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6.1 BASIC IDENTITIES 347

For Thought cos(x)/ sin(x) cos(x) sin(x)

12. = · = cos(x)
1/ sin(x) sin(x) 1
1. False, for example sin 0 = 0 but cos 0 = 1.
sin x
13. + cos2 x = sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin(x) cos(x) 1/ sin x
2. True, since · = 1.
cos(x) sin(x) cos x
14. + sin2 x = cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
3. True, since f (−x) = (sin(−x))2 = 1/ cos x
(− sin(x))2 = sin2 (x) = f (x). sin(x) cos(x)
15. + = sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
4. False, it is even since 1/ sin(x) 1/ cos(x)
f (−x) = (cos(−x))3 = (cos(x))3 = f (x). 16. csc2 x − cot2 x = 1 17. 1 − sin2 α = cos2 α
5. True 6. False, since (sin x + cos x)2 = 18. sec2 α − 1 = tan2 α
1 + 2 sin(x) cos(x) 6= 1 = sin2 x + cos2 x.
p 19. (sin β + 1)(sin β − 1) = sin2 β − 1 = − cos2 β
7. False, since tan(x) = ± sec2 (x) − 1.
20. (1 + cos β)(1 − cos β) = 1 − cos2 β = sin2 β
8. True, since [sin(−3) csc(−3)] · [cos(−3) sec(3)]·
[tan(−3) cot(3)] = [1] · [1] · [−1] = −1. 21.
sin α 1
1 + cos α · ·
2
9. False, sin (−π/9) + cos2 (−π/9) = 1. cos α sin α = 1 + 1 = 2 sin α
1/ sin α 1/ sin α
10. True, 1 − sin2 (−π/7) = cos2 (−π/7) =
22.
cos2 (π/7). (sin α + 1)(sin α − 1) sin2 α − 1
= =
cos2 α cos2 α
6.1 Exercises
− cos2 α
= −1
1. even cos2 α

2. odd 23. Since cot2√

x = csc2 x − 1, we obtain
cot x = ± csc2 x − 1.
3. Pythagorean
24. Since sec2 (x) 2
q = tan (x) + 1, we have
4. identity sec(x) = ± tan2 (x) + 1.
5. odd 1 1
25. sin(x) = = q
6. even csc(x) ± 1 + cot2 (x)
sin x 1 1
7. · cos x = sin x 26. cos(x) = = q
cos x sec(x) ± tan2 (x) + 1
cos x
8. sin x · = cos x
sin x 27. Since cot2 (x) = csc2 (x) − 1, we obtain
1 1 1
9. · cos x = 1 tan(x) = = p 2
cos x cot(x) ± csc (x) − 1
1 1 1
10. sin x · =1 28. cot(x) = = p 2
sin x tan(x) ± sec (x) − 1
1/ cos(x) 1 cos(x) √
11. = · =
p
29. Since sec α = 1 + (1/2)2 = 5/2,
sin(x)/ cos(x) cos(x) sin(x) √ q √ √
1 cos α = 2/ 5, sin α = 1 − (2/ 5)2 = 1/ 5.
= csc(x) √
sin(x) So csc α = 5 and cot α = 2.

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348 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

30. Since α is p
in Quadrant II, √ ±1
37. Note, by Exercise 26, cos(x) = q .
cos α = − 1 − (3/4)2 = − 7/4, tan2 (x) + 1
√ 3/4 √
sec α = −4/ 7, tan α = √ = −3/ 7, Since arctan x is an angle in quadrant 1 or 4,
√ − 7/4
and cosine is positive in both quadrants 1
cot α = − 7/3, and csc α = 4/3.
and 4, we get
q √
31. Since sin α = − 1 − (− 3/5)2 = 1 1
p √ √ cos(arctan x) = q =√ .
− 1 − 3/25 = − 22/5, csc √α = −5/ 22, tan2 (arctanx) + 1 x2 + 1
√ − 22/5 √ √
sec α = −5/ 3, tan α = √ = 22/ 3,
− 3/5 √
√ √ 38. Note, tan x = ± sec2 x − 1. Then
and cot α = 3/ 22.
√ √
q
5 5 5 5 √ tan(arccos x) = ± sec2 (arccos x) − 1
32. cos α = √ ·√ =− = − 5/4,
−20
q
−4 5 5 = ± 1/x2 − 1
q √ √ √
sin α = 1 − (− 5/4)2 = 11/4 1 − x2
√ = ± .
11/4 √ √ x
Also, tan α = √ = − 11/ 5 =
− 5/4
√ √ Observe that tan(arccos x) is positive exactly
− 55/5, cot√ α = −5/ 55, and when x > 0, and tan(arccos x) is negative
csc α = 4/ 11. exactly when x < 0.
√
33. Since α ispin Quadrant IV, we 1 − x2
√ get Thus, tan(arccos x) = .
csc α = − 1 + (−1/3)2 =q− 10/3, x
√ √ √
sin α = −3/ 10, cos α = 1 − (−3/ 10)2 = 39. Note, tan x = ±√ sec2 x − 1 and
√ √
cos(arcsin x) = 1 − x2 . Then
p
1 − 9/10 = 1/ 10, sec α = 10,
and tan α = −3. q
√ tan(arcsin x) = ± sec2 (arcsin x) − 1
34. Since sin α = 1/ 3, we obtain s
q √ √ √ 1
2
cos(α) = 1 − (1/ 3)2 = 2/ 3, = ± √ −1
√ 1 − x2
√ √ 1/ 3 √
sec(α) = 3/ 2, tan(α) = √ √ = 1/ 2,
s
2/ 3 1
√ = ± −1
and cot(α) = 2. 1 − x2
s
35. Let θ = arccos x. Then cos θ = x and θ lies in x2
= ±
quadrant 1 or 2. Since sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − x2
√
1√− x2 , we obtain sin(arccos x) = sin θ = x2
= ±√
± 1 − x2 . Since sine is positive in both 1 − x2
quadrants 1 and 2, we have sin(arccos x) =
√ ±x
1 − x2 . = ±√
1 − x2
x
36. Let θ = arcsin x. Then sin θ = x and θ lies in = ±√ .
1 − x2
quadrant 1 or 4. Since cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ =
1√− x2 , we obtain cos(arcsin x) = cos θ = Note, tan(arcsin x) is positive exactly when
± 1 − x2 . Since cosine is positive in both x > 0, and tan(arcsin x) is negative exactly
quadrants 1 and 4, we have cos(arcsin x) = x
√ when x < 0. Thus, tan(arcsin x) = √ .
1 − x2 . 1 − x2

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.1 BASIC IDENTITIES 349

1 1 60. Neither, since f (−π/6) 6= f (π/6) and

40. sec(arcsin x) = =√
cos(arcsin x) 1 − x2 f (−π/6) 6= −f (π/6).
41. Note, arctan x is an angle in quadrant 1 or 4, sin(−x) − sin(x)
and secant is positive in both quadrants 1 61. Even, f (−x) = = = f (x)
q −x −x
2
and 4. Since sec(θ) = ± tan (θ) + 1, we
q 62. Odd, f (−x) = (−x) cos(−x) =
have sec(arctan x) = tan2 (arctan x) + 1 = −x cos(x) = −f (x)
√
x2 + 1.
63. Odd, f (−x) = −x + sin(−x) =
1 1 −x − sin(x) = −f (x)
42. csc(arcsin x) = =
sin(arcsin x) x
64. Even, f (−x) = csc((−x)2 ) = csc(x2 ) = f (x)
cos x
43. (− sin x) · (− cot x) = sin(x) · = cos(x) 1 1
sin x 65. h, since = =
csc(x) 1/ sin(x)
44. sec x−sec x = 0 45. sin(y)+(− sin(y)) = 0
sin(x)
1· = sin(x)
46. cos y + cos y = 2 cos y 1
sin(x) − sin(x) 1 1
47. + =0 66. g, for = = cos(x)
cos(x) cos(x) sec(x) 1/ cos(x)

cos(x) cos(x) 67. n 68. o 69. m 70. i

48. − = −2 cot(x)
− sin(x) sin(x) 71. k, since sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
49. (1 + sin α)(1 − sin α) = 1 − sin2 α = cos2 α 72. j, since sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
50. (1 − cos α)(1 + cos α) = 1 − cos2 α = sin2 α 73. l, since sec2 (x) = 1 + tan2 (x)
51. (− sin β)(cos β)(1/ sin β) = − cos β 74. a, since sin(x) is an odd function
1
 
52. (− tan β) − cos β = tan β cot β = 1 1
75. g, since cos(−x) = cos(x) and cos(x) =
sin β sec(x)
53. Odd, since sin(−y) = − sin(y) for any y, sin(−x) − sin(x)
even if y = 2x. 76. c, since tan(−x) = = =
cos(−x) cos(x)
− tan(x)
54. Even, since cos(−y) = cos(y) for any y,
even if y = 2x. cos(−x) cos(x)
77. b, since cot(−x) = = =
sin(−x) − sin(x)
55. Neither, since f (−π/6) 6= f (π/6) and − cot(x)
f (−π/6) 6= −f (π/6).
1 1
78. m, since sec(−x) = =
56. Odd, f (−x) = 2 sin(−x) cos(−x) = cos(−x) cos(x)
2(− sin(x)) cos(x) = −f (x).
1
79. f, since csc(−x) = =
57. Even, since sec2 (−t) −1= sec2 (t) − 1. sin(−x)
1
58. Neither, since f (−π/6) 6= f (π/6) and = − csc(x)
− sin(x)
f (−π/6) 6= −f (π/6).
80. p, since csc2 (x) = 1 + cot2 (x)
59. Even, f (−α) = 1 + sec(−α) = 1 + sec(α) =
f (α) 81. d, since sec2 (x) = 1 + tan2 (x)

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350 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

82. e, since csc2 (x) = 1 + cot2 (x) cos w(sin2 w + cos2 w) cos(w) · 1
96. = = cos2 w
sec w sec w
83. It is not an identity. If γ =√π/3 then
(sin(π/3) + cos(π/3)) 2 2 (1 − cos2 w) − cos2 w 1 − 2 cos2 w
√ √ = ( 3/2 + 1/2) = 97. = =1
( 3 + 1) 2 4+2 3 1 − 2 cos2 w 1 − 2 cos2 w
= 6= 1 =
4 4 − sin3 θ − sin2 θ
sin2 (π/3) + cos2 (π/3). 98. 2 = 2
= tan2 θ
sin θ(sin θ − 1) (− cos θ)
84. It is not an identity. If x = π/4
tan x(tan2 x − sec2 x) tan x(−1)
then tan2 (π/4)√ − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0 and 99. = = tan2 x
sec2 (π/4) = ( 2)2 = 2. − cot x − cot x
sin2 x + cos2 x 1
85. It is not an identity. If β = π/6 then 100. = = csc x
sin x sin x
(1 + sin(π/6))2 = (1 + 1/2)2 = (3/2)2 = 9/4
and 1 + sin2 (π/6) = 1 + (1/2)2 = 5/4. 101.
1 cos2 (x)/ sin2 (x) 1 cos2 (x)
3 − = 3 − =
86. It is not an identity. If α = π/6
√ sin x sin x sin x sin3 x
then sin(2π/6) = sin(π/3) =√ 3/2 and√ 1 − cos2 x sin2 x 1
sin(π/6) cos(π/6) = (1/2) · ( 3/2) = 3/4. 3 = 3 = = csc x
sin x sin x sin x
87. It is not an identity. p
If α = 7π/6 then 102.
sin(7π/6) = −1/2 while 1 − cos2 (7π/6) is a 1/ cos2 x 1 cos2 x
1− = 1 − · =
positive number. sin2 x/ cos2 x cos2 x sin2 x
1
88. It is not an identity. Ifp
α = 3π/4 then 1− = 1 − csc2 x = − cot2 x
sin2 x
tan(3π/4) = −1 while sec2 (3π/4) − 1 is a
positive number. 103. (sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) =
(sin2 x − cos2 x)(1) = sin2 x − cos2 x
89. It is not an identity. If y = π/6 then
sin(π/6) = 1/2 and sin(−π/6) = −1/2. 104. (csc2 x + cot2 x)(csc2 x − cot2 x) =
(csc2 x + cot2 x)(1) = csc2 x + cot2 x
90. It is not an identity. If y = π/3 then p
105. cos θ = ± 1 − sin2 θ = ± 1 − (1/3)2 =
p
cos(−π/3) = 1/2 and − cos(π/3) = −1/2.
r √
p 8 2 2
91. It is not an identity. If y = π/6 then ± 1 − 1/9 = ± =±
cos 2 − sin2 (π/6) = 9 3
√ (π/6)
( 3/2) − (1/2)2 = 3/4 − 1/4
2
√ = 1/2 5
106. Note sec θ = .
and sin(2 · π/6) = sin π/3 = 3/2. 4
√
Then tan θ = ± sec2 θ − 1 =
92. It is not an identity. If x = π/6 then p p
cos(2 · π/6) = cos π/3 =√1/2 and ± (5/4)2 − 1 = ± 25/16 − 1 =
√
2 cos(π/6) sin(π/6) = 2( 3/2)(1/2) = 3/2.
r
9 3
± =± .
1 16 4
93. 1 − = 1 − sec2 (x) = − tan2 (x) √
cos2 (x)
p
107. cos θ = ± 1 − sin2 θ = ± 1 − u2
sin2 x(sin2 x − 1) 1
94. = sin2 x(− cos2 x) · cos x = 108. Note sec θ = .
1/ cos x u
√
− sin2 (x) cos3 (x) Then tan θ = ± sec2 θ − 1 =
s  s √
−(tan2 t + 1) − sec2 t 1 2 1 − u2 1 − u2
95. = = −1 ± −1=± = ± √ =
2
sec t sec2 t u u2 u2

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.1 BASIC IDENTITIES 351

√ √
±
1 − u2
=±
1 − u2
.
Thinking Outside the Box LII
±u u
sin x Let r be the radius of the small circle, and let x be
109. Note, tan x = is not valid if cos x = 0. the distance from the center of the small circle to
cos x
π the point of tangency of any two circles with radius
Thus, the identity is not valid if x = + kπ
2 1.
where k is an integer. By the Pythagorean theorem, we find
cos x
110. Note, cot x = is not valid if sin x = 0. 1 + (x + r)2 = (1 + r)2
sin x
Thus, the identity is not valid if x = kπ where
and
k is an integer.
1 + (1 + 2r + x)2 = 22 .
113. Let h be the height of the building. Using
The second equation may be written as
right triangle trigonometry, we find
1 + (r + 1)2 + 2(r + 1)(r + x) + (r + x)2 = 4.
h = 2000 tan 30◦ ≈ 1155 ft.
Using the first equation, the above equation sim-
114. Let α be the central angle. Using the formula plifies to
s = rα, we obtain
(r + 1)2 + 2(r + 1)(r + x) + (1 + r)2 = 4
5 = 60α
5
radians = α or
60 (r + 1)2 + (r + 1)(r + x) = 2.
5 180 ◦
· degrees = α
60 π Since (from first equation, again)
4.8◦ = α q
x+r = (1 + r)2 − 1
115. The amplitude is 5.
2π 2π we obtain
Since B = 2, the period is = = π.
B 2 q 

π

π (r + 1)2 + (r + 1) (1 + r)2 − 1 = 2.
Since 2x − π = 2 x − , phase shift is .
2 2
The range is the interval [−5+3, 5+3] = [−2, 8] Solving for r, we find
√
116. The period and frequency are reciprocals of 2 3−3
r= .
each other. Then the frequency is 3
1
= 8 cycles/sec 6.1 Pop Quiz
0.125

117. cos β = 0, for cos2 β + sin2 β = 1 cos x 1 1

1. = = csc x
sin x cos x sin x
1
 
118. a) sin −1
− = −30◦ s  2 r √
2 1 8 2 2
2. cos α = 1− = =
1 3 9 3
 
b) cos−1 − = 120◦ √
2 cos α 2 2/3 √
c) tan−1 (−1) = −45◦ cot α = = =2 2
sin α 1/3
3. Even, since cos(3(−x)) = cos(3x)

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

352 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

4. Note, arcsin(w) is an angle in quadrant 1 or 4. The distance, d, from the gun to the point
Since cosine is positiveqin quadrant 1 or 4, we where the projectile lands is given by
find cos(arcsin(w)) = 1 − sin2 (arcsin(w)) = d = x = vo t cos θ = vo A cos θ =
√
1 − w2 . 
vo sin θ

v2
vo cos θ = o sin θ cos θ,
2 2 
2 2
 16 16
5. + = 2 cos α + sin α =
1/ cos2 α 1/ sin2 α v2
i.e., d = o sin θ cos θ.
2(1) = 2 16

6.1 Linking Concepts The t-coordinate of the vertex of

y = −16t2 + vo sin(θ)t (given by the height) is
a) Since x = 100(4) cos 60◦ = 200 and √
−b −vo sin θ vo sin θ
y = −16(4)2 + 100(4) sin 60◦ = 200 3 − 256, = = . The maximum
2a −32 32
after t = √
4 the coordinates are
height, ymax , is given by
(200, 200 3 − 256) ≈ (200, 90.4).
√ 
vo sin θ
2 
vo sin θ

b) Note, y = −16t2 +100t sin 60◦ = −16t2 +50 3t. ymax = −16 + vo sin(θ)
Set y = 0. 32 32
√ vo2 sin2 θ vo2 sin2 θ
−t(16t − 50 3) = 0 = − +
√ 64 32
50 3 vo2 sin2 θ
t = 0, =
16 64
√
25 3
t = 0, x
8 f ) Since x = vo t cos θ, we find t = . Then
vo cos θ
√
25 3
The projectile is in the air for seconds. y = −16t2 + vo t sin θ
8 2
x x
  
c) Using the answer from part b), we get = −16 + vo sin θ
√ ! vo cos θ vo cos θ
◦ 25 3 16 sec2 θ 2
x = 100t cos 60 = 50t = 50 ≈ 270.6. y = − x + x tan θ.
8 vo2
The projectile lands 270.6 feet from the gun.
√ For Thought
d) The vertex of the function y = −16t2 + 50 3t
(given by the height) can be shown sin x sin x
1. True, = sin x · = sin2 x.
√ ! 1/ sin x 1
25 3 1875
to be , ≈ (2.7, 117.2). cot(π/3)
16 16 2. False, if x = π/3 then =
The maximum height is 117.2 feet. tan(π/3)
√
3/3 1 √
e) If A is the time in the air which is the same √ = and tan2 (π/3) = ( 3)2 = 3.
3 3
as the number of seconds before the projectile
lands, then 1/ cos x 1 sin x sin x
3. True, = · = = tan x.
1/ sin x cos x 1 cos x
−16A2 + vo A sin θ = 0
1 sin x
−A(16A − vo sin θ) = 0. 4. True, sin x · = = tan x .
cos x cos x
vo sin θ cos x sin x
Then A = . 5. True, + = 1 + tan x.
16 cos x cos x

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6.2 VERIFYING IDENTITIES 353

6. False, if x = π/4 then 13. csc2 x+2 csc x sin x+sin2 x = csc2 x+2+sin2 x
sin(π/4) √
sec(π/4) + = 2 + 1 and 14. 4 cos2 x − 4 cos x sec x + sec2 x =
cos(π/4) 4 cos2 x − 4 + sec2 x
√ √
1 + sin(π/4) cos(π/4) 1 + ( 2/2)( 2/2)
= √ = 15. 4 sin2 θ − 1 16. 9 sec2 θ − 4
cos(π/4) 2/2
1 + (1/2) √ √ 17. 9 sin2 θ+12 sin θ+4 18. 9 cos2 θ−12 cos θ+4
√ = (3/2)(2/ 2) = 3/ 2.
2/2
19. 4 sin4 y − 4 sin2 y csc2 y + csc4 y =
1 + sin x 1 + sin x 4 sin4 y − 4 + csc4 y
7. True, 2 = =
1 − sin x (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
1 20. tan4 y + 2 tan2 y cot2 y + cot4 y =
. tan4 y + 2 + cot4 y
1 − sin x
1 21. Note the factorization of a difference of two
8. True, since tan x · cot x = tan x · = 1.
tan x squares: (1 − sin α)(1 + sin α) = 1 − sin2 α =
cos2 α.
9. False, if x = π/3 then (1 − cos(π/3))2 =
(1 − 1/2)2 = (1/2)
√
2 = 1/4 and
22. Note the factorization of a difference of two
sin2 (π/3) = ( 3/2)2 = 3/4. squares: (1 − cos α)(1 + cos α) = 1 − cos2 α =
sin2 α.
10. False, if x = π/6 then
(1 − csc(π/6))(1 + csc(π/6))
√ = (1 − 2)(1 + 2) = 23. Note the factorization of a difference of two
−3 and cot2 (π/6) = ( 3)2 = 3. squares: (csc α − 1)(csc α + 1) = csc2 α − 1 =
cot2 α.
6.2 Exercises
sin x 24. Note the factorization of a difference of two
1. D, cos x tan x = cos x · = sin x . squares: (sec α − 1)(sec α + 1) = sec2 α − 1 =
cos x
tan2 α.
1 cos x 1
2. I, sec x cot x = · = = csc x .
cos x sin x sin x 25. Note the factorization of a difference of two
3. A, csc2 x − cot2 x = 1 . squares: (tan α − sec α)(tan α + sec α) =
tan2 α − sec2 α = −1.
sin x cos x
4. J, + = 1 + cot x . 26. Note the factorization of a difference of two
sin x sin x
squares: (cot α − csc α)(cot α + csc α) =
5. B, 1 − sec2 x = − tan2 x .
cot2 α − csc2 α = −1.
6. C, csc2 x − 1 = cot2 x .
27. (2 sin γ + 1) (sin γ − 3)
csc x sin x
7. H, − = 1 − sin2 x = cos2 x . 28. (cos γ − 3) (cos γ + 2)
csc x csc x
cos x sec x 29. (tan α − 4) (tan α − 2)
8. E, − = cos2 x − 1 = − sin2 x .
sec x sec x
30. (2 cot α + 3) (cot α − 1)
9. G, csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x .
sin2 x + cos2 x 1 31. (2 sec β + 1)2 32. (3 csc θ − 2)2
10. F, = .
cos x sin x cos x sin x 33. (tan α − sec β) (tan α + sec β)
11. 2 cos2 β − cos β − 1
34. sin2 y − cos2 x sin2 y + cos2 x =

12. 2 csc2 β − 7 csc β + 3 (sin y − cos x) (sin y + cos x) sin2 y + cos2 x

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354 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

35. cos β sin2 β + sin β − 2 = (1 − cos x)(1 + cos x)

50. Factoring:
cos β (sin β + 2) (sin β − 1) 1 − cos x
= 1 + cos x.
36. tan θ cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 3 =


(sin x − 2)(sin x + 1)
tan θ (cos θ − 3) (cos θ + 1) 51. Factoring:
(sin x − 2)(sin x + 2)

2
37. 2 sec2 x − 1 sin x + 1
= .

2 sin x + 2
38. cos2 x − 1 = 52. Note, tan(−x) = − tan(x) and
[(cos x − 1)(cos x + 1)]2 =
tan x − 1
(cos x − 1)2 (cos x + 1)2 = −1. Then
1 − tan x
39. cos α(sin α + 1) + (sin α + 1) = (tan x − 1)2
= −(tan x − 1) = 1 − tan x.
(sin α + 1) (cos α + 1) 1 − tan x

40. sin θ (2 sin θ + 1) − cos θ (2 sin θ + 1) = 53. Note, sin(−x) = − sin(x). Factoring, we
(sin θ − cos θ) (2 sin θ + 1) sin2 x + sin x sin x(sin x + 1)
obtain = =
1 + sin x 1 + sin x
1 − cos2 x sin2 x sin x.
41. Combining, we get = .
a a
54. Note, cos(−x) = cos(x). Factoring, we obtain
1 − sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x − cos x cos x(cos x − 1)
42. Combining, we get = = = =
cos x cos x 1 − cos x 1 − cos x
cos x.
cos x(cos x − 1)
sin(2x) 2 sin(2x) 3 sin(2x) = − cos x.
43. We obtain + = . −(cos x − 1)
2 2 2
55.
2 cos(2x) cos(2x) cos(2x)
44. We obtain − = .
2 2 2 sin x cot x =
2 tan x 3 tan x cos x
45. Since 6 is the LCD, we get + = sin x =
6 6 sin x
5 tan x
. cos x
6
3 sin x sin x 56.
46. Since 3b is the LCD, we get + =
3b 3b
4 sin x cos2 x tan2 x =
.
3b sin2 x
cos2 x =
47. Separating the fraction, we obtain cos2 x
sin x sin2 x sin2 x
− = 1 − sin x.
sin x sin x
57.
cos x(cos2 x − 1)
48. Factoring, we get =
− cos x 1 − sec x cos3 x =
2
cos x(− sin x) 1
= sin2 x. 1− cos3 x =
− cos x cos x
(sin x − cos x)(sin x + cos x) 1 − cos2 x =
49. Factoring:
sin x − cos x
= sin x + cos x. sin2 x

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6.2 VERIFYING IDENTITIES 355

58. 63.
1 − csc x sin3 x = sin x cos x
+ =
1 csc x sec x
1− sin3 x =
sin x sin x cos x
+ =
2 1/ sin x 1/cosx
1 − sin x =
sin2 x + cos2 x =
cos2 x
1
59.
1 + sec2 x sin2 x = 64.
1
1+ sin2 x = sin3 x csc x + cos3 x sec x =
cos2 x
1 1
1 + tan2 x = sin3 + cos3 x =
sin x cos x
sec2 x
sin2 x + cos2 x =
60.
1
2 2
1 + csc x cos x =
1 65.
1+ cos2 x =
sin2 x 1 sin θ
· =
1 + cot2 x = csc θ − cot θ sin θ
sin θ 1 + cos θ
csc2 x · =
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
61. sin θ(1 + cos θ)
=
1 − cos2 θ
sin3 x + sin x cos2 x
= sin θ(1 + cos θ)
cos x =
2
sin2 θ
sin x(sin x + cos2 x)
= 1 + cos θ
cos x
sin θ
(sin x)(1)
= 66.
cos x
tan x −1 cos θ
· =
tan θ − sec θ cos θ
62.
− cos(θ) sin θ + 1
cos x sin2 x + cos3 x · =
= sin(θ) − 1 sin θ + 1
sin x
(− cos θ)(sin θ + 1)
cos x(sin2 x + cos2 x) =
= sin2 θ − 1
sin x
(− cos θ)(sin θ + 1)
=
(cos x)(1) − cos2 θ
=
sin x 1 + sin(θ)
cot x cos θ

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

356 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

67. 72.
sec x − cos x
sec2 z − csc2 z 1 − cos2 z


=
sec x =
cos x cot2 z
1− = sec2 z − csc2 z sin2 z
sec x =
1 − cos2 x = cot2 z

sin2 x sec2 z − 1
=
cot2 z
68. tan2 z
=
sec x − cos x cot2 z
=
cos x tan4 z
sec x
−1 =
cos x
73.
sec2 x − 1 =
cos x + csc x
tan2 x =
cos x
69. cos x csc x
= +
cos x cos x
1 − (− sin x)2
= 1 + csc x sec x
1 + sin x
1 − sin2 x 74.
=
1 + sin x
− sin x
(1 − sin x)(1 + sin x) tan2 (−x) − =
= sin x
1 + sin x
1 − sin(x) tan2 x + 1 =
sec2 x
70.
1 − 1 + sin2 (x) 75. Rewrite the left side of the equation.
=
cos2 (x)
2
tan(x) cos(x) + csc(x) sin2 (x) =
sin (x)
= sin x + sin x =
cos2 (x)
2 sin x
tan2 (x)

71. 76.

1 − cot2 w 1 − cos2 w


= cot(x) sin(x) − cos2 (x) sec(x) =
csc2 w cos x − cos x =
1 − cot2 w sin2 w 0
=
csc2 w
1 − cos2 w 77.
=
csc2 w
sin2 w (1 + sin α)2 + cos2 α =
=
csc2 w 1 + 2 sin α + sin2 α + cos2 α =
sin4 w 2 + 2 sin α

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.2 VERIFYING IDENTITIES 357

78. 83.
  sin x cos x
1 + 2 cot α + cot2 α − 2 cot α = + =
cos x sin x
1 + cot2 α = sin2 x + cos2 x
2
csc α = =
sin(x) cos(x)
1 1
= =
sin2 α sin(x) cos(x)
1
= sec(x) csc(x)
1 − cos2 α
1
84.
(1 − cos α)(1 + cos α)
csc x cot x
− =
79. cot x csc x
csc2 x − cot2 x
sin2 β + sin β − 2 =
= cot(x) csc(x)
2 sin β − 2
1
(sin β + 2)(sin β − 1) =
= cot(x) csc(x)
2(sin β − 1)
tan x
sin β + 2 csc x
2
85.
80. sec(x) tan(x)
− =
4 sec2 β+ 4 sec β + 1 tan(x) sec(x)
=
2 sec β + 1 sec2 (x) − tan2 (x)
=
(2 sec β + 1)2 tan(x) sec(x)
=
sec β + 1 1
=
2 sec β + 1 = tan(x) sec(x)
2 cot(x) cos(x)
+1
cos β
86.
81. (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
=
1 − sin x
2 − csc(β) sin(β) =
1 + sin(x) =
2−1 =
csc x 1
1 = + =
csc x csc x
2 2
sin (β) + cos (β) csc x + 1
csc x
82.
87. Rewrite the right side of the equation.
  
