JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

Mathematics
ENTHUSIAST COURSE

STUDY MATERIAL

Methods of Differentiation
English Medium
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 Method of Differentiation

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
The process of calculating derivative is called differentiation.

1. DERIVATIVE OF f(x) FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE :

δy f(x + δx) − f(x) dy
Obtaining the derivative using the definition Lim= Lim = f='(x) is
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx dx
called calculating derivative using first principle or ab initio or delta method.
dy dy
Note : can also be represented as y1 or y' or Dy or ƒ '(x). represents instantaneous rate
dx dx
of change of y w.r.t. x.

®
Illustration 1 : Differentiate each of following functions by first principle :
(i) f(x) = tanx (ii) f(x) = esinx
tan(x + h) − tan x tan(x + h − x) [1 + tan x tan(x + h) ]
Solution : (i) f'(x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h → 0 h
tanh
= lim . (1 + tan2x) = sec2x. Ans.
h →0 h

esin(x + h ) − esin x [esin(x + h )−sin x − 1]  sin(x + h) − sin x 

(ii) f'(x) = lim = lim e sin x  
h →0 h h →0 sin(x + h) − sin x  h 
sin(x + h) − sin x
= esin x lim = esinxcosx Ans.
h →0 h
Gyanoday -1 :

Differentiate each of following functions by first principle:

1
(1) f(x) = nx (2) f(x) = (3) tan x
x

(4) cos(sinx) (5) cos–1x (6) sec–1x

ex
(7) x3 – 3x (8) (9) esinx
x

(2 x
) (
+ 2 − x tan x tan −1 x 2 − x + 1 )
(10) Suppose f ( x ) = , Then the value of f '(0) is equal to
( 7x + 3x + 1)
3
2

π
(1) π (2) 0 (3) π (4)
2

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JEE-Mathematics

2. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS :
f(x) f'(x) f(x) f'(x)
(i) xn nx n–1
(ii) ex
ex

(iii) ax axna, a > 0 (iv) nx 1/x

(v) logax (1/x) logae, a > 0, a ≠ 1 (vi) sinx cosx
(vii) cosx – sinx (viii) tanx sec2x
(ix) secx secx tanx (x) cosecx – cosecx . cotx
(xi) cotx – cosec2x (xii) constant 0
1 −1
(xiii) sin–1 x , −1 < x < 1 (xiv) cos–1 x , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1
(xv) tan–1 x , x∈R (xvi) sec–1 x , | x | >1

®
1 + x2 | x | x2 − 1
−1 −1
(xvii) cosec–1 x , | x | >1 (xviii) cot–1 x , x∈R
2
| x | x −1 1 + x2

3. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS :
If f and g are derivable functions of x, then,
d df dg d df
(a) (f ± g) = ± (b) (cf) = c , where c is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx
d dg df
(c) (fg)
= f +g known as “PRODUCT RULE”
dx dx dx
 df   dg 
g  − f  
d f  dx   dx  where g ≠ 0 known as “QUOTIENT RULE”
(d)   =
dx  g  g2
dy dy du
(e) If y = f(u) & u = g (x) then = . known as “CHAIN RULE”
dx du dx
dy du
Note : In general if y = f(u) then = f '(u). .
dx dx

dy
Illustration 2: If y = ex tan x + xlogex, find .
dx

Solution : y = ex.tan x + x · logex

On differentiating we get,

dy 1
= ex · tan x + ex · sec2x + 1 · log x + x ·
dx x

dy
Hence, = ex(tanx + sec2 x) + (logx + 1) Ans.
dx

104 E
 Method of Differentiation

ln x dy
Illustration 3: If y = + ex sin2x + log5x, find .
x dx
Solution : On differentiating we get,
dy d  log e x  d x d
=   + (e sin 2x) + (log e x)
dx dx  x  dx dx
1
·x − log e x .1
1
=x 2
+ ex sin2x + 2ex . cos2x +
x x log e 5
dy  1 − log e x  x 1
Hence, = 2  + e (sin2x + 2cos2x) + Ans.
dx  x  x log e 5
dy
Illustration 4: If y = loge (tan −1 1 + x 2 ) , find .
dx

®
Solution : y = loge (tan −1 1 + x 2 )
On differentiating we get,
1 1 1
= . . .2x
tan −1 1 + x 2 1 + ( 1 + x 2 )2 2 1 + x 2
x x
= = Ans.
{ }
( tan −1 1 + x 2 ) 1 + ( 1 + x 2 ) 1 + x 2 ( tan −1 1 + x 2 ) ( 2 + x 2 ) 1 + x 2
2

Gyanoday -2 :
dy
1. Find if -
dx
(a) y = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (b) y = e5x tan(x2 + 2)
2
d  1 
2.  x+  =
dx  x
1 1 1 1
(A) 1 − (B) 1 + (C) 1 − (D) 1 +
x2 x2 2x 2x
x2 x3 dy
3. If y = 1 + x + + + ... ∞, then =
2! 3! dx
(A) y (B) y – 1 (C) y + 1 (D) 1 – y
–1
4. If ƒ(x) = xtan x, then ƒ'(1) =
π 1 π 1 π
(A) 1 + (B) + (C) − (D) 2
4 2 4 2 4
5. If ƒ(x) = logx (logex), then ƒ'(x) at x = e is
1
(A) e (B) (C) 1 (D) –1
e
d x
6.
dx
( e loge sin 2x ) =
(A) ex (loge sin 2x + 2 cot 2x) (B) ex (loge cos 2x + 2 cot 2x)
(C) ex (loge cos 2x + cot 2x) (D) ex(lnsin2x + 2 tan2x)

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
dy
7.=If y sin ( sin x + cos x ) , then =
dx
1 cos sin x + cos x cos sin x + cos x
(A) (B)
2 sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
1 cos sin x + cos x cos sin x + cos x 3
(C) .(cos x − sin x) (D) ( cos x − sin x ) 2
2 sin x + cos x cos 2x
0
8. If y = secx , then dy/dx =
(A) secx tanx (B) secx°tanx°
π 180
(C) sec x° tan x° (D) sec x° tan x°
180 π
9. The derivative of ƒ(x) = |x2 – x| at x = 2 is
(A) –3 (B) 0

®
(C) 3 (D) Not defined
d  tan 2 2x − tan 2 x  
10.  2 2  cot 3x 
dx  1 − tan 2x tan x  
(A) tan 2x tan x (B) tan 3x tan x
2
(C) sec x (D) secx tanx
1 1 1 dy
11. If y = + + , then is equal to-
1+ x + x
β−α γ −α
1+ x + x
α −β γ −β
1+ x + x
α−γ β− γ
dx
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) (α + β + γ)xα + β + γ –1 (D) αβγ
 3π 
12. If f(x) = |cosx|, then f'   is equal to -
 4 
1 1
(A) – (B) (C) 1 (D) –1
2 2
d x
13. (e sin 3 x) equals-
dx
(A) ex sin( 3 x + π/3) (B) 2ex sin( 3 x + π/3)
1 1
(C) ex sin( 3 x + π/3) (D) ex sin( 3 x – π/3)
2 2
d
14. ( n sin x ) is equal to -
dx
tan x cot x cot x co t x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 x x 2x 2 x
Differentiate the given functions with respect to x :
x 1 3
15. y= 16. y= tan x − tan x + x 17. =y x sec 2 x − tan x
sin x + cos x 3
x x +1
18. y = a cos 19. y = tan 20. y
= 1 + 2 tan x
3 2

106 E
 Method of Differentiation

x
21. y = cos3 4x 22. y = tan 23. =y sin 1 + x 2
2
 1
24. =y cot 3 1 + x 2 25. y= (1 + sin 2 x) 4 26. y =+
1 tan  x + 
 x
1− x
27. y = cos2 28. y = sin 2 (cos3x) 29. y = x arcsin x
1+ x
arcsin x 1
30. y= 31. y = (arcsin x)2 32. y=
arccos x arcsin x
x
33. y = x sin x arctan x 34.
= y (arccos x + arcsin x) n 35. =y − arctan x
1 + x2
14
36. y = arctan x 2 37.
= y arcsin x 2 + 2x
2

®
 b + a cos x 
38. y = arccos   ; (a, b > 0, sinx > 0) 39. y = x 2 log3 x
 a + b cos x 
nx
40. y = nx 41. y = x sin xnx 42. y=
xn
1 − nx
43. y= 44. =y n(x 2 − 4x) 45. y = n tan x
1 + nx
x+3
46. 47.
y = log 2 [log3 (log 5 x)]= y n arctan 1 + x 2 48. y = 3 n sin
4
x3 + 2x cos x
49. y = x.10 x 50. y= 51. y=
ex ex
x
1 − 10 x
52. y = 2 nx 53. y= 54. y = 3sin x
1 + 10 x
2 2 2
55. y = ae − b x 56.
= y Ae − k x sin(ωx + α)
 1 
57. Prove that the function y = n   satisfies the relationship xy' + 1 = ey
1+ x 
(where dash denotes derivative)
58. Let f ( x ) =2 x − x 2 , x ∈ R . If m and n are respectively the number of points at which the curves y =
f(x) and y = f '(x) intersects the x-axis, then the value of m + n is

59. =
If y
( )(
x + 1 x2 − x ) + 1 (3cos 2 π
x − 5)cos3 x , then 96y '   is equal to :
x x +x+ x 15 6
60. Let f ( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + ex + 41 be such that f(1) = 40, f'(1) = 2 and f''(1) = 4.

Then a2 + b2 + c2 is equal to :

(1) 62 (2) 73 (3) 54 (4) 51

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JEE-Mathematics

4. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION :
To find the derivative of a function :
(a) which is the product or quotient of a number of functions or
(b) of the form [f(x)] g (x) where f & g are both derivable functions.
It is convenient to take the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate.
dy
Illustration 5 : If y = (sin x)n x, find
dx

Solution : n y = n x. n (sin x)

On differentiating we get,
1 dy 1 cos x dy  n(sin x) 
= n (sinx) + n x. ⇒ = (sinx)nx  + cot x  n x  Ans.

®
y dx x sin x dx  x 

  y − x2   dy
Illustration 6 : If x = exp  tan −1  2   , then equals -
  x  dx

(A) x [1 + tan (loge x) + sec2 x] (B) 2x [1 + tan (loge x)] + sec2 x

(C) 2x [1 + tan (loge x)] + sec x (D) 2x + x[1 + tan(logex)]2
Solution : Taking log on both sides, we get
 y − x2 
loge x = tan–1  2 
 x 
⇒ tan (loge x) = (y – x2) / x2
⇒ y = x2 + x2 tan (loge x)
On differentiating, we get
dy
∴ = 2x + 2x tan (loge x) + x sec2 (loge x)
dx
⇒ 2x [1 + tan (loge x)] + x sec2 (loge x) = 2x + x[1 + tan(logex)]2 Ans. (D)
x1/2 (1 − 2x)2/3 dy
Illustration 7: If y = 3/4 4/5
find
(2 − 3x) (3 − 4x) dx
1 2 3 4
Solution : n y = n x + n (1 – 2x) – n (2 – 3x) – n (3 – 4x)
2 3 4 5
On differentiating we get,
1 dy 1 4 9 16
⇒ = − + +
y dx 2x 3(1 − 2x) 4(2 − 3x) 5(3 − 4x)
dy  1 4 9 16 
y −
= + +  Ans.
dx  2x 3(1 − 2x) 4(2 − 3x) 5(3 − 4x) 

