✅ MCQs: Chapter 5 & 6 – Validity & Reliability

1. What does "validity" refer to in research?

A) The ability to generalize findings
B) The ability to produce consistent results
C) The degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
D) The ease of data collection
2. Who defined validity as “Are we measuring what we think we are measuring?”
A) Smith
B) Kerlinger
C) Babbie
D) Goldsmith
3. What type of validity uses logical reasoning and expert judgment?
A) Face validity
B) Content validity
C) Criterion validity
D) Construct validity
4. Which type of validity is determined by stakeholder perception?
A) Content validity
B) Criterion validity
C) Construct validity
D) Face validity
5. Which of the following is NOT a type of criterion validity?
A) Predictive validity
B) Concurrent validity
C) Internal validity
D) All of the above
6. Predictive validity helps in:
A) Describing current behavior
B) Predicting future behavior
C) Creating test manuals
D) Ensuring test clarity
7. Face validity is not a technical form of validity because:
A) It involves subjective reasoning
B) It is based on internal consistency
C) It does not measure actual content
D) It uses a gold standard
8. Construct validity assesses:
A) Face value of instrument
B) Theoretical construct measurement
C) Stakeholder opinion
D) Reproducibility of a tool
9. Which method is NOT used for construct validation?
A) Known Groups Method
B) Convergent Validity
 C) Discriminant Validity
D) Test-Retest Method
10. What is a key feature of content validity?
A) Statistical calculation
B) Expert panel judgment
C) Predicting future outcomes
D) Stakeholder belief
11. Face validity focuses on:
A) Actual outcomes
B) The surface appearance of a test
C) Correlation with gold standard
D) Test-retest reliability
12. What is an example of predictive validity?
A) SIP and SF-36 correlation
B) Timed Up and Go test predicting fall risk
C) Stress vs urge incontinence screening
D) Cronbach’s alpha use
13. Content validity may fail when:
A) Experts agree
B) Language is ambiguous
C) Gold standard is used
D) Correlation is high
14. Construct validity includes:
A) Known group validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Face validity
D) Internal consistency
15. Discriminant validity implies:
A) High correlation with unrelated traits
B) Low correlation with different constructs
C) Stakeholder belief
D) Inter-rater reliability
16. Reliability refers to:
A) Generalization
B) Predictive accuracy
C) Reproducibility of results
D) Conceptual correlation
17. What does the formula X = T ± E represent?
A) External validity
B) True score model
C) Predictive model
D) Construct score reliability
18. Reliability coefficient measures:
A) Validity of a tool
B) Sampling error
 C) Score variance consistency
D) Correlation with theory
19. Which of the following does NOT affect test-retest reliability?
A) Practice effect
B) Time interval
C) Inter-rater difference
D) Trait stability
20. What is the Pearson coefficient range?
A) 0 to 1
B) -1 to +1
C) 0 to 100
D) -10 to +10
21. Which type of reliability uses split halves?
A) Inter-rater
B) Intra-rater
C) Internal consistency
D) Test-retest
22. Cronbach’s alpha is used for:
A) Face validity
B) Inter-rater reliability
C) Internal consistency
D) Concurrent validity
23. A reliability coefficient of 0 indicates:
A) Perfect reliability
B) Moderate relationship
C) No relationship
D) Measurement error
24. Which is NOT part of the formula for Cronbach’s alpha?
A) Number of items
B) Mean of scores
C) Variance of items
D) Total variance
25. What type of reliability uses multiple raters?
A) Test-retest
B) Inter-rater
C) Split-half
D) Predictive
26. Internal consistency implies:
A) Different scores on repetition
B) Homogeneity in items
C) Use of different raters
D) External influence
27. Which type of validity is most important in theoretical research?
A) Face validity
B) Construct validity
 C) Content validity
D) Concurrent validity
28. Known group method is part of:
A) Content validity
B) Criterion validity
C) Construct validity
D) Test reliability
29. In which type of reliability do results remain constant over time?
A) Test-retest
B) Internal consistency
C) Concurrent
D) Predictive
30. What is a potential issue with short test-retest intervals?
A) Carryover effect
B) Statistical bias
C) Non-response
D) Intra-rater conflict
31. What does "logical justification of questions" relate to?
A) Content validity
B) Face validity
C) Construct validity
D) Internal consistency
32. What is emphasized in inter-rater reliability?
A) Same person rating
B) Consensus among raters
C) Test-retest correlation
D) Randomization
33. Which validity is shown by correlation with gold standard?
A) Concurrent
B) Construct
C) Content
D) Face
34. What can affect reliability scores negatively?
A) Stable traits
B) Clear instructions
C) Observer variation
D) Homogeneous items
35. Split-half reliability divides:
A) Participants
B) Test items
C) Time slots
D) Observer ratings
36. High convergent validity means:
A) Low relationship with similar tests
B) High correlation with different traits
 C) Strong relationship with similar constructs
D) None of the above
37. A test that looks valid but isn't technically valid reflects:
A) Construct validity
B) Face validity
C) Criterion validity
D) Predictive validity
38. Which reliability uses R = agreements / (agreements + disagreements)?
A) Intra-rater
B) Inter-rater
C) Test-retest
D) Internal consistency
39. The Timed Up and Go test demonstrates:
A) Face validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Inter-rater reliability
D) Content validity
40. DMFT index is used in:
A) Construct validation
B) Face validation
C) Split-half testing
D) Predictive modeling
41. Which type of validity uses a panel of experts?
A) Face
B) Concurrent
C) Content
D) Predictive
42. Discriminant validity ensures:
A) Overlap with other tools
B) No correlation with unrelated traits
C) High scores
D) Expert approval
43. Internal consistency is useful for:
A) Physical testing
B) Concept assessment
C) Questionnaire analysis
D) External comparison
44. Logical reasoning supports:
A) Criterion validity
B) Content validity
C) Predictive reliability
D) Homogeneity
45. Gold standard comparison defines:
A) Face validity
B) Concurrent validity
 C) Construct validity
D) Internal validity
46. Which formula estimates entire test reliability from halves?
A) Pearson’s r
B) Spearman’s rho
C) R’ = 2r / (1 + r)
D) Cronbach’s alpha
47. Repetition over time is tested through:
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Split-half method
C) Internal consistency
D) Intra-rater reliability
48. Logical thinking is limited when:
A) Studying satisfaction
B) Using ratios
C) Sampling strata
D) Calculating mean
49. Cronbach’s alpha assumes:
A) Non-linear relationships
B) Homogeneous items
C) Single observer
D) Paired data
50. Responsiveness to change is a part of:
A) Validity
B) Sampling
C) Reliability
D) Bias

✅ Answers: Validity & Reliability (1–50)

1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. B
2. 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. B
3. 21. C 22. C 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. B 28. C 29. A 30. A
4. 31. A 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. B 38. B 39. B 40. A
5. 41. C 42. B 43. C 44. B 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. A 49. B 50. A