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Computer Organization and
Design

The Hardware/Software Interface

SIXTH EDITION

David A. Pa erson
University of California, Berkeley
Google, Inc.

John L. Hennessy
Stanford University
Table of Contents

Title page

In Praise of Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software

Interface, Sixth Edition

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

About This Book

About the Other Book

Changes for the Sixth Edition

Instructor Support

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments for the Sixth Edition

1. Computer Abstractions and Technology

 1.1 Introduction

1.2 Seven Great Ideas in Computer Architecture

1.3 Below Your Program

1.4 Under the Covers

1.5 Technologies for Building Processors and Memory

1.6 Performance

1.7 The Power Wall

1.8 The Sea Change: The Switch from Uniprocessors to

Multiprocessors

1.9 Real Stuff: Benchmarking the Intel Core i7

1.10 Going Faster: Matrix Multiply in Python

1.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls

1.12 Concluding Remarks

Historical Perspective and Further Reading

1.13 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

1.14 Self-Study

1.15 Exercises

2. Instructions: Language of the Computer

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Operations of the Computer Hardware

2.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware

2.4 Signed and Unsigned Numbers

2.5 Representing Instructions in the Computer

2.6 Logical Operations

2.7 Instructions for Making Decisions

2.8 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware

2.9 Communicating with People

2.10 MIPS Addressing for 32-bit Immediates and Addresses

2.11 Parallelism and Instructions: Synchronization

2.12 Translating and Starting a Program

2.13 A C Sort Example to Put It All Together

2.14 Arrays versus Pointers

Advanced Material: Compiling C and Interpreting Java

2.15 Advanced Material: Compiling C and Interpreting Java

2.16 Real Stuff: ARMv7 (32-bit) Instructions

2.17 Real Stuff: ARMv8 (64-bit) Instructions

2.18 Real Stuff: RISC-V Instructions

2.19 Real Stuff: x86 Instructions

2.20 Going Faster: Matrix Multiply in C

2.21 Fallacies and Pitfalls

 2.22 Concluding Remarks

Historical Perspective and Further Reading

2.21 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

2.24 Self-Study

2.25 Exercises

3. Arithmetic for Computers

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Addition and Subtraction

3.3 Multiplication

3.4 Division

3.5 Floating Point

3.6 Parallelism and Computer Arithmetic: Subword Parallelism

3.7 Real Stuff: Streaming SIMD Extensions and Advanced

Vector Extensions in x86

3.8 Going Faster: Subword Parallelism and Matrix Multiply

3.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls

3.10 Concluding Remarks

Historical Perspective and Further Reading

3.11 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

3.12 Self-Study
 3.13 Exercises

4. The Processor

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Logic Design Conventions

4.3 Building a Datapath

4.4 A Simple Implementation Scheme

A Multicycle Implementation

4.5 A Multicycle Implementation

4.6 An Overview of Pipelining

4.7 Pipelined Datapath and Control

4.8 Data Hazards: Forwarding versus Stalling

4.9 Control Hazards

4.10 Exceptions

4.11 Parallelism via Instructions

4.12 Putting It All Together: The Intel Core i7 6700 and ARM
Cortex-A53

The ARM Cortex-A53

Performance of the A53 Pipeline

The Intel Core i7 6700

Performance of the i7
 4.13 Going Faster: Instruction-Level Parallelism and Matrix
Multiply

Advanced Topic: an Introduction to Digital Design Using a

Hardware Design Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline
and More Pipelining Illustrations

4.14 An Introduction to Digital Design Using a Hardware Design

Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline and More Pipelining
Illustrations

4.15 Fallacies and Pitfalls

4.16 Concluding Remarks

Historical Perspective and Further Reading

4.17 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

4.18 Self Study

Self-Study Answers

4.19 Exercises

5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Memory Technologies

5.3 The Basics of Caches

5.4 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance

5.5 Dependable Memory Hierarchy

5.6 Virtual Machines

5.7 Virtual Memory

5.8 A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchy

5.9 Using a Finite-State Machine to Control a Simple Cache

5.10 Parallelism and Memory Hierarchy: Cache Coherence

Parallelism and Memory Hierarchy: Redundant Arrays of

Inexpensive Disks

5.11 Parallelism and the Memory Hierarchy: Redundant Arrays

of Inexpensive Disks

Advanced Material: Implementing Cache Controllers

5.12 Advanced Material: Implementing Cache Controllers

5.13 Real Stuff: The ARM Cortex-A8 and Intel Core i7 Memory
Hierarchies

Performance of the Cortex-A53 and Core i7 Memory Hierarchies

5.14 Going Faster: Cache Blocking and Matrix Multiply

5.15 Fallacies and Pitfalls

5.16 Concluding Remarks

Historical Perspective and Further Reading

5.17 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

5.18 Self-Study

Self-Study Answers

5.19 Exercises
6. Parallel Processors from Client to Cloud

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Difficulty of Creating Parallel Processing Programs

6.3 SISD, MIMD, SIMD, SPMD, and Vector

6.4 Hardware Multithreading

6.5 Multicore and Other Shared Memory Multiprocessors

6.6 Introduction to Graphics Processing Units

6.7 Domain Specific Architectures

6.8 Clusters, Warehouse Scale Computers, and Other

Message-Passing Multiprocessors

6.9 Introduction to Multiprocessor Network Topologies

Communicating to the Outside World: Cluster Networking

6.10 Communicating to the Outside World: Cluster Networking

6.11 Multiprocessor Benchmarks and Performance Models

6.12 Real Stuff: Benchmarking the Google TPUv3

Supercomputer and an NVIDIA Volta GPU Cluster

6.13 Going Faster: Multiple Processors and Matrix Multiply

6.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls

6.15 Concluding Remarks

Historical Perspective and Further Reading

6.16 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

 6.17 Self-Study

Answers to Self-Study

6.18 Exercises

Appendices

Appendix A. Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM Simulator

A.1 Introduction

A.2 Assemblers

A.3 Linkers

A.4 Loading

A.5 Memory Usage

A.6 Procedure Call Convention

A.7 Exceptions and Interrupts

A.8 Input and Output

A.9 SPIM

A.10 MIPS R2000 Assembly Language

A.11 Concluding Remarks

A.12 Exercises

Further Reading

Appendix B. The Basics of Logic Design

 B.1 Introduction

B.2 Gates, Truth Tables, and Logic Equations

B.3 Combinational Logic

B.4 Using a Hardware Description Language

B.5 Constructing a Basic Arithmetic Logic Unit

B.6 Faster Addition: Carry Lookahead

B.7 Clocks

B.8 Memory Elements: Flip-Flops, Latches, and Registers

B.9 Memory Elements: SRAMs and DRAMs

B.10 Finite-State Machines

B.11 Timing Methodologies

B.12 Field Programmable Devices

B.13 Concluding Remarks

B.14 Exercises

Further Reading

Appendix C. Graphics and Computing GPUs

C.1 Introduction

C.2 GPU System Architectures

C.3 Programming GPUs

C.4 Multithreaded Multiprocessor Architecture

 C.5 Parallel Memory System

C.6 Floating-point Arithmetic

C.7 Real Stuff: The NVIDIA GeForce 8800

C.8 Real Stuff: Mapping Applications to GPUs

C.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls

C.10 Concluding Remarks

C.11 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

Further Reading

Appendix D. Mapping Control to Hardware

D.1 Introduction

D.2 Implementing Combinational Control Units

D.3 Implementing Finite-State Machine Control

D.4 Implementing the Next-State Function with a Sequencer

D.5 Translating a Microprogram to Hardware

D.6 Concluding Remarks

D.7 Exercises

Appendix E. Survey of Instruction Set Architectures

E.1 Introduction

E.2 A Survey of RISC Architectures for Desktop, Server, and

Embedded Computers
 E.3 The Intel 80x86

E.4 The VAX Architecture

E.5 The IBM 360/370 Architecture for Mainframe Computers

E.6 Historical Perspective and References

Glossary

Further Reading

Index

MIPS Reference Data Card (“Green Card”)

In Praise of Computer
Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface,
Sixth Edition
“With general purpose and specialized processors present in many
aspects of everyday life, it is now more important than ever, that the
next generation of computer engineers understand how computers
compute and also the many tradeoffs and optimizations necessary to
build fast energy-efficient machines. For several generations of
students, Computer Organization and Design by Pa erson and
Hennesey has served as the gateway into the complex world of
hardware/software interfaces; the memory hierarchy; and the benefits
and hazards of pipelining (pun intended).”
—Mark Hempstead, Tufts University

“Computer Organization and Design is the computer architecture

book for your (virtual) bookshelf. The book is both timeless and new, as
it complements venerable principles—Moore’s Law, abstraction,
common case fast, redundancy, memory hierarchies, parallelism, and
pipelining—with emerging trends from good (e.g., architectures
targeting deep learning) to bad (processor core cybera acks).”
—Mark D. Hill, University of Wisconsin-Madison

“The new edition of Computer Organization and Design keeps pace

with advances in emerging processor architectures and applications,
where AI, security and virtualization will be supported on open
instruction set architectures (e.g., RISC-V). This text acknowledges
these changes, but continues to provide a rich foundation of the
fundamentals in Computer Organization and Design which will be
needed for the designers of hardware and software that will power next
generation secure, performant and efficient systems.”
—Dave Kaeli, Northeastern University

“There are timeless principles in computer system design, which are

essential to understand the organization and performance of any
computer architecture. Based on these principles and using a unique
pedagogical approach, Pa erson and Hennessy present the evolution of
computer architecture from uniprocessors to the latest innovations on
domain-specific architectures. The inclusion of the Google TPU
supercomputer as an example of DNN-DSA in this new edition,
heralds the rise of a new generation of computer architects.”
—Euripides Montagne, University of Central Florida

“Computer Organization and Design is the ultimate classic textbook

that is still current and applicable. It is very readable, and provides
valuable insight into the hardware/software interface, which is useful
both for future hardware engineers and for software developers
interested in improving performance and energy-efficiency. The MIPS
architecture is ideal for teaching computer organization. It is
straightforward, yet closely resembles both ARM and RISC-V.”
—Tali Moreshet, Boston University
Copyright
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Stephen R. Merken
Content Development Specialist: Beth LoGiudice
Project Manager: Beula Christopher
Designer: Patrick Ferguson
Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are

protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).

