OPERATING SYSTEM

DATA- Data is a raw facts or figures.

Information- Processed data is information.

Programs:- Set of codes.

Software:-
Set of programs ,data and instructions.

Types of Software:-
1. Application Software
2. System software

1.Application software:-

2.System Software:- System software refers to the low level software that manages and controls a
computer’s hardware and provides basic services to higher-level software. System software
includes the programs thatare dedicated to managing the computer itself.
System software is software that provides a platform for other software. Some examples
can be operating systems, antivirus software, disk formatting software,computer language
translators etc. These are commonly prepared by computer manufactures. This software consists
of programs written in low level languages,used to interact with the hardware at a very basic level.
System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users.
System software acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware,
allowing the user to interact with the hardware and use various applications and programs. Some
common types of system software include operating systems(such as Windows, macOS, android,
or linux), device drivers, utility programs, programming languages and system libraries.

Examples of System Software:-

 Operating systems(OS):- Windows,Linux , macOS etc.
 Device drivers:- Software that enables the communication between hardware and OS.
 Firmware:- Pre-installed low level software that controls a device’s basic functions.
 Utility software:- Tools for system maintenance and optimization.
 Boot loaders:- Software that initializes the OS during startup.

Functions of System Software:-

1. Memory Management:- Operating system perform memory management. The OS keeps
track of the primary memory and allocates the memory when a process request it.
2. Processor management:- OS pperforms process management. Allocates the main memory
(RAM) to a process and de-allocates it when it is no longer required.
 3. File management- Operating system perform file management. Allocates and de-alloactes
the resources and decides who ges the resources.
4. Security:- prevents unauthorized access to programs and data using passwords.
5. Error detecting Aids:-Production of dumps,traces,error messages, and other debugging and
error-detecting methods.
6. Scheduling:- The OS schedules the process through its scheduling algorithms.
Types of System software:-

What is Operating system?

Operating system lies in the category of system software. It basically manages all the resources of
the computer. An operating system acts as an interface between the software and different parts
of the computer or the computer hardware. The operating system is designed in such a way that it
can manage the overall resources and operations of the computer.
Operating system is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the operations of
the computer. It controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the
computer,which also includes application programs and other system software of the computer.
Examples of operating Systems are Windows ,Linus, MacOS etc.
An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources
and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is the most
important type of system software in a computer system.

Functions of Operating system:-

 Resource Management:- The operating system manages and allocates memory, CPU time
and other hardware resources among the various programs and processes running on the
computer.
 Process Management:- The operating system is respomsible for strating, stopping and
managing processes and programs. It also controls the scheduling of processes and
alloacates resources to them.
 Memory management:- The operating system manages the computer’s primary memory
and provides mechanisms for optimizing memory usage.
 Secuirty:- The operating system provides a secure environment for the user, applications,
and data by implementing security polices and mechanisms such as access controls and
encryption.
  Job accounting:- It keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs and users.
 File management:- The operating system is responsible for organizing and managing the
file system,including the creation ,deletion and manipulation of files and directories.
 Device Management:-The operating system manages input?output devices such as printers
keywords,mioce and displays. It provides the necessary drivers and interfaces to enable
communication between the devuces and the computer.
 Networking:- The operating system provides networking capabilities such as establishing
and managing network connections, handling network protocols, and sharing resource
such as printers and flies over a network.
 User interface:- The operating system provides a user interface that enables users to
interact with the computer system. This can be Graphical user interface(GUI), a command
line interface, or a combination of both.
 Error detecting aids:- These contain methods that include the production of dumps, traces,
error messages, and other debugging and error detecting methods.

Objectives(Goals) of O.S.:-
 Convenient to use:- One of the objectives is to make the computer system more
convenient to use in an efficient manner.
 User Friendly:-To make the computer system more interactive with a more convenient
interface for the users.
 Easy Access:- To provide easy access to users for using resources by acting as an
intermediary between the hardware and it uses.
 Management of Resources:- For managing the resources of a computer in a better and
faster way.
 Controls and monitoring:- By keeping track of who is using which resource , granting
resource requests, and mediating conflicting requests from different programs and users.
 Fair Sharing of resources:- Providing efficient aanf fair sharing of resources between the
users and programs.

Types of operating Systems:-

 Batch operating system :- A batch operating system is a type of operating system that does
not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator who takes similar jobs having
the same requirements and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator
to sort jobs with similar needs.
 Advantages:-
1. It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete.
Processors of the batch systems know how long the jpb would be when it is in the
queue.
2. Multiple users can share the batch systems.
3. The idle time for the batch system is very less.
4. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly.
Disadvantages:-
1. The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.
2. Batch systems are hard to debug.
3. It is sometimes costly.
4. The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any jobs fails.

Examples of Batch operating systems:- Payroll systems, Bank Statements etc.

 Multi-programming operating system:- Multi-programming operating system can be simply

illustrated as more than one program is present in the main memory and any one of them
can be kept in execution. This is basically used for better execution of resource.

Advantages:-
1. Multiprogramming increases the throughput of the systems.
2. It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages:-
1. There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the system.

 Multi-Processing operating system:- Multi processing operating system is a type of

operating system in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It
better the throughput of the systems.
 Advantages:-
1. It increases the throughput of the systems.
2. As it has several processors, so ,if one processor fails, we can proceed with another
processor.
Disadvantages:-
1. Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to understand.

 Multi-Tasking operating system:- Multi-tasking operating system is simply a

multiprogramming operatig system with having facility pf a round –robin scheduling
algorithm.It can run multiprogram simultaneously.

There are two types of multitasking systems:-

1. Preemptive Mutli-tasking
2. Cooperative Multi-tasking

Advantages:-
1. Multiple programs can be executed simultaneously in multi tasking OS.
2. It comes with proper memory management.

Disadavatges:-
1. The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.

 Time- sharing operating system :- Each task is given some time to execute so that all the
tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system.
These systems are also known as multi-tasking systems. The task can be from a single
user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After
yhis time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

Advantages:-
1. Each task gets an equal opportunity.
2. Fewer chances of duplication of software.
3. CPU idle time can be reduced.
4. Resource Sharing:- Time sharing systems allow multiple users to share hardware
resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals,reducing the cost of hardware
and increasing efficiency.
5. Improved Productivity:- Time sharing allows users to work concurrently, thereby
reducing the waiting time for their turn to use the computer. This increasesd productivity
translates to more work getting done in less time.
6. Improved User Experience:- Time sharing provides an interactive environment that
allows users to communicate with the computer in real time,providing a better user
experience than batch processing.

Disadvantages:-
1. Reliability problem.
2. One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data.
3. Data communication problem.
4. High overhead:- Time sharing systems have a higher overhead than other operating
systems due to the need for scheduling ,context switching, and other overheads that
come with supporting multiple users.
5. Complexity:- Time-sharing systems are complex and require advanced software to
manage multiple users simultaneously. This complexity increases the chance of bugs
and errors.
6. Security Risks:-With multiple users sharing resources, the risk of security breaches
increases. Time-sharing systems require careful management of user
access,authentication, and authorization to ensure the security of data and software.
 Example of time sharing OS:- IBM VM/CMS, TSO, Windows terminal services.
 Distributed operating system :- These types of operating system is a recent advancement
in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and,
that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate
with each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess
their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems. These systems’ processors differ in size and function. The major
benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is always possible
that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his
system but some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is
enabled within the devices connected in that network.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are
independent of each other.
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
 Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
 Load on host computer reduces.
 These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network.
 Delay in data processing reduces.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System
 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.
 To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only that
the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet.
Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc.

 Network Operating System:- These systems run on a server and provide the capability
to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
These types of operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security,
applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. One more
important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuraton, of all other users within the network, their individual connections,
etc. that’
why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
Advantages of Network Operating System
 Highly stable centralized servers.
 Security concerns are handled through servers.
 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system.
 Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems.
Disadvantages of Network Operating System
 Servers are costly.
 User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly.
Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD, etc.

 Real-Time Operating System

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond
to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile
systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.
Types of Real-Time Operating Systems
 Hard Real-Time Systems:
Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are very strict and
even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for saving life like
automatic parachutes or airbags which are required to be readily available in case of an
accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
 Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where time-constraint is less strict.
Advantages of RTOS
 Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus more output
from all the resources.
 Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is very less. For
example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting from one task to
another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
 Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance on applications
that are in the queue.
 Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of programs is small,
RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
 Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
 Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS
 Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very less on a
few applications to avoid errors.
 Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and they
are expensive as well.
 Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write
on.
 Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupts signal to
respond earliest to interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very less prone to
switching tasks.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are Scientific experiments, medical imaging
systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.