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R.A.F.

The document provides an overview of functions and relations, detailing various types of numbers, including natural, whole, integers, rational, irrational, and real numbers. It explains the concept of functions, including their definitions, representations, and classifications such as constant, identity, and polynomial functions, along with properties of odd and even functions. Additionally, it discusses the continuity of functions and provides examples of different types of functions including trigonometric and algebraic functions.

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8 views17 pages

R.A.F.

The document provides an overview of functions and relations, detailing various types of numbers, including natural, whole, integers, rational, irrational, and real numbers. It explains the concept of functions, including their definitions, representations, and classifications such as constant, identity, and polynomial functions, along with properties of odd and even functions. Additionally, it discusses the continuity of functions and provides examples of different types of functions including trigonometric and algebraic functions.

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tavishsrivastava2007
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Functions and Relations NUMBERS & THEIR SETS @ Natural Number : N= (1,2, 3,4, 5, ood Whole Number : W= {0, 1, 2,3, 0} Integers: 106 Z= {oss = 1,0, 1,2,3, 4, y= (0,4 1,42,83 Rational Numbers a-{2 ae, 940} Irrational Numbers : The numbers which are not rational of which can not be written in the form of p/q called irrational mumbers i. {V82',5 "4 pe nrnne} ‘@ Real Numbers : (x, where x is rational and irrational number} R={1, 1000, 20/6, 2, JZ ,—10, 20/3, ...-} ‘Positive Real Numbers : R” = (0, 2) Negative Real Numbers : "= (- co, 0) @ Ry :all real number except O(zero) = R - {0} Imaginary Numbers : Im= Jk , where k ¢ R INTERVAL ‘The set of the numbers between any two real numbers is called interval. © Closed Interval La bl={x:acx B. Ifan clement a ¢ Ais associated with b ¢ B under the function f, then the element b is called the f image of a or the value of f at a, It is denoted by the symbols, b=f@orfia > bor(ab)ef Also a is called the pre-image of b under f. Remarks Whether f: A > B isa function or not, test the following, (i existence of fimage of every element of A in the set B. Gi) uniquenees of f-image of every element of the set A. Oy BI Functions and Relations 4. FUNCTION AS A SET OF ORDERED PAIRS A function f : A > B can be expressed as a set of ordered pair is a member of A and second element is the member of B. Hence fis a set of ordered pairs (a, b) such that (ais an element of A Gi) b is an element of B (Gii) no two ordered pairs of f have the same first element (jv) every member of A is a first clement of one of the ordered pairs of f fA Bisa subset of A x B. It is expressed in the form of ordered pairs as follows f= {(a, byb= fla), a © Aandb cB} DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION Suppose that fis a function from Ato B, i.e. f:A —> B, then set Ais called the domain and set B is called the co- domain, Aso the set of all images of the elements of A is called the range of f and it is denoted by f(A), ‘Therefore (A) = {fla) |a cA} c B. If is expressed in terms of ordered pairs, then set of first element of ‘ordered pairs of f will be domain and set of second elements of these ordered pairs will be range of f i. Domain of f= {x |(%,y) ef} Range of f= {y|(%,y) © £} The set Y is also called the co-domain of f clearly fx) & Y. x y ‘Domain cobomain IDENTITY FUNCTION ‘The function £:R —y R is called an identity function if f(x) = x, "x ¢ R. The domain of this identity function is R and its range is also R. EQUAL FUNCTION ‘Two fuucntion ind g are said to be equal fuentions, if and only if (i) domain of (ii) co-domain of f= co-domain of g (iil) (x) = g()" x e their common domain jomain of g DOMAIN OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS, (@__ If x) =e (constant function), then D, = R Gi) If x) =p (%), a polynomial fumetion in x, Dy= R 1 Gi) HER) = Fy then D,=R~ (:PO)=0, xeR} p(x) Giv) 1) = Gay’ then y= D, AD,~ fg) =, KER} Functions and Relations Bi (v) Hef) = JPG) then D,= (x: p()20,xeR} 1 (wi) ING) = Fay’ teen Dy= 1x: PO)> 0, xR}. (wii) Tf) = pod) + a(x) then D, =D, OD, (oil) If x) = pla) * q(x) then D,= D, AD, | nex , then Dy= 4% 223 0,900 0, xeR } (ix) IF RX) a a) NUMBER OF FUNCTION (OR MAPPING) FROM X TO Y Let X= (xy, yp Xp meee Ny} (Les m elements) and Y= {Yp, Yop Yq ~~ Vuh (Les m elements) ‘Then each element in domain x, (1= 1, 2, 3, ... m) corresponds n images bx—sy ‘ Thus, Total number of function from XtoY => nn... mtimes = n™ = number of elements in domain. i.e. (Number of elements in co-ddamain) Numb tens in donsin REPRESENTATION & TESTING FOR A FUNCTION Mapping : It show the graphical aspect of the relation of the elements of X with the elements of Y. @ {XY ®) G:XoY x y © f:X3¥ \ ps" (47 Functions and Relations In the above given mapping rule f, and f, shows a function because each elements of X is associated with a unique element of Y. Where as f, is not function because in f, element c is associated with two elements of ¥. Algebraic Method : It show the relation between the elements of two sets in the from of two variables x and y where x is independent variable and y is depended variable. IFX and Y be two given sets X = {1, 2,3}, Y= {5,7, 9} then f: X ® Y, y= fix) = 2x43 In the form of ordered pairs : A function f: X — Y can be expressed as a set of ordered piers in which first element of every ordered pair is a member of X and second element is the member of Y. So fis a set of order pairs (a, b) such that (i) a is an clement of X (i) bis an clement of Y (iii) Two ordered pairs should not have the same first element. Vertical line test for a function : If we are given a graph of the relation. Then we can check whether the given relation is function or not. Ifit is possible to draw. a vertical line which cuts the given curve at more than one point then given relation is not a function and when this vertical line means line parallel to y-axis, cuts the curve at only one point then itis a function. Fig represents a function. CLASSIFICATION OF FUCNTION Constant function : If the range of a function f consists of only one number then f is called a constat function. e.g. let fx) = ¢ ; where ¢ is constant number, % |.) Qc of oO a Identity function : The funetion defined by f(x) =x ; "x e R, is called the identity function y is ‘Modulus function : The function defined by f(x) =| { © is called the modulus function. y anion, 1, when x>0 ©, when x=0 , is called signum, Xl, when x20 | 1, when x-<0 Signum function : The function defined by wo-| x 0, when x=0 funetion, Functions and Relations 15] Greatest integer function : This function is denoted by [x]. Where [x] = greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example | 3 =-2and | 3)=1 Note : Important Identities (@) [x] x PROPERTIES OF GREATEST INTEGRAL FUNCTION 0 0) ii) w Ww) w [x] =x, holds if x is integer. [x +1] = [x] + Tif Tis integer. [x y1= [x] + [yi G0 + (yh <1 = [x] + [y]= Lit x} + fy} 2 1 If[d CO] 1, then 6(x) > 1 If[d GO) EL, then 6(x) <1+1. [x] == fx) fx integer [x] == [x)= 1 if ¢ integer Fraction-Part Funetion {x} denotes frational part of x! It is equal to x [x] eg (2.7} =0.7, (3}=0 {3.2} =08 Domia Range = [0, 1) Trigonometric Functions (Sine function fix) = sin x Domain =R Range = [-1, 1], (ii) Cosine function (8) = cos x Domain = R Range = [-1, 1] eat [eet (iii) Tangent function f(x) = tan x Domain = a-{ ened Range = R. (6) Functions and Relations (v) Cosecant function f(x) = cosee x Domain=R— {nw :n eZ}; Range = R-(-l, 1) (v) Secant function (x) = see x Domain=R—{(Q2n+1) 7/2 :n eZ}; Range = R-(l, 1) (vi) Cotangent function A(x) = cot x Domain=R— {ne :n © Z}s Range = R. Inverse of trigonometric functions (x)= sin x Domain = [-1, 1] (ii) 8) = tan! x Domain =R ranee= Gv) (8) = cot x Domain = R ; Range = (0, ) (v) fh) = cosect x Domain = R Functions and Relations 7 (vi) f(x) = sect x Domain = R= (-1, 1). Range=[0, #]~ {2/2} 11.9 Hyperbolic funetion (fx) = sinhx Domain = (~ 20, 2) Range =(~ v6, 0) It is a continuous and one-one function, i). (8) = cosh x Domain = (- «6, 2) Range=[1, ) It is a continuous and many one function. (ii) 9) = tanh x Domain = (- vo. 20) Range = (-1, 1) It isa continuous and one-one function, thmic fx) = log, x (a> 1) Domain = R Range = R It is a continuous and one-one function, (i) ffx) = log, x (@<1) Domain = R™ Range = R It isa continuous and one-one function, 11.11 Exponential function @ R= @>1) Domain = R. R It isa continuous and one-one function, Rang Gi) 1) =a @ <1) Domain, R Itis a continuous and one-one function. Rang x olf 0) (1,0) (1,0) (1.0) is) Functions and Relations Polynomial function : A function y= f(x) = ax" ax"71 +. ha,, where ay a, ay... a, are real numbers and n is non negative integer, then f(x) is called polynomial if a # 0, then n is the degree of polynomial function, Por Ex. £3) = x20 4 5x9 4 68 coe gO) =P + 9K 43 The domain of a Polynomial Function is R. q(8) are polynomial functions and g(x) + 0. i The quotient of two polