

MethodsofMouseListenerinterface

Thesignatureof5methodsfoundinMouseListenerinterface are given below:

1. publicabstractvoidmouseClicked(MouseEvente);
2. publicabstractvoidmouseEntered(MouseEvent e);
3. publicabstractvoid mouseExited(MouseEvent e);
4. publicabstractvoid mousePressed(MouseEvent e);
5. publicabstractvoid mouseReleased(MouseEvente);

JavaMouseListenerExample

import
java.awt.*;importjava.a
wt.event.*;
public class MouseListenerExample extends Frame implements
MouseListener{Labell;
MouseListenerExample(){ad
dMouseListener(this);l=ne
w
Label();l.setBounds(20,50,
100,20);add(l);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);s
etVisible(true);
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{l.setText("MouseClicked");
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
{l.setText("MouseEntered");
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
{l.setText("MouseExited");
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
{l.setText("MousePressed");
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{l.setText("MouseReleased");

}}

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 }
public static void main(String[] args)
{newMouseListenerExample();

}}

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JavaKeyListenerInterface

TheJavaKeyListenerisnotifiedwheneveryouchangethestateofkey.ItisnotifiedagainstKeyEvent.The
KeyListenerinterfaceisfoundinjava.awt.eventpackage.Ithasthreemethods.

MethodsofKeyListenerinterface

Thesignatureof3methodsfoundinKeyListener interfacearegivenbelow:

1. publicabstractvoidkeyPressed(KeyEvente);
2. publicabstractvoidkeyReleased(KeyEvente);
3. publicabstractvoidkeyTyped(KeyEvent e);

JavaKeyListenerExample

import
java.awt.*;importjava.a
wt.event.*;
public class KeyListenerExample extends Frame implements
KeyListener{Labell;
TextArea
area;KeyListenerExamp
le(){
l=new
Label();l.setBounds(20,50,100,2
0);area=new
TextArea();area.setBounds(20,8
0,300,
300);area.addKeyListener(this);
add(l);add(area);setSize(400,40
0);setLayout(null);setVisible(tru
e);
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
{l.setText("KeyPressed");
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
{l.setText("KeyReleased");
}
public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
{l.setText("KeyTyped");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{newKeyListenerExample();}}
JavaAdapterClasses

Java adapter classes provide the default implementation of listener interfaces. If you inherit
theadapter class, you will not be forced to provide the implementation of all the methods of

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listenerinterfaces.So itsaves code.

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java.awt.eventAdapterclasses

Adapterclass Listenerinterface

WindowAdapter WindowListener

KeyAdapter KeyListener

MouseAdapter MouseListener

MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener

FocusAdapter FocusListener

ComponentAdapter ComponentListener

ContainerAdapter ContainerListener

HierarchyBoundsAdapter HierarchyBoundsListener

JavaWindowAdapterExample

1.importjava.awt.*;
importjava.awt.event.*;
public class
AdapterExample{Framef;A
dapterExample(){
f=newFrame("WindowAdapter");f.addWindo
wListener(newWindowAdapter(){
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{f.dispose(); } });
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);f
.setVisible(true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args){
newAdapterExample();
}}

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 Applets

Appletisaspecialtypeofprogramthatisembeddedinthewebpagetogeneratethedynamiccontent.Itruns
insidethe browserand works atclientside.

AdvantageofApplet

Therearemanyadvantages of applet. Theyareasfollows:

o Itworksatclient sidesoless responsetime.

o Secured
o Itcanbeexecutedbybrowsersrunningundermanyplateforms,includingLinux,Windows,MacO
s etc.

Drawbackof Applet
o Pluginisrequiredatclientbrowsertoexecuteapplet.

LifecycleofJavaApplet HierarchyofApplet
1. Appletisinitialized.
2. Appletisstarted.
3. Appletis painted.
4. Appletisstopped.
5. Appletisdestroyed.

LifecyclemethodsforApplet:

Thejava.applet.Appletclass4lifecyclemethodsandjava.awt.Componentclassprovides1lifecyclemeth
ods foran applet.

java.applet.Appletclass

For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle
methodsofapplet.

1. publicvoidinit(): isused toinitialized theApplet.Itis invokedonlyonce.

2. publicvoidstart():isinvokedaftertheinit()methodorbrowserismaximized.Itisusedtostart
theApplet.
3. publicvoidstop():isusedtostoptheApplet.ItisinvokedwhenAppletisstoporbrowseris
minimized.
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 4. publicvoid destroy(): is used todestroytheApplet.It isinvoked onlyonce.

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java.awt.Componentclass

TheComponent class provides1 lifecyclemethod of applet.

1.publicvoidpaint(Graphicsg):isusedtopainttheApplet.ItprovidesGraphicsclassobjectthat can
beusedfor drawingoval,rectangle, arcetc.

SimpleexampleofAppletby htmlfile:

To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html
fileandplacetheapplet codein html file. Nowclick the html file.

1.//First.java
importjava.applet.Applet;
importjava.awt.Graphics;
public class First extends
Applet{public void paint(Graphics
g){g.drawString("welcome",150,1
50);
}
}

SimpleexampleofAppletbyappletviewertool:

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in
commentand compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer First.java. Now Html file is not
required but it isfortestingpurposeonly.

1.//First.java
importjava.applet.Applet;
importjava.awt.Graphics;
publicclassFirstextends Applet{
publicvoidpaint(Graphics
g){g.drawString("welcometoapplet",150,150);
}
}
/*
<appletcode="First.class"width="300"height="300">
</applet>
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*/

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 Toexecute theappletbyappletviewer tool,write in commandprompt:

c:\>javacFirst.java
c:\>appletviewerFirst.java

DifferencebetweenAppletandApplication programming

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JAVAPROGRAMMING Page180
 ParameterinApplet
WecangetanyinformationfromtheHTMLfileasaparameter.Forthispurpose,Appletclassprovidesamethod named
getParameter(). Syntax:

1.publicStringgetParameter(String parameterName)

Exampleofusing parameterinApplet:
1. importjava.applet.Applet;
2. importjava.awt.Graphics;
3. public class UseParam extends Applet4.{
5.public void paint(Graphics g)6.{
7. Stringstr=getParameter("msg");
8. g.drawString(str,50,50);
9.}}
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <appletcode="UseParam.class"width="300"height="300">
4. <paramname="msg"value="Welcometo applet">
5. </applet>
6. </body>
7. </html>