Notices
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new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in
research methods or professional practices, may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own
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or methods described herein. In using such information or methods
they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others,
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negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-12-820109-1

For information on all MK publications visit our website at

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Printed and bound in the United States of America

Dedication

To Linda, who has been, is, and always will be the love of my life
Preface
David A. Pa erson

The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the

source of all true art and science.
Albert Einstein, What I Believe, 1930
About This Book
We believe that learning in computer science and engineering should
reflect the current state of the field, as well as introduce the
principles that are shaping computing. We also feel that readers in
every specialty of computing need to appreciate the organizational
paradigms that determine the capabilities, performance, energy, and,
ultimately, the success of computer systems.
Modern computer technology requires professionals of every
computing specialty to understand both hardware and software. The
interaction between hardware and software at a variety of levels also
offers a framework for understanding the fundamentals of
computing. Whether your primary interest is hardware or software,
computer science or electrical engineering, the central ideas in
computer organization and design are the same. Thus, our emphasis
in this book is to show the relationship between hardware and
software and to focus on the concepts that are the basis for current
computers.
The switch from uniprocessor to multicore microprocessors and
the recent emphasis on domain specific architectures confirmed the
soundness of this perspective, given since the first edition. While
programmers could ignore the advice and rely on computer
architects, compiler writers, and silicon engineers to make their
programs run faster or be more energy-efficient without change, that
era is over. Our view is that for at least the next decade, most
programmers are going to have to understand the hardware/soft
ware interface if they want programs to run efficiently on modern
computers.
The audience for this book includes those with li le experience in
assembly language or logic design who need to understand basic
computer organization as well as readers with backgrounds in
assembly language and/or logic design who want to learn how to
design a computer or understand how a system works and why it
performs as it does.
About the Other Book
Some readers may be familiar with Computer Architecture: A
Quantitative Approach, popularly known as Hennessy and Pa erson.
(This book in turn is often called Pa erson and Hennessy.) Our
motivation in writing the earlier book was to describe the principles
of computer architecture using solid engineering fundamentals and
quantitative cost/performance tradeoffs. We used an approach that
combined examples and measurements, based on commercial
systems, to create realistic design experiences. Our goal was to
demonstrate that computer architecture could be learned using
quantitative methodologies instead of a descriptive approach. It was
intended for the serious computing professional who wanted a
detailed understanding of computers.
A majority of the readers for this book do not plan to become
computer architects. The performance and energy efficiency of
future software systems will be dramatically affected, however, by
how well software designers understand the basic hardware
techniques at work in a system. Thus, compiler writers, operating
system designers, database programmers, and most other software
engineers need a firm grounding in the principles presented in this
book. Similarly, hardware designers must understand clearly the
effects of their work on software applications.
Thus, we knew that this book had to be much more than a subset
of the material in Computer Architecture, and the material was
extensively revised to match the different audience. We were so
happy with the result that the subsequent editions of Computer
Architecture were revised to remove most of the introductory
material; hence, there is much less overlap today than with the first
editions of both books.
Changes for the Sixth Edition
There is arguably been more change in the technology and business
of computer architecture since the fifth edition than there were for
the first five:

The slowing of Moore’s Law. After 50 years of biannual doubling

of the number of transistors per chip, Gordon Moore’s
prediction no longer holds. Semiconductor technology will still
improve, but more slowly and less predictably than in the past.
The rise of Domain Specific Architectures (DSA). In part due to
the slowing of Moore’s Law and in part due to the end of
Dennard Scaling, general purpose processors are only
improving a few percent per year. Moreover, Amdahl’s Law
limits the practical benefit of increasing the number of
processors per chip. In 2020, it is widely believed that the most
promising path forward is DSA. It doesn’t try to run everything
well like general purpose processors, but focuses on running
programs of one domain much be er than conventional CPUs.
Microarchitecture as a security a ack surface. Spectre
demonstrated that speculative out-of-order execution and
hardware multithreading make timing based side-channel
a acks practical. Moreover, these are not due to bugs that can
be fixed, but a fundamental challenge to this style of processor
design.
 Open instruction sets and open source implementations. The
opportunities and impact of open source soft ware have come
to computer architecture. Open instruction sets like RISC-V
enables organizations to build their own processors without
first negotiating a license, which has enabled opensource
implementations that are shared to freely download and use as
well as proprietary implementations of RISC-V. Open source
soft ware and hardware are a boon to academic research and
 instruction, allowing students to see and enhance industrial
strength technology.
The re-virticalization of the information technology industry.
Cloud computing has led to no more than a half-dozen
companies that provide computing infrastructure for everyone
to use. Much like IBM in the 1960s and 1970s, these companies
determine both the soft ware stack and the hardware that they
deploy. The changes above have led to some of these
“hyperscalers” developing their own DSA and RISC-V chips
for deployment in their clouds.

The sixth edition of COD reflects these recent changes, updates all
the examples and figures, responds to requests of instructors, plus
adds a pedagogic improvement inspired by textbooks I used to help
my grandchildren with their math classes.

The Going Faster section is now in every chapter. It starts with

a Python version in Chapter 1, whose poor performance
inspires learning C and then rewriting matrix multiply in C in
Chapter 2. The remaining chapters accelerate matrix multiply
by leveraging data level parallelism, instruction level
parallelism, thread level parallelism, and by adjusting memory
accesses to match the memory hierarchy of a modern server.
This computer has 512-bit SIMD operations, speculative out-of-
order execution, three levels of caches, and 48 cores. All four
optimizations add only 21 lines of C code yet speedup matrix
multiply by almost 50,000, cu ing it from nearly 6 hours in
Python to less than 1 second in optimized C. If I were a student
again, this running example would inspire me to use C and
learn the underlying hardware concepts of this book.
With this edition, every chapter has a Self Study section that
asks thought provoking questions and supplies the answers aft
erwards to help you evaluate if you follow the material on your
own.
Besides explaining that Moore’s Law and Dennard Scaling no
longer hold, we’ve de-emphasized Moore’s Law as a change
agent that was prominent in the fifth edition.
 Chapter 2 has more material to emphasize that binary data
has no inherent meaning—the program determines the data
type—not an easy concept for beginners to grasp.
Chapter 2 also includes a short description of the RISC-V as a
contrasting instruction set to MIPS alongside ARMv7, ARMv8,
and x86. (There is also a companion version of this book based
on RISC-V instead of MIPS, and we’re updating that with the
other changes as well.)
The benchmark example of Chapter 2 is upgraded to
SPEC2017 from SPEC2006.
At instructors’ request, we have restored the multi-cycle
implementation of MIPS as an online section in Chapter 4
between the single-cycle implementation and the pipelined
implementation. Some instructors find these three steps an
easier path to teach pipelining.
The Pu ing It All Together examples of Chapters 4 and 5 were
updated to the recent ARM A53 microarchitecture and the Intel
i7 6700 Skyelake microarchitecture.
The Fallacies and Pitfalls Sections of Chapters 5 and 6 added
pitfalls around hardware security a acks of Row Hammer and
Spectre.
Chapter 6 has a new section introducing DSAs using Google’s
Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) version 1. Chapter 6’s Pu ing it
All Together section is updated to compare Google’s TPUv3
DSA supercomputer to a cluster of NVIDIA Volta GPUs.

Finally, we updated all the exercises in the book.

While some elements changed, we have preserved useful book
elements from prior editions. To make the book work be er as a
reference, we still place definitions of new terms in the margins at
their first occurrence. The book element called “Understanding
Program Performance” sections helps readers understand the
performance of their programs and how to improve it, just as the
“Hardware/Soft ware Interface” book element helped readers
understand the tradeoffs at this interface. “The Big Picture” section
remains so that the reader sees the forest despite all the trees. “Check
Yourself” sections help readers to confirm their comprehension of
the material on the first time through with answers provided at the
end of each chapter. This edition still includes the green MIPS
reference card, which was inspired by the “Green Card” of the IBM
System/360. This card should be a handy reference when writing
MIPS assembly language programs.
Instructor Support
We have collected a great deal of material to help instructors teach
courses using this book. Solutions to exercises, figures from the
book, lecture slides, and other materials are available to adopters
from the publisher. Check the publisher’s Web site for more
information:

h ps://textbooks.elsevier.com/web/manuals.aspx?
isbn=9780128201091
Concluding Remarks
If you read the following acknowledgments section, you will see that
we went to great lengths to correct mistakes. Since a book goes
through many printings, we have the opportunity to make even
more corrections. If you uncover any remaining, resilient bugs,
please contact the publisher.
This edition is the third break in the long-standing collaboration
between Hennessy and Pa erson, which started in 1989. The
demands of running one of the world’s great universities meant that
President Hennessy could no longer make the substantial
commitment to create a new edition. The remaining author felt once
again like a tightrope walker without a safety net. Hence, the people
in the acknowledgments and Berkeley colleagues played an even
larger role in shaping the contents of this book. Nevertheless, this
time around there is only one author to blame for the new material
in what you are about to read.
Acknowledgments for the Sixth
Edition
With every edition of this book, we are very fortunate to receive help
from many readers, reviewers, and contributors. Each of these
people has helped to make this book be er.
Special thanks goes to Dr. Rimas Avizenis, who developed the
various versions of matrix multiply and supplied the performance
numbers as well. I deeply appreciate his continued help after he has
graduated from UC Berkeley. As I worked with his father while I
was a graduate student at UCLA, it was a nice symmetry to work
with Rimas when he was a graduate student at UC Berkeley.
I also wish to thank my longtime collaborator Randy Ka of UC
Berkeley, who helped develop the concept of great ideas in
computer architecture as part of the extensive revision of an
undergraduate class that we did together.
I also wish to thank my longtime collaborator Randy Ka of UC
Berkeley, who helped develop the concept of great ideas in
computer architecture as part of the extensive revision of an
undergraduate class that we did together.
I’d like to thank David Kirk, John Nickolls, and their colleagues
at NVIDIA (Michael Garland, John Montrym, Doug Voorhies, Lars
Nyland, Erik Lindholm, Paulius Micikevicius, Massimiliano Fatica,
Stuart Oberman, and Vasily Volkov) for writing the first in-depth
appendix on GPUs. I’d like to express again my appreciation to Jim
Larus, recently named Dean of the School of Computer and
Communications Science at EPFL, for his willingness in contributing
his expertise on assembly language programming, as well as for
welcoming readers of this book with regard to using the simulator
he developed and maintains.
I am also very grateful to Jason Bakos of the University of South
Carolina, who updated and created new exercises agian for this
edition. The originals were prepared for the fourth edition by Perry
Alexander (The University of Kansas); Javier Bruguera
(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela); Ma hew Farrens
(University of California, Davis); David Kaeli (Northeastern
University); Nicole Kaiyan (University of Adelaide); John Oliver
(Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo); Milos Prvulovic (Georgia Tech); and
Jichuan Chang, Jacob Leverich, Kevin Lim, and Partha
Ranganathan (all from Hewle -Packard). Thanks also to Peter J.
Ashenden (Ashenden Design Pty Ltd) for his involvement in
previous editions.
Additional thanks goes to Jason Bakos for developing the new
lecture slides.
I am grateful to the many instructors who have answered the
publisher’s surveys, reviewed our proposals, and a ended focus
groups to analyze and respond to our plans for this and previous
editions. They include the following individuals: Focus Groups in
2012: Bruce Barton (Suffolk County Community College), Jeff Braun
(Montana Tech), Ed Gehringer (North Carolina State), Michael
Goldweber (Xavier University), Ed Harcourt (St. Lawrence
University), Mark Hill (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Patrick
Homer (University of Arizona), Norm Jouppi (HP Labs), Dave Kaeli
(Northeastern University), Christos Kozyrakis (Stanford University),
Zachary Kurmas (Grand Valley State University), Jae C. Oh
(Syracuse University), Lu Peng (LSU), Milos Prvulovic (Georgia
Tech), Partha Ranganathan (HP Labs), David Wood (University of
Wisconsin), Craig Zilles (University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign). Surveys and Reviews: Mahmoud Abou-Nasr (Wayne
State University), Perry Alexander (The University of Kansas),
Hakan Aydin (George Mason University), Hussein Badr (State
University of New York at Stony Brook), Mac Baker (Virginia
Military Institute), Ron Barnes (George Mason University), Douglas
Blough (Georgia Institute of Technology), Kevin Bolding (Sea le
Pacific University), Miodrag Bolic (University of O awa), John
Bonomo (Westminster College), Jeff Braun (Montana Tech), Tom
Briggs (Shippensburg University), Sco Burgess (Humboldt State
University), Fazli Can (Bilkent University), Warren R. Carithers
(Rochester Institute of Technology), Bruce Carlton (Mesa
Community College), Nicholas Carter (University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign), Anthony Cocchi (The City University of New
York), Don Cooley (Utah State University), Robert D. Cupper
(Allegheny College), Edward W. Davis (North Carolina State
University), Nathaniel J. Davis (Air Force Institute of Technology),
Molisa Derk (Oklahoma City University), Nathan B. Dodge (The
University of Texas at Dallas), Derek Eager (University of
Saskatchewan), Ernest Ferguson (Northwest Missouri State
University), Rhonda Kay Gaede (The University of Alabama),
Etienne M. Gagnon (UQAM), Costa Gerousis (Christopher Newport
University), Paul Gillard (Memorial University of Newfoundland),
Michael Goldweber (Xavier University), Georgia Grant (College of
San Mateo), Merrill Hall (The Master’s College), Tyson Hall
(Southern Adventist University), Ed Harcourt (St. Lawrence
University), Justin E. Harlow (University of South Florida), Paul F.
Hemler (Hampden-Sydney College), Martin Herbordt (Boston
University), Steve J. Hodges (Cabrillo College), Kenneth Hopkinson
(Cornell University), Dalton Hunkins (St. Bonaventure University),
Baback Izadi (State University of New York—New Pal ), Reza Jafari,
Robert W. Johnson (Colorado Technical University), Bharat Joshi
(University of North Carolina, Charlo e), Nagarajan Kandasamy
(Drexel University), Rajiv Kapadia, Ryan Kastner (University of
California, Santa Barbara), E.J. Kim (Texas A&M University),
Jihong Kim (Seoul National University), Jim Kirk (Union University),
Geoffrey S. Knauth (Lycoming College), Manish M. Kochhal (Wayne
State), Suzan Koknar-Tezel (Saint Joseph’s University), Angkul
Kongmunva ana (Columbus State University), April Kontostathis
(Ursinus College), Christos Kozyrakis (Stanford University), Danny
Krizanc (Wesleyan University), Ashok Kumar, S. Kumar (The
University of Texas), Zachary Kurmas (Grand Valley State
University), Robert N. Lea (University of Houston), Baoxin Li
(Arizona State University), Li Liao (University of Delaware), Gary
Livingston (University of Massachuse s), Michael Lyle, Douglas W.
Lynn (Oregon Institute of Technology), Yashwant K Malaiya
(Colorado State University), Bill Mark (University of Texas at
Austin), Ananda Mondal (Claflin University), Euripides Montagne
(University of Central Florida), Tali Moreshet (Boston University),
Alvin Moser (Sea le University), Walid Najjar (University of
California, Riverside), Danial J. Neebel (Loras College), John Nestor
(Lafaye e College), Jae C. Oh (Syracuse University), Joe Oldham
(Centre College), Timour Paltashev, James Parkerson (University of
Arkansas), Shaunak Pawagi (SUNY at Stony Brook), Steve Pearce,
Ted Pedersen (University of Minnesota), Lu Peng (Louisiana State
University), Gregory D Peterson (The University of Tennessee),
Milos Prvulovic (Georgia Tech), Partha Ranganathan (HP Labs),
Dejan Raskovic (University of Alaska, Fairbanks) Brad Richards
(University of Puget Sound), Roman Rozanov, Louis Rubinfield
(Villanova University), Md Abdus Salam (Southern University),
Augustine Samba (Kent State University), Robert Schaefer (Daniel
Webster College), Carolyn J. C. Schauble (Colorado State University),
Keith Schubert (CSU San Bernardino), William L. Schul , Kelly
Shaw (University of Richmond), Shahram Shirani (McMaster
University), Sco Sigman (Drury University), Bruce Smith, David
Smith, Jeff W. Smith (University of Georgia, Athens), Mark
Smotherman (Clemson University), Philip Snyder (Johns Hopkins
University), Alex Sprintson (Texas A&M), Timothy D. Stanley
(Brigham Young University), Dean Stevens (Morningside College),
Nozar Tabrizi (Ke ering University), Yuval Tamir (UCLA),
Alexander Taubin (Boston University), Will Thacker (Winthrop
University), Mithuna Tho ethodi (Purdue University), Manghui Tu
(Southern Utah University), Dean Tullsen (UC San Diego), Rama
Viswanathan (Beloit College), Ken Vollmar (Missouri State
University), Guoping Wang (Indiana-Purdue University), Patricia
Wenner (Bucknell University), Kent Wilken (University of California,
Davis), David Wolfe (Gustavus Adolphus College), David Wood
(University of Wisconsin, Madison), Ki Hwan Yum (University of
Texas, San Antonio), Mohamed Zahran (City College of New York),
Amr Zaky (Santa Clara University), Gerald D. Zarne (Ryerson
University), Nian Zhang (South Dakota School of Mines &
Technology), Xiaoyu Zhang (California State University San Marcos),
Jiling Zhong (Troy University), Huiyang Zhou (The University of
Central Florida), Weiyu Zhu (Illinois Wesleyan University).
A special thanks also goes to Mark Smotherman for making
multiple passes to find technical and writing glitches that
significantly improved the quality of this edition.
We wish to thank the extended Morgan Kaufmann family for
agreeing to publish this book again under the able leadership of
Steve Merken and Beth LoGiudice: I certainly couldn’t have
completed the book without them. We also want to extend thanks to
Beula Christopher, who managed the book production process, and
Patrick Ferguson, who did the cover design.
The contributions of the nearly 150 people we mentioned here
have helped make this sixth edition what I hope will be our best
book yet. Enjoy!
1
Computer Abstractions and
Technology
Civilization advances by extending the number of important
operations which we can perform without thinking about them.
Alfred North Whitehead, An Introduction to Mathematics, 1911

OUTLINE

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Seven Great Ideas in Computer Architecture 10
1.3 Below Your Program 13
1.4 Under the Covers 16
1.5 Technologies for Building Processors and Memory 24
1.6 Performance 28
1.7 The Power Wall 40
1.8 The Sea Change: The Switch from Uniprocessors to
Multiprocessors 43
1.9 Real Stuff: Benchmarking the Intel Core i7 46
1.10 Going Faster: Matrix Multiply in Python 49
1.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls 50
1.12 Concluding Remarks 53

1.13 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 55

1.14 Self-Study 55
1.15 Exercises 59
1.1 Introduction
Welcome to this book! We’re delighted to have this opportunity to
convey the excitement of the world of computer systems. This is not
a dry and dreary field, where progress is glacial and where new
ideas atrophy from neglect. No! Computers are the product of the
incredibly vibrant information technology industry, all aspects of
which are responsible for almost 10% of the gross national product
of the United States, and whose economy has become dependent in
part on the rapid improvements in information technology. This
unusual industry embraces innovation at a breathtaking rate. In the
last 40 years, there have been a number of new computers whose
introduction appeared to revolutionize the computing industry;
these revolutions were cut short only because someone else built an
even be er computer.
This race to innovate has led to unprecedented progress since the
inception of electronic computing in the late 1940s. Had the
transportation industry kept pace with the computer industry, for
example, today we could travel from New York to London in a
second for a penny. Take just a moment to contemplate how such an
improvement would change society—living in Tahiti while working
in San Francisco, going to Moscow for an evening at the Bolshoi
Ballet—and you can appreciate the implications of such a change.
Computers have led to a third revolution for civilization, with the
information revolution taking its place alongside the agricultural
and the industrial revolutions. The resulting multiplication of
humankind’s intellectual strength and reach naturally has affected
our everyday lives profoundly and changed the ways in which the
search for new knowledge is carried out. There is now a new vein of
scientific investigation, with computational scientists joining
theoretical and experimental scientists in the exploration of new
frontiers in astronomy, biology, chemistry, and physics, among
others.
The computer revolution continues. Each time the cost of
computing improves by another factor of 10, the opportunities for
computers multiply. Applications that were economically infeasible
 p p y pp y
suddenly become practical. In the recent past, the following
applications were “computer science fiction.”

