Introduction to Computer

Networking Concepts
This presentation offers a clear and concise introduction to key computer
networking concepts. We will explore various types of networks, topologies,
and architectures, providing a foundational understanding of how devices
communicate and share resources. Each section is designed to build upon
the previous, ensuring a comprehensive grasp of these essential topics.

By Prabhat Gupta 22/20056

Sanskriti Mathur 22/20024

Aarush Dewan 22/20033

Understanding Computer
What is a Computer Network? Key Benefits
A computer network is a system of interconnected computers Resource Sharing
and devices that share resources and information. These Enhanced Communication
networks can range from small local setups to vast global
Data Centralization
systems like the Internet.
Increased Efficiency
Computer networks are essential for modern communication,
enabling seamless data exchange and resource sharing. They
facilitate everything from simple file sharing to complex
distributed computing.

Understanding the fundamentals of computer networks is crucial for anyone working in technology, as it forms the backbone of
modern digital infrastructure.
Types of Computer Networks

LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Covers a small geographical area, such as an office, home, or school. LANs are typically used to connect devices within a single building or Spans a city or a large campus. MANs are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs, often used to connect multiple LANs within a
campus, facilitating local resource sharing. metropolitan area, providing broader network coverage.

WAN (Wide Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network)

Covers a large area, such as countries or continents, like the Internet. WANs are used to connect geographically dispersed networks, A small network for personal devices, typically within a range of a few meters. PANs are used to connect devices like smartphones,
enabling global communication and data transfer. laptops, and peripherals, facilitating personal data exchange and device synchronization.
Internet vs Intranet
Internet Intranet
A global network connecting millions of private, public, A private network accessible only to an organization's
academic, and government networks. It's an open and staff. It provides a secure environment for internal
accessible network for anyone with an internet communication, resource sharing, and data
connection. management.

While the Internet facilitates global connectivity and information sharing, an intranet offers a secure, controlled environment for
organizational communications and data management. Both play crucial roles in modern digital infrastructure.
Network Topologies
Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Mesh Topology
All devices share a single All devices are connected to Each device is connected to Every device is connected to
communication line. Simple a central hub or switch. two others, forming a circle. every other device. Highly
but vulnerable to disruptions More reliable, as failure of Data travels in one direction, redundant and reliable but
if the main line fails. one device doesn't affect potentially causing delays. expensive to implement.
others.

The choice of topology depends on factors like cost, reliability, and scalability. Hybrid topologies combine the advantages of
different configurations for optimal performance.
Network
Based on Geographic Based on Roles
Scope Client-server networks have
Networks can be classified dedicated servers providing
by their geographic reach: resources, while peer-to-peer
LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN, networks allow devices to
each serving different spatial share resources directly.
requirements.

Based on Access Control

Private networks are restricted to authorized users, while public
networks are open to anyone, impacting security and accessibility.

Understanding these classifications helps in designing and managing

networks that meet specific needs, balancing factors like coverage, resource
allocation, and security.
Layered Architecture
Modularity
1
Breaking down complex functions into manageable layers.

Specialization
2
Each layer performs a specific task, simplifying overall complexity.

Communication
3 Layers communicate with those above and below, ensuring
seamless data flow.

A layered architecture in networking divides complex functions into manageable layers, each with a specific task. This approach
simplifies design, promotes interoperability, and facilitates troubleshooting. Each layer communicates with the layers above and
below it.
OSI Reference Model (7 Layers)
Application
User interface

Presentation
Data formatting/encryption

Session
Managing sessions

Transport
End-to-end communication

Network
Routing and addressing

Data Link
Error detection/correction

Physical
Transmission of raw data

The OSI model provides a conceptual framework for understanding how data is transmitted over a network. Each layer performs specific functions, ensuring reliable and efficient communication between devices.
OSI Model
TCP/IP Reference Model (4 Layers)

Application Layer
1 Transport Layer
Provides network services to
applications. 2 Ensures reliable data transfer.

Network Access Layer 4 Internet Layer

Provides physical link to the network.
3 Handles routing and addressing.

The TCP/IP model is a practical implementation of the layered architecture concept, providing a simplified yet functional framework
for network communication. It is the foundation of the Internet and most modern networks.
Transmission Modes
Transmission Modes
Full Duplex
1 Two-way communication simultaneously (e.g., telephones)

Half Duplex
2
Two-way communication, one direction at a time (e.g., walkie-talkies)

Simplex
3
One-way communication (e.g., keyboard to CPU)

Understanding transmission modes is crucial for designing efficient communication systems. Full duplex offers the highest throughput but
requires more complex hardware, while simplex is suitable for applications needing only one-way data flow.
Network Devices and Their Roles
Hub: Basic device that broadcasts data to all ports

Switch: Connects devices in a network and sends data to the correct destination

Router: Connects different networks and routes data between them

Modem: Modulates and demodulates signals for Internet access

Access Point: Provides wireless connectivity

Firewall: Monitors and controls incoming/outgoing traffic based on rules

Bridge: Connects and filters traffic between two network segments

Thank You
References
1. Data Communications AND Networking, FIFTH EDITION by BEHROUZ A. FOROUZAN

2.https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/layered-architecture-in-computer-networks/

3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basics-computer-networking/

4.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network