108 E
 Method of Differentiation

Gyanoday -3 :
dy dy
if y = xx
2 3 4
1. Find 2. Find if y = e x .e x .e x .e x
dx dx
ƒ′ (101)
3. Let f(x) = (x – 1)100 (x – 2)2(99) (x – 3)3(98) ... (x – 100)100, then the value of is
ƒ (101)
x + e x + ... ∞ dy
4. If y = e x + e , then =
dx
y 1 y y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1− y 1− y 1+ y y −1
dy
5. If y = (xx)x, then =
dx
(A) (xx)x (1 + 2 logex) (B) (xx )x (1 + logex)

®
(C) x(xx)x (1 + 2 logex) (D) x(xx)x (1+logex)
dy
6. If y = xsinx, then =
dx
 x cos x.nx + sin x  sin x y[x cos x.nx + cos x]
(A)   .x (B)
 x  x
xy cos xnx + x cos x
(C) y[x sinx . nx + cosx] (D)
y
d
7. {(sinx)x} =
dx
 x cos x + sin x log e sin x   x cos x + sin x log e sin x 
(A)   (B) (sin x) x  
 sin x  sin x
 x sin x + sin x log e sin x  x  x cos x − sin x.nx 
(C) (sin x) x   (D) ( sin x )  
 sin x  sin x 
dy
8. If y = (sinx)tanx, then is equal to
dx
(A) (sinx)tanx(1 + sec2xnsinx) (B) tanx(sinx)tanx – 1cosx

(C) (sinx)tanxsec2xnsinx (D) tanx(sinx)tanx – 1

Differentiate the given functions with respect to x :

x
9. y = xx 10. y = (sin x)cos x 11. y = (nx) x

(x + 1)3 4 x − 2
12. y = x nx 13. y= 14.
= y x sin x 1 − e x
2
5
(x − 3)
1
15. y = xx 16. y = 2x x
17. y (x 2 + 1)sin x
=

E 109
JEE-Mathematics

3 x(x 2 + 1)
18. y=
(x 2 − 1)2
19. If y(x) = xx , x > 0, then y’’(2) – 2y’(2) is equal to :
(1) 8 loge2 – 2 (2) 4 loge2 + 2 (3) 4 (loge2)2 – 2 (4) 4 (loge2)2 + 2
d π
20. The value of loge 2 (log cos x cosecx) at x = is
dx 4

(A) −2 2 (B) 2 2 (C) -4 (D) 4

5. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION :
dy dy / dθ ƒ '(θ)
If y = g(θ) where θ is a parameter, then
f(θ) & x = = =
dx dx / dθ g '(θ)

®
dy π
Illustration 8 : If y = a cos t and x = a(t – sint) find the value of at t =
dx 2
dy −a sin t dy
Solution : = ⇒ −1
= Ans.
dx a(1 − cos t) dx t = π
2

Illustration 9 : Prove that the function represented parametrically by the equations

1+ t 3 2 dy
= x 3
;y
= 2
+ satisfies the relationship : x(y')3 = 1 + y' (where y' = )
t 2t t dx
1+ t 1 1
Solution : Here x = 3 = 3 + 2
t t t
Differentiating w.r. to t
dx 3 2
=− 4− 3
dt t t
3 2
y
= +
2t 2 t
Differentiating w.r. to t
dy 3 2
=− 3− 2
dt t t
dy dy / dt
= = t= y '
dx dx / dt
1+ t 1+ y'
Since x = 3
⇒ x= or x(y')3 = 1 + y' Ans.
t (y ')3
6. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION W.R.T. ANOTHER FUNCTION :
dy dy / dx f '(x)
Let y= f (x) ; z = g (x) then
= =
dz dz / dx g '(x)

110 E
 Method of Differentiation

Illustration 10 : Differentiate loge (tan x) with respect to sin–1(ex).
d
(log e tan x)
d(log e tan x) dx cot x.sec 2 x e − x 1 − e 2x
Solution : = = = Ans.
d(sin −1 (e x )) d e x .1 / 1 − e 2x sin x cos x
sin −1 (e x )
dx
Gyanoday -4 :

dy π
1. Find at t = if y = cos4t & x = sin4t .
dx 4

2. Find the slope of the tangent at a point P(t) on the curve x = at2 , y=2at.

3. Differentiate xnx with respect to nx.

®
 t dy
4. If x = a sin t , then
a  cos t + loge tan  , y = =
 2 dx

(A) tan t (B) –tan t (C) cot t (D) –cot t

1 − t2 2t dy
5. If x = 2
and y = 2
, then =
1+ t 1+ t dx

−y y −x x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x x y y

1 4 2 3 dy
6. If=y u=,u x + 5 , then =
4 3 dx

1 2( 3 2 ( 3 2 2( 3 2
( )
3 3 3
x 2x + 15 ) (B) x 2x + 5 ) x 2x + 15 ) (D) x 2x 3 + 5
3
(A) (C)
27 27 27 9

 1 dy
7. If x = sin–1 (3t – 4t3) and y = cos−1 (1 − t 2 ) (where t ∈  0,  ), then is equal to
 2 dx

1 2 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 5 2 3

dy
8. If x = a(t – sint), y = a(1 + cost), then equals-
dx

t t t t
(A) –tan (B) cot (C) –cot (D) tan
2 2 2 2
 2x 
9. Differentiate sin −1  2 
with respect to tan–1x for –1 < x < 1.
 1+ x 
10. Find the derivative of f(sin–1x) w.r.t g(x2 + x) at x = 0 if f'(0) = 2g'(0).

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JEE-Mathematics

7. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS : φ(x, y) = 0
(a) To find dy /dx of implicit functions, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x regarding y as a
function of x & then collect terms with dy/dx together on one side.
∂φ
dy ∂φ
(b) Also = − ∂x , where = partial derivative of φ(x, y) w.r.t. x taking y as a constant
dx ∂φ ∂x
∂y
∂φ
and = partial derivative of φ(x, y) w.r.t. y taking x as a constant.
∂y
(c) In the case of implicit functions, generally, both x & y are present in answers of dy/dx.
dy
Illustration 11 : If xy + yx = 2, then find .
dx
Solution : Let u = xy and v = yx

®
du dv
u+v=2 ⇒ + = 0
dx dx
Now u = xy and v = yx
⇒ n u = y nx and n v = x n y
1 du y dy 1 dv x dy
⇒ = + nx and = n y +
u dx x dx v dx y dx
du y dy  dv  x dy 
⇒ = xy  + nx  and
= yx   n y +
dx x dx  dx  y dx 
 x y y
 y ny + x . 
y dy   x dy  dy  x
⇒ xy  +  n x  + yx  ny + y dx  = 0 ⇒ dx = −  Ans.
x dx    y x x
 x nx + y . y 
 
Aliter :
φ(x, y) = x y + y x − 2 = 0
dy −∂φ / ∂x yx y −1 + y x ny
= = − y
dx ∂φ / ∂y x nx + xy x −1
sin x dy (1 + y ) cos x + y sin x
Illustration 12 : If y = , prove that = .
cos x dx 1 + 2y + cos x − sin x
1+
sin x
1+
1 + cos x.....
sin x (1 + y) sin x
Solution : Given function is y = =
cos x 1 + y + cos x
1+
1+ y
or y + y2 + y cos x = (1 + y) sin x ......(i)
Differentiate both sides with respect to x,
dy dy dy dy
+ 2y + cos x − y sin x = (1 + y) cosx + sin x
dx dx dx dx

112 E
 Method of Differentiation

dy
(1 + 2y + cosx – sinx) = (1 + y) cosx + ysinx
dx
dy (1 + y ) cos x + y sin x
or = Ans.
dx 1 + 2y + cos x − sin x
Aliter :
From (i) φ(x,y) = (1 + y)sinx – y – y2 – ycosx = 0
dy ∂φ / ∂x (1 + y) cos x + y sin x (1 + y) cos x + y sin x
= − =
− =
dx ∂φ / ∂y sin x − 1 − 2y − cos x 1 + 2y + cos x − sin x

Gyanoday -5 :
dy
( )
x
x y y
1. Find (i) if x + y = sin(x – y) (ii) If y = ln x e .a .
dx

®
2. If x2 + xey + y = 0, find y', also find the value of y' at point (0,0).
dy
3. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 , then =
dx
(A) 1 + x (B) (1 + x)–2 (C) –(1 + x)–1 (D) –(1 + x)–2
dy
4. If siny = xsin(a + y), then =
dx
sin 2 ( a + y ) sin 2 ( a + y ) sin 2 ( a + y ) sin 2 ( a + y )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
sin ( a + 2y ) cos ( a + 2y ) sin a cos a
x dy
5. If sin(xy) + = x2 – y, then =
y dx
y 2xy − y 2 cos ( xy ) − 1 2xy − y 2 cos ( xy ) − 1
(A) (B)
xy 2 cos ( xy ) + y 2 − x xy 2 cos ( xy ) + y 2 − x
y 2xy − y 2 cos ( xy ) − 1
(C) − (D) None of these
xy 2 cos ( xy ) + y 2 − x
dy
6. If sin2x + 2cosy + xy = 0, then =
dx
y + 2 sin x y + sin 2x y + 2 sin x
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 sin y + x 2 sin y − x sin y + x
dy
7. If y = nx + nx + nx + ...∞ , then =
dx
x x 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2y − 1 2y + 1 x ( 2y − 1) x (1 − 2y )

8. If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ...∞ , then

dy dy
(A) ( 2y − 1) − sin x =
0 (B) ( 2y − 1) cos x + 0
=
dx dx
dy dy
(C) ( 2y − 1) cos x − 0
= (D) ( 2y − 1) − cos x =
0
dx dx

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
dy
9. If y = x + x + x + ... to ∞ then =
dx
x 2 −1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2y − 1 2y − 1 2y − 1 2y − 1
dy
10. If x3 – y3 + 3xy2 – 3x2y + 1 = 0, then at (0, 1) equals-
dx
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0

8. DIFFERENTIATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION :

Some Standard Substitutions :
Expression Substitution
a2 − x2 x = asinθ or acosθ

®
a2 + x2 x = tanθ or acotθ
x2 − a2 x = asecθ or acosecθ
a+x a−x
or x = acosθ or acos2θ
a−x a+x
2ax − x 2 x = a(1 – cosθ)

9. ANALYSIS AND GRAPHS OF SOME INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

2 tan −1 x | x |≤ 1
 2x  
(a) y = f(x) = sin −1  2 
=  π − 2 tan −1 x x > 1
 1 + x   −1
 −(π + 2 tan x) x < −1
Important points :
y
 π π π/2
(i) Domain is x ∈ R & range is  − , 
 2 2 I
D
(ii) f is continuous for all x but not differentiable
at x=1,–1 x
–1 0 1
2 I
 2
for | x | < 1 D
1 + x
dy 
=(iii) =non existent for | x | 1
dx  –π/2
 −2
 for | x | > 1
1 + x2
(iv) Increasing in [–1, 1] & Decreasing in (–∞, –1], [1, ∞)

 1 − x2  2 tan −1 x if x≥0
(b) Consider
= = cos−1 
y f(x) =2  
1+ x 
−1
 −2 tan x if x<0

114 E
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Important points :
(i) Domain is x ∈ R & range is [0, π) f(x)
(ii) Continuous for all x but not differentiable π
at x = 0 π/2
2
 2
for x>0
1 + x x
dy  –1 0 1
=(iii) =non existent for x 0
dx 
 2
− for x<0
1 + x2
(iv) Increasing in [0, ∞) & Decreasing in (–∞, 0]
2 tan −1 x | x |< 1

®
2x 
(c) y= f(x)= tan −1 = −1
 π + 2 tan x x < −1
1 − x2  −(π − 2 tan −1 x)
 x >1
Important points : f(x)
 π π π/2
(i) Domain is R – {1, – 1} & range is  − , 
 2 2
2 x
 | x | ≠1 –1 0 1
dy 1 + x 2
(ii) =
dx 
 non existent | x | = 1 –π/2

(iii) It is bounded for all x

 −1 1
 −(π + 3sin x) if −1 ≤ x < −
2

1 1
(d) y f(x)=
= −1 3
sin (3x − 4x =) 3sin −1 x if − ≤x≤
 2 2

 π − 3sin −1 x 1
if < x ≤1
 2
Important points :
 π π
(i) Domain is x ∈ [ −1, 1] & range is  − , 
 2 2 π
y
2

(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain D

1 1 I
(iii) Not derivable at x = − , , 1, –1
2 2 x
–1 0 1

D I

–π
2
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 3 1 1
 if x ∈ (− , )
dy  1 − x 2 2 2
(iv) =
dx  3 1 1
− if x ∈ (−1, − ) ∪ ( ,1)
 1− x
2 2 2
 1 1  1  1 
(v) Increasing in  − ,  and Decreasing in  −1, − 2  ,  2 ,1
 2 2

 −1 1
3cos x − 2 π if −1 ≤ x < −
2

1 1
(e) y= f(x)= cos−1 (4x − 3x)= 2 π − 3cos−1 x
3
if − ≤x≤
 2 2

3cos−1 x 1
if ≤ x ≤1

®
 2

Important points:
(i) Domain is x ∈ [–1, 1] & range is [0, π]
y
(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain π
1 1
(iii) Not derivable at x = − , , 1, –1
2 2 D I D
 3  1 1 π/2
 if x ∈  − , 
dy  1 − x 2  2 2
(iv) =
dx  3  1 1 
− if x ∈  −1, −  ∪  ,1  I
 1− x
2
 2 2 
x
 1 1 –1 3 –
1 O 1 3 1
(v) Increasing in  − ,  & –
2 2 2 2
 2 2
 1  1 
Decreasing in  −1, −  ,  ,1
 2 2 
 2x 
Illustration 13 : If f(x) = sin–1   then find
 1 + x2 
1
(i) f '(2) (ii) f'  (iii) f '(1)
2
π π
Solution : x = tanθ, where − <θ< ⇒ y = sin–1(sin2θ)
2 2
 π
 π − 2θ 2
< 2θ < π
  π − 2 tan −1 x x >1
 −π π  −1
y = 2 θ ≤ 2θ ≤ ⇒ f(x) =  2 tan x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
 2 2 −(π + 2 tan −1 x)
 x < −1
 π
−(π + 2θ) −π < 2θ < − 2


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
 2
− 1 + x 2 x >1

 2
⇒ f '(x) =  2
−1 < x < 1
 1+ x
 −2
 1 + x 2 x < −1

2 1 8
(i) f '(2) = − (ii)   = f'(iii) f '(1+) = – 1 and f '(1–) = +1 ⇒ f '(1) does not exist Ans.
5 2 5

d  2  −1 1 + x  
Illustration 14 : sin  cot  =
dx   1 − x  
1 1

®
(A) − (B) 0 (C) (D) –1
2 2
 1+ x   π
Solution : Let y = sin2  cot −1  . Put x = cos 2θ θ ∈  0, 
 1 − x   2

 1 + cos 2θ 
∴ y = sin2 cot–1  = sin2 cot–1 (cot θ)
 1 − cos 2θ 
 
1 − cos 2θ 1 − x 1 x
∴ y = sin2 θ = = = −
2 2 2 2
dy 1
∴ = − . Ans (A)
dx 2
1 + x2 − 1 1 + 1 + x2
Illustration 15 : Obtain differential coefficient of tan–1 with respect to cos–1
x 2 1 + x2

–1 1 + x2 − 1 –1 1 + 1 + x
2
Solution : Assume u = tan , v = cos
x 2 1 + x2

 π π
The function needs simplification before differentiation Let x = tanθ; θ ∈  − , 
 2 2

 sec θ − 1  –1  1 − cos θ  –1  θ θ
∴ u = tan–1   = tan   = tan  tan  =
 tan θ   sin θ   2 2

 θ  π
 , θ ∈  0, 
1 + sec θ 1 + cos θ  θ  2  2
v = cos–1 = cos–1 = cos–1  cos  = 
2 sec θ 2  2  θ  π 
− , θ∈ − ,0 
 2  2 

⇒ u = v or –v
du  1, x > 0
⇒ = Ans.
dv −1, x < 0

E 117
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Gyanoday : 6
1. If y = cos–1(4x3 – 3x), then find :
 3  3
(a) ƒ '  − , (b) ƒ ' (0), (c) ƒ ' 
 2   2 
   
d  −1 cos x 
2. tan , x ∈ ( 0, π ) is equal to
dx  1 + sin x 
1 1
(A) − (B) (C) –1 (D) 1
2 2
 1
If y sin −1 ( x 1 − x + x 1 − x 2 ) , x ∈  0,  then
dy
3. = =
 2 dx
−2x 1 −1 1
(A) + (B) −

®
1 − x2 2 x − x2 1 − x2 2 x − x2
1 1
(C) + (D) None of these
2
1− x 2 x − x2
 x
1 + cos 
d  −1 2  , x ∈  π , π  is equal to
4.  tan  
dx  x 2 
 1 − cos
 2 
1 1 1 1
(A) − (B) (C) − (D)
4 2 2 4
4x 2 + 3x dy
5.
= If y tan −1 2
+ tan −1 , then =
1 + 5x 3 − 2x dx
1 2 5 2 5 1
(A) 2
+ 2
(B) 2
+ 2
(C) (D)
1 + 25x 1 + x 1 + 25x 1 + x 1 + 25x 2 1 + 25x 2
 x1/3 + a1/3  dy
6. If y = tan −1  1/3 1/3 
, then =
1− x a  dx
1 1 1 a
(A) (B) (C) − (D) −
3x
2
3 (1 + x )
2
3
3x
2
3 (1 − x )
2
3
3x
2
3 (1 + x )
2
3
3x
2
3 (1 + x )
2
3

 a− x dy
7. If y = tan −1   , then =
 1 + ax  dx
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) − (D) None of these
2 (1 + x ) x (1 + x ) x 2 (1 + x ) x
 x +1  −1  x − 1  dy
8.
= If y sec −1   + sin   , then =
 x −1   x +1  dx
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

118 E
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
 sin x + cos x   π dy
9. If y = tan −1   , x ∈  0,  then is
 cos− sin x   4 dx
1 π
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
2 4
dy
10. If y = tan–1 (cot x) + cot–1 (tan x), then is equal to -
dx
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) –2
 1 
11. The differential coefficient of sec–1  2  w.r.t. 1 − x 2 , where x ∈ (0,1) is -
 2x − 1 
2 3
(A) 1/x (B) 2/x (C) x/2 (D) 2/x
d  1+ x 
12. cot −1   is equal to, if x > –1
dx  1− x 

®
1 1 1 −1
(A) (B) (C) − (D)
1 + x2 1 − x2 1 + x2 1 − x2
d  −1  1 − cos θ  
13.  tan    equals, if –π < θ < π -
dθ   sin θ  
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) secθ (D) cosecθ
arcsin x
14. Prove that the function y = satisfies the relationship (1 – x2)y' – xy = 1
2
1− x
(where dash denotes derivative).
d π
15. The value of loge 2 (log cos x cosecx) at x = is
dx 4

(A) −2 2 (B) 2 2 (C) – 4 (D) 4

10. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE FUNCTION :

If g is inverse of f, then
(a) g{f(x)} = x (b) f{g(x)} = x
g'{f(x)}f'(x)=1 f '{g(x)}g'(x) = 1
1
Illustration 16 : If g is inverse of f and f'(x) = , then g'(x) equals :-
1 + xn
(A) 1 + xn (B) 1 + [f(x)]n (C) 1 + [g(x)]n (D) none of these
Solution : Since g is the inverse of f. Therefore
f(g(x)) = x for all x
d
⇒ f(g(x)) = 1 for all x
dx
1
⇒ f'(g(x)) g'(x) = 1 ⇒ g'(x) = = 1 + (g(x))n Ans. (C)
f '(g(x))

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Gyanoday -7 :

1. If g is inverse of ƒ and ƒ (x) = 2x + sinx; then g′(x) equals :

3 1 1
(A) − 2
+ (B) 2 + sin–1x (C) 2 + cos g(x) (D)
x 1 − x2 2 + cos(g(x))

 π  π  π
2. Let f(x) = x sinx ∀ x ∈  0,  and g be the inverse of f in  0,  , then
 2  2
( )
3 π + 6 g '   is
 12 
equal to

(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 4 (D) 3

3. If ƒ(x) = x + 3x3 + 5x5 and g = ƒ–1, then find g'(9) and g"(9)

®
4
4. Let g(x) is the inverse function of a differentiable function ƒ(x) and G(x) = − 2
.
g (x)

1
If ƒ(5) = 3 and ƒ '(5) = , then G'(3) is equal to
125

5. Let f(x) = x5 + 2x3 + 3x + 1, x ∈ R, and g(x) be a function such that g(f(x)) = x for all x ∈ R.
g(7)
Then is equal to :
g'(7)

(1) 7 (2) 42 (3) 1 (4) 14

11. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES :

Let a function y = ƒ (x) be defined on an interval (a, b). If ƒ (x) is differentiable function, then
its derivative ƒ '(x) or (dy/dx) or y' is called the first derivative of y w.r.t. x. If ƒ '(x) is again
differentiable function on (a, b), then its derivative ƒ "(x) or d2y/dx2 or y" is called second
derivative of y w.r.t. x.
d3y d  d 2 y 
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w.r.to x, if it exists, is defined by =   and
dx 3 dx  dx 2 
denoted by ƒ '''(x) or y''' and so on.
dy dy / dθ d 2 y d  dy  dx
Note : If x = f(θ) and y = g(θ) where 'θ' is a parameter then = & 2 =  
dx dx / dθ dx dθ  dx  dθ
d n y d  d n −1y  dx
In general =   .
dx n dθ  dx n −1  dθ
GENERAL NOTE :
Concavity is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as :
d2y d2y
≥ 0 ⇒ Concave upwards ; ≤ 0 ⇒ Concave downwards
dx 2 dx 2

120 E
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Illustration 17 : y = f(x) and x = g(y) are inverse functions of each other then express g'(y) and g''(y)
in terms of derivative of f(x).
dy dx
Solution : = f '(x) and = g '(y)
dx dy
1
⇒ g '(y) = ...........(i)
f '(x)
Again differentiating w.r.t. y
d  1  d  1  dx f ''(x)  1 
g ''(y) =   =   . = − .
dy  f '(x)  dx  f '(x)  dy (f '(x))2  f '(x) 
f ''(x)
⇒ g ''(y) = − ...........(ii)
(f '(x))3
d2y
2
d x

®
2
Which can also be remembered as 2
= – dx 3 Ans.
dy  dy 
 dx 
 
Illustration 18 : Find the interval for which f(x) = x3 + x + 1 is
(i) concave upwards (ii) concave downwards.
3
Solution : f(x) = x + x + 1
f '(x) = 3x2 + 1
f ''(x) = 6x
(i) f''(x) = 6x ≥ 0 ⇒ Concave upwards
⇒ x ∈ [0, ∞)
(ii) f''(x) = 6x ≤ 0 ⇒ Concave downwards
⇒ x ∈ (–∞, 0] Ans.
d2y
Illustration 19 : If x = a (t + sin t) and y = a(1 – cos t), find .
dx 2
Solution : Here x = a (t + sin t) and y = a (1–cos t)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get :
dx dy
= a(1 + cos t) and = a (sin t)
dt dt
t t
2 sin .cos
dy a sin t 2 2 tan  t 
=∴ = =  
dx a (1 + cos t ) 2 cos 2 t 2
2
Again differentiating both sides, we get,
t
2 sec 2  
d y  t  1 dt 1 1 1 2
= sec2   ⋅ ⋅ = sec 2 ( t / 2 ) ⋅ = ⋅
dx 2
 2  2 dx 2 a (1 + cos t ) 2a  2 t 
2  cos 
 2
2
d y 1 t
Hence, =2
⋅ sec 4   Ans.
dx 4a 2

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Gyanoday : 8
2
1. If y = xe x then find y''.
2. Find y" at x = π/4, if y = x tan x.
3. Prove that the function y= ex sin x satisfies the relationship y'' – 2y' + 2y = 0.
d3 y
4. If y = at2 + 2bt + c and t = ax2 + 2bx + c, then equals
dx 3
(A) 24 a2 (at + b) (B) 24 a (ax + b)2 (C) 24 a (at + b)2 (D) 24 a2 (ax + b)
5. Let f(x) =
x 3 + x 2 f '(1) + xf ''(2) + f '''(3) , x ∈ R. Then f '(10) is equal to _____.

12. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS :

f(x) g(x) h(x)

®
If F(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) , where f, g, h, l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x
u(x) v(x) w(x)
f '(x) g '(x) h '(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)
then F '(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) + l '(x) m '(x) n '(x) + l(x) m(x) n(x)
u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u '(x) v '(x) w '(x)
Note : Sometimes it is better to expand the determinant first & then differentiate.
x x2 x3
Illustration 20 : If f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2 , find f'(x).
0 2 6x
x x2 x3
Solution : Here, f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2
0 2 6x
On differentiating, we get,
d d 2 d ( 3) x x2 x3 x x2 x3
(x) (x ) x
dx dx dx d ( ) d ( ) d ( 2) + 1 2x 3x 2
⇒ f '(x) = 1 2x 3x 2 + 1 2x 3x
dx dx dx d ( ) d ( ) d ( )
0 2 6x 0 2 6x
0 2 6x dx dx dx

1 2x 3x 2 x x2 x3 x x2 x3
or f '(x) = 1 2x 3x 2 + 0 2 6x + 1 2x 3x 2
0 2 6x 0 2 6x 0 0 6
As we know if any two rows or columns are equal, then value of determinant is zero.
x x2 x3
= 0 + 0 + 1 2x 3x 2 ∴ f'(x) = 6 (2x2 – x2)
0 0 6
Therefore, f'(x) = 6x2 Ans.

122 E
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
Gyanoday : 9
ex x2
1. If ƒ(x) = , then find ƒ '(1).
nx sin x
2x x2 x3
2. If ƒ(x) =
x 2 + 2x 1 3x + 1 , then find ƒ ' (1).
2x 1 − 3x 2 5x
3. If ƒn(x), gn(x), hn(x), n = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that ƒn(a) = gn(a) = hn(a),
ƒ1 (x) ƒ 2 (x) ƒ 3 (x)
n = 1, 2,3 and F(x) = g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x) . Then F'(a) is equal to
h1 (x) h 2 (x) h 3 (x)
(A) 0 (B) ƒ1(a)g2(a)h3(a) (C) 1 (D) None of these
3
x sin x cos x

®
d3
4. Let =
ƒ(x) 6 −1 0 , where p is a constant. Then 3
{ f ( x )} at x = 0 is
dx
p p2 p3
(A) p (B) p + p2 (C) p + p3 (D) Independent of p
3 2 2
x x 3x
d3 ƒ ( x )
5. ƒ(x)
= 1 −6 4 ,where p is a constant, then is
2 3 dx 3
p p p
(A) Proportional to x2 (B) Proportional to x
(C) Proportional to x3 (D) A constant
y y1 y 2
6. If y = sinpx and yn is the nth derivative of y, then y 3 y4 y 5 is equal to
y6 y7 y8
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) None of these
1− x  2
1
7. Let y = loge  2 
, –1 < x < 1. Then at x = , the value of 225(y '− y") is equal to
1+ x  2
(1) 732 (2) 746 (3) 742 (4) 736
3 2
x 2x + 1 1 + 3x
8. If f(x) = 2
3x + 2 2x x 3 + 6 for all x ∈  , then 2f(0) + f ′ ( 0 ) is equal to
x3 − x 4 x2 − 2
(1) 48 (2) 24 (3) 42 (4) 18
a −1 0
9. Let f(x) ax
= a −1 , a ∈ R. Then the sum of which the squares of all the values of a for
ax 2 ax a
0 is :
2f ′(10) − f ′(5) + 100 =
(A) 117 (B) 106 (C) 125 (D) 136
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
a1b1 a1b 2 a1b3

(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
a b a b a b
10. Find the coefficient of x in the f(x) = 2 1 2 2 2 3

(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
a b
3 1 a b3 2 a b
3 3

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JEE-Mathematics

13. ˆ
L' HOPITAL'S RULE :
0 ∞
(a) This rule is applicable for the indeterminate forms of the type , . If the function f(x)
0 ∞
and g(x) are differentiable in certain neighbourhood of the point 'a', except, may be, at
the point 'a' itself and g'(x) ≠ 0, and if
lim
= f(x) lim
= g(x) 0 or lim f(x) = lim g(x) = ∞ ,
x →a x →a x →a x →a

f(x) f '(x)
then lim = lim
x →a g(x) x →a g '(x)
f '(x)
provided the limit lim exists (L' Hôpital's rule). The point 'a' may be either finite
x →a g '(x)
or improper (+ ∞ or –∞).

®
0 ∞
(b) Indeterminate forms of the type 0. ∞ or ∞ – ∞ are reduced to forms of the type or
0 ∞
by algebraic transformations.
(c) Indeterminate forms of the type 1∞, ∞0 or 00 are reduced to forms of the type 0 × ∞ by
taking logarithms or by the transformation [f(x)]φ(x) = eφ(x).nf(x).
sin x
Illustration 21 : Evaluate lim x
x →0

loge x
sin x lim
sin x loge x
Solution : lim x
= lim
= e e x→0 cosecx

x →0 x →0

1/x
lim
=e x→ 0 − cosecx cot x
(applying L'Hôpital's rule)
2
sin 2 x  sin x   x 
lim − lim −  ⋅  ( )2 ( )
=e x→ 0
= e
x cos x x→ 0  x   cos x 
= e − 1 ⋅ 0= e=
0
1 Ans.
Illustration 22 : Solve lim+ logsin x sin 2x.
x →0

Solution : Here lim+ logsin x sin 2x

x →0

ln sin 2x  −∞ 
= lim+  form 
x →0 ln sin x  −∞ 
1
⋅ 2 cos 2x
= lim+ sin 2x {applying L'Hôpital's rule}
x →0 1
⋅ cos x
sin x
 ( 2x ) 
 ( )  cos 2x cos 2x
sin 2x 
= lim+  = lim = 1 Ans.
x →0  x  x → 0 cos x
+

  cos x
 sin x 

124 E
 Method of Differentiation
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1/ n
 en 
Illustration 23 : Evaluate lim   .
n →∞  π 

1/ n
 en 
Solution : Here, A = lim   (∞0 form)
n →∞  π 

 n
∴ ln A = lim 1 ln  e  = lim n ln e − ln π  ∞ form 
n →∞ n π n →∞ n ∞ 
ln e − 0
= lim {applying L'Hôpital's rule}
n →∞ 1
1/ n
1  en 
lnA = 1 ⇒ A = e or lim   =e Ans.
n →∞  π 

Gyanoday : 10

®
tan x − x ex − x − 1
1. Using L' Hopital's
ˆ rule find : (a) lim (b) lim
x →0 x3 x →0 x2
sin x − tan x 1 n(1 + x)
2. Using L' Hopital's
ˆ rule verify that : (a) lim 3
= − (b) lim =1
x →0 x 2 x →0 x
2
f(4) − f(x )
3. If f is differentiable in (0, 6) & f'(4) = 5, then Limit =
x →2 2−x
(A) 5 (B) 5/4 (C) 10 (D) 20
(x + h)ƒ(x) − 2hƒ(h)
4. Let ƒ(x) be differentiable at x = h, then Lim is equal to -
x→h x−h
(A) ƒ(h) + 2hƒ'(h) (B) 2ƒ(h) + hƒ'(h) (C) hƒ(h) + 2ƒ'(h) (D) hƒ(h) – 2ƒ'(h)
2
d x
5. equals :-
dy 2
−1 −1
 d 2 y   dy  −2  d 2 y   dy  −3  d2y   d 2 y   dy  −3
(A)  2   (B) −  2   (C)  2  (D) −  2   
 dx   dx   dx   dx   dx   dx   dx 
6. Evaluate the following limit using L'H ô pital's Rule or otherwise :
x 6000 − (sin x)6000
Lim
x →0 x 2 .(sin x)6000
1 − cos x.cos2x.cos3x.....cos nx
7. If Lim has the value equal to 253, find the value of n
x →0 x2
(where n ∈ N).
8. Given a real valued function f(x) as follows :
x 2 + 2 cos x − 2 1 sin x − l n(e x cos x)
f(x) = for x < 0 ; f(0) = & f(x) = for x > 0. Test the
x4 12 6x 2
continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.
 1 − ( ƒ ( x ) )3 
9. Let ƒ(x) = cos2xcos4xcos6xcos8xcos10x and M = lim   , where M is finite, then
x →0  5 tan 2 x 
 
(
the value of M − 2 + 1 )
 −1 x x
 a tan − b tan −1 
10. Find lim+  a b 
x →0  x x 
 
 

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JEE-Mathematics

Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Find second order derivative of y = sinx with respect to z = ex.
Illustration 24 :
dy dy / dx cos x
Solution : = =
dz dz / dx ex
d 2 y d  cos x  dx −e x sin x − cos xe x 1
⇒
= = . . x
dz 2 dx  e x  dz ex
2
e ( )
⇒
d2y
= −
( sin x + cos x ) Ans.
2
dz e 2x
 x + y  ƒ(x) + ƒ(y)
Illustration 25 : Let a function ƒ satisfies ƒ  =  ∀ x, y ∈ R and ƒ '(0) = a, ƒ (0) = b,
 2  2
then find ƒ (x) hence find ƒ ''(x).
 x + y  ƒ(x) + ƒ(y)
Solution : ƒ =

®
 2  2
Diff. w.r.t. 'x'
x+y 1 1  dy 
ƒ '  . = ƒ '(x)  x & y are independent to each other, ∴ = 0
 2  2 2  dx 
x+y
ƒ '  = ƒ '(x)
 2 
x
Let x = 0 & y = x ƒ '=
 2  ƒ='(0) a
 
⇒ ƒ '(x) = a
On integrating, we get ƒ (x) = ax + b ( ƒ (0) = b)
⇒ ƒ ''(x) = 0

1 x 1 x 1 x 1
Illustration 26: Prove that 2
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2 + 6 sec 2 3 + .....∞ = cosec 2 x − 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 x
x x x
Solution : Let cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .......∞
2 2 2
x x x x
= lim cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .......cos n
n →∞ 2 2 2 2
sin x sin x x x x sin x
⇒ lim = ⇒ cos .cos 2 cos 3 ... ∞ =
n →∞ n x x 2 2 2 x
2 sin n
2
 x  x   x
⇒ n  cos  + n  cos 2  + n  cos 3  += ....∞ n sin x − nx
 2  2   2 
Diff. w.r.t. x
1 x 1 x  1
−  tan + 2 tan 2 + ......∞=  cot x −
2 2 2 2  x
Diff. w.r.t. x again
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
2
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2 + 6 sec 2 3 += ......∞ cosec 2 x − 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 x
Hence proved

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