2 2
1 − sin β 1 + sin β = csc x sin x
= ·
csc x − sin x sin x
 
cos2 (β) 2 − cos2 (β) =
1
2 cos2 β − cos4 β =
1 − sin2 x

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

358 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

1 ln(sin θ) − ln(cos θ) =
=
cos2 x
ln(sin θ) + ln((cos θ)−1 ) =
sec2 x
ln(sin θ) + ln(sec θ)
88.
93.
csc x − 1
= sec α − tan α
cot2 x ln (sec α + tan α) · =
csc x − 1 sec α − tan α
=
csc2 x − 1 sec2 α − tan2 α
ln =
csc x − 1 sec α − tan α
=
(csc x − 1)(csc x + 1) 1
1 sin x ln =
= · sec α − tan α
csc x + 1 sin x − ln |sec α − tan α|
sin x
sin x + 1 94.

89. csc α − cot α

ln (csc α + cot α) · =
csc α − cot α
1 + sin(y) csc(y)
= · csc2 α − cot2 α
1 − sin(y) csc(y) ln =
csc α − cot α
csc(y) + 1
csc(y) − 1 1
ln =
csc α − cot α
90. − ln |csc α − cot α|
sin y + cos y sin y − cos y
= ·
sin y − cos y sin y − cos y 95. It is an identity since
sin2 y − cos2 y sin θ cos θ
= + =
sin2 y − 2 sin y cos y + cos2 y sin θ sin θ
(1 − cos2 y) − cos2 y 1 + cot θ.
=
1 − 2 sin y cos y sin θ + cos θ
The graphs of y = and
1− 2 cos2 y sin θ
1 − 2 cos y sin y y = 1 + cot θ are shown to be identical.
y

91.

ln(sec θ) = 2

ln((cos θ)−1 ) = x
Pi/2 Pi
− ln(cos θ) -2

92.

ln(tan θ) = 96. It is not an identity since the graphs of

sin θ
 
sin θ + cos θ
ln = y= and y = 1 + cot θ
cos θ cos θ

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.2 VERIFYING IDENTITIES 359

do not coincide as shown below. The graphs of y = cot x + sin x and

y
1 + cos x − cos2 x
y= are shown to
sin x
be identical.
2 y

x
Pi/2 Pi
-2 2

x
Pi/2 Pi
-2
97. It is not an identity since the graphs of
y = (sin x + csc x)2 and y = sin2 x + csc2 x
do not coincide as shown.
y 100. It is an identity. To see this, factor the
left-hand side as follows
 2
2
1 − cos2 x =
 2
x sin2 x =
Pi/2 Pi
4
-2 sin x.

The graphs of y = 1 − 2 cos2 x + cos4 x and

y = sin4 x are shown to be identical.
98. It is not an identity since the graphs of
sin2 x + 1 y
y = tan x + sec x and y =
cos x
2
do not coincide as shown.
y
x
Pi/2 Pi
-2
2

x
Pi/2 Pi
101. It is not an identity since the graphs of
-2
sin x cos x 2 cos2 x − 1
y= − and y =
cos x sin x sin x cos x
are not the same as shown.
y
99. It is an identity. Re-arranging the numerator
of the right-hand side one finds
1
1 − cos2 x + cos x x
= Pi 2Pi
sin x -1
2
sin x + cos x
=
sin x
2
sin x cos x
= +
sin x sin x
sin x + cot x.

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

360 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

102. It is an identity. 104. It is not an identity since the graphs of

(1 + sin x) + (1 − sin x) sin2 x

= y= and y = 0.99 + cos x
(1 − sin x)(1 + sin x) 1 − cos x
2 do not coincide as shown below:
= y
1 − sin2 (x)
2
2
=
cos2 x
1 1
The graphs of y = + and x
1 − sin x 1 + sin x Pi/2
2
y= are shown to be identical.
cos2 x 107. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x,
y

tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
1
108. − tan2 x = sec2 x − tan2 x = −1
2 cos2 x
csc x 1/ sin x cos x
x 109. = = = cot x
Pi 2Pi sec x 1/ cos x sin x
-1

110. The midpoint is

103. It is an identity.
π/3 + π/2 1 + 1 5π/6 2 5π
     
cos x 1 + sin x , = , = ,1
· = 2 2 2 2 12
1 − sin(x) 1 + sin x
cos x(1 + sin x)
= 111. Amplitude is 4. Since B = 2π/3, the period
1 − sin2 x 2π 2π
cos x(1 + sin x) is = = 3.
= B 2π/3
cos2 x
2πx π 2π 1
 
1 + sin x Since − = x− , the phase shift
= 3 3 3 2
cos x 1
1 − sin(−x) is .
= 2
cos x
2π 2π
cos(−x) 112. Since B = 1/4, the period is = = 8π.
The graphs of y = and B 1/4
1 − sin x x π
1 − sin(−x) Solve for x in = + kπ. Then the asymp-
y= are shown to be identical. 4 2
cos x totes are
y
x = 2π + 4kπ
where k is an integer.
1
x The range is (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞).
-3Pi/2 -1 Pi/2 2Pi

113. Solve for v0 in ft/sec:

1 2
v sin 2(33◦ ) = 200
32 0
s
200(32)
v0 = ft/sec
sin 66◦

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.2 VERIFYING IDENTITIES 361

s
200(32) 5280 6.2 Linking Concepts
v0 = · mph
sin 66◦ 3600
a) Assume the circle is given by x2 + y 2 = r2 and
v0 ≈ 57.1 mph. w
 
, r − h is a point on the circle
2
(corresponding to the upper right hand corner
Thinking Outside the Box LIII of the rectangular window). Substituting this
point into the equation of the circle, we obtain
The amplitude of the sine wave is 1/2 since the
w2
height of the sine wave is 1. We use a coordinate + (r − h)2 = r2
system such that the sine wave begins at the origin 4
w2
and extends to the right side and the first quadrant. + (r2 − 2rh + h2 ) = r2
Note, the period of the sine wave is π, which is the 4
diameter of the tube. Then the highest point on w2
− 2rh + h2 = 0
the sine wave is (π/2, 1). Thus, an equation of the 4
sine wave is w2 + 4h2
2rh =
4
1 1 w + 4h2
2
y = − cos(2x) + . r = .
2 2 8h
If w = 36 and h = 10, then the radius of the
6.2 Pop Quiz
362 + 4(10)2
circle is r = = 21.2 inches.
1. 2 sin2 x − sin x − 1 80
b) Consider the righttriangle with vertices at the
2. (2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) w

point A(0, 0), B , r − h , and C(0, r − h).
1 sin2 x 1 − sin2 x 2
3. − = = Let θ be the angle at point A. Then
cos x cos x cos x
cos2 x w/2
= cos x tan θ =
cos x r−h
w
4. tan θ =
2(r − h)
w
 
cos(−x) − sec(−x) θ = tan −1
.
= 2(r − h)
sec(x)
cos x − sec x If w = 36 and h = 10, then the
=
sec x length of the circular arc is L = 2rθ =
cos x − sec x cos x 36
 
· = 2(21.2) tan−1 ≈ 43.0 in.
sec x cos x 2(21.2 − 10)
cos2 x − 1 w2 + 4h2
= c) r = as derived in part a)
1 8h
w
 
− sin2 x d) In part b), we obtained θ = tan−1 .
= 2(r − h)
1
A formula for the arclength L is given by
− sin2 x
L = 2rθ
w2 + 4h2 w
 
= tan−1 .
4h 2(r − h)

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

362 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

Equivalently, by using the fact that 4. cos(2π/3 + π/4) =

w2 +4h2 cos(2π/3) cos(π/4) − sin(2π/3) sin(π/4) =
r= (see part c) we can rewrite L as √ √ √ √ √
8h 1 2 3 2 − 2− 6
− · − · =
w2 + 4h2

4hw
 2 2 2 2 4
L= sin−1 .
4h 4h2 + w2 5. cos(60◦ − 45◦ ) =
If we interpret arcsin in degrees, then cos(60◦ ) cos(45◦ ) + sin(60◦ ) sin(45◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 2+ 6
w2 + 4h2 4hw π
 
· + · =
L= sin−1 · 2 2 2 2 4
4h 4h2 + w2 180
or 6. cos(120◦ − 45◦ ) =
cos(120◦ ) cos(45◦ ) + sin(120◦ ) sin(45◦ ) =
πw2 + 4πh2 4hw
 
√ √ √ √ √
L= sin−1 . 1 2 3 2 − 2+ 6
720h 4h2 + w2 − · + · =
2 2 2 2 4

For Thought 7. Since sin(20◦ ) = cos(90◦ − 20◦ ) = cos(70◦ ),

the answer is 70◦ .
1. False, the right-hand side should be cos(5◦ ).
8. Since cos(15◦ ) = cos(90◦ − 150◦ ) or cos(75◦ ),
2. True, by the sum identity for cosine. the answer is 75◦ .
3. True, cos(t − π/2) = cos(π/2 − t) = sin t . π
  
π π
  
π
9. Since tan = cot − = cot ,
4. False, sin(α − π/2) = − sin(π/2 − α) = − cos α. 6 2 6 3
the answer is π/3.
5. True, sec(π/3) = sec(π/2 − π/6) = csc(π/6) .
π π π π
     
6. False, since sin(5π/6) = 1/2 10. Since cot = tan − = tan ,
√ and 3 2 3 6
sin(2π/3) + sin(π/6) = 3/2 + 1/2 .
the answer is π/6.
7. True, since the sum identity for sine is applied
to 5π/12 = π/6 + π/4 . 11. Since sec(90◦ − 6◦ ) = csc(6◦ ), the answer is 6◦ .

8. True, since the cofunction identity for tangent 12. Since csc(90◦ − 17◦ ) = sec(17◦ ), the answer is
is applied to 90◦ − 68◦ 290 55” = 21◦ 300 5” . 17◦ .

9. False, the equation fails when x = π/2 . 13. sin(π/3 + π/4) =

10. True, since both sides of the equation (by sin(π/3) cos(π/4) + cos(π/3) sin(π/4) =
√ √ √ √ √
the sum identity for tangent) are equal to 3 2 1 2 6+ 2
· + · =
tan(−7◦ ). 2 2 2 2 4

6.3 Exercises 14. sin(π/4 + 2π/3) =

sin(π/4) cos(2π/3) + cos(π/4) sin(2π/3) =
1. cosine √ √ √ √ √
2 −1 2 3 − 2+ 6
· + · =
2. cofunction 2 2 2 2 4

3. cos(π/3 + π/4) = 15. sin(60◦ − 45◦ ) =

cos(π/3) cos(π/4) − sin(π/3) sin(π/4) = sin(60◦ ) cos(45◦ ) − cos(60◦ ) sin(45◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 2− 6 3 2 1 2 6− 2
· − · = · − · =
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4

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6.3 SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES 363

π π π
   
16. sin(45◦ − 120◦ ) = 27. cos + = cos =0
sin(45◦ ) cos(120◦ ) − cos(45◦ ) sin(120◦ ) = 6 3 2
√ √ √ √ √
2 −1 2 3 − 2− 6

7π π

π
 
√
· − · = 28. cos − = cos = 2/2
2 2 2 2 4 12 3 4
π π π
   
3π π tan(3π/4) + tan(π/3)
 
17. tan + = = 29. tan + = tan =1
4 3 1 − tan(3π/4) tan(π/3) 12 6 4
√ √ √ √
−1 + 3 3−1 3−1 3−1 5π

π
  
π √
√ =√ =√ ·√ = 30. tan − = tan = 3
1 − (−1)( 3) 3+1 3+1 3−1 12 12 3
√
4−2 3 √ 31. sin(2k + k) = sin(3k)
=2− 3
2
32. cos(3y + y) = cos(4y)
π π tan(π/4) + tan(π/3)
 
18. tan + = = 33. 30◦ + 45◦ 34. 45◦ − 30◦
4 3 1 − tan(π/4) tan(π/3)
√ √ √ √
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 35. 120◦ + 45◦ 36. 150◦ + 45◦
√ = √ = √ · √ =
1 − (1)( 3) 1− 3 1− 3 1+ 3
√ 37. cos(2π/3 − π/4) =
4+2 3 √
= −2 − 3 cos(2π/3) cos(π/4) + sin(2π/3) sin(π/4) =
−2 √ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 6− 2
19. tan(210◦ − 45◦ ) = − · + · =
2 2 2 2 4
tan(210◦ ) − tan(45◦ )
= 38. cos(π/3 + π/4) =
1 + tan(210◦ ) tan(45◦ ) cos(π/3) cos(π/4) − sin(π/3) sin(π/4) =
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
3/3 − 1 3/3 − 1 3 1 2 3 2 2− 6
√ = √ · =
1 + ( 3/3)(1) 1 + ( 3/3)(1) 3 · − · =
√ √ √ √ 2 2 2 2 4
3−3 3−3 3− 3 −12 + 6 3 39. sin(π/3 + π/4) =
√ = √ · √ = =
3+ 3 3+ 3 3− 3 6 sin(π/3) cos(π/4) + cos(π/3) sin(π/4) =
√ √ √ √ √ √
3−2 3 2 1 2 6+ 2
· + · =
20. tan(45◦ − 150◦ ) = 2 2 2 2 4

tan(45◦ ) − tan(150◦ ) 40. sin(2π/3 − π/4) =

= sin(2π/3) cos(π/4) − cos(2π/3) sin(π/4) =
1 + tan(45◦ ) tan(150◦ ) √ √ √ √ √
√ √ 3 2 −1 2 6+ 2
1 − (− 3/3) 1 + 3/3 3 · − · =
√ = √ · = 2 2 2 2 4
1 + (1)(− 3/3) 1 − 3/3 3
√ √ √ √ tan(45◦ ) + tan(30◦ )
3+ 3 3+ 3 3+ 3 12 + 6 3 41. tan(45◦ + 30◦ ) = =
√ = √ · √ = = 1 − tan(45◦ ) tan(30◦ )
3− 3 3− 3 3+ 3 6 √ √ √
√ 1 + 3/3 3 3+ 3 3+ 3
2+ 3 √ · = √ · √ =
1 − 1 · 3/3 3 3− 3 3+ 3
7π 5π √
21. 22. 12 + 6 3 √
12 12 =2+ 3
9−3
13π 5π
23. 24. tan(30◦ ) − tan(45◦ )
12 12 42. tan(30◦ − 45◦ ) = =
1 + tan(30◦ ) tan(45◦ )
25. sin(23◦ + 67◦ ) = sin(90◦ ) = 1 √ √ √
√ 3/3 − 1 3 3−3 3− 3
√ · = √ · √ =
26. sin(55◦ − 10◦ ) = sin(45◦ ) = 2/2 1 + 3/3 3 3+ 3 3− 3

Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

364 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

√
−12 + 6 3 √ 51. cos(π/2) cos(π/5) + sin(π/2) sin(π/5) =
= −2 + 3
9−3 
π π

cos − = cos(3π/10)
43. sin(30◦ − 45◦ ) = 2 5
sin(30◦ ) cos(45◦ ) − cos(30◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = 52. cos(12◦ ) cos(3◦ ) + sin(12◦ ) sin(3◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 2− 6 cos (12◦ − 3◦ ) = cos(9◦ )
· − · =
2 2 2 2 4 tan(π/7) + tan(π/6) π π
 
53. = tan + =
44. sin(120◦ + 45◦ ) = 1 − tan(π/7) tan(π/6) 7 6
sin(120◦ ) cos(45◦ ) + cos(120◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = tan(13π/42)
√ √ √ √ √
3 2 −1 2 6− 2
· · tan(π/3) − tan(π/6) π π
 
+ =
2 2 2 2 4 54. = tan − =
1 + tan(π/3) tan(π/6) 3 6
45. cos(135◦ + 60◦ ) = √
tan(π/6) = 3/3
cos(135◦ ) cos(60◦ )
− sin(135◦ ) sin(60◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √
− 2 1 2 3 − 2− 6 55. sin(14◦ ) cos(35◦ ) + cos(14◦ ) sin(35◦ ) =
· − · = sin(14◦ + 35◦ ) = sin(49◦ )
2 2 2 2 4
46. cos(−75◦ ) = cos(75◦ ) = cos(30◦ + 45◦ ) = 56. cos(10◦ ) cos(20◦ ) − cos(80◦ ) sin(20◦ ) =
cos(30◦ ) cos(45◦ ) − sin(30◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = cos(10◦ ) cos(20◦ ) − sin(10◦ ) sin(20
√
◦) =
√ √ √ √ √ ◦ ◦ ◦
cos(10 + 20 ) = cos(30 ) = 3/2
3 2 1 2 6− 2
· − · =
2 2 2 2 4 57. G, cos(44◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 44◦ ) = sin(46◦ )
47. tan(−13π/12) = − tan(13π/12) =
58. B, − sin(46◦ ) = − cos(90◦ − 46◦ ) = − cos(44◦ )
3π π
 
− tan + =
4 3 59. H, cos(46◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 46◦ ) = sin(44◦ )
tan(3π/4) + tan(π/3)
− = 60. H, sin(136◦ ) = cos(90◦ − 136◦ ) = cos(−46◦ )
1 − tan(3π/4) tan(π/3) = cos(46◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 46◦ ) = sin(44◦ )
√ √ √
−1 + 3 1− 3 1− 3
√ = √ · √ = π π−2
   
−
1 − (−1) 3 1+ 3 1− 3 61. F, sec(1) = csc − 1 = csc
√ 2 2
4−2 3 √
π π π 5π
     
= −2 + 3
−2 62. D, tan = cot − = cot
7 2 7 14
π π
 
48. tan(7π/12) = tan + = 63. A, csc(π/2) = 1 = cos(0)
4 3
tan(π/4) + tan(π/3) 64. E, − sin(44◦ ) = − cos(90◦ − 44◦ ) = − cos(46◦ )
=
1 − tan(π/4) tan(π/3)
√ √ √ 65. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 s  2
√ = √ · √ = 3
1−1· 3 1− 3 1+ 3 quadrant I, cos α = − 1 − =
√ 5
4+2 3 √
= −2 − 3
r r
9 16 4
−2 − 1− =− = − and cos β =
25 25 5
49. sin(3◦ ) cos(−87◦ ) + cos(3◦ ) sin(87◦ ) = s 2 r r
5 25 144 12

sin(3◦ ) cos(87◦ ) + cos(3◦ ) sin(87◦ ) = 1− = 1− = = .
sin(3◦ + 87◦ ) = sin(90◦ ) = 1 13 169 169 13
So sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
50. sin(34◦ ) cos(13◦ ) − cos(34◦ ) sin(13◦ ) = 3 12 −4 5 16
sin(34◦ − 13◦ ) = sin(21◦ ) · + · = .
5 13 5 13 65

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6.3 SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES 365

s 2
66. Since α is in quadrant III and β is in −8 15

and sin β = 1− = .
quadrant IV, we obtain 17 17
Then sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β =
s 2 r
−4 16

cos α = − 1 − =− 1− = −24 −8 −7 15 297
5 25 · − · = .
r s 2 25 17 25 17 425
9 3 12

− = − and sin β = − 1 − = 70. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
25 5 13
r r quadrant III, we find
144 25 5
− 1− =− =− . s 2
7 24

169 169 13
cos α = − 1 − =−
So sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = 25 25
−4 12 −3 −5 63
s 2
−8 15

· − · =− . and cos β = − 1 − =− .
5 13 5 13 65 17 17
67. Since α is in quadrant I and β is in Then sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
quadrant III, we obtain 7 −15 −24 −8 87
s · + · = .
 2
2
r
4 25 17 25 17 425
cos α = 1− = 1− =
3 9 71. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
√ s 2 quadrant IV, we find
r
5 5 −1

= and cos β = − 1 − = s
9 3 2 
24
2
7
√ cos α = − 1 − =−
25 25
r r
1 3 3
− 1− =− =− .
4 4 2
s 2
8 15

So cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β = and sin β = − 1 − =− .
√ √ √ 17 17
5 − 3 2 −1 2 − 15 Then cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β =
· − · = .
3 2 3 2 6
−7 8 24 −15 416
68. Since α is in quadrant I and β is in · + · =− .
25 17 25 17 425
quadrant II, we find 72. Since α is in quadrant IV and β is in
v
√ !2 r
quadrant II, we find
u
u 3 3
sin α = 1 −
t = 1− = s
4 16 
−7
2
24
cos α = 1− =
r √ v
u √ !2 25 25
13 13 u − 2
= and sin β = t1 − =
s 2
8 15

16 4 3 and cos β = − 1 − =− .
r r √ 17 17
2 7 7
1− = = . Then cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β =
9 9 3
24 −15 −7 8 304
So cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β = · − · =− .
√ √ √ √ √ √ 25 17 25 17 425
3 − 2 13 7 − 6 + 91
· + · = 73. cos(π/2 − (−α)) = sin(−α) = − sin α
4 3 4 3 12
69. Since α is in quadrant III and β is in 74. sin α cos π − cos α sin π =
quadrant II, we find sin α · (−1) − cos α · 0 = − sin α
s
75. cos 180◦ cos α + sin 180◦ sin α =
2
−24 7

cos α = − 1 − =− (−1) · cos α + 0 · sin α = − cos α
25 25

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366 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

76. sin 180◦ cos α − cos 180◦ sin α = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
=
0 · cos α − (−1) · sin α = sin α sin x cos y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
77. The period is 360◦ , so sin(360◦ − α) = + =
sin x cos y sin x cos y
sin(−α) = − sin α
1 + cot x tan y
78. cos α cos π + sin α sin π =
cos α · (−1) + sin α · 0 = − cos α 85. Substitute the sum and difference sine
identities into the left-hand side to get
79. sin(90◦ − (−α)) = cos(−α) = cos α
a difference of two squares.
80. The period is 360◦ , so cos(360◦ − α) =
sin(α + β) sin(α − β) =
cos(−α) = cos α
(sin α cos β)2 − (cos α sin β)2 =
81. sin2 α(1 − sin2 β) − (1 − sin2 α) sin2 β =
sin(180◦ − α) = sin2 α − sin2 α sin2 β − sin2 β + sin2 α sin2 β =
sin(180◦ ) cos α − cos(180◦ ) sin α = sin2 α − sin2 β
sin α =
86. Substitute the sum and difference cosine
sin2 α identities into the left-hand side to get
=
sin α a difference of two squares.
1 − cos2 α cos(α + β) cos(α − β) =
sin α (cos α cos β)2 − (sin α sin β)2 =
82. We rewrite both sides: (1 − sin2 α) cos2 β − sin2 α(1 − cos2 β) =
cos2 β − sin2 α cos2 β − sin2 α + sin2 α cos2 β =
cos(x − π/2) =
cos2 β − sin2 α
cos x cos(π/2) + sin x sin(π/2) =
sin x = 87. Using the sum identity for cosine, we obtain
sin x cos(x + x) =
cos x · =
cos x
cos x cos x − sin x sin x =
cos x tan x cos2 x − sin2 x

83. 88. Applying the sum identity for sine, we get

cos(x + y)
= sin(x + x) =
cos(x) cos(y)
sin x cos x + cos x sin x =
cos(x) cos(y) − sin(x) sin(y)
= 2 sin x cos x
cos(x) cos(y)
cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y) 89.
− =
cos(x) cos(y) cos(x) cos(y)
sin(x − y) − sin(y − x) =
1 − tan(x) tan(y)
sin(x − y) + sin(x − y) =
84. 2 sin(x − y) =
2(sin x cos y − cos x sin y) =
sin(x + y)
= 2 sin x cos y − 2 cos x sin y
sin x cos y

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6.3 SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES 367

90. 95. In the proof, multiply each term by cos(v − t).

Also, the sum and difference identities for
cos(x − y) + cos(y − x) = cosine expresses cos(v + t) cos(v − t) as a
cos(x − y) + cos(x − y) = difference of two squares.
2 cos(x − y) =
sec(v + t) =
2(cos x cos y + sin x sin y) =
1
2 cos x cos y − 2 sin x sin y =
cos(v + t)

91. cos(v − t)
=
cos(v + t) cos(v − t)
tan(s + t) tan(s − t) =
cos(v − t)
tan s + tan t tan s − tan t =
· = cos2 (v) cos2 (t) − sin2 (v) sin2 (t)
1 − tan(s) tan(t) 1 + tan(s) tan(t)
tan2 s − tan2 t cos(v − t)
=
1 + tan2 (s) tan2 (t) cos2 (v) cos2 (t) − (1 − cos2 v)(1 − cos2 t)

92. Using the cofunction identity for tangent, we cos(v − t) ÷ cos2 (v) cos2 (t)−
get

(1 − cos2 v − cos2 t + cos2 (v) cos2 (t)) =
tan(π/4 + x) =
cot(π/2 − (π/4 + x)) =
cos(v − t)
cot(π/2 − π/4 − x) = =
−1 + cos2 v + cos2 t
cot(π/4 − x)
cos(v − t)
=
93. In the proof, divide each term by cos α cos β. cos2 v − sin2 t
cos(v) cos(t) + sin(v) sin(t)
cos(α + β)
= cos2 v − sin2 t
sin(α − β)
cos α cos β sin α sin β 96. In the proof, multiply each term by sin(v + t).
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β Also, the sum and difference identities for sine
=
sin α cos β cos α sin β expresses sin(v − t) sin(v + t) as a difference
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β of two squares.
1 − tan(α) tan(β)
csc(v − t) =
tan(α) − tan(β)
1
=
94. In the proof, divide each term by cos α cos β. sin(v − t)

cos(α − β) sin(v + t)
= =
sin(α + β) sin(v − t) sin(v + t)

cos α cos β sin α sin β sin(v + t)

+ 2 =
cos α cos β cos α cos β sin (v) cos2 (t) − cos2 (v) sin2 (t)
=
sin α cos β cos α sin β
+ sin(v + t)
cos α cos β cos α cos β =
sin v(1 − sin2 t) − (1 − sin2 v) sin2 t
2
1 + tan(α) tan(β) 
tan(α) + tan(β) sin(v + t) ÷ sin2 v − sin2 (v) sin2 (t)

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368 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

sin2 α(1 − sin2 β) − (1 − sin2 α) sin2 β


2 2 2
− sin (t) + sin (v) sin (t) = =
(sin α + sin β) sin(α − β)
sin(v + t) sin2 α − sin2 α sin2 β − sin2 β + sin2 α sin2 β
= =
sin2 v − sin2 t (sin α + sin β) sin(α − β)
sin(v) cos(t) + cos(v) sin(t) sin2 α − sin2 β
= =
sin2 v − sin2 t (sin α + sin β) sin(α − β)

97. In the proof, divide each term by cos x sin y. (sin α − sin β)(sin α + sin β)
=
(sin α + sin β) sin(α − β)
cos(x + y)
= sin α − sin β
cos(x − y)
sin(α − β)
cos(x) cos(y) − sin(x) sin(y)
=
cos(x) cos(y) + sin(x) sin(y) 100. In the proof, we smultiply each term by
cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y) cos(α − β). Also, the sum and difference iden-
− tities for cosine expresses cos(α + β) cos(α − β)
cos(x) sin(y) cos(x) sin(y)
= as a difference of two squares.
cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y)
+
cos(x) sin(y) cos(x) sin(y) cos(α + β)
=
cot(y) − tan(x) cos α + sin β
cot(y) + tan(x) cos(α + β) cos(α − β)
· =
cos α + sin β cos(α − β)
98. In the proof, divide each term by sin x sin y.
cos2 α cos2 β − sin2 α sin2 β
sin(x + y) =
= (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
sin(x − y)
sin(x) cos(y) + cos(x) sin(y) cos2 α(1 − sin2 β) − (1 − cos2 α) sin2 β
= =
sin(x) cos(y) − cos(x) sin(y) (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
sin(x) cos(y) cos(x) sin(y)
+ cos2 α − cos2 α sin2 β − sin2 β + cos2 α sin2 β
sin(x) sin(y) sin(x) sin(y) =
= (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
sin(x) cos(y) cos(x) sin(y)
−
sin(x) sin(y) sin(x) sin(y)
cos2 α − sin2 β
cot(y) + cot(x) =
(cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
cot(y) − cot(x)
(cos α − cos β)(cos α + cos β)
=
99. In the proof, multiply each term by sin(α − β). (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
Also, the sum and difference identities for sine cos α − sin β
expresses sin(α + β) sin(α − β) as a difference =
cos(α − β)
of two squares.
cos α − sin β
sin(α + β) cos(β − α)
=
sin α + sin β
sin(α + β) sin(α − β) 103. If α = β = π/6, then sin(α+β) 6= sin α+sin β
· =
sin α + sin β sin(α − β)
104. The following formulas will be useful
sin2 α cos2 β − cos2 α sin2 β
= sin(90◦ − α) = cos α
(sin α + sin β) sin(α − β)

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6.3 SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES 369

√
and 1 4 4 15
sec α = = −√ = −
cos(90◦ − α) = sin α. cos α 15 15
1 15 √
In particular, cos(89◦ ) = sin(1◦ ), cos(88◦ ) = cot α = = − √ = − 15
sin(2◦ ), sin(89◦ ) = cos(1◦ ), and so on. Thus, tan α 15
for k = 1◦ , ..., 44◦ we have 110.
sin2 (k ◦ ) + sin2 ((90 − k)◦ ) = 1. a) − sin x b) cos x
c) − tan x d) − csc x
Since sin2 (45◦ ) = 1/2, we find
e) sec x f) − cot x
2 ◦ 2 ◦ 2 ◦
sin (1 ) + sin (2 ) + ... + sin (90 ) =
44 + sin2 (45◦ ) + sin2 (90◦ ) =
1
Thinking Outside the Box LIV
45 + .
2 The angle spanned by the first seventeen
Similarly, we obtain rectangles is
     
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1
2 ◦ 2 ◦ 2 ◦
cos (1 ) + cos (2 ) + ... + cos (90 ) = 44 + . tan + tan √ + ... + tan √ ≈ 365◦
2 1 2 17

Finally, we obtain while the angle spanned by the first sixteen

rectangles is
sin2 (1◦ ) + ... + sin2 (90◦ )
=
     
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
cos2 (1◦ ) + ... + cos2 (90◦ ) tan +tan √ +...+tan √ ≈ 351◦ .
1 2 16
45 + 1/2 91
= . Thus, the 17th rectangle is the first rectangle that
44 + 1/2 89
overlaps with the first rectangle.
105. 1 − sin2 α = cos2 α.
6.3 Pop Quiz
sin x sin x sin2 x
106. · = =
csc x − sin x sin x 1 − sin2 x 1. cos(135◦ − 120◦ ) =
sin2 x cos(135◦ ) cos(120◦ ) + sin(135◦ ) sin(120◦ ) =
= tan2 x √ √ √ √ √
cos2 x − 2 −1 2 3 2+ 6
· + · =
π π 2 2 2 2 4
107. Since B = 2, the period is = .
B 2 2. 80◦ , since sin 10◦ = cos(90◦ − 10◦ )
Solve 2x = kπ where k is an integer. Then the
kπ 3. Using the sum identity for sine, the answer is
asymptotes are x = .
2 sin 3x.
108. We find g(f (h(x))) = g(f (3x)) = g(sin 3x) =
4. Since α and β are in quadrant I, we obtain
sin(3x) + 2. s  2
4 3
And, h(g(f (x))) = h(g(sin x)) = h(sin x+2) = cos α = 1− =
5 5
3(sin x + 2) = 3 sin(x) + 6. s  2 √
1 3
p √
15
and sin β = 1− = .
109. cos α = − 1 − (1/4)2 = − 4
2 2
√
sin α 1/4 1 15 Then sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β =
tan α = = √ = −√ = − √ √
cos α − 15/4 15 15 4 1 3 3 4−3 3
· − · = .
1 5 2 5 2 10
csc α = = −4
sin α

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370 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

√
For Thought 2 tan(30◦ ) 2( 3/3)
3. tan(2 · =30◦ ) = √ =
1 − tan2 (30◦ ) 1 − ( 3/3)2
sin(2 · 21◦ ) 2 sin(21◦ ) cos(21◦ ) √ √
1. True, = 2 3/3 2 3/3 √
2 2 = = 3
◦ ◦
= sin(21 ) cos(21 ). 1 − 1/3 2/3
4. cos(2 · 90◦ ) = 2 cos2 (90◦ ) − 1 = 2(0)2 − 1 =
2. True, by
√ a cosine double
√ angle identity
2
cos(2 2) = 2 cos ( 2) − 1. 0 − 1 = −1
3π
 
s

300 ◦ 1 − cos(300◦ ) 5. sin 2 · = 2 sin(3π/4) cos(3π/4) =
3. False, sin = . 4
2 2 √ √
2 − 2 −2
s 2· · =2· = −1
400◦
 
1 − cos(400◦ ) 2 2 4
4. True, sin =− 
2π

2 2 6. cos 2 · = 2 cos2 (2π/3) − 1 =
s 3
1 − cos(40◦ ) 1 1 1
=− . 2(−1/2)2 − 1 = 2 · − 1 = − 1 = −
2 4 2 2
s √
2π 2 tan(2π/3) 2(− 3)
 
7π/4 1 − cos(7π/4)
 
5. False, tan =− . 7. tan 2 · = = √
2 1 + cos(7π/4) 3 1 − tan2 (2π/3) 1 − (− 3)2
√ √
−π/4
 
1 − cos(−π/4) −2 3 −2 3 √
6. True, tan = = = = = 3
2 sin(−π/4) 1−3 −2
π
 
1 − cos(π/4) 8. sin 2 · = 2 sin(π/3) cos(π/3)
sin(−π/4) 3
√ √ √
3 1 3 3
sin(2 · π/4) =2· · =2· =
7. False, if x = π/4 then = 2 2 4 2
2 s
√ 30◦ 1 + cos(30◦ )
 
sin(π/2) 1
= and sin(π/4) = 2/2. 9. cos = =
2 2 2 2
s √ s √ q √
8. False, since cos(2π/3) = −1/2 while 1 + 3/2 2 2+ 3 2+ 3
s · = =
1 + cos(2x) 2 2 4 2
is a non-negative number.
2 s
π/4 1 + cos(π/4)
 
10. cos = =
p since 1 − cos x ≥ 0 we find
9. True, 2 2
(1 − cos x)2 = |1 − cos x| = 1 − cos x s √ s √ q √
1 + 2/2 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
10. True, α is in quadrant III or IV, while · = =
2 2 4 2
α/2 is in quadrant II. s
30◦ 1 − cos(30◦ )
 
6.4 Exercises 11. sin = =
2 2
s √ s √ q √
1. sin(2 · 45◦ ) = 2 sin(45◦ ) cos(45◦ ) = 1 − 3/2 2 2− 3 2− 3
√ √ · = =
2 2 2 2 2 4 2
2· · = 2 · = 1.
2 2 4 s
−π/3 1 − cos(−π/3)
 
2. cos(2 · 30◦ ) = 2 cos2 (30◦ ) − 1 = 12. sin =− =
2 2
s r
√ 3 3 1 1 − 1/2 2 1 1
2( 3/2)2 − 1 = 2 · − 1 = − 1 = − · =− =−
4 2 2 2 2 4 2

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6.4 DOUBLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES 371

30◦ 1 − cos(30◦ ) 12◦

   
13. tan = = 29. tan = tan 6◦
2 sin(30◦ ) 2
√
1 − 3/2 √ 1 − cos 8◦ 8◦
 
2
· =2− 3 30. = tan = tan 4◦
1/2 2 sin 8◦ 2
π π π π
   
3π/4 1 − cos(3π/4)
 
14. tan = = 31. 2 sin − cos − =
2 sin(3π/4) 9 2 9 2
√ √ √  
π π
 
2π

1 − (− 2/2) 2 2+ 2 2 sin 2 · − = sin −π =
√ · = √ ·√ = 9 2 9
2/2 2 2 2
√ sin(−7π/9) = − sin(7π/9).
2 2+2 √
π π 2π
    
= 2+1
2 32. cos 2 · − = cos −π =
s 5 2 5
45◦ 1 − cos(45◦ ) cos(−3π/5) = cos(3π/5)
 
15. sin = =
2 2 33. cos(2 · (π/9)) = cos(2π/9)
s √ s √ q √
1 − 2/2 2 2− 2 2− 2 2 tan 5
· = = 34. = tan(2 · 5) = tan 10
2 2 4 2 1 − tan2 5
150◦ 1 − cos(150◦ ) 35. c, since sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x
 
16. tan = =
2 sin(150◦ ) 2 tan x
√ 36. e, since tan(2x) =
1 − (− 3/2) 2 √ 1 − tan2 x
· =2+ 3
1/2 2
s
x 1 + cos(x)
 
37. g, for cos =±
17. Positive, 118.5◦ is in quadrant II 2 2
18. Negative, 222.5◦ is in quadrant III x sin x
38. i, for tan = and cot x is
2 1 + cos x
19. Negative, 100◦ is in quadrant II the reciprocal of tan x.
20. Negative, 9π/7 is in quadrant III 39. a, for sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x
21. Negative, −5π/12 is in quadrant IV 40. j, for tan2 (x) = sec2 (x) − 1
1 − cos x
r
22. Positive, 17π/12 is in quadrant III x
 
41. h, for tan =±
2 1 + cos x
23. sin(2 · 13◦ ) = sin 26◦
42. b, since cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x
π
 
24. − cos 2 · = − cos(2π/5) s
5 x
 
1 − cos(x)
√ 43. f, since sin =±
25. cos(2 · 22.5◦ ) = cos 45◦ = 2/2 2 2
√ 44. d, since cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x
26. cos(2 · (−π/8)) = cos(−π/4) = 2/2
1 2 tan 15◦ 1 45. Since cos(2α) = 2 cos2 α − 1, we get
27. · 2 ◦
= · tan(2 · 15◦ ) = 3
2 1 − tan 15 2 2 cos2 α − 1 =
√ √
1 1 3 3 5
◦
· tan 30 = · = 2 8
2 2 3 6 2 cos α =
5
1 2 tan 30◦ 1 4
28. · 2 ◦
= · tan(2 · 30◦ ) = cos2 α =
2 1 − tan 30 2 5
√
1 1 √ 3 2
◦
· tan 60 = · 3 = cos α = ± √ .
2 2 2 5

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372 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

√
2 sin α 26/26 1
But 0◦ <α< 45◦ , so cos α = √ and tan α = = √ =
5 cos α 5 26/26 5
√
s 2
1
r
2 4

sin α = 1− √ = 1− = csc α = = 26,
5 5 sin α
√
r
1 1 1 26
=√ . sec α = = ,
5 cos α 5
5
√ 1
5 √ and cot α = = 5.
Furthermore, sec α = , csc α = 5, tan α
2
√ 48. Since 2α lies in quadrant III, we obtain
1/ 5 1 s
tan α = √ = , cot α = 2. 
−8
2
15
2/ 5 2 cos 2α = − 1 − =− .
17 17
46. Since cos(2α) = 2 cos2 α − 1, we obtain r
1 − cos 2α
Then sin α = =
1 2
2 cos2 α − 1 = s √
3 1 − (−15/17) 4 17
4 = ,
2 cos2 α = 2 17
3 r s
2 1 + cos 2α 1 + (−15/17)
cos2 α = cos α = − =− =
3√ 2 2
√ √
2 17 sin α 4 17/17
cos α = ± √ − , tan α = = √ = −4
3 17 cos α − 17/17
√
6 √
cos α = ± . 1 17
3 csc α = = ,
sin α 4
√ 1 √
6 sec α = = − 17,
But 180◦ < α < 225◦ , so cos α = − and cos α
3
√ !2 1 1
=− .
v
u r and cot α =
u 6 6 tan α 4
sin α = −t1 − − =− 1− =
3 9 49. By a half-angle identity, we have
r √
1 1 3 r
1 + cos α 1
− = −√ = − . − = −
3 3 3 2 4
3 √ 1 + cos α 1
Furthermore, sec α = − √ , csc α = − 3, =
6 2 16
√ √ 1
− 3/3 1 2 √ 1 + cos α =
tan α = √ =√ = , cot α = 2. 8
− 6/3 2 2 7
cos α = − .
8
47. Since 2α = sin−1 (5/13) ≈ 22.6◦ , we find
s 2 But π ≤ α ≤ 3π/2,
5 12

cos 2α = 1− = . Then
s 2
7

13 13 so sin α = − 1 − − =
r s √ 8
1 − cos 2α
1 − 12/13 26 √
sin α = = = ,
r r
49 15 15
2 2 26 − 1− =− =− .
r s √ 64 64 8
1 + cos 2α 1 + 12/13 5 26 8 8
cos α = = = , Furthermore, sec α = − , csc α = − √ ,
2 2 26 7 15

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6.4 DOUBLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES 373

√ √
− 15/8 15 7 52. By using the half-angle identity for sine,
tan α = = , cot α = √ .
−7/8 7 15 we get
50. By a half-angle identity, we obtain
r
1 − cos α 1
=
2 5
r
1 − cos α 1
− = − 1 − cos α 1
2 3 =
1 − cos α 1 2 25
= 2
2 9 1 − cos α =
2 25
1 − cos α = 23
9 cos α = .
7 25
cos α = .
9 Since (π/2 + 2kπ) ≤ α/2 ≤ (π + 2kπ) for
But α is in qudrant IV, some integer k, (π + 4kπ) ≤ α ≤ (2π + 4kπ).
s  2 r So α is in quadrant IV because cos α > 0.
7 49
so sin α = − 1 − =− 1− =
s 2
23

9 81 Then sin α = − 1 − =
r √ √ 25
32 32 4 2 √
− =− =− . r
529 96
r
4 6
81 9 9 − 1− =− =− .
9 9 625 625 25
Furthermore, sec α = , csc α = − √ , or 25 25
7 32 Furthermore, sec α = , csc α = − √ =
√ √ √ 23 4 6
9 2 − 32/9 32 √ √ √
csc α = − , tan α = =− , or 25 6 −4 6/25 4 6
8 7/9 7 − , tan α = =− ,
√ √ 24 23/25 23
4 2 7 7 2 √
tan α = − , and cot α = − √ = − . 23 23 6
7 32 8 and cot α = − √ = − .
4 6 24
51. By a half-angle identity, we find
r 53.
1 − cos α 4
=
2 5 cos4 s − sin4 s =
1 − cos α 16 (cos2 s − sin2 s)(cos2 s + sin2 s) =
=
2 25 cos(2s) · (1) =
32
1 − cos α = cos(2s)
25
7 54.
cos α = − .
25
= 2 sin(s) sin(π/2 − s)
Since (π/2 + 2kπ) ≤ α/2 ≤ (π + 2kπ) for some
integer k, (π + 4kπ) ≤ α ≤ (2π + 4kπ). = 2 sin(s) cos(s)
So α is in quadrant III because cos α < 0. sin(2s)
s 2 r
7 49

sin α = − 1 − − =− 1− = 55.
25 625
r
576 24 cos(2t + t) =
− =− . cos(2t) cos(t) − sin(2t) sin(t) =
625 25 h i
25 25 cos2 t − sin2 t cos t − [2 sin t cos t] sin t =
Furthermore, sec α = − , csc α = − ,
7 24
−24/25 24 7 cos3 t − sin2 t cos t − 2 sin2 t cos t =
tan α = = , and cot α = . cos3 t − 3 sin2 t cos t
−7/25 7 24

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374 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

56. 61.
sin(4t) sin2 u
= =
4 1 + cos u
2 sin(2t) cos(2t)
= 1 − cos2 u
4 =
1 + cos u
2 · 2 sin t cos t · (cos2 t − sin2 t)
= (1 − cos u)(1 + cos u)
4 =
1 + cos u
sin t cos t(cos2 t − sin2 t) = 2
3 3
cos t sin t − sin t cos t = (1 − cos u) ·
2
1 − cos u
57. = 2·
2
2
cos(2x) + cos(2y) 2 sin (u/2)
=
sin(x) + cos(y)
2
1 − 2 sin x + 2 cos2 y − 1 62.
=
sin x + cos y 1 − tan2 y
cos2 y − sin2 x =
2 = 1 + tan2 y
sin x + cos y 1 − tan2 y
(cos y − sin x)(cos y + sin x) =
2 = sec2 y
sin x + cos y 1 tan2 y
2 cos(y) − 2 sin(x) = −
sec2 y sec2 y
58. sin2 y/ cos2 y
= cos2 (y) −
1/ cos2 y
2
(sin α − cos α) = 2 2
= cos y − sin y
2 2
sin α − 2 sin α cos α + cos α =
cos(2y)
1 − 2 sin α cos α =
1 − sin(2α) 63. Multiply and divide by cos x.

59. sec x + cos x − 2 cos x

= ·
cos 2x sec x − cos x cos x
= 2
1 + cos x − 2 cos x
sin2 x =
1 − 2 sin2 x 1 − cos2 x
= cos2 x − 2 cos x + 1
sin2 x =
1 sin2 x 1 − cos2 x
− 2 · = (1 − cos x)2
sin2 x sin2 x =
csc2 x − 2 (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x)
1 − cos x
=
60. 1 + cos x
cos(2s) tan2 (x/2)
=
cos2 s
1 − 2 sin2 s 64. Multiply and divide by cos x.
=
cos2 s
2 sec x + 2 cos x
1 sin2 s = ·
− 2 · = sec x + 2 + cos x cos x
cos2 s cos2 s 2 + 2 cos x
sec2 s − 2 tan2 s =
1 + 2 cos x + cos2 x

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6.4 DOUBLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES 375

2(1 + cos x) 70. It is not an identity. If x = 4π/3, then

=
(1 + cos x)2 
4π/3

√
2 tan = tan(2π/3) = − 3 while
= 2
1 + cos x s
 −1 1 − cos(4π/3)
x

is a positive number.
= cos2 1 + cos(4π3)
2
x
 
sec2 71. It is not an identity. If x = π/2, then
2 
π/2

sin (2 · π/2) sin = sin(π) sin(π/4)
2
65. √
2
1 − sin2 (x/2) =0· = 0 and sin2 (π/2) = 1.
= 2
1 + sin2 (x/2)
72. It is not an identity. If x = π/4, then
1 − cos x
 
1− tan (π/4) + tan (π/4) = 1 + 1 = 2 and
2 2
· = tan(2 · π/4) = tan(π/2) = 0 .
1 − cos x

2
1+
2 73. It is an identity. The proof below uses
2 − (1 − cos x) the double-angle identity for tangent.
=
2 + (1 − cos x)
1 + cos x cot(x/2) − tan(x/2) =
3 − cos x 1
− tan(x/2) =
tan(x/2)
66. 1 − tan2 (x/2)
=
1 − cos2 (x/2) tan(x/2)
=
1 − sin2 (x/2) 1 − tan2 (x/2)

1 + cos x
 2· =
1− 2 · tan(x/2)
2 2
· = 1
1 − cos x 2·

2 =
1− tan x
2
cos x sin x
2 − (1 + cos x) 2· · =
= sin x sin x
2 − (1 − cos x)
1 − cos x 2 sin x cos x
=
1 + cos x sin2 x
sin(2x)
67. It is not an identity. If x = π/4, then sin2 x
sin(2 · π/4) = sin(π/2)
√ = 1√and
2 sin(π/4) = 2 · ( 2/2) = 2. 74. It is an identity. The proof uses the
double-angle identity for sine.
68. It is not an identity. If x = π, then
cos(2π) 1 csc2 (x/2) + sec2 (x/2) =
= and cos(π) = −1. 1 1
2 2 2 + =
2
sin (x/2) cos (x/2)
69. It is not an identity. If x = 2π/3, then
√ cos2 (x/2) + sin2 (x/2)
2π/3
 
=
tan = tan(π/3) = 3 and sin2 (x/2) cos2 (x/2)
2
1 1 √ 1
· tan(2π/3) = · (− 3). 2 =
2 2 sin (x/2) cos2 (x/2)

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376 CHAPTER 6. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

4 √3
2 = = 34
4 sin (x/2) cos2 (x/2)
1 + √534
4 3
 2 = = √
2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2) 5+ 34

4 α BD
= and since tan = then
[sin(2 · (x/2))]2 2 5

4 15
= BD = √
sin2 x 5 + 34
√
4 csc2 x 15(5 − 34)
=
25 − 34
s √
3
 2
4 15( 34 − 5)
75. Note, cos α = − 1 − =− . =
5 5 √ 9
Then sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α = 5 34 − 25
BD = .
3 −4 24 3
2· · =− .
5 5 25
80. Let CD be the distance between C and D.
8
76. Since tan α = − and α lies in quadrant IV,
15
15 15 C
we obtain cos α = √ =
2
8 + 15 2 17 "
""
"
8 8 " D
and sin α = − √ =− . !! "
2
8 + 15 2 17 "
"
!!!
" !!
Then sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α = "!β!!
" 2
−8 15 240 "!
2· · =− . "
! !
β
17 17 289 "!
!
"
B

8
2
161 A 10
77. cos 2α = 1 − 2 sin2 α = 1 − 2 =
17 289
s 2
−4 3

78. Note, cos α = − 1 − =− . 1 CD + 2
5 5 Note, tan β = and tan 2β = .
5 10
sin α −4/5 4 Using the double angle identity for tangent,
Then tan α = = = and
cos α −3/5 3 one finds
2 tan α 2(4/3) 2 tan β
tan 2α = = = tan 2β =
1 − tan2 α 1 − (4/3)2 1 − tan2 β
24/9 24
=− . 2(1/5)
−7/9 7 =
1 − (1/5)2
3 3
79. Since tan α = , sin α = √ and 2/5
5 34 =
5 24/25
cos α = √ . By a half-angle identity,
34 CD + 2 5
=
we obtain 10 12
α sin α 50
tan = CD + 2 =
2 1 + cos α 12

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The scheme of the Bill was very complicated. The various colleges in
Ireland, Catholic and Protestant, were to be combined into one
university. Instruction in subjects likely to be controversial was to be
limited to the colleges themselves. These subjects were theology,
moral philosophy, and modern history. On these the university
Professors were not to lecture, nor was the university to examine in
them. ‘Gagging clauses’ Fawcett called these, and made against
them the ablest speech of his life. He lifted the debate out of the
level plain of Parliamentary commonplace, and almost savagely
closed with the weak arguments of his antagonists, and vanquished
them. He contended that the proposed regulations would make ‘the
treatment of all subjects, even political economy, for example,
hopeless’ and would seem a Government sanction of any criticism
advanced by any religious authority. The separate colleges, each
with their separate religious control, would perpetuate and deepen
the bitter religious quarrels from which Ireland had suffered so long.
When Fawcett felt that it was his mission to drive home an idea, so
that it would penetrate and permeate unforgettably the minds of his
auditors, he set out deliberately to pierce like a steel drill the rock of
opposition. His relentless facts bored a hole in the wall of
antagonism, which he then tried to fill with the dynamite of action.
When embittered and roused to righteous anger, his words were like
blows. Often his enemies gave in from sheer weariness, because
their reasons were too black and blue to fight his logic any longer.
 HENRY FAWCETT

Fawcett’s Bill Opposition seemed only to feed his triple flame of

passed. courage, resourcefulness, and energy. The ministers
received but lukewarm support, and were unable to
withstand Fawcett’s onslaught. The Bill was defeated in division, and
immediately Fawcett brought in his own measure. The Government
agreed to support it if all changes but those abolishing religious tests
were omitted. Fawcett consented, and at last, after many years
struggle, his Bill became law.
This defeat of the Ministry by some of its own supporters was one of
the main causes which brought about its fall. Fawcett had dared that
courageous thing, to wreck his own party rather than consent to a
Bill of which he disapproved. He did more, for Gladstone retired from
the leadership shortly after this, and largely because of the weak
support of members of his own party. It says well for both that the
two men worked together later on several occasions.
Fawcett was never a party man in the sense of submitting his
judgment to the policy of his leaders; but he kept their respect, for
his honesty could not be questioned, and when he turned and rent
his own party, it was because he felt it lacked that Liberalism for
which it stood. The fact that his action was likely to stand in the way
of his chance of office was a consideration which it would never
occur to him to entertain. He desired office, but as a better means of
serving the people; if office could not mean that to him, it meant
nothing.
SAVING THE PEOPLE’S
PLAYGROUNDS
‘Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to the iron
string. God will not have His work made
manifest by cowards.’—Emerson.
 CHAPTER XIX

THE STOLEN COMMONS

The Disappearance of the English Playgrounds and Commons

—Fawcett’s first Protest—The Annual Enclosure Bill stopped
by his energetic Action.

A Countryman Fawcett used to say that there was no part of his

to the Rescue. public work on which he looked with so much
unalloyed satisfaction as on his work for the
commons. Perhaps a few words show what a complicated question
he had to deal with, and how great the need was for the strong and
courageous action which he took in this matter.
He would see the urgency as only those could see it whose
knowledge of country life and country ways was drawn from the
farming and labouring classes. He kept true to his early lessons and
did not allow his path to be deviated by the many side issues in
which these questions were involved.
Common From the earliest times there had been in every
Lands. parish in England a large tract of land held in
common. Part of it was cultivated jointly by the
villagers and part of it was kept as open common land, and all
parishioners had the right to feed their beasts there, and to cut
wood or furze, and similar privileges.
This gave much independence to the simpler folk and added to their
resources and comforts, but it also made it impossible to farm the
common lands by more modern and more productive methods. So
there arose a movement for enclosing these lands and dividing them
up among the different village inhabitants, to become their own
individual property. As regards the lands farmed jointly, this course
had many advantages provided that the distribution was made fairly.
But when it came to the commons proper, the benefit was much
more doubtful even from a wealth-giving point of view. As to the
non-economic value of a common—its value as an open place for
recreation and health-giving—this only began to be realised as the
commons became few.
Fawcett, in his first professional lectures (1864), mentions the evils
arising from enclosures.
No room for ‘He declared, from his own knowledge of the
the Cow and agricultural labourer, that cottagers could no longer
the Pig. keep a cow, a pig, or poultry; that the village greens
had become extinct, and that the turnpike road was too often the
only playground for the village children.
‘He doubted whether the enclosure of commons, involving the
breaking up of pastures, had, in point of fact, permanently increased
the wealth of the country; but the wealth in any case was dearly
purchased if purchased by a diminution of the labourers’ comforts.
The compensation paid to the poor commoner had generally been
spent by the first receiver, whilst his descendants were permanently
deprived of many of the little advantages which might have helped
to eke out their scanty resources.’
The procedure whereby a common was enclosed was one that dealt
very hardly on the poorer folk, and made it very difficult, if not
impossible, for them to make their objections felt. The matter went
before the Enclosure Commissioners, and they every year presented
a Bill to Parliament recommending such enclosures as they had at
that time approved. The Bill would be passed almost without
investigation, as part of the routine work of Parliament.
Fawcett appreciated from a child the blessings of open free tracts for
fresh air and fun. He watched with distress and indignation the
rights of the people to their woods and open spaces being put aside,
their commons seized and fenced off, their forests appropriated and
their venerable trees cut down—and all this without protest, nay by
the consent of a Government which undertook to be the guardian of
the people’s interests. Their historic right in Epping Forest,
Hampstead Heath, and many other places were ignored in mean
schemes for appropriating the land and raising paltry sums by selling
it as farm or building land, or by marketing the timber. Fawcett
might have chanted in his sonorous voice the following apt and
classic verse:
The law locks up the man or woman
Who steals the goose from off the common,
But lets the greater villain loose
Who steals the common from the goose.

Battle of The annual enclosure Bill, introduced in 1869,

Wisley
submitted over six thousand acres for enclosure, of
Common.
which only three acres were to be reserved for the
public. In this area was included the beautiful common of Wisley. It
chanced that a resident near Wisley, who was a member of
Parliament, strongly objected to enclosures, and to this one in
particular, and he drew the attention of the House to the case. The
Minister in charge of the Bill agreed to withdraw Wisley and refer it
to a select committee, but said, at the same time, that it would be
obviously unfair to stop unopposed enclosures, and he proposed to
proceed with the rest of the Bill.
Fawcett, who joined in the debate, was made a member of this
committee, but his interest and energy went further. The Wisley case
had fixed his attention on the nature of the Bill itself, and he saw
that there was every reason to suppose that similar but unnoticed
abuses were occurring. The Bill had almost reached its final stage in
the House of Commons, but Fawcett was not to be stopped. He gave
notice that ‘upon the third reading he should move for a recommittal
of the Bill in order that a better provision might be made for
allotments.’ This motion created a great outcry. Why this
interference? Parliament had been getting along most harmoniously
with the Enclosure Commission. Why change this comfortable order
of things and create delay and inconvenience to those interested in
making enclosures? Fawcett had a hearty contempt for this comfort
and convenience at the expense of the poor. He continued his efforts
to stop the passage of the Bill.
Outwitting the The Government Whips, whose business it is to get
Whips. business done, tried to evade Fawcett’s opposition by
arranging for the Bill to be discussed at awkward
times. They arranged for it to come on half an hour after midnight,
after the main business of the sitting was finished. Night after night
it would be put off on one excuse or another, and Fawcett and the
small band of friends who supported him would wait in vain. None
the less, they took turns and tried to be always on guard, for they
knew that their absence would be the signal for hurrying the Bill
through. Fawcett used to tell this story with glee: one night, as he
had a very bad cold, he sent a message to the Whips asking to have
the motion postponed again as had been so frequently done before.
He had no answer, but trusting that his request would be granted,
he went home to bed. A friend who dropped in to see him suggested
that it would be unwise to relax guard even for the night. Fawcett
thereupon hurled on his clothes and arrived to find the House about
to pass the obnoxious Bill.
The wily Whip started ‘like a guilty thing surprised,’ and admitted
good-naturedly the failure of his tactics, and gave a formal
undertaking to defer the Bill then and to arrange for it to be brought
on later at a reasonable hour. Then, at last, Fawcett moved his
resolution, dwelt upon the injustice to the labourer, of the absurdly
small reservations for public allotments, protested at the attitude of
the speakers for the Government, who shirked all responsibility
beyond confirming the action of the commissioners. On his motion a
committee was appointed to consider the working of the present
system, and the expediency of better provision for recreation and
allotment grounds.
Fawcett In committee Fawcett opposed the existing system.
opposes the The Enclosure Commissioners and their supporters
traditional. were content with the doctrine, that ‘the final cause
of an enclosure commission is naturally to enclose,’ and considered it
advantageous to get rid of common rights which obstructed a more
profitable employment of the land. Surely, they claimed, it is a
hardship to prevent the owners of any piece of property from
distributing their various rights on terms upon which they all agree.
Fawcett argued that the agreement was illusory. Country gentlemen
and farmers had looked after themselves, but the cottager had been
put off with some trifle, spent as soon as received.
Withypool Fawcett was particularly delighted with the evidence
Parish Clerk. given by Mr. J. Reed, parish clerk of Withypool. When
asked how far people would have to go for an open
space, the witness replied, ‘They could not find one for miles except
they did go on the common.’ ‘Is there no common within reach of an
ordinary walk?’ ‘No, he would not want any more recreation by the
time he came to any other common. The people say they will be as
badly off as in a town.’ ‘Are there no fields where they can walk?’
‘Yes, they can trespass, if they like that.’
The committee’s report, after vigorous discussion, accepted the chief
principles advocated by Fawcett; ‘Parliamentary scrutiny was to
become real and searching.’ Bills should be more carefully prepared
in future. It was even admitted to be questionable whether
enclosures were always beneficial.
Thus was a first great battle won for the safety of the commons.
Others had felt the wrong as well as Fawcett, and supported him
loyally, but it was his bulldog tenacity and his doing the disagreeable
thing that finally throttled the Annual Enclosures Bill and stopped the
mechanical process by which so many harmful enclosures were
made.
Sir Robert Fawcett made a notable speech against this Bill. The
Hunter. late Sir Robert Hunter, who saw much of Fawcett at
this time, says: ‘Mr. Fawcett’s memory was very
remarkable, apart from the recognition of voices. I remember an
instance of this which struck me very much. He was making a stand
against the enclosure of rural commons; the question arose whether
certain enclosures which had been commenced should be carried out
or abandoned. There were some twenty or thirty cases, and Mr.
Fawcett in a speech to the House of Commons gave figured details
of each case, the whole area of each common, the extent of the
allotments for fields, for gardens and a host of other particulars.
The Style for But all his friends were not so appreciative. Lord
the House. Courtney tells how Fawcett on one occasion took a
Liverpool man of little humour down to Cambridge for
the Christmas dinner. In return for his hospitality the guest rewarded
Fawcett by fearless and supercilious criticism of his method of
speaking, saying, ‘Fawcett, you haven’t got the style for the House
of Commons!’ Fawcett accepted the criticism in good part and his
friend undertook to show how to speak, rising to his feet and
gesticulating dramatically and making himself greatly absurd.
Fawcett, after a little good-natured listening, excused himself on the
plea of an engagement, saying, ‘Thanks ever so much. Edward,’
indicating his guide, who was present, ‘is a first-rate reporter, and
will tell me the rest of your speech when I return.’ With which he
flung gaily out of the room, leaving his instructor agape.
Perhaps he had fled to go skating. His enthusiasm for this sport was
unquenchable. A Cambridge friend of those days writes:
‘Fawcett insisted that skating was best on the first day of a thaw. He
would come to my room, calling in his cheerful, loud voice, “Hullo,
are you going skating?” More than once I argued with him without
avail that it was dangerous to skate when the ice was thinning. He
was deaf to all reason, and would haul me out on the river, where he
would skate ankle deep in water. Well I remember my alarm once
when I saw him—he was heading full tilt towards a big hole. I
shouted to him to steer clear of it, myself horrified at his imminent
danger. When he barely escaped the opening he called out cheerily.
“Oh, don’t worry, it will be all right!” Shod with his skates he was
absolutely without fear.’
 CHAPTER XX

THE FIGHT FOR THE FOREST

The Commons Preservation Society—The saving of Epping

Forest—The Queen’s Rights—The Lords of the Manors’ Rights
—The People’s Rights.

A society had been founded in 1865, called the Commons

Preservation Society, which had for object to defend the public rights
in the commons round London. Two years later Fawcett joined their
committee and attended their meetings sedulously. One of his first
actions was to recommend that the sphere of their operations be
extended to the country at large.
Epping Forest. He found them busy in the effort to save Epping
Forest, which stretches some ten to thirty miles to
the north-east of the city. It is one of the most beautiful forests of
England. Old trees stand there that in their youth witnessed the
hunting of Saxon kings. Epping Forest was for many centuries a
favourite royal hunting-ground. Up to the time of Charles II., kings
followed the deer there in person. But after that time the Crown no
longer protected the game or looked after the woodlands, and the
district became waste land—subject only to certain rather vague
rights of the Crown, of the local lords of the manors, and of the
commoners.
In the nineteenth century the Crown thought to turn an honest
penny out of Epping. It sold its forestal rights over some four
thousand acres, about half the area of the forest, to the
neighbouring lords of the manors at an average price of £5 an acre.
These gentlemen now began gaily to enclose the land. The
commoners were few and powerless, and the lords of the manors
professed to have compensated them or received their consent,
where they did not ignore them altogether. One landowner calmly
ploughed up three hundred acres without consent of Crown or
commons.
Prison for tree But though much of the forest was lost in some
lopping. places, in others it was successfully defended. For
four years that part of the forest that is within the
Manor of Loughton was saved by the courage and public spirit of a
labourer named Willingdale. By immemorial custom the men of that
parish had the right of tree-lopping, and on St. Martin’s Eve at
midnight they used to meet and go into the forest, cut wood, and
drag it to their homes. When the lord of this manor, who was also
the rector of the parish, enclosed thirteen hundred acres, Willingdale
and his two sons, on the St. Martin’s Eve following, broke through
the fencing and lopped and carried away their wood. For this
assertion of their rights they were summoned before the local
justices and sentenced to two months’ hard labour.
The sentence roused great indignation in East London. The
Commons Preservation Society took up the matter, and a fund was
raised to fight the case in the law-courts on behalf of Willingdale.
Willingdale himself had a hard time. Unless he continued to live in
Loughton he had no right to bring his suit, but he could get no
employment there, and was forced to accept a pension from the
Commons Preservation Society. Even then he found it difficult to get
a lodging in the village. He was more than once offered big bribes of
money if he would abandon his suit. One son died in prison, and he
himself died in 1870, but his pluck had saved the forest long enough
for others to be found to take up the fight.
It was during this litigation that Fawcett became actively interested
in the case. He appeared as one of a deputation from the Commons
Preservation Society to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and shared
in the severe rebuke which that gentleman administered to the
deputation.
Royal Rights This reception was enough in itself to set Fawcett to
made People’s work. He proposed to move forthwith an address to
Rights. the Queen, urging that the Crown rights might be
defended, and by this means the forest kept free for the recreation
of the people. He felt that a clear statement of a sane and popular
principle would force the Liberal party to choose a definite course as
champion either of popular rights or private interests.
In his determination to bring the whole matter thus before the public
and challenge the Government policy, Fawcett stood quite alone. The
best friends of the movement begged him to desist, believing he was
inviting defeat, and would thus injure the cause, but he had a firmer
belief in the strength of public opinion. It was another proof of that
far-sighted independence of judgment which his fellow-workers
learned so heartily to respect.
His influence on his friends deepened year by year. His personality is
perhaps most felt in the strong impression he made on them.
Professor Stewart, also an M.P., tells of Fawcett: ‘He sat at times
when we came to tell him things in his easy-chair with his hands
holding the elbows of it, his face towards us, his lips a little parted,
his whole physiognomy lit up with intelligence and interest, his mind
evidently drawing before itself the picture of which we spoke, and
the smile that was on his features playing even to his broad brow. Or
again, when animated with his own clear mental vision, his whole
frame eloquent, he spoke strong, incisive, direct words, looking
through my very soul with his empty eyes.’
A friendly He very rarely went about alone, but the late Sir
Cabby. Robert Hunter told of once journeying to London with
him one evening. ‘When we arrived at Waterloo,
Fawcett asked me to put him into a cab, and refused to let me go
with him, shouting “Good-bye” merrily as he drove off into the night.
Notwithstanding his fearlessness he seemed to me so helpless, this
blind giant all alone in a cab in London, utterly at the mercy of the
cabman.’ But he had friends among the cabmen too, for once when
he turned to pay a cabby his fare, the man utterly refused it with
‘No, Mr. Fawcett, no, sir. You have done too much for the working
man.’
When his motion came on in the House, he reviewed the whole
question of Epping Forest and showed the value of the Crown rights
as a protection of the people’s rights. He stated that the Crown had
sold its rights on four thousand acres for £18,603, 16s. 2d., so small
an amount as to be negligible to the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
and a healthful means of enjoyment for the people had been
destroyed. Ten times the sum might have been saved by abolishing
a sinecure office, such as the Lord Privy Seal. This last a truly
Fawcettian fling.
Deer, yes. The principal argument which he had to meet now
Picnickers, no! was that ‘the forest rights were relics of feudalism;
they were useful to keep up deer for the royal
hunting. Now that the Queen did not want to hunt it would be unfair
to keep them up for a different purpose.’ A man may not put up a
fence to keep out the Queen’s deer, but he may put it up to restrain
a picnic party of her subjects. The Queen might not make over her
rights to the public, but must resign them to the lords of the
manors. Fawcett (taking, I fear, a real and humorous satisfaction in
his reply) answered, ‘If a right ceased when the original purpose
became obsolete, what would become of the lord of the manor? He
had ceased to discharge any duties; should he cease to have any
rights?’
Fawcett’s motion was strongly supported. Mr. Gladstone showed a
wider appreciation of the significance of the problem than other
members of his Government. He conceded that Fawcett had
demonstrated that it was the duty of Government to take up the
question, and as the champions of the people to secure whatever
was practical. He proposed a modification, accepted by Fawcett, and
the motion was passed.
This was a great triumph, but entire success was not yet assured.
Government endorsed the policy of the Commons Preservation
Society. The Prime Minister recognised that Fawcett’s road was the
right one to travel, but there were still many enemies who were to
be won over to an appreciation of the people’s rights. A compromise
was proposed which seemed quite inadequate to the society. But the
Government introduced a Bill on the lines of this so-called
compromise which would have enclosed nearly all the forest and
have left, perhaps, six hundred acres in various scattered plots to be
reserved for public use.
An inept At once Fawcett gave notice of moving the rejection
Proposal. of this inept document. For this and other technical
reasons the Bill was dropped. But even its short life
had shown its infirmities to such a degree that Government was too
wise to let it reappear.
High Beach. The next year, 1871, the Commons Preservation
Society was stirred to immediate action by a new
danger. Notice was given that the most beautiful of the ancient trees
in Epping, those of High Beach, were to be felled! High Beach was a
part of the forest in which there were no Crown rights. The timber
belonged to the lords of the manors and the rights of the public
seemed difficult to ascertain. The Commons Preservation Society sat
in committee, and Fawcett suggested that a motion should be
proposed in the House of Commons desiring that measures should
be taken for keeping open those parts of the forest which had not
been enclosed by consent of the Crown, or by legal authority. This
ingenious phrasing, for all its complicated appearance, would have
the simple and satisfactory effect of saving Epping Forest until such
time as the House of Commons legislated further on the subject.
Fawcett suggested that this motion should be brought forward by Mr.
Cowper Temple, who, on account of his previous services and his
less extreme views, was much better qualified to press the matter
than himself. This was like Fawcett, thorough and direct, standing
back to give another his place whenever it meant better service.
Government opposed this resolution with all its force, but so strongly
had the public feeling been roused that it was defeated by a majority
of one hundred and one.
The Hunting- Later in the session the Government appointed a
ground of Royal Commission. And then the City of London
Kings. found out that it also had forestal rights, and took
the matter into the law-courts. For eleven weary years more the
Five thousand battle went on. It was not till 1882 that Queen
acres secured Victoria went in person to Epping Forest to hand over
for the five thousand acres of the old hunting-ground of her
People. ancestors to the people of England. But the critical
time had been in those first years before the public conscience was
roused. And in those years Fawcett’s persistence had made the
after-work possible.
By his brave common sense, and lucid justice and eloquence,
Fawcett had won this great battle for the people for all time. In his
article in the Fortnightly, the following November, he says: ‘The few
remaining commons are the only places where the people, except by
sufferance, can leave the beaten pathway or the frequented high
road.’ ‘And yet this Government, so grand in its popular professions,
so strong in its hustings denunciations of those who would divorce
the people from the soil, used the whole weight of official influence
to enclose the few commons that were left.’ ’so anxious were they to
pursue this policy of depriving the public and the poor of their
commons that night after night the House was kept sitting to two or
three o’clock in the morning in order to pass an Enclosure Bill,’ ‘and
the Ministry, apparently willing to risk something more than
reputation in the cause, were disastrously defeated by those who
were anxious to preserve Epping Forest.’
The Ministry had come to stigmatise him as ‘impracticable.’ Yet the
course which he obliged them against their will to follow was of vital
importance to the country, and it seems as if the ‘impracticable’
Fawcett, the blind Don Quixote, had not tilted in vain at his
opponents.
 CHAPTER XXI

FOR THE PEOPLE’s WOODS AND STREAMS

Saving the Forests—‘The monstrous Nation’—Walking with

Lord Morley—The Boat Race—Safeguarding the Rivers.

The shearing Fawcett had the knack of saving time and getting the
of a most out of it. One spring day when he was going to
Statesman. pay a promised visit, absent-mindedly he put his
hand to his hair, which he found rather long. Discovering that he had
five minutes to spare, he shouted in his cheerful loud voice to the
cabby through the opening in the roof of the hansom: ‘stop at the
first hairdresser’s shop.’ Arrived there he sprang out quickly and
rushed in to the barber, exclaiming as he whizzed past him: ‘Cut off
as much of my hair as you can in five minutes.’ Literally following
these directions with zealous enthusiasm, the man quickly left his
victim absolutely shorn to the skull, so that when Fawcett put on his
hat it was far too large for him. A few minutes later he was shown
into the drawing-room at the very minute of his appointment. He felt
extremely embarrassed and sheepish coming in his despoiled
condition, but his hostess, rising to meet him, exclaimed with as
much tact as concealed surprise: ‘O Mr. Fawcett, what an
improvement! I have never before been able to see the beautiful
shape of your head.’ So the hostess tempered the wind to the shorn
statesman. There was sufficient truth for art in her flattery, as
Fawcett’s head was really of an unusually fine shape, massive,
rugged—even beautiful.
He loved to be He loved to be read to, and he kept a separate book
read to. for each friend who entertained him in this fashion.
One day The Rhyme of the Duchess May was being
read to him. In each stanza of the poem recurs the phrase ‘Toll
slowly.’ The whole thing was admirably read—with pathetic emphasis
on the refrain. One of the audience says: ‘We all thought that
Fawcett was asleep, but to our amusement, when the reader had
finished, he said enthusiastically, with his generous voice, “Thank
you very much; beautifully read, but don’t you think that you might
have left out that ‘told slowly’?”
 HENRY FAWCETT AND HIS FATHER

Salisbury He continued a frequent visitor at Salisbury, and

Close. always fitted in with the home ways. His parents had
come to pass their closing year in a house in the
Cathedral Close. Opposite the house there was a stretch of old wall,
where before breakfast Fawcett used to walk quite by himself,
enjoying a seclusion and peace such as was his in the court of his
old Cambridge College. The gates of the close are shut at eleven
o’clock every night. Miss Fawcett tells the following: ‘As Henry liked
to walk the last thing at night before going to bed, and as it was not
always convenient for one of us to accompany him, we arranged for
him to go with the gate closer on his rounds. So regularly, when
Harry was at home, the gate closer’s voice would be heard at half-
past ten, “I’ve come for Mr. Harry,” and together they would sally
forth and lock the ancient gates about the close.’ The scheme
worked admirably to the entire satisfaction of Fawcett, and to the
delight of the watchman, who, like the rest of the world, found
Fawcett a stimulating and cheering companion. He awakened the
seeing man’s interest in the beauty of the cathedral which they
passed in their nightly patrol, and often asked if a different planet
had yet appeared on the horizon, if the moon could be seen over the
church tower, or if the clouds were obscuring the stars.
The New Though he had passed his childhood on the edge of
Forest in peril. the New Forest, it is doubtful if Fawcett ever saw its
beauties excepting with his mind’s eye and by the
help of his friends’ description.
In the seventies he was fond of going there and combining the
comfort and joy that he always found in his walk by the great trees
with a fishing expedition at Ibbesley. Here he liked to stay with his
fisher friend Tizard and his good wife, sharing their homely meals
and chat; the place abounded in birds whose singing delighted him.
It was here that he caught the huge salmon that graced the table at
his father’s and mother’s golden wedding feast.
On these fishing expeditions he heard of the mania for money-
making that threatened to rout the ancient spirit of romance which
for centuries had lived in the seclusion of the great oaks and
beeches. One enterprising surveyor said that the old wood should be
cleared ’smack smooth.’ The patrician ancient trees were being
replaced by symmetrical lines of Scotch firs planted for sacrifice by
fire or for building purposes. Fawcett in answer to inquiry was
informed that the woods would not be cleared till the House of
Commons had come to a division on the treatment of open spaces.
Not content with this rather vague answer, he moved that ‘no
ornamental timber should be felled, and no timber whatever should
be cut except for necessary purposes, whilst legislation was
pending.’ This resolution came none too soon and ’stood between
the forest and the axe’ for six years. The official point of view was
that the term ‘public’ was misused; it really meant taxpayers, not
tourists, nor even the neighbouring residents. The official duty
consisted in making an income for the nation and making the most
of the property of the Heir Apparent, so that he might make a better
bargain on the next settlement of the Civil List. No resolution of the
House of Commons could prevent the commissioner in charge of the
New Forest from performing his duties, which were similar to those
of a trustee of a settled estate.
The Forest— Fawcett received signed petitions protesting against
Health and the devastation of the forest. In 1875 the
Art. Government, this time a Conservative Government,
appointed a select committee on the condition of the New Forest.
Fawcett gave evidence and spoke forcibly. ‘The forest should be
preserved as a national park. Any money which could be made by its
enclosure was not worth considering in comparison with the effects
upon the health, happiness, and morality of the people. Even
arguing the matter from a purely economical point of view, the
influence of the forest on the health and artistic faculties of the
people had a far greater money value than that of the mere timber.’
His comment of the effect of the beauty of the forest on the ‘artistic
faculties of the people’ must have been peculiarly impressive; that a
blind man could see so true, plead so wisely and far-seeingly for the
best influence that his fellows could get from the right of those
historic glades. Fawcett suggested that these honest, if penny-wise,
stewards could ease their consciences by accepting the liberal
compensation which the nation would be glad to pay. It was a mere
superstition to feel that though neither the Crown nor the nation
wished it, there was need to treat the forest as it would be treated
by a timber merchant. He wisely pointed out that the Secretary of
the Treasury had four years before used the same arguments to
good purpose on behalf of the Thames Embankment Gardens. The
committee speedily reported, and an Act was passed to preserve the
ancient woods, and stop destructive enclosures, and the Verderer’s
Court was reconstituted, so as to represent the commoners more
effectually.
Fawcett It is when dwelling on this fight of Fawcett’s for
versus Ruskin. beauty versus money that it is amusing to realise that
he was once challenged by Ruskin to a public debate
—Fawcett to defend the political economy of his day against Ruskin’s
charge that it was radically opposed to Christianity. Fawcett wisely
realised that they would have no common meeting-ground and
refused to enter the lists.
‘The The general questions of enclosures had still to be
monstrous settled. The old method had been stopped for all
Notion.’ time in Fawcett’s Battle of Wisley Common, but no
new machinery had been substituted. Bills were brought in two or
three times, but failed to win sufficient support to be carried. In
1876 Lord Cross, the Home Secretary, brought in a Bill which
showed a distinct advance in public opinion. Nevertheless, it did not
satisfy the Commons Preservation Society. Next, the chairman of the
society, Mr. Shaw Lefevre, now Lord Eversley, moved a resolution
embodying the enactment of provisions and safeguards. The Bill was
supported by a speaker who at the same time attacked what he
chose to call ‘the monstrous notion,’ i.e. that the inhabitants of large
towns had a right to wander over distant commons as they pleased.
Fawcett, who also supported the Bill in a vigorous speech, swooped
down, seized this ‘monstrous notion’ and held it aloft for admiration
and support, and contended that the commons were a great and
valuable possession for the people of the entire country.’ He had
again to insist that the bill did not adequately protect the labourers
nor provide sufficient security against a ruthless enclosure of
commons. He pointed out that ‘under the old Enclosure Commission,
5,500,000 acres had been added to the estates of great proprietors,
whilst villagers by the hundred had lost their rights of pasture, and
now found it difficult to provide milk for their children. Yet the
commission which had used this procedure was still to be trusted.’
‘The worst and most mischievous of all economies,’ he declared, ‘was
that which aggrandised a few, and made a paltry addition to the
sum-total of wealth by shutting out the poor from fresh air and
lovely scenery.’ The bill passed through the committee, doggedly,
though not very successfully, opposed by Fawcett and his friends.
Lord Eversley and Fawcett succeeded later in amending the
procedure to be followed by the Enclosure Commissioners. The
Commissioners were instructed that they must have proof that any
proposed enclosure should be of real benefit to the neighbourhood
as well as to private interests. Furthermore, every enclosure scheme
had to be submitted to a standing committee of the House of
Commons of which Fawcett was one of the first members.
Charm of The unfailing charm of Fawcett’s home life was a
Home. constant delight and rest to him. Mrs. Fawcett’s share
in his career was of the greatest possible moment.
Their only child Philippa began to be a source of great pleasure, and
she enjoyed being with her father on his country expeditions as
much as he delighted in having her with him.
Declaring firmly that he believed in at least eleven hours’ skating,
this serious statesman would often ponder deeply, as he thoughtfully
rubbed his blue glasses and replaced them on his nose, how with
ingenuity it would be possible to contrive to fit in another hour on
the ice. He not only skated by himself, depending only on the voice
of his companion to steer him, but he insisted that his wife,
daughter, secretary, and two maids should all turn out to have a
good time with him. Only the cook, on the uncontrovertible score of
old age, was excused.
Little Philippa greatly enjoyed accompanying her father, and
whistling in order to guide him. When she was about nine years old
she had returned from a wonderful skate, when she had steered him
in the customary fashion. She told her mother all about it and what
fun they had had, on a particularly difficult route, her father
depending solely on her piping to guide him. ‘And what did you
whistle?’ asked the mother. ‘Oh, just “Gentle Jesus,”’ came the
prompt reply.
Hymns. Perhaps it is not amiss to indicate here the complete
control that this small person exercised over her giant
father. At this period of her life she had been imbued by her nurse
with an intense devoutness. One Sunday morning he was singing to
himself: it is only proper to say that the word singing is not an exact
term, as all his friends and family are agreed that he was incapable
of producing melody or sweet noises. His tiny daughter popped her
head in at the crack of the door, saying solemnly: ‘You mustn’t sing,
it’s Sunday!’ ‘Are you sure?’ asked Fawcett. ‘Wait,’ was the answer;
closing the door his mentor disappeared, doubtless to consult with
the nurse who had filled her with so much theological technique.
Again the child appeared at the crack in the door, saying briefly: ‘If
it’s hymns you may, if it isn’t you mayn’t,’ and the singing ceased
abruptly!
The sanctity Open spaces, especially those near the big towns,
of Open had in the railway companies another and most
Spaces. powerful enemy. It was so much easier to take a
railway across a common than through the neighbouring enclosed
land, that there arose a serious risk that the commons though at last
secured for the people, would still be despoiled of their freshness
and beauty. Fawcett was quick to perceive this, and to try to save
the open spaces from such invasions of their sanctity. He was
characteristically amused once by the suggestion of some more
prudent members of the Commons Preservation Society that he
might weaken their position by failure. It was not by fear of defeat
that he so often succeeded in turning defeat into victory. He never
hesitated in his attack. Even when Postmaster-General he voted
against his colleague, Mr. Chamberlain, the President of the Board of
Trade, on a question of railway encroachment on Wimbledon
Common.
It is a beautiful thing for all of us who have the privilege of enjoying
the glory of the commons and forests of England to appreciate that
that pleasure has been kept for us, and for countless others for all
time, largely by the valiant fight and generous labours of a man
who, though he loved them as he loved light, freedom and justice,
and gave part of his life to save them, could only see them through
the eyes of others.
Lord Morley Lord Morley tells of Fawcett on these lands which he
takes Fawcett saved for the poor. Fawcett had been walking on Lord
[on] a walk. Morley’s arm over the Wimbledon Commons, with
that vigour and enjoyment in the exercise which he invariably found.
They paused on a hill. Lord Morley, impressed with the unusual
loveliness of the sunset and its ineffable melancholy, was startled to
hear Fawcett beside him ask wistfully: ‘Morley, is the sunset very
beautiful?’ ‘Yes,’ was the answer. ‘Ah, I thought so,’ came the
comment before a long silence, in which the blind man seemed to be
taking in the exquisite scene spread before his unseeing eyes.
We know how Fawcett’s deep love of nature and beauty was a
strong factor of his very being. He loved the forest and the hills, the
fields and the skies, and above all the rivers.
Following the Until nearly the end of his life, Fawcett rarely missed
Boat Race. the Oxford and Cambridge rowing contests. It was a
matter of course to see him ‘looking over’ the crew of
the college ‘eight’ and expressing his opinion frankly about its
fitness, or eagerly ‘watching’ a race. He followed the University boat
race on one occasion in a launch, and in the keenest excitement
continually asked his friend, ‘How are they going now, Morgan? How
near are they now?’
The race gained much zest for Fawcett from the motion of the tug
from which he watched it, from the noise of the water lapping
against the side of the boat, the splash of the oars, the occasional
spray dashed in his face as the little ship darted to hasten its course
by benefiting in an opening in the crowd of craft. The cheers of the
spectators, the calling of the coxswains to the straining crews, and
even the occasional tooting of an unmannerly tug, all gave colour to
the picture for the blind man. The river’s fascination perhaps even
increased for him after he could not see it.
Safeguarding When the Thames needed a protector to safeguard
the Rivers. its loveliness, it was the blind man who eagerly urged
that an organisation, similar to the Commons
Preservation Society, should be formed to protect the river, and it
was through his advice that a Select Committee with this object was
later appointed. He also took occasion to support Lord Bryce in his
efforts to abolish the system which hampered the public in their
enjoyment of the beauties of the Scottish Highlands.
Stephen speaks of his readiness to refuse prominence if he thought
that others could serve better than he, of his eagerness ‘to meet the
strength of the opposite case,’ to see his opponent’s point of view
and to judge it generously; he dwells on the great interest he took in
private life in considering impartially and thoughtfully his friends’
problems, so that his advice to them was of unusual value. The
whole chapter of this fight for the rights of those who were least
able to fight for themselves, sustained and led by a man who could
not see or enjoy, saving vicariously, what he was fighting for, is as
heroic as any in history. He faced the danger of losing his hard-won
position, and often alone made the decision to act against the advice
of his friends and his own interests and to stand for the right. In his
simple direct plea for justice he never rested until he got what was
the people’s due, and what must remain for all time a living
monument to his singleness of purpose and chivalrous bravery.
THE MEMBER FOR INDIA
‘Let thy dauntless mind
Still ride in triumph over all
mischance.’
Shakespeare.

‘Not from without us only, from

Within can come upon us light.’