Sri Venkateshwara College of

Engineering

Database Management Systems

IPCC Lab
IV Semester-CSE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
ne

Subject
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Code:
BCS403
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
Prepared by : Prof. KARTHIKEYAN.A.N
Dept. of CSE (AI), SVCE, Bengaluru.
Semester: 4, Scheme:2022
Academic Year: 2024-2025
 Database Management Systems

BASIC CONCEPTS OF SQL

Introduction to SQL
SQL stands for “Structured Query Language” and can be pronounced as “SQL” or “sequel – (Structured
English Query Language)”. It is a query language used for accessing and modifying information in the database.
IBM first developed SQL in 1970s. Also it is an ANSI/ISO standard. It has become a Standard Universal
Language used by most of the relational database management systems (RDBMS). Some of the RDBMS
systems are: Oracle, Microsoft SQL server, Sybase etc. Most of these have provided their own implementation
thus enhancing its feature and making it a powerful tool. Few of the SQL commands used in SQL programming
are SELECT Statement, UPDATE Statement, INSERT INTO Statement, DELETE Statement, WHERE Clause,
ORDER BY Clause, GROUP BY Clause, ORDER Clause, Joins, Views, GROUP Functions, Indexes etc.

SQL Commands
SQL commands are instructions used to communicate with the database to perform specific task that work with
data. SQL commands can be used not only for searching the database but also to perform various other
functions like, for example, you can create tables, add data to tables, or modify data, drop the table, set
permissions for users.

CREATE TABLE Statement

The CREATE TABLE Statement is used to create tables to store data. Integrity Constraints like primary key,
unique key and foreign key can be defined for the columns while creating the table. The integrity constraints
can be defined at column level or table level. The implementation and the syntax of the CREATE Statements
differs for different RDBMS.
The Syntax for the CREATE TABLE Statement is:
CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name1 datatype constraint, column_name2 datatype...column_nameN
datatype);

SQL Data Types:

char(size) - Fixed-length character string. Size is specified in parenthesis. Max 255 bytes.
Varchar2(size) -Variable-length character string. Max size is specified in parenthesis.
number(size)or int-Number value with a max number of column digits specified in parenthesis.
Date - Date value in „dd-mon-yy‟. Eg., ‟07-jul-2004‟
number(size,d) or real- Number value with a maximum number of digits of "size" total, with a maximum
number of "d" digits to the right of the decimal.
SQL Integrity Constraints:
Integrity Constraints are used to apply business rules for the database tables. The constraints
available in SQL are Foreign Key, Primary key, Not Null, Unique, Check.
Constraints can be defined in two ways:
1. The constraints can be specified immediately after the column definition. This is called column-level definition.
2. The constraints can be specified after all the columns are defined. This is called table- level definition.
1) Primary key:
This constraint defines a column or combination of columns which uniquely identifies each row in the table.
Syntax to define a Primary key at column level:
Column_namedatatype [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] PRIMARY KEY
Syntax to define a Primary key at table level:
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] PRIMARY KEY(column_name1,column_name2,..)

2) Foreign key or Referential Integrity:

This constraint identifies any column referencing the PRIMARY KEY in another table. It
establishes a relationship between two columns in the same table or between different tables. For a column to
be defined as a Foreign Key, it should be a defined as a Primary Key in the table which it is referring. One or
more columns can be defined as foreign key.
Syntax to define a Foreign key at column level:
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] REFERENCES
referenced_table_name(column_name)

3) Not Null Constraint:

This constraint ensures all rows in the table contain a definite value for the column which is
specified as not null. Which means a null value is not allowed.
Syntax to define a Not Null constraint:
[CONSTRAINT constraint name] NOT NULL

4) Unique Key:
This constraint ensures that a column or a group of columns in each row have a distinct
value. A column(s) can have a null value but the values cannot be duplicated.
Syntax to define a Unique key at column level:
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] UNIQUE
Syntax to define a Unique key at table level:
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] UNIQUE(column_name)

5) Check Constraint:
This constraint defines a business rule on a column. All the rows must satisfy this rule. The
constraint can be applied for a single column or a group of columns.
Syntax to define a Check constraint:
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] CHECK (condition)

ALTER TABLE Statement

The SQL ALTER TABLE command is used to modify the definition structure) of a table by
modifying the definition of its columns. The ALTER command is used to perform the following functions.
1) Add, drop, modify table columns
2) Add and drop constraints
3) Enable and Disable constraints

The HAVING clause

The HAVING clause can be used to restrict the display of grouped rows. The result of the grouped query is
passed on to the HAVING clause for output filtration.

The INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert a new row in a table.

The UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table
.
The DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

Commit command
Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction into database.

Rollback command
This command restores the database to last commited state. It is also use with savepoint command to jump to a
savepoint in a transaction.

Savepoint command
savepoint command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can roll back to that point whenever
necessary.

Course Objective:
DBMS is having the integrated lab with the following objectives,
  To Provide a strong foundation in database concepts, technology, and practice.
 To Practice SQL programming through a variety of database problems.
 To Understand the relational database design principles.
 To Demonstrate the use of concurrency and transactions in database.
 To Design and build database applications for real world problems.
 To become familiar with database storage structures and access techniques

Course Outcomes
Level of
CO’s Statement: After Completion of the course the student will be able to Blooms
Taxonomy
C232.1 CO1: To understand the concepts of DBMS and would have acquired skills to
analyze the real-world problem domains in the context of DBMS and L3
demonstrate the same through ER diagram.
C232.2 CO2: To apply and demonstrate with understanding of relational query L3

languages such as SQL, Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

C232.3 CO3: To apply and analyze various normalization forms and SQL statements for L3

the given application.

C232.4 CO4: To evaluate the fundamentals of transaction processing and L3

serializability, and to develop database programming skills using SQL and JDBC.
C232.5 CO5: To Classify different concurrency control strategies and recovery L3

procedures, as well as Comprehend NOSQL databases and Big Data Storage

Systems.

CO-PO mapping

CO CKL PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
\
PO
PKL 3 5 6 5 6 3 3 3 NA M 3 M 3 3

CO1 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 - 3 2 3 3 3

CO2 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 - 3 2 3 3 3

CO3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 3 3 3

CO4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 3 3 3

CO5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 - 3 2 3 3 3
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES:
1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering
sciences

3. Design/ Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and
safety, cultural, societal and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems using research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of information to provide
valid conclusions.

5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering
and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an under- standing of
the limitations.

6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering
practice.

7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal
and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
engineering practice.

9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams and in multi-disciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life- long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

12. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments
Concept Map
 Course Contents

SL. List of Experiments P.NO

No.
1. Create a table called Employee & execute the following. 1
Employee(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)

1. Create a user and grant all permissions to theuser.

2. Insert the any three records in the employee table contains attributes
EMPNO,ENAME JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION and use rollback.
Check the result.
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the employee table.
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify the result.

2. Create a table called Employee that contain attributes EMPNO,ENAME,JOB, MGR,SAL & 3
execute the following.

1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employeetable.

2. Insert any five records into the table.
3. Update the column details of job
4. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
5. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.

3. Queries using aggregate functions(COUNT,AVG,MIN,MAX,SUM),Group by,Orderby. 5

Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
2. Count number of employee names from employee table
3. Find the Maximum age from employee table.
4. Find the Minimum age from employeetable.
5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.
6. 6.Find grouped salaries of employees.

4. Create a row level trigger for the customers table that would fire for INSERT or UPDATE 6
or DELETE operations performed on the CUSTOMERS table. This trigger will display the
salary difference between the old & new Salary . CUSTOMERS (ID, NAME, AGE,
ADDRESS,
SALARY)
5. Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table. Declare the 8
variables, Open the cursor & extract the values from the cursor. Close the cursor.
Employee(E_id,
E_name, Age, Salary)
6. Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterized Cursor, that will merge the data 10
available in the newly created table N_RollCall with the data available in the table
O_RollCall. If the data in the first table already exist in the second table then that data
should be skipped.
7. Install an Open Source NoSQL Data base MangoDB & perform basic CRUD(Create, Read, 12
Update & Delete) operations. Execute MangoDB basic Queries using CRUD operations.
Database Management System BCS403

INTRODUCTION TO DBMS COMMAND’S

INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE

SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to create, remove, alter the
database and database objects
in a database management system and to store, retrieve, update the data in a database.
SQL is a standard language
for creating, accessing, manipulating database management system. SQL works for all
modern relational database
management systems, like SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, etc.

Different types of SQL commands

SQL commands can be categorized into five categories based on their functionality

Different types of SQL commands

SQL commands can be categorized into five categories based on their functionality

DDL (Data Definition language)

A Data Definition Language (DDL) statement is used to define the database
structure or schema.
Aim: To study and execute the DDL commands in RDBMS.
DDL commands:
1. CREATE
2. ALTER
3. DROP
4. RENAME
5. TRUNCATE
1. CREATE Command
CREATE is a DDL command used to create databases, tables, triggers and other
database objects.
Syntax to create a new table:
CREATE TABLE
table_name (
column_Name1 data_type ( size of the column ) ,
column_Name2 data_type ( size of the column) ,
column_Name3 data_type ( size of the column),
...

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column_NameN data_type ( size of the column )

);
Suppose, you want to create a Student table with five columns in the SQL
database. To do this, you have to write the following DDL command:

Example 1:
CREATE TABLE
Student (
Roll_No. int ,
First_Name varchar (20) ,
Last_Name varchar (20) ,
Age int ,
Marks int,
Dob Date
);
SQL>desc Student;
Example 2:
create table Employee
(
empid varchar(10),
empname varchar(20) ,
gender varchar(7),
age number(3),
dept varchar(15) ,
doj Date
);
SQL> desc Employee

Example 3:
create table BOOK
(
Book_id
varchar(4), Title
varchar(10),
Publisher_name
varchar(10), Pub_year int
);
SQL> desc BOOK;

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2. ALTER
This command is used to add, delete or change columns in the existing table. The
user needs to know the existing table name and can do add, delete or modify
tasks easily.

Syntax: –

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

.ADD:
SQL> alter table employee add(designation varchar(15));
Table altered.
II.MODIFY
SQL> alter table employee modify (designation varchar(20));
Table altered
Example 1:
ALTER TABLE
Student ADD CGPA
number; SQL>desc
Student; Example 2:
ALTER TABLE
Employee ADD Salary
number;

SQL>desc Employee;

Example 3:
ALTER TABLE BOOK
ADD Author_nmae varchar(20);

SQL>desc Student;

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3. RENAME:

It is possible to change name of table with or without data in it using simple

RENAME command.
We can rename any table object at any point of time.

Syntax –
RENAME <Table Name> To<New_Table_Name>;

Example:
RENAME TABLE Employee To EMP;

4. TRUNCAT:
This command is used to remove all rows from the table, but the structure of the
table still exists.
Syntax –
Syntax to remove an existingtable.

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Student;

5. DROP
This command is used to remove an existing table along with its structure from
the Database.
Syntax –
Syntax to drop an existing table.
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example: DROP TABLE Student_info;
DML(DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE):
Data manipulation language allows the users to query and manipulate data in
existing schema in object.
It allows following data to insert, delete, update and recovery data inschema
object.
DML COMMANDS:

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❖ INSERT
❖ UPDATE
❖ DELETE
1. INSERT
This command is used to enter the information or values into a row. We
can connect one or more records to a single table within a repository using
this instruction.
Syntax:
Insert into Table_ Name Values(column1, column2,.. .);

Example:
CREATE TABLE
Student (
Roll_No int ,
First_Name varchar (20) ,
Last_Name varchar (20) ,
Marks int,
Dob Date
);

SQL>desc Student;
SQL> insert into Student values(‘01’,’Adit,’k’’,25,’11-02-2004’);
SQL> insert into Student values(02,“Arpitha”,”S”, 20,’21-12-2003’);
SQL> insert into Student values(03,“Jorge”,”D”, 20, 18,’10-08-2001’);
Insert 2 more rows.
SQL>desc Student;
2. UPDATE
This allows the user to update the particular column value using the
where clause condition. This command is used to alter existing table
records.
Syntax:
UPDATE <table_ name>
SET <column_ name = value>
WHERE condition;

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Example:

UPDATE Students
SET Marks= 21
WHERE First_ name = “Arpitha”;

SQL>desc Students;

3. DELETE
a) Delete some rows
DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. Generally DELETE
statement removes one or more records from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example:
Delete from Students where Roll_no=’111’;

b) Delete All rows:

● It will remove all the rows from the table and does not free the
space contained by the table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name;
Example:
Delete from student;

DQL(Data Query Language)

DQL stands for the. DQL command is used for fetching the data. DQL command
is used for selecting data from the table, view, temp table, table variable, etc.
There is only one command under DQL which is the SELECTcommand.
Syntax :SELECT * FROM Employee;

The SELECT statement can be used in many ways.

1. Selecting some columns :

To select specified number of columns from the table the Following command is
used.
Syntax:

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SELECT column_ name FROM table_name;

Example:
Select First_ name, Last_ name from Students;

SQL> desc Students;

2. Select All Columns:
To select all columns from the table * is used instead of column names.
Syntax:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example:
Select * from Students;
SQL> desc Students;

3. Select using DISTINCT:

The DISTINCT keyword is used to return only different values (i.e. ) this
command does not select the duplicate values from thetable.
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column name(s) FROM table_name;

Example:
SELECT DISTINCT Roll_No FROM Students;

4. Select using IN:

If you want to get the rows which contain certain values, the best way to do it is
to use the IN conditional expression.
Syntax:
SELECT column name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE Column name IN (value1, value2,……,value-n);

Example:
SELECT * FROM students
WHERE students_name IN ( Arpitha,Jorge);

5.Select using BETWEEN:

BETWEEN can be used to get those items that fall within a range.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name
WHERE Column name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

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Example:
SELECT * FROM student WHERE mark BETWEEN 80 and100;

6.Renaming:
The select statement can be used to rename either a column or the entire table.
Syntax:
Renaming a column:
SELECT column name AS new name FROM table_name;

Example:

SELECT First_name As Name FROM Students;

Renaming a table:

RENAME old_table_name TOnew_table_name;

Example:
RENAME Student TO Stu_details;

7.SELECT DATE
It is used to retrieve a date from a database. If you want to find a particular date
from a database, you can use this statement.
Syntax:
SELECT Column_Names(S) from table-name
WHERE condition(date_column);

Example: SELECT * FROM Students WHERE DOB >= '11-12-2000';

8. SELECT NULL
Null values are used to represent missing unknown data.
There can be two conditions:

1. Where SQL is NULL

2. Where SQL is NOT NULL

If in a table, a column is optional, it is very easy to insert data in column orupdate

an existing record without adding a value in this column. This means that field
has null value.

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Where SQL is NULL:

Syntax:

SELECT COLUMN_NAME(S) FROM TABLE_NAME

WHERE COLUMN_NAME IS NULL;
Example:
SELECT Student_name, Marks FROM STUDENTS
WHERE MARKS IS NULL;

Where SQL is NOTNULL:

Syntax:
SELECT COLUMN_NAME(S) FROMTABLE_NAME
WHERE COLUMN_NAME IS NOT NULL;
Example:
SELECT Student_name, Marks FROM STUDENTS
WHERE MARKS IS NOT NULL;

ORDER BY Clause
ORDER BY is a clause in SQL which shows the result-set of the SELECT statement
in either ascending or descending order.
a) with onerow
Syntax:
SELECT Column_Name FROM Table_Name
ORDER BY Column_Name;
Example:
SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BYReg_no;

b) With Multiple
row Syntax:
SELECT Column_Name(S) FROMTable_Name
ORDER BY Column_Name(S);
Example:
SELECT reg_no,first_name,marks FROM Students ORDER BY first_name,
marks;

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c) Ascending Order(ASC)/DescendingOrder(DESC)
SELECT Column_Name(S) FROM Table_Name
ORDER BY Column_Name(S) ASC;
Example:
SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY Marks ASC;

d) with WHERE
Clause Syntax:
SELECT Column_Name(S)FROM Table_Name

WHERE [condition] ORDER BY Column_Name [ASC | DESC];

Example:

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Marks >80 ORDER BY Marks;

GROUP BY clause
GROUP BY is an SQL keyword used in the SELECT query for arranging the same
values of a column in the group by using SQL functions.
Syntax:
SELECT Column_Name(S) FROM Table_Name
GROUP BY Column_Name(S);
Example:
SELECT COUNT (marks), Student_name GROUP BY marks;

a) with MIN clause

Group by with MIN clause shows the minimum value for the given where
clause.
Syntax:
SELECT MIN(Column_Name) FROM Table_Name;
Example:
SELECT MIN (Marks) FROM Students;

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b) with MAX clause

Group by with MIN clause shows the minimum value for the given where
clause.
Syntax:
SELECT Column_Name, MAX(Column_Name) FROM Table_Name;
Example:
SELECT Stu_Subject, MAX (Marks) FROMStudents;

c) COUNT() Function
The COUNT() function returns the number of rows in a database table.
Syntax:
COUNT(*)
or
COUNT( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Example:
1. SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Student;

2. SELECT COUNT(Marks)
FROM Student
GROUP BY marks
HAVING COUNT(*) > 50;

d) SUM() clause
It is used to return the total summed value of an expression.
Syntax:
SELECT SUM(aggregate_expression)
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions];
Example:
SELECT SUM(Marks)
FROM Student
Where roll_no=’111’;

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DCL (DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE)
DCL stands for data control language. DCL commands are used for providing and
taking back the access rights on the database and database objects. DCL
command used for controlling user’s access on the data. Most used DCL
commands are GRANT and REVOKE

GRANT
used to provide access right to theuser.

Syntax: GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON Employee TO user;

REVOKE
REVOKE command is used to take back access right from the user, it cancels
access right of the user from the
database object.

Syntax
REVOKE ALL ON Employee FROM user;

TCL ( Transaction ControlLanguage)

TCL commands are used for handling transactions in the database.
Transactions ensure data integrity in the multi-user environment.

TCL commands can rollback and commit data modification in the database. The
most used TCL commands are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, and SET
TRANSACTION.

COMMIT
COMMIT command is used to save or apply the modification in the database.

ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK command is used to undo the modification.

SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT command is used to temporarily save a transaction, the transaction
can roll back to this point when it's needed.

Syntax :
Just write COMMIT or ROLLBACK orSAVEPOINT

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Experiment-1

Create a table called Employee & execute the following.

Employee(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL,
COMMISSION)
1. Create a user and grant all permissions to theuser.
2. Insert the any three records in the employee table contains attributes
EMPNO, ENAME JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION and use rollback.
Check the result.
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to
the employeetable.
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify theresult.

Solutions:
Create a table employee with the given constraints:
SQL> create table employee (empno number,ename varchar2(10), job
varchar2(10),mgr
number,sal number);
SQL> create table employee (empno number,
ename
varchar(10), job
varchar(10),
mgr_no number,
sal number,
commission number );
Table created

SQL>desc employee;

Insert any five records into thetable

insert into Employee values(101,'abhi','manager',1234,10000,'70');

insert into employee values(102,'rohith','analyst',2345,9000,'65');

insert into employee values(103,'david','analyst',3456,9000,'65');

insert into employee values(104,'rahul','clerk',4567,7000,'55');

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insert into employee values(105,'pramod','salesman',5678,5000,'50');

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SQL>select * from Employee;

Solutions:

1. Create a user and grant all permissions to theuser.

//connect to oracle database first

Provide user name as: ‘/’ assysdba

//create user

Create user c##dbms identified bydbms403;

User created.

//grant the permission

Grant connect, resource, dba to c##dbms;

Grant succeeded.

//connect to the user now

Connect c##dbms/dbms403;

Connected.

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//check the user now

Show user;

2. Insert the any three records in the employee table and use
rollback. Check the result

SQL>select * from Employee;

Insert new row

SQL> insert into employee values(106,'shashi','HR',5509,50000,'80');

SQL>select * from Employee;

SQL>rollback
Rollback
completed

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3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the

employee table.

SQL> alter table employee modify(empno number primary key,

ename varchar(10) not null);
Table altered

SQL>desc

Employee;

4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify theresult.

insert into employee values(106,'shashi','HR',5509,’ ‘ ,80);

1 row inserted

SQL> select * from Employee;

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Viva Question:
1. What is data?
Data is a collection of information gathered by observations, measurements,
research or analysis.

2. What is database?
A database is an electronically stored, systematic collection of data. It can
contain any type of data, including words, numbers, images, videos, and files.

3. What is DBMS?
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems used to store,
retrieve, and run queries on data.

4. What is a Database system?

A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically
stored electronically in a computer system.

5. What are the advantages of DBMS?

The advantages of database management include improved data integrity,
consistency, and security, efficient data access and sharing, and reduced data
redundancy and inconsistency.

6. What is relational database?

A relational database is a collection of information that organizes data in
predefined relationships where data is stored in one or more tables (or "relations")
of columns and rows.

7. What is Table?
A table is an arrangement of data in rows and columns, or possibly in a more
complex structure.

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8. What is a Tuple?
A tuple is an ordered sequence of values. The values can be repeated, but their
number is always finite.

9. What is Columns?
column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural
element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements below.

10.What is a query?
A query is a question or a request for information expressed in a formal manner.

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Experiment-2

Create a table called Employee that contain attributes EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,

MGR,SAL)
execute the following.
1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employeetable.
2. Insert any five records into the table.
3. Update the column details of job
4. Rename the column of Employee table using alter command.
5. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.

Solution:

SQL> create table employee (empno number,

ename
varchar(10), job
varchar(10), mgr
number,
sal number);
Table created.

SQL> desc employee;

1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.

SQL> alter table employee add(commission number);

Table altered.

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SQL> desc employee

2. Insert any five records into the table.

Insert any five records into thetable

insert into Employee values(101,'abhi','manager',1234,10000,'70');

insert into employee values(102,'rohith','analyst',2345,9000,'65');

insert into employee values(103,'david','analyst',3456,9000,'65');

insert into employeevalues(104,'rahul','clerk',4567,7000,'55');

insert into employee values(105,'pramod','salesman',5678,5000,'50');

SQL>select * from Employee;

3. Update the column details of job

SQL> update employee set job='trainee' where empno=103;

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1 row updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

4. Rename the column of Employee table using alter command.

SQL> alter table employee rename column mgr to manager_no;

Table altered.

SQL>desc
employee;

5. Delete the employee whose Empno is

105 SQL> delete employee where

empno=105; 1 row deleted

SQL> select * from Employee;

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Viva Questions

1. What is an Attribute?
A quality, character, or characteristic ascribed to someone or something has
leadership attributes.

2. What is Single valued Attributes ?

Single-valued attributes Single-valued attributes accept only one value. For

single-valued attributes, the syntax is: attribute = value attribute = "value with
spaces" Multi-valued attributes.

3. What is Multi valued Attributes?

A multivalued attribute of an entity is an attribute that can have more than one
value associated with the key of the entity.

4. What is Compound /Composite Attribute?

A multivalued attribute of an entity is an attribute that can have more than one
value associated with the key of the entity.

5. What is Simple/Atomic Attributes?

A simple, or atomic, attribute is one that cannot be decomposed into
meaningful components.

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6. What is Stored Attribute?

Stored attributes are those attributes that are stored in the physical database for
e.g date of birth.

7. What is Derived Attribute ?

A derived attribute is one that can be figured out from other information. An
example is "age". A person's age can be derived from date of birth.

8. What is Complex Attributes?

Complex attributes are formed by grouping together the attributes of composite
and multi-valued attributes.

9. What is Key Attribute ?

In DBMS, key attributes refer to the specific fields or columns in a table that are
used to uniquely identify each record in the table.

10. What is Non Key Attributes ?

The values of a primary key cannot be duplicated. Non-prime (non-key)

attributes are those that are not the primary key attributes.

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Experiment-3

Queries using aggregate

functions(COUNT,AVG,MIN,MAX,SUM),Group by,Orderby.
Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
2. Count number of employee names from employee table
3. Find the Maximum age from employee table.
4. Find the Minimum age from employee table.
5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.
6. Find grouped salaries of employees.

Solution:
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.

SQL> create table employee (E_id number,

E_name
varchar(10), age
number,
sal number);
Table created.

SQL>desc Employee;

2. Count number of employee names from employee table

Insert any five records into Employeetable

insert into Employee values(10,'abhi',25 ,10000);

insert into employee values(20,'rohith',30,9000);

insert into employee values(30,'david',28,9000);

insert into employee values(40,'rahul',29,7000);

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insert into employee

values(50,'pramod',31,8000);

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SQL>select * from employee;

SQL> select count(E_name) fromEmployee;

3.Find the Maximum age from employee table.

SQL>select max(age) from Employee;

4. Find the Minimum age from employee

table SQL>select min(age) from Employee;

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5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.

SQL> SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY salary
ASC;

6. Find grouped salaries of employees.

SQL> select salary from employee group bysalary;

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Viva Questions

1. What is an Attribute?
A table consists of several records(row), each record can be broken down into
several smaller parts of data known as Attributes. The above Employee table
consist of four attributes, ID, Name, Age and Salary.

2. What is Single valued Attributes ?

An attribute, that has a single value for a particular entity. For example, age of
a employee entity.

3. What is Multi valued Attributes?

An attributes that may have multiple values for the same entity. For example
colors of a car entity.

4. What is Compound /Composite Attribute?

Attribute can be subdivided into two or more other Attribute. For Example,
Name can be divided into First name, Middle name and Last name.

5. What is Simple/Atomic Attributes?

The attributes which cannot be divided into smaller subparts are called simple or
atomic attributes. For example, age of employee entity

6. What is Stored Attribute?

An attribute, which cannot be derived from other attribute, is known as stored
attribute. For example, BirthDate of employee.

7. What is Derived Attribute ?

Attributes derived from other stored attribute. For example age from Date of
Birth and Today’s date.

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8. What is Complex Attributes?

If an attribute of an entity, is built using composite and multivalued attributes,
then these attributes are called complex attributes. For example, a person can
have more than one residence and each residence can have multiple phones, an
addressphone for a person entity can be specified as – {Addressphone (phone
{(Area Code, Phone Number)}, Address(Sector Address (Sector Number,House
Number), City, State, Pin))}.Here {} are used to enclose multivalued attributes
and () are used to enclose composite attributes with comma separating individual
attributes.

9. What is Key Attribute ?

It represents primary key. It is an attribute, that has distinct value for each
entity/element in an entity set. For example, Roll number in a Student Entity Type.

10. What is Non Key Attributes ?

These are attributes other than candidate key attributes in a table. For example
Firstname is a non key attribute as it does not represent the main characteristics of
the entity.

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Experiment 4:
for the customers table that would fire for INSERT or UPDATE or
DELETE operations performed on the CUSTOMERS table. This trigger
will display the salary difference between the old & new Salary.
CUSTOMERS(ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

Solution:
1. Create Customer Table:

SQL> create table Customers (id number,

name
varchar(10), age
number,
sal number,
address varchar(50));

Table created.

2. Insert values into the table

Insert any five records into Customerstable

insert into Customers values(10,'abhi',25 ,10000,”Bangalore”);

insert into Customers values(20,'rohith',30,9000, ”Delhi”);

insert into Customers values(30,'david',28,9000, ”Pune”);

insert into Customers values(40,'rahul',29,7000, ”Mumbai”);

insert into Customers

values(50,'pramod',31,8000,”Mysore”);

ID Name Age Sal Address

10 Abhi 25 10000 Bangalore

20 Rohith 30 9000 Delhi
30 David 28 9000 Pune
40 Rahul 29 7000 Mumbai
50 Pramod 31 8000 Mysore

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3.Creating trigger

SQL>set serveroutput on;

1 create or replace TRIGGER sal_diff
2 Before Delete or INSERT OR UPDATE on Customer

3 for each row

4 when(new.id>0)
5 Declare
6 sal_diff number;
7 BEGIN
8 sal_diff := :NEW.sal - :OLD.sal;
9 dbms_output.put_line('Previous salary: ' || : OLD.sal);
10 dbms_output.put_line('Current salary ' || : NEW.sal);
11 dbms_output.put_line ('salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
12 END;
13 /

Trigger created.

4.Finding salary difference

SQL>UPDATE CUSTOMERS SET salary =’10000’ where id=’50’;

Previous salary:8000
Current salary: 10000
Salary
difference:2000

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Viva Questions

1. What is a primary key?

A primary key is a column whose values uniquely identify every row in a table.

2. What are the conditions for a field to be a primarykey?

 No two rows can have the same primary key value.

 Every row must have a primary key value.
 The primary key field cannot be null.
 Value in a primary key column can never be modified or updated, if
any foreign key refers to that primary key.

3. What is a Foreign Key ?

When a "one" table's primary key field is added to a related "many" table in
order to create the common field which relates the two tables, it is called a
foreign key in the "many" table.
For example, the salary of an employee is stored in salary table. The relation is
established via foreign key column “Employee_ID_Ref” which refers
“Employee_ID” field in the Employee table.

4. What is Super Key?

A set of attributes (one or more) that collectively identifies an entity in an entity
set.

5. What is Candidate Key

A minimal super key is called a candidate key. An entity set may have more
than one candidate key.

6. What is a query?
A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact
with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition
language and data manipulation language.

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7. Define SQL Insert Statement ?
SQL INSERT statement is used to add rows to a table.

8. Define SQL Update Statement ?

SQL Update is used to update data in a row or set of rows specified in the filter
condition.

9. Define SQL Delete Statement ?

SQL Delete is used to delete a row or set of rows specified in the filter condition.

11.What is order by clause?

ORDER BY clause helps to sort the data in either ascending order to descending

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Experiment-5:

Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table.
Declare the variables, Open the cursor & extract the values from the
cursor. Close the cursor. Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

Solution:

1. Create table Employee

create table employee (E_id number,

E_name
varchar(10), age
number,
sal number);

Table created.

2. Insert values into the table

Insert any five records into Employeetable

insert into Employee values(10,'abhi',25 ,10000);

insert into employee values(20,'rohith',30,9000);

insert into employee values(30,'david',28,9000);

insert into employee values(40,'rahul',29,7000);

insert into employee

values(50,'pramod',31,8000); SQL>select * from

employee;

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3. Create the cursor ,extracting the value from Employee table and
close the cursor.

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare cursor c1 is select id, sal from Cust;
2 vid int;
3 vsal int;
4 begin
5 dbms_output.put_line('Emp ID' ||’ ‘||'Emp sal');
6 dbms_output.put_line('----------------------------------------’));
7 open c1;
8 loop
9 fetch c1 into vid,vsal;
10 exit when c1%notfound;
11 dbms_output.put_line(vid || ' ' || vsal);
12 end loop;
13 close c1;
14 end;
15 /

Output:

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Viva Questions

1. Define Normalization.
Organized data void of inconsistent dependency and redundancy within a database is
called normalization.
2. Enlist the advantages of normalizing database.
Advantages of normalizing database are:
 No duplicate entries
 Saves storage space
 Boasts the query performances.

3. What is Entity?
An entity can be a real-world object, either animate or inanimate, that can be easily
identifiable. For example, in a school database, students, teachers, classes, and
courses offered can be considered as entities.

4. What is entity set?

An entity set is a collection of similar types of entities. An entity set may contain
entities with attribute sharing similar values. For example, a Students set may contain
all the students of a school; likewise a Teachers set may contain all the teachers of a
school from all faculties. Entity sets need not be disjoint.

5. What is Relationship?
The association among entities is called a relationship. For example, an employee
works_at a department, a student enrolls in a course. Here, Works_at and Enrolls
are called relationships.

6. What is Relationship Set?

A set of relationships of similar type is called a relationship set.

7. What is Degree of Relationship?

The number of participating entities in a relationship defines the degree of the
relationship.

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8. Name the Degree of Relationship?

 Binary = degree 2
 Ternary = degree 3
 n-ary = degree n

9. What is Data Model?

A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics
and constraints.

10. What is E-R model?

This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities
and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a
set of attributes.

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Experiment-6:

Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterized Cursor, that will merge
the data available in the newly created table N_RollCall with the data
available in the table O_RollCall. If the data in the first table already exist in
the second table then that data should be skipped.

Solution:

Create table O-Rollcall:

Create table O_Rollcall

( roll int, name varchar(20));

insert values into the table

insert into O_Rollcall(‘10’,’AJIET’);
insert into O_Rollcall(‘20’.’MITE’);
insert into O_Rollcall(‘30’.’NITTE’);
insert into O_Rollcall(‘40’.’RVC’);
insert into O_Rollcall(‘50’.’IIT’);

SQL>select * from O_Rollcall;

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Create table N_Rollcall:

Create table N_Rollcall

( roll int, name varchar(20));

insert values into the table

insert into N_Rollcall(‘60’,’ALIET’);
insert into N_Rollcall(‘70’.’NITK’);
insert into N_Rollcall(‘80’.’MIT’);
insert into N_Rollcall(‘40’.’RVC’);
insert into N_Rollcall(‘50’.’IIT’);

SQL>select * from N_Rollcall;

Create Procedure roll_details:

SQL>create procedure roll_details AS

2 rno1 int;
3 nm1 varchar(20);
4 rno2 int;
5 nm2 varchar(20);
6 done number :=0;
7 cursor c1 IS select roll,name from O_Rollcall;
8 cursor c2 IS select roll,name from N_Rollcall
9 begin
10 open c1;
11 loop

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12 fetch c1 into rno1,nm1;

13 exit when c1%notfound;
14 done :=0;
15 open c2;
16 loop
17 fetch c2 into rno2,nm2;
18 exit when c2%notfound;
19 if rno1=rno2 then
20 exit;
21 end if;
22 end loop;
23 if c2%notfound then
24 insert into N_Rollcall values(rno1,nm1);
25 end if;
26 close c2;
27 end loop;
28 close c1;
29 end;
30 /

Procedure created.

SQL>call

roll_details(); Call

completed.

SQL>select * from N_Rollcall;

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Viva Questions

1. What is Mapping Cardinalities

Cardinality defines the number of entities in one entity set, which can be associated
with the number of entities of other set via relationship set.

2. What are the different types of Mapping

 One to one
 One to many
 Many to one
 Many to many

3. What is One-to-one mapping?

One entity from entity set A can be associated with at most one entity of entity set B
and vice versa.

4. What is One-to-many mapping?

One entity from entity set A can be associated with more than one entities of entity
set B however an entity from entity set B, can be associated with at most one entity.

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5. What is Many-to-one mapping?

More than one entities from entity set A can be associated with at most one entity
of entity set B, however an entity from entity set B can be associated with more than
one entity from entity set A.

6. What is Many-to-many mapping?

One entity from A can be associated with more than one entity from B and vice
versa.

7. What is DDL?

DDL stands for Data Definition Language. SQL queries like CREATE,
ALTER, DROP and RENAME come under this.

8. What
is DML?
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. SQL queries like SELECT,
INSERT and UPDATE come under this.

9. Whatis DCL?
DCL stands for Data Control Language. SQL queries like GRANT
and REVOKE come under this.

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Experiment-7:

Install an Open Source NoSQL Data base MangoDB & perform basic
CRUD(Create, Read,Update & Delete) operations. Execute MangoDB basic
Queries using CRUD operations.

How to Install and Configure MongoDB in Ubuntu?

MongoDB is a popular NoSQL database offering flexibility, scalability, and ease of use. Installing
and configuring MongoDB in Ubuntu is a straightforward process, but it requires careful attention
to detail to ensure a smooth setup.
In this guide, we’ll learn how to install and configure MongoDB in Ubuntu. We’ll walk you through
each step, from installation to configuration, enabling you to harness the power of MongoDB on
your Ubuntu system.
Let’s look at the requirements for installing MongoDB in Ubuntu.

Steps to Install and Configure MongoDB in Ubuntu

MongoDB can be installed on Ubuntu with the use of the following commands. These commands
are easy to run on the terminal and make the installation process handy. Follow the steps given
below to install MongoDB:
Step 1: First you need to update and upgrade your system repository to install MongoDB. Type the
following command in your terminal and then press Enter.

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

Step 2: Now, install the MongoDB package using ‘apt‘. Type the following command and press
Enter.

sudo apt install -y mongodb

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Step 3: Check the service status for MongoDB with the help of followingcommand:

sudo systemctl status mongodb

systemctl verifies that MongoDB server is up and running.

Step 4: Now check if the installation process is done correctly and everything is working fine. Go
through the following command:

mongo --eval 'db.runCommand({ connectionStatus: 1 })'

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the value “1” in ok field indicates that the server is working properly with no errors.

Step 5: MongoDB services can be started and stopped with the use of following commands: To stop
running the MongoDB service, use command :

sudo systemctl stop mongodb

MongoDB service has been stopped and can be checked by using the status command:

sudo systemctl status mongodb

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As it can be seen that the service has stopped, to start the service we can use:
sudo systemctl start mongodb

Step 6: Accessing the MongoDB Shell

MongoDB provides a command-line interface called the MongoDB shell, which allows you to
interact with the database.
To access the MongoDB shell, simply type the following command in your terminal:

mongo

You are now connected to the MongoDB server, and you can start executing commands
to createdatabases, collections, and documents.

CRUD Operations:
1. Create (Insert)

To create or insert data into a MongoDB collection, you use the insertOne() or
insertMany() methods.

Insert a single document:

db.collection('yourCollection').insertOne({ key: value });

Insert multiple documents:

db.collection('yourCollection').insertMany(
[
{ key1: value1 },

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{ key2: value2 },

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// more documents
]);

2. Read (Query)

To read or retrieve data from a MongoDB collection, you use the find() method.

Find all documents:

db.collection('yourCollection').find();

Find documents with a specific

condition:
db.collection('yourCollection').find({ key: value });

3. Update

To update existing documents in a MongoDB collection, you use the updateOne() or updateMany()
methods.

Update a single document:

db.collection('yourCollection').updateOne(

{ key: value }, // filter

{ $set: { newField: newValue } } // update operation

);

Update multiple documents:

db.collection('yourCollection').updateMany(

{ key: value }, // filter

{ $set: { newField: newValue } } // update operation

);

4. Delete

To delete documents from a MongoDB collection, you use the deleteOne() or deleteMany() methods.

Delete a single document:

db.collection('yourCollection').deleteOne({ key: value });

Delete multiple documents:

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db.collection('yourCollection').deleteMany({ key: value });

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Viva Questions

1.How do you perform CRUD operations create, read, update, deleteMongoDB?

MongoDB CRUD Operations

The Create operation is used to insert new documents in the MongoDB database.The Read
operation is used to query a document in the database.
The Update operation is used to modify existing documents in the database.The Delete
operation is used to remove documents in the database.
2. What are the CRUD operations in NoSQL database?

CRUD is the acronym for CREATE, READ, UPDATE and DELETE. These terms describe
the four essential operations for creating and managing persistentdata elements, mainly
inrelational and NoSQL databases.

3.How to update in CRUD operations?

You can perform update, insert and delete operation in the Grid. While performingthese
operations, the corresponding event is invoked. In that event SQL query is used to update the
database. The events for performing CRUD operation are declared.

4. How can we create updating and deleting documents in MongoDB?

The MongoDB shell provides the following methods to update documents in acollection:
1. To update a single document, use db. collection. updateOne().
2. To update multiple documents, use db. collection. updateMany() .
3. To replace a document, use db. collection. replaceOne().

5.What is the full form of CRUD in MongoDB?

The basic methods of interacting with a MongoDB server are called CRUD operations. CRUD
stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These CRUDmethods are the primary ways you will
manage the data in your databases.

6. What are the CRUD methods in REST API?

CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These are the four fundamental operations
of persistent storage. In the context of RESTful APIs , they correspond to the HTTP methods
POST, GET, PUT/PATCH, and DELETE.

7.How to create a collection in MongoDB?

Several ways can be employed to create and remove collections in MongoDB. Of which one
way is by using db. Create Collection (name, options). MongoDB creates a collection for an
inserted command automatically if no similar collectionalready exists in the MongoDB
database.

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