■ Computers in automobiles: Until microprocessors improved

dramatically in price and performance in the early 1980s,
computer control of cars was ludicrous. Today, computers
reduce pollution, improve fuel efficiency via engine controls,
and increase safety through nearly automated driving and air
bag inflation to protect occupants in a crash.
■ Cell phones: Who would have dreamed that advances in
computer systems would lead to more than half of the planet
having mobile phones, allowing person-to-person
communication to almost anyone anywhere in the world?
■ Human genome project: The cost of computer equipment to
map and analyze human DNA sequences was hundreds of
millions of dollars. It’s unlikely that anyone would have
considered this project had the computer costs been 10 to 100
times higher, as they would have been 15 to 25 years earlier.
Moreover, costs continue to drop; you will soon be able to
acquire your own genome, allowing medical care to be tailored
to you.
■ World Wide Web: Not in existence at the time of the first
edition of this book, the web has transformed our society. For
many, the web has replaced libraries and newspapers.
■ Search engines: As the content of the web grew in size and in
value, finding relevant information became increasingly
important. Today, many people rely on search engines for such
a large part of their lives that it would be a hardship to go
without them.

Clearly, advances in this technology now affect almost every

aspect of our society. Hardware advances have allowed
programmers to create wonderfully useful software, which explains
why computers are omnipresent. Today’s science fiction suggests
tomorrow’s killer applications: already on their way are glasses that
augment reality, the cashless society, and cars that can drive
themselves.
Classes of Computing Applications and Their
Characteristics
Although a common set of hardware technologies (see Sections 1.4
and 1.5) is used in computers ranging from smart home appliances
to cell phones to the largest supercomputers, these different
applications have different design requirements and employ the core
hardware technologies in different ways. Broadly speaking,
computers are used in three different classes of applications.
Personal computers (PCs) in the form of laptops are possibly the
best known form of computing, which readers of this book have
likely used extensively. Personal computers emphasize delivery of
good performance to single users at low cost and usually execute
third-party software. This class of computing drove the evolution of
many computing technologies, which is only about 40 years old!

personal computer (PC)

A computer designed for use by an individual, usually
incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse.

Servers are the modern form of what were once much larger
computers, and are usually accessed only via a network. Servers are
oriented to carrying large workloads, which may consist of either
single complex applications—usually a scientific or engineering
application—or handling many small jobs, such as would occur in
building a large web server. These applications are usually based on
software from another source (such as a database or simulation
system), but are often modified or customized for a particular
function. Servers are built from the same basic technology as
desktop computers, but provide for greater computing, storage, and
input/output capacity. In general, servers also place a greater
emphasis on dependability, since a crash is usually more costly than
it would be on a single-user PC.
server
A computer used for running larger programs for multiple users,
often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a network.

Servers span the widest range in cost and capability. At the low
end, a server may be li le more than a desktop computer without a
screen or keyboard and cost a thousand dollars. These low-end
servers are typically used for file storage, small business
applications, or simple web serving (see Section 6.11). At the other
extreme are supercomputers, which at the present consist of
hundreds of thousands of processors and many terabytes of
memory, and cost tens to hundreds of millions of dollars.
Supercomputers are usually used for high-end scientific and
engineering calculations, such as weather forecasting, oil
exploration, protein structure determination, and other large-scale
problems. Although such supercomputers represent the peak of
computing capability, they represent a relatively small fraction of the
servers and a relatively small fraction of the overall computer market
in terms of total revenue.

supercomputer
A class of computers with the highest performance and cost; they
are configured as servers and typically cost tens to hundreds of
millions of dollars.

terabyte (TB)
Originally 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes, although communications
and secondary storage systems developers started using the term to
mean 1,000,000,000,000 (1012) bytes. To reduce confusion, we now
use the term tebibyte (TiB) for 240 bytes, defining terabyte (TB) to
mean 1012 bytes. Figure 1.1 shows the full range of decimal and
binary values and names.
 FIGURE 1.1 The 2X vs. 10Y bytes ambiguity was resolved
by adding a binary notation for all the common size
terms.
In the last column we note how much larger the binary term is
than its corresponding decimal term, which is compounded
as we head down the chart. These prefixes work for bits as
well as bytes, so gigabit (Gb) is 109 bits while gibibits (Gib) is
230 bits. The society that runs the metric system created the
decimal prefixes, with the last two proposed only in 2019 in
anticipation of the global capacity of storage systems. All the
names are derived from the entymology in Latin of the
powers of 1000 that they represent.

Embedded computers are the largest class of computers and

span the widest range of applications and performance. Embedded
computers include the microprocessors found in your car, the
computers in a television set, and the networks of processors that
control a modern airplane or cargo ship. A popular term today is
Internet of Things (IoT), which suggests many small devices that all
communicate wirelessly over the Internet. Embedded computing
systems are designed to run one application or one set of related
applications that are normally integrated with the hardware and
delivered as a single system; thus, despite the large number of
embedded computers, most users never really see that they are using
a computer!

embedded computer
A computer inside another device used for running one
predetermined application or collection of software.

Embedded applications often have unique application

requirements that combine a minimum performance with stringent
limitations on cost or power. For example, consider a music player:
the processor need only be as fast as necessary to handle its limited
function, and beyond that, minimizing cost and power are the most
important objectives. Despite their low cost, embedded computers
often have lower tolerance for failure, since the results can vary from
upse ing (when your new television crashes) to devastating (such as
might occur when the computer in a plane or cargo ship crashes). In
consumer-oriented embedded applications, such as a digital home
appliance, dependability is achieved primarily through simplicity—
the emphasis is on doing one function as perfectly as possible. In
large embedded systems, techniques of redundancy from the server
world are often employed. Although this book focuses on general-
purpose computers, most concepts apply directly, or with slight
modifications, to embedded computers.

Elaboration
Elaborations are short sections used throughout the text to provide
more detail on a particular subject that may be of interest.
Disinterested readers may skip over an Elaboration, since the
subsequent material will never depend on the contents of the
Elaboration.
Many embedded processors are designed using processor cores, a
version of a processor wri en in a hardware description language,
such as Verilog or VHDL (see Chapter 4). The core allows a designer
to integrate other application-specific hardware with the processor
core for fabrication on a single chip.

Welcome to the PostPC Era

The continuing march of technology brings about generational
changes in computer hardware that shake up the entire information
technology industry. Since the fourth edition of the book we have
undergone such a change, as significant in the past as the switch
starting 40 years ago to personal computers. Replacing the PC is the
personal mobile device (PMD). PMDs are ba ery operated with
wireless connectivity to the Internet and typically cost hundreds of
dollars, and, like PCs, users can download software (“apps”) to run
on them. Unlike PCs, they no longer have a keyboard and mouse,
and are more likely to rely on a touch-sensitive screen or even
speech input. Today’s PMD is a smart phone or a tablet computer,
but tomorrow it may include electronic glasses. Figure 1.2 shows the
rapid growth time of tablets and smart phones versus that of PCs
and traditional cell phones.

Personal mobile devices (PMDs)

are small wireless devices to connect to the Internet; they rely on
ba eries for power, and software is installed by downloading apps.
Conventional examples are smart phones and tablets.
 FIGURE 1.2 The number manufactured per year of
tablets and smart phones, which reflect the PostPC era,
versus personal computers and traditional cell phones.
Smart phones represent the recent growth in the cell phone
industry, and they passed PCs in 2011. PCs, tablets, and
traditional cell phone categories are declining. The peak
volume years text are 2011 for cell phones, 2013 for PCs,
and 2014 for tablets. PCs fell from 20% of total units shipped
in 2007 to 10% in 2018.

Taking over from the traditional server is Cloud Computing,

which relies upon giant datacenters that are now known as
Warehouse Scale Computers (WSCs). Companies like Amazon and
Google build these WSCs containing 50,000 servers and then let
companies rent portions of them so that they can provide software
services to PMDs without having to build WSCs of their own.
Indeed, Software as a Service (SaaS) deployed via the cloud is
revolutionizing the software industry just as PMDs and WSCs are
revolutionizing the hardware industry. Today’s software developers
will often have a portion of their application that runs on the PMD
and a portion that runs in the Cloud.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 James Jackson, from the State of Georgia, attended.

Thursday, December 6.
Joseph Anderson, from the State of Tennessee, attended.

Monday, December 17.

The credentials of William B. Giles, appointed a Senator by the
Legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the room of Wilson
C. Nicholas, resigned, and the credentials of Andrew Moore,
appointed a Senator by the Legislature of the Commonwealth of
Virginia, in the room of Abraham B. Venable, resigned, were
severally read, and the oath was administered to them, respectively,
as the law prescribes.

Wednesday, December 26.

John Brown, from the State of Kentucky, attended.

Monday, January 7, 1805.

The letter of Pierce Butler, Esq., announcing the resignation of his
seat in the Senate, was read.

Monday, January 14.

Mourning for the Honorable Mr. Potter.

On motion, it was
Resolved, That the members of the Senate, from a sincere desire
of showing every mark of respect to the Honorable Samuel J. Potter,
deceased, late a member thereof, will go into mourning for him one
month, by the usual mode of wearing a crape round the left arm.[13]

Tuesday, January 15.

The Vice President being absent, the Senate proceeded to the
choice of a President pro tempore, as the constitution provides, and
the Honorable Joseph Anderson was elected.
Ordered, That the Secretary wait on the President of the United
States and acquaint him that, the Vice-President being absent, the
Senate have elected the Honorable Joseph Anderson President of the
Senate pro tempore.
Ordered, That the Secretary make a like communication to the
House of Representatives.
James A. Bayard, from the State of Delaware, attended. His
credentials having been presented and read on the 23d of November
last, the oath was administered to him by the President, as the law
prescribes, and he took his seat in the Senate.

Thursday, January 17.

General Moses Hazen.

The bill entitled “An act for the relief of Charlotte Hazen, widow
and relict of the late Brigadier General Moses Hazen,” was read the
third time, further amended, and the blank filled with the words “two
hundred;” and on the question, Shall this bill pass as amended? it
was determined in the affirmative—yeas 20, nays 8, as follows:

Yeas.—Messrs. Anderson, Bradley, Breckenridge, Brown, Cocke,

Condit, Ellery, Franklin, Howland, Logan, Maclay, Mitchill, Moore,
Smith of Maryland, Smith of New York, Smith of Vermont, Stone,
Sumter, Worthington, and Wright.
 Nays.—Messrs. Adams, Baldwin, Dayton, Hillhouse, Olcott, Plumer,
and Tracy.

So it was Resolved, That this bill do pass as amended.

Monday, January 21.

African Slavery.

Mr. Logan presented a petition signed Thomas Morris, clerk, on

behalf of the meeting of the representatives of the people called
Quakers, in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, &c., stating that the
petitioners, from a sense of religious duty, had again come forward,
to plead the cause of their oppressed and degraded fellow-men of
the African race; and on the question, Shall this petition be received?
it passed in the affirmative—yeas 19, nays 9, as follows:

Yeas.—Messrs. Adams, Bayard, Brown, Condit, Franklin, Hillhouse,

Howland, Logan, Maclay, Mitchill, Olcott, Pickering, Plumer, Smith of
Ohio, Smith of Vermont, Stone, Sumter, White, and Worthington.
Nays.—Messrs. Anderson, Baldwin, Bradley, Cocke, Jackson,
Moore, Smith of Maryland, Smith of New York, and Wright.

So the petition was read.

Tuesday, January 29.

Government of the Territory of Orleans.

Mr. Giles, from the committee to whom was referred, on the 4th
instant, the petition of the merchants, planters, and other
inhabitants of Louisiana, reported a bill further providing for the
government of the Territory of Orleans; and the bill was read, and
ordered to the second reading.
The bill is as follows:

A Bill further providing for the government of the Territory of

Orleans.
Be it enacted, &c., That the President of the United States be and
he is hereby authorized to establish within the Territory of Orleans, a
government in all respects similar (except as is herein otherwise
provided) to that now exercised in the Mississippi Territory, and shall,
in the recess of the Senate, but to be nominated at their next
meeting, for their advice and consent, appoint all the officers
necessary therein, in conformity with the ordinance of Congress,
made on the 20th day of July, 1787, and that from and after the
establishment of the said government, the inhabitants of the
Territory of Orleans shall be entitled to and enjoy all the rights,
privileges, and advantages, secured by the said ordinance, and now
enjoyed by the people of the Mississippi Territory.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That so much of the said
ordinance of Congress as relates to the organization of a General
Assembly, and prescribes the power thereof, shall, from and after
the —— day of —— next, be in force in the said Territory of Orleans;
and in order to carry the same into operation, the Governor of the
said Territory shall cause to be elected twenty-five representatives,
for which purpose he shall lay off the said Territory into convenient
election districts, on or before the —— day of —— next, and give
due notice thereof throughout the same and first appoint the most
convenient place, within each of the said districts, for holding the
elections; and shall nominate a proper officer or officers to preside
at and conduct the same, and to return to him the names of the
persons who may have been duly elected. All subsequent elections
shall be regulated by the Legislature; and the number of
representatives shall be determined, and the apportionment made in
the manner prescribed by the said ordinance.
 Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the representatives to be
chosen as aforesaid, shall be convened by the Governor, in the city
of Orleans, on the —— day of —— next. The General Assembly shall
meet at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the
—— Monday in —— annually, unless they shall by law appoint a
different day. Neither House, during the session, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
other place than that in which the two branches are sitting.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the laws in force in the said
Territory, at the commencement of this act, and not inconsistent
with the provisions thereof, shall continue in force, until altered,
modified, or repealed by the Legislature.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the second paragraph of
the said ordinance, which regulates the descent and distribution of
estates; and also the sixth article of compact which is annexed to
and makes part of said ordinance, are hereby declared not to extend
to, but are excluded from all operation within the said Territory of
Orleans.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the Governor, Secretary,
and Judges, to be appointed by virtue of this act, shall be severally
allowed the same compensation which is now allowed to the
Governor, Secretary, and Judges, of the Territory of Orleans. And all
the additional officers authorized by this act shall respectively
receive the same compensations for their services, as are by law
established for similar offices in the Mississippi Territory, to be paid
quarterly out of the revenues of import and tonnage, accruing within
the said Territory of Orleans.
Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall be
ascertained by an actual census or enumeration of the inhabitants of
the Territory of Orleans, taken by proper authority, that the number
of inhabitants included therein shall amount to at least ——
thousand souls, which shall be determined by adding to the whole
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term
of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other
persons, the inhabitants of the said Territory, upon application to
Congress for that purpose, and upon producing satisfactory proof
that the number of souls included therein, ascertained as aforesaid,
does actually amount to at least —— thousand, shall thereupon be
authorized to form for themselves a constitution and State
government, and be admitted into the Union upon the footing of the
original States, in all respects whatever, conformably to the
provisions of the third article of the Treaty concluded at Paris, on the
30th of April, 1803, between the United States and the French
Republic: Provided, That the constitution so to be established, shall
be republican, and not inconsistent with the Constitution of the
United States, nor inconsistent with the ordinance of the late
Congress, passed the 13th day of July, 1787, so far as the same is
made applicable to the Territorial government hereby authorized to
be established: Provided, however, That Congress shall be at liberty,
at any time prior to the admission of the inhabitants of the said
Territory to the rights of a separate State, to alter the boundaries
thereof as they may judge proper: except only, that no alteration
shall be made which shall procrastinate the period for the admission
of the inhabitants thereof to the rights of a State Government,
according to the provision of this act.
Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That so much of an act entitled,
“An act erecting Louisiana into two Territories, and providing for the
temporary government thereof,” as is repugnant with this act, shall,
from and after the —— day of —— next, be repealed.

Wednesday, January 30.

Army Uniform.

The President laid before the Senate the petition of Andrew

Jackson, Major General, and sundry other militia officers and other
citizens of the State of Tennessee, praying Congress to amend the
articles and rules for the future government of the army, in respect
to certain parts of their dress and uniform; and, on the question,
Shall this petition be referred to the committee appointed on the
25th instant, who have under consideration the bill, entitled “An act
for establishing rules and articles for the government of the armies
of the United States?” it passed in the affirmative—yeas 16, nays 15,
as follows:

Yeas.—Messrs. Adams, Anderson, Baldwin, Bayard, Bradley, Cocke,

Condit, Franklin, Hillhouse, Maclay, Mitchill, Olcott, Pickering, Plumer,
Stone, and Worthington.
Nays.—Messrs. Breckenridge, Brown, Dayton, Giles, Howland,
Jackson, Logan, Moore, Smith of Maryland, Smith of New York,
Smith of Ohio, Smith of Vermont, Sumter, White, and Wright.

Thursday, January 31.

John Gaillard, appointed a Senator by the Legislature of the State
of South Carolina, in the room of Pierce Butler, resigned, took his
seat in the Senate, and the oath prescribed was administered to him
by the President.[14]

Tuesday, February 12.

Opening and Counting Votes for President and Vice

President.

Resolved, That the Senate will be ready to receive the House of

Representatives in the Senate Chamber, on Wednesday the 13th
instant, February, at noon, for the purpose of being present at the
opening and counting the votes for President and Vice President of the
United States. That one person be appointed a teller on the part of
the Senate, to make a list of the votes for President and Vice
President of the United States, as they shall be declared, and that
the result shall be delivered to the President of the Senate, who shall
announce the state of the vote, which shall be entered on the
Journals, and, if it shall appear that a choice hath been made
agreeably to the constitution, such entry on the Journals shall be
deemed a sufficient declaration thereof.
Ordered, That the Secretary do carry this resolution to the House
of Representatives.

Wednesday, February 13.

Counting of Electoral Votes for President and Vice President.

About twelve o’clock the Senators took their seats; and

immediately after the Speaker and members of the House of
Representatives entered; the Speaker and Clerk occupying seats on
the floor on the right side of the President of the Senate, and the
members of the House being seated in front.
Mr. Samuel Smith, teller on the part of the Senate, and Mr. Joseph
Clay, and Mr. Roger Griswold, tellers on the part of the House, took
seats at a table placed in front of the Chair, in the area between the
Senate and House.
The Secretary of the Senate read the resolutions of the two
Houses, previously agreed to.
The President (Mr. Burr) stated that, pursuant to law, there had
been transmitted to him several packets, which, from the
endorsements upon them, appeared to be the votes of the Electors
of a President and Vice President; that the returns forwarded by the
mail, as well as the duplicates sent by special messengers, had been
received by him in due time. You will now proceed, gentlemen, said
he, to count the votes as the constitution and laws direct; adding
that, perceiving no cause for preference in the order of opening the
returns, he would pursue a geographical arrangement, beginning
with the Northern States.
 The President then proceeded to break the seals of the respective
returns, handing each return, and its accompanying duplicate, as the
seals of each were broken, to the tellers through, the Secretary; Mr.
S. Smith reading aloud the returns, and the attestations of the
appointment of the Electors, and Mr. J. Clay and Mr. R. Griswold
comparing them with the duplicate return lying before them.
According to which enumeration, the following appeared to be the
result.

President. V. Pres’dt
STATES. Th. C. C. Geo. Rufus
Jefferson. Pinckney. Clinton. King.
New Hampshire 7 - 7
Massachusetts 19 - 19
[A]Rhode Island 4 - 4
Connecticut - - - 9
Vermont 6 - 6
New York 19 - 19
New Jersey 8 - 8
Pennsylvania 20 - 20
Delaware - 3 - 3
Maryland 9 2 9 2
Virginia 24 - 24
North Carolina 14 - 14
South Carolina 10 - 10
[B]Georgia 6 - 6
Tennessee 5 - 5
Kentucky 8 - 8
[C]Ohio 3 - 3
Total 162 14 162 14

[A] In this return, after stating the whole number of votes given
for Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton, each Elector certifies
 distinctly his vote for Thomas Jefferson as President, and for
George Clinton, as Vice President.
[B] The return certifies the votes to have been given as stated
in an enclosed paper.
[C] In this return, the votes are not certified to have been given
by ballot, but agreeably to law.
After the returns had been all examined, without any objection
having been made to receiving any of the votes, Mr. S. Smith, on
behalf of the tellers, communicated to the President the foregoing
result, which was read from the Chair; when, the Vice President said,
upon this report it becomes my duty to declare, agreeably to the
constitution, that Thomas Jefferson is elected President of the United
States, for the term of four years from the third day of March next,
and that George Clinton is elected Vice President of the United
States, for the term of four years from the third day of March next.
[Previous to the above proceedings, a short debate arose in the
Senate on the keeping of the doors open or shut during the counting
of the votes. Mr. Wright submitted a motion for their being kept
open, which, after some opposition, was agreed to.]

Saturday, February 16.

Absent Members.

A motion was made,

“That a call of the Senate take place every morning at the hour to
which the Senate is adjourned, and that absent members be not
permitted to take their seats until a satisfactory excuse be made, or
the opinion of the Senate be had thereon.”

Wednesday, February 20.

 Tripolitan War.

The following Message was received from the President of the

United States:

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:

I communicate, for the information of Congress, a letter of
September 18th, from Commodore Preble, giving a detailed account
of the transactions of the vessels under his command, from July the
9th, to the 10th of September last past.
The energy and judgment displayed by this excellent officer,
through the whole course of the service lately confided to him, and
the zeal and valor of his officers and men, in the several enterprises
executed by them, cannot fail to give high satisfaction to Congress
and their country, of whom they have deserved well.
TH. JEFFERSON.
February 20, 1805.

Friday, February 22.

The bill freeing from postage all letters and packets to and from
Aaron Burr, was read the second time.

Saturday, February 23.

Mr. Logan gave notice that he should, on Monday next, ask leave
to bring in a bill to prohibit the granting clearances to vessels bound
to St. Domingo.

Monday, February 25.

Commodore Preble.
 Mr. Jackson laid on the table a motion expressive of the high sense
Congress entertain of the gallant and meritorious services of
Commodore Edward Preble, and the officers, seamen, and marines,
under his command; and the motion was read; and it was agreed
that it be referred to a select committee.

Wednesday, February 27.

Franking Privilege to Aaron Burr.

The Senate resumed the second reading of the bill freeing from
postage all letters and packets to and from Aaron Burr; and, on the
question, Shall this bill pass to the third reading? it was determined
in the affirmative—yeas 18, nays 9, as follows:

Yeas.—Messrs. Adams, Baldwin, Bradley, Breckenridge, Brown,

Cocke, Condit, Dayton, Franklin, Gaillard, Giles, Jackson, Mitchill,
Moore, Smith of Maryland, Smith of Ohio, Smith of Vermont, and
Wright.
Nays.—Messrs. Ellery, Hillhouse, Howland, Logan, Olcott, Pickering,
Plumer, Sumter, and Worthington.[15]

Thursday, February 28.

The Vice President being indisposed, the Senate proceeded to the
choice of a President pro tempore as the constitution provides, and
the Hon. Joseph Anderson was elected.
Ordered, That the Secretary wait on the President of the United
States, and acquaint him that, the Vice President being absent, the
Senate have elected the Hon. Joseph Anderson President of the
Senate pro tempore.
Ordered, That the Secretary make a like communication to the
House of Representatives.
 The following Messages were received from the President of the
United States:

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:

I now lay before Congress a statement of the militia of the United
States, according to the returns last received from the several
States. It will be perceived that some of these are not recent dates,
and that from the States of Maryland, Delaware, and Tennessee, no
returns are stated. As far as appears from our records, none were
ever rendered from either of these States.
TH. JEFFERSON.
February 28, 1805.

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:

I now render to Congress the account of the fund established by
the act of May 1st, 1802, for defraying the contingent charges of
Government. No occasion having arisen for making use of any part
of the balance of $18,560, unexpended on the 31st day of
December, 1803, when the last account was rendered by Message,
that balance has been carried to the credit of the surplus fund.
TH. JEFFERSON.
February 28, 1805.

The messages and documents therein referred to were severally

read, and ordered to lie for consideration.

Franking Privilege to Col. Burr.

The bill freeing from postage all letters and packets to and from
Aaron Burr was read the third time; on motion to postpone the
further consideration thereof until the first Monday in December
next, it passed in the negative—yeas 12, nays 18, as follows:
 Yeas.—Messrs. Baldwin, Ellery, Franklin, Hillhouse, Howland,
Logan, Maclay, Olcott, Pickering, Plumer, Stone, and Sumter.
Nays.—Messrs. Adams, Anderson, Bradley, Breckenridge, Brown,
Cocke, Condit, Dayton, Gaillard, Jackson, Mitchill, Moore, Smith of
Maryland, Smith of New York, Smith of Ohio, Smith of Vermont,
Worthington, and Wright.

On the question, Shall this bill pass? it was determined in the

affirmative—yeas 18, nays 13, as follows:

Yeas.—Messrs. Adams, Anderson, Bradley, Breckenridge, Brown,

Cocke, Condit, Dayton, Gaillard, Jackson, Mitchill, Moore, Smith of
Maryland, Smith of New York, Smith of Ohio, Smith of Vermont,
White, and Wright.
Nays.—Messrs. Baldwin, Ellery, Franklin, Hillhouse, Howland,
Logan, Maclay, Olcott, Pickering, Plumer, Stone, Sumter, and
Worthington.

So it was Resolved, that this bill do pass, that it be engrossed, and

that the title thereof be “An act freeing from postage all letters and
packets to and from Aaron Burr.”

Saturday, March 2.
Resignation of Vice President Burr.

BURR’S ADDRESS.

The Vice President took an affectionate leave of the Senate, in

substance as follows:

“Mr. Burr began by saying, that he had intended to pass the day
with them, but the increase of a slight indisposition (sore throat) had
determined him then to take leave of them. He touched lightly on
some of the rules and orders of the House, and recommended, in
one or two points, alterations, of which he briefly explained the
reasons and principles.
“He said he was sensible he must at times have wounded the
feelings of individual members. He had ever avoided entering into
explanations at the time, because a moment of irritation was not a
moment for explanation; because his position (being in the chair)
rendered it impossible to enter into explanations without obvious
danger of consequences which might hazard the dignity of the
Senate, or prove disagreeable and injurious in more than one point
of view; that he had, therefore, preferred to leave to their reflections
his justification; that, on his part, he had no injuries to complain of;
if any had been done or attempted, he was ignorant of the authors;
and if he had ever heard, he had forgotten, for, he thanked God, he
had no memory for injuries.
“He doubted not but that they had found occasion to observe, that
to be prompt was not therefore to be precipitate; and that to act
without delay was not always to act without reflection; that error
was often to be preferred to indecision; that his errors, whatever
they might have been, were those of rule and principle, and not of
caprice; that it could not be deemed arrogance in him to say that, in
his official conduct, he had known no party, no cause, no friend; that
if, in the opinion of any, the discipline which had been established
approached to rigor, they would at least admit that it was uniform
and indiscriminate.
“He further remarked, that the ignorant and unthinking affected to
treat as unnecessary and fastidious a rigid attention to rules and
decorum; but he thought nothing trivial which touched, however
remotely, the dignity of that body; and he appealed to their
experience for the justice of this sentiment, and urged them in
language the most impressive, and in a manner the most
commanding, to avoid the smallest relaxation of the habits which he
had endeavored, to inculcate and establish.
 “But he challenged their attention to considerations more
momentous than any which regarded merely their personal honor
and character—the preservation of law, of liberty, and the
constitution. This House, said he, is a sanctuary; a citadel of law, of
order, and of liberty; and it is here—it is here, in this exalted refuge;
here, if any where, will resistance be made to the storms of political
frenzy and the silent arts of corruption; and if the constitution be
destined ever to perish by the sacrilegious hands of the demagogue
or the usurper, which God avert, its expiring agonies will be
witnessed on this floor.
“He then adverted to those affecting sentiments which attended a
final separation—a dissolution, perhaps for ever, of those
associations which he hoped had been mutually satisfactory. He
consoled himself, however, and them, with the reflection, that,
though they separated, they would be engaged in the common
cause of disseminating principles of freedom and social order. He
should always regard the proceedings of that body with interest and
with solicitude. He should feel for their honor and the national honor
so intimately connected with it, and took his leave with expressions
of personal respect, and with prayers, and wishes,” &c.[16]

Whereupon, the Senate proceeded to the choice of a President

pro tempore, as the constitution provides; and the Honorable Joseph
Anderson was elected.
Ordered, That the Secretary wait on the President of the United
States, and acquaint him that, the Vice President being absent, the
Senate have elected the Honorable Joseph Anderson President of the
Senate pro tempore.
Ordered, That the Secretary notify the same to the House of
Representatives.
Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of the Senate be
presented to Aaron Burr, in testimony of the impartiality, dignity, and
ability, with which he has presided over their deliberations, and of
their entire approbation of his conduct in discharge of the arduous
and important duties assigned him as President of the Senate.
Ordered, That Messrs. Smith of Maryland, and White, be a
committee to communicate to him this resolution.

Sunday, March 3.
Reply of Vice President Burr to the Vote of Thanks.

Mr. Smith of Maryland, from the committee appointed for that

purpose, reported that they had waited on the Vice President,
agreeably to the resolution of yesterday, to which he made the
following reply:

To the Senate of the United States:

Gentlemen: Next to the satisfaction derived from the consciousness
of having discharged my duty, is that which arises from the favorable
opinion of those who have been the constant witnesses of my official
conduct; and the value of this flattering mark of their esteem is
greatly enhanced by the promptitude and unanimity with which it is
offered.
I pray you to accept my respectful acknowledgments, and the
assurance of my inviolable attachment to the interests and dignity of
the Senate.
A. BURR.
March 3, 1805.

Adjournment.

On motion,
Resolved, That Messrs. Adams, and Smith of Maryland, be a
committee on the part of the Senate, with such as the House of
Representatives may join, to wait on the President of the United
States, and notify him that, unless he may have any further
communications to make to the two Houses of Congress, they are
ready to adjourn.
Ordered, That the Secretary acquaint the House of
Representatives therewith, and desire the appointment of a
committee on their part.
Mr. Adams, from the committee, reported that they had waited
upon the President of the United States, who informed them that he
had no further communications to make to the two Houses of
Congress.
The Secretary was then directed to inform the House of
Representatives that the Senate, having finished the business before
them, are about to adjourn. Whereupon, the Senate adjourned.

March 4, 1805.
Inaugural Speech.

On Monday, at 12 o’clock, Thomas Jefferson, President of the United

States, took the oath of office, and delivered the following Inaugural
Speech in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of
the two Houses, and a large concourse of citizens:

Proceeding, fellow-citizens, to that qualification which the

constitution requires before my entrance on the charge conferred on
me, it is my duty to express the deep sense I entertain of this new
proof of confidence from my fellow-citizens at large, and the zeal
with which it inspires me so to conduct myself as may best satisfy
their just expectations.
On taking this station, on a former occasion, I declared the
principles on which I believed it my duty to administer the affairs of
our commonwealth. My conscience tells me I have, on every
occasion, acted up to that declaration, according to its obvious
import, and to the understanding of every candid mind.
In the transaction of your foreign affairs, we have endeavored to
cultivate the friendship of all nations, and especially of those with
which we have the most important relations. We have done them
justice on all occasions; favor, where favor was lawful, and cherished
mutual interests and intercourse on fair and equal terms. We are
firmly convinced, and we act on that conviction, that with nations, as
with individuals, our interests, soundly calculated, will ever be found
inseparable from our moral duties; and history-bears witness to the
fact, that a just nation is trusted on its word, when recourse is had
to armaments and wars to bridle others.
At home, fellow-citizens, you best know whether we have done
well or ill. The suppression of unnecessary offices, of useless
establishments and expenses, enabled us to discontinue our internal
taxes. These, covering our land with officers,[17] and opening our
doors to their intrusions, had already begun that process of
domiciliary vexation, which, once entered, is scarcely to be
restrained from reaching, successively, every article of property and
produce. If, among these taxes, some minor ones fell, which had not
been inconvenient, it was because their amount would not have paid
the officers who collected them; and because, if they had any merit,
the State authorities might adopt them instead of others less
approved.
The remaining revenue, on the consumption of foreign articles, is
paid chiefly by those who can afford to add foreign luxuries to
domestic comforts. Being collected on our seaboard and frontiers
only, and incorporated with the transactions of our mercantile
citizens, it may be the pleasure and the pride of an American to ask,
what farmer, what mechanic, what laborer, ever sees a tax-gatherer
of the United States? These contributions enable us to support the
current expenses of the Government; to fulfil contracts with foreign
nations; to extinguish the native right of soil within our limits; to
extend those limits; and to apply such a surplus to our public debts,
as places, at a short day, their final redemption; and that
redemption, once effected, the revenue thereby liberated may, by a
just repartition of it among the States, and a corresponding
amendment of the constitution, be applied, in time of peace, to
rivers, canals, roads, arts, manufactures, education, and other great
objects, within each State.[18] In time of war, if injustice by
ourselves, or others, must sometimes produce war, increased, as the
same revenue will be, by increased population and consumption,
and aided by other resources reserved for that crisis, it may meet,
within the year, all the expenses of the year, without encroaching on
the rights of future generations, by burdening them with the debts
of the past. War will then be but a suspension of useful works; and a
return to a state of peace, a return to the progress of improvement.
I have said, fellow-citizens, that the income reserved had enabled
us to extend our limits; but that extension may possibly pay for itself
before we are called on; and, in the mean time, may keep down the
accruing interest: in all events, it will replace the advances we shall
have made. I know that the acquisition of Louisiana has been
disapproved by some, from a candid apprehension that the
enlargement of our territory would endanger its union. But who can
limit the extent to which the federative principle may operate
effectively? The larger our association, the less will it be shaken by
local passions: and, in any view, is it not better that the opposite
bank of the Mississippi should be settled by our own brethren and
children, than by strangers of another family? With which should we
be most likely to live in harmony and friendly intercourse?
In matters of religion, I have considered that its free exercise is
placed by the constitution independent of the powers of the General
Government. I have therefore undertaken, on no occasion, to
prescribe the religious exercises suited to it; but have left them, as
the constitution found them, under the direction and discipline of the
Church or State authorities acknowledged by the several religious
societies.
 The aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded with
the commiseration their history inspires. Endowed with the faculties
and the rights of men, breathing an ardent love of liberty and
independence, and occupying a country which left them no desire
but to be undisturbed, the stream of overflowing population from
other regions directed itself on these shores. Without power to
divert, or habits to contend against it, they have been overwhelmed
by the current, or driven before it. Now reduced within limits too
narrow for the hunter state, humanity enjoins us to teach them
agriculture and the domestic arts; to encourage them to that
industry which alone can enable them to maintain their place in
existence; and to prepare them in time for that state of society
which, to bodily comforts, adds the improvement of the mind and
morals. We have therefore liberally furnished them with the
implements of husbandry and household use; we have placed
among them instructors in the arts of first necessity; and they are
covered with the ægis of the law against aggressors from among
ourselves.
But the endeavors to enlighten them on the fate which awaits
their present course of life, to induce them to exercise their reason,
follow its dictates, and change their pursuits with the change of
circumstances, have powerful obstacles to encounter. They are
combated by the habits of their bodies, prejudices of their minds,
ignorance, pride, and the influence of interested and crafty
individuals among them, who feel themselves something in the
present order of things, and fear to become nothing in any other.
These persons inculcate a sanctimonious reverence for the customs
of their ancestors; that whatsoever they did, must be done through
all time; that reason is a false guide, and to advance under its
counsel in their physical, moral, or political condition, is perilous
innovation; that their duty is to remain as their Creator made them;
ignorance being safety, and knowledge full of danger. In short, my
friends, among them, also, is seen the action and counteraction of
good sense and of bigotry. They, too, have their anti-philosophists,
who find an interest in keeping things in their present state; who
dread reformation, and exert all their faculties to maintain the
ascendency of habit over the duty of improving our reason, and
obeying its mandates.
In giving these outlines, I do not mean, fellow-citizens, to arrogate
to myself the merit of the measures—that is due, in the first place,
to the reflecting character of our citizens at large, who, by the
weight of public opinion, influence and strengthen the public
measures. It is due to the sound discretion with which they select
from among themselves those to whom they confide the legislative
duties. It is due to the zeal and wisdom of the characters thus
selected, who lay the foundations of public happiness in wholesome
laws, the execution of which alone remains for others; and it is due
to the able and faithful auxiliaries, whose patriotism has associated
them with me in the executive functions.
During this course of administration, and in order to disturb it, the
artillery of the press has been levelled against us, charged with
whatsoever its licentiousness could devise or dare. These abuses of
an institution, so important to freedom and science, are deeply to be
regretted, inasmuch as they tend to lessen its usefulness, and to sap
its safety. They might, indeed, have been corrected by the
wholesome punishments reserved to, and provided by, the laws of
the several States against falsehood and defamation; but public
duties, more urgent, press on the time of public servants, and the
offenders have therefore been left to find their punishment in the
public indignation.
Nor was it uninteresting to the world, that an experiment should
be fairly and fully made, whether freedom of discussion, unaided by
power, is not sufficient for the propagation and protection of truth;
Whether a Government, conducting itself in the true spirit of its
constitution, with zeal and purity, and doing no act which it would be
unwilling the whole world should witness, can be written down by
falsehood and defamation. The experiment has been tried. You have
witnessed the scene. Our fellow-citizens looked on cool and
collected. They saw the latent source from which these outrages
proceeded. They gathered around their public functionaries; and
when the constitution called them to the decision by suffrage, they
pronounced their verdict honorable to those who had served them,
and consolatory to the friend of man, who believes that he may be
trusted with the control of his own affairs.
No inference is here intended, that the laws provided by the
States against false and defamatory publications, should not be
enforced. He who has time, renders a service to public morals and
public tranquillity, in reforming these abuses by the salutary
coercions of the law. But the experiment is noted to prove, that,
since truth and reason have maintained their ground against false
opinions, in league with false facts, the press, confined to truth,
needs no other legal restraint. The public judgment will correct false
reasonings and opinions, on a full hearing of all parties; and no
other definite line can be drawn between the inestimable liberty of
the press, and its demoralizing licentiousness. If there be still
improprieties which this rule would not restrain, its supplement must
be sought in the censorship of public opinion.
Contemplating the union of sentiment now manifested so
generally, as auguring harmony and happiness to our future course,
I offer to our country sincere congratulations. With those, too, not
yet rallied to the same point, the disposition to do so is gaining
strength. Facts are piercing through the veil drawn over them: and
our doubting brethren will at length see that the mass of their
fellow-citizens, with whom they cannot yet resolve to act, as to
principles and measures, think as they think, and desire what they
desire: that our wish, as well as theirs, is, that the public efforts may
be directed honestly to the public good; that peace be cultivated;
civil and religious liberty unassailed; law and order preserved;
equality of rights maintained; and that state of property, equal or
unequal, which results to every man from his own industry, or that
of his father. When satisfied of these views, it is not in human nature
that they should not approve and support them. In the mean time,
let us cherish them with patient affection; let us do them justice, and
more than justice, in all competitions of interest; and we need not
doubt that truth, reason, and their own interests, will at length
prevail; will gather them into the fold of their country, and will
complete that entire union of opinion which gives to a nation the
blessing of harmony, and the benefit of all its strength.
I shall now enter on the duties to which my fellow-citizens have
again called me, and shall proceed in the spirit of those principles
which they have approved. I fear not that any motives of interest
may lead me astray. I am sensible of no passion which could seduce
me, knowingly, from the path of justice; but the weaknesses of
human nature, and the limits of my own understanding, will produce
errors of judgment, sometimes injurious to your interests. I shall
need, therefore, all the indulgence which I have heretofore
experienced from my constituents. The want of it will certainly not
lessen with increasing years. I shall need, too, the favor of that
Being in whose hands we are; who led our fathers, as Israel of old,
from their native land, and planted them in a country flowing with all
the necessaries and comforts of life; who has covered our infancy
with His providence, and our riper years with His wisdom and power;
and to whose goodness I ask you to join in supplications with me,
that He will so enlighten the minds of your servants, guide their
councils, and prosper their measures, that, whatsoever they do, shall
result in your good, and shall secure to you the peace, friendship,
and approbation of all nations.

After which, the Chief Justice of the United States administered to

him the oath of office prescribed by the constitution; and the oath
was, in like manner, administered to George Clinton, Vice President of
the United States; after which, the President and Vice President
retired.
 Trial of Judge Chase.
TRIAL OF SAMUEL CHASE, AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, IMPEACHED BY THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR HIGH CRIMES AND
MISDEMEANORS, BEFORE THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES.
[TAKEN IN SHORT-HAND BY SAMUEL H. SMITH AND THOMAS
LLOYD.]
This trial was one of the events of the day, greatly exciting party
passions, and taking a scope which gives it historic interest, both for
the persons concerned, and the matters involved. The account of it
is greatly abridged here, but it is believed all is still retained which is
necessary to the full knowledge of the case, and to a just conception
of the skill, learning, eloquence and ability with which the trial (both
the prosecution and the defence) was conducted. The formal
charges are omitted, as being sufficiently shown in the pleadings;
the testimony of witnesses limited to their principal statements; and
the speeches only given in their essential parts.

[The following report of the trial of Samuel Chase has been drawn
up with the greatest care. To guard against misconception or
omission, two individuals, one of whom is a professional
stenographer, were constantly engaged during the whole course of
the trial; and the arguments of the managers and counsel have in
most instances, and whenever it was attainable, been revised by
them. It is with some satisfaction that the editor of this impression is
enabled, under these circumstances, to submit to the public a tract,
whose fidelity and comprehensiveness, he hopes will amply reward
the interest so deeply excited by the progress and issue of this
important trial.—Editor National Intelligencer.]
 MEASURES PRELIMINARY TO THE TRIAL.
On the fifth day of January 1804, Mr. J. Randolph, a member of the
House of Representatives of the United States, rose and addressed
that body to the following effect:
He observed “That no people were more fully impressed with the
importance of preserving unpolluted the fountain of justice than the
citizens of these States. With this view the Constitution of the United
States, and of many of the States also, had rendered the magistrates
who decided judicially between the State and the offending citizens,
and between man and man, more independent than those of any
other country in the world, in the hope that every inducement,
whether of intimidation or seduction, which should cause them to
swerve from the duty assigned to them, might be removed. But such
was the frailty of human nature, that there was no precaution by
which our integrity and honor could be preserved, in case we were
deficient in that duty which we owed to ourselves. In consequence,
sir,” said Mr. Randolph, “of this unfortunate condition of man, we
have been obliged, but yesterday, to prefer an accusation against a
judge of the United States, who has been found wanting in his duty
to himself and his country. At the last session of Congress, a
gentleman from Pennsylvania did, in his place, (on a bill to amend
the judicial system of the United States,) state certain facts in
relation to the official conduct of an eminent judicial character, which
I then thought, and still think, the House bound to notice. But the
lateness of the session (for we had, if I mistake not, scarce a
fortnight remaining) precluding all possibility of bringing the subject
to any efficient result, I did not then think proper to take any steps
in the business. Finding my attention, however, thus drawn to a
consideration of the character of the officer in question, I made it
my business, considering it my duty, as well to myself as those
whom I represent, to investigate the charges then made, and the
official character of the judge, in general. The result having
convinced me that there exists ground of impeachment against this
officer, I demand an inquiry into his conduct, and therefore submit to
the House the following resolution:

“Resolved, That a committee be appointed to inquire into the

official conduct of Samuel Chase, one of the Associate Judges of the
Supreme Court of the United States, and to report their opinion,
whether the said Samuel Chase hath so acted in his judicial capacity as
to require the interposition of the constitutional power of this
House.”

A short debate immediately arose on this motion, which was

advocated by Messrs. J. Randolph, Smilie, and J. Clay; and opposed by
Mr. Elliot. Several members supported a motion to postpone it until
the ensuing day, which was superseded by an adjournment of the
House.
The House, on the next day, resumed the consideration of Mr.
Randolph’s motion, which was supported by Mr. Smilie, and, on the
motion of Mr. Leib, so amended as to embrace an inquiry into the
official conduct of Richard Peters, district judge for the District of
Pennsylvania. On the motion, thus amended, further debate arose,
which occupied the greater part of this and the ensuing day. It was
supported by Messrs. Findlay, Jackson, Nicholson, Holland, J. Randolph,
Eustis, Early, Smilie, and Eppes; and opposed by Messrs. Lowndes, R.
Griswold, Elliot, Dennis, Griffin, Thatcher, Huger, and Dana. Some
ineffectual attempts were made to amend the resolution, when the
final question was taken on the resolution, as amended, in the
following words:

“Resolved, That a committee be appointed to inquire into the

official conduct of Samuel Chase, one of the Associate Justices of the
Supreme Court of the United States, and of Richard Peters, district
judge of the district of Pennsylvania, and to report their opinion,
whether the said Samuel Chase and Richard Peters, or either of
them, have so acted in their judicial capacity, as to require the
interposition of the constitutional power of this House:”

And resolved in the affirmative—yeas 81, nays 40.

Whereupon, Messrs. J. Randolph, Nicholson, J. Clay, Early, R.
Griswold, Huger, and Boyle, were appointed a committee pursuant to
the foregoing resolution.
On the 10th of January, the committee were authorized by the
House to send for persons, papers, and records; and on the 30th
day of the same month they were authorized to cause to be printed
such documents and papers as they might deem necessary, previous
to their presentation to the House.
On the 6th day of March, Mr. Randolph, in the name of the
committee, made a report, “That in consequence of the evidence
collected by them, in virtue of the powers with which they have
been invested by the House, and which is hereunto subjoined, they
are of opinion, 1st. That Samuel Chase, Esq., an Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court of the United States, be impeached of high
crimes and misdemeanors.
“2d. That Richard Peters, district judge of the district of
Pennsylvania, has not so acted in his judicial capacity as to require
the interposition of the constitutional power of this House.”
This report, accompanied by a great mass of printed documents,
embracing various depositions taken before the committee, as well
as at a distance, was made the order of the day for the Monday
following.
On that day the House took up the report, and after a short
debate concurred in the first resolution by the following vote—yeas
73, nays 32, as follows:

Yeas.—Willis Alston, jun., Isaac Anderson, John Archer, David Bard,

George Michael Bedinger, William Blackledge, Walter Bowie, Adam
Boyd, John Boyle, Robert Brown, Joseph Bryan, William Butler, Levi
Casey, Thomas Claiborne, Joseph Clay, Matthew Clay, John Clopton,
Frederick Conrad, Jacob Crowninshield, Richard Cutts, John Dawson,
William Dickson, John B. Earle, Peter Early, James Elliot, William
Findlay, John Fowler, James Gillespie, Peterson Goodwyn, Andrew
Gregg, Samuel Hammond, James Holland, David Holmes, Walter
Jones, William Kennedy, Nehemiah Knight, Michael Leib, Matthew
Lyon, Andrew McCord, William McCreery, David Meriwether, Andrew
Moore, Nicholas R. Moore, Jeremiah Morrow, Anthony New, Thomas
Newton, jun., Joseph H. Nicholson, Gideon Olin, John Patterson,
John Randolph, Thomas M. Randolph, John Rea of Pennsylvania,
John Rhea of Tennessee, Jacob Richards, Cæsar A. Rodney, Thomas
Sammons, Thomas Sanford, Ebenezer Seaver, James Sloan, John
Smilie, Henry Southard, Richard Stanford, Joseph Stanton, John
Stewart, David Thomas, Philip R. Thompson, Abram Trigg, John
Trigg, Isaac Van Horne, Joseph B. Varnum, Marmaduke Williams,
Richard Wynn, and Joseph Winston.
Nays.—Simeon Baldwin, Silas Betton, John Campbell, William
Chamberlin, Martin Chittenden, Clifton Claggett, Manasseh Cutler,
Samuel W. Dana, John Davenport, Thomas Dwight, Thomas Griffin,
Gaylord Griswold, Roger Griswold, Seth Hastings, William Helms,
Benjamin Huger, Joseph Lewis, jun., Henry W. Livingston, Thomas
Lowndes, Nahum Mitchell, Thomas Plater, Samuel D. Purviance, John
Cotton Smith, John Smith of Virginia, William Stedman, James
Stevenson, Samuel Taggart, Samuel Tenney, Samuel Thatcher, Killian
K. Van Rensselaer, Peleg Wadsworth, and Lemuel Williams.

The second resolution was agreed to unanimously.

Whereupon, it was ordered, that Mr. John Randolph and Mr. Early be
appointed a committee to go to the Senate, at the bar thereof, in the
name of the House of Representatives, and of all the people of the
United States, to impeach Samuel Chase, one of the Associate
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, of high crimes
and misdemeanors; and acquaint the Senate that the House of
Representatives will, in due time, exhibit particular articles of
impeachment against him, and make good the same. It was also
ordered, that the committee do demand, that the Senate take order
for the appearance of the said Samuel Chase, to answer to the said
impeachment.
On the 13th of March, Messrs. J. Randolph, Nicholson, J. Clay, Early,
and Boyle, were appointed a committee to prepare and report
articles of impeachment against Samuel Chase, and invested with
power to send for persons, papers, and records.
On the 14th, a message was received from the Senate, notifying
the House, that they would take proper order on the impeachment,
of which due notice should be given to the House.
On the 26th, Mr. Randolph, from the committee appointed for that
purpose, reported articles of impeachment against Samuel Chase.
No order was taken on the report during the remainder of the
session, which terminated the next day.
At the ensuing session of Congress, on the 6th of November,
1804, on the motion of Mr. J. Randolph, the articles of impeachment
were referred to Messrs. J. Randolph, J. Clay, Early, Boyle, and J. Rhea
of Tennessee.
On the 30th of November, Mr. Randolph reported articles of
impeachment against Samuel Chase, in substance not dissimilar
from those reported at the last session, with the addition of two new
articles.
This report was made the order for the 3d of December. On that
and the ensuing day the House took the articles into consideration,
to all of which they agreed, according to the following votes:

Yeas. Nays.
Art. 1 83 34
2 83 35
3 84 34
4 84 34
5 72 45
 6 73 42
7 73 42
8 1st sec. 74 32
8 2nd sec. 78 32

On the 5th, the House proceeded to the choice, by ballot, of seven

managers to conduct the impeachment; and on counting the votes,
Messrs. J. Randolph, Rodney, Nicholson, Early, Boyle, Nelson, and G. W.
Campbell, appeared to be elected.
On a subsequent day, Mr. Nelson having declined his appointment,
on account of absence, Mr. Clark was chosen in his place.
The following resolution was then adopted:

Resolved, That the articles agreed to by this House be exhibited in

the name of themselves, and of all the people of the United States,
against Samuel Chase, in maintenance of their impeachment against
him, for high crimes and misdemeanors, be carried to the Senate by
the managers appointed to conduct the said impeachment.

The Senate having appointed the 7th of December for receiving

the articles of impeachment, the managers repaired on that day, at 1
o’clock, to the Senate Chamber. Having taken seats assigned them
within the bar, and the Sergeant-at-Arms having proclaimed silence,
Mr. J. Randolph read the foregoing articles: whereupon the President
of the Senate informed the managers that the Senate would take
proper order on the subject of the impeachment, of which due
notice should be given to the House of Representatives. The
managers delivered the articles of impeachment at the table and
withdrew.
On the 10th of December, the Senate, sitting as a High Court of
Impeachments, adopted the following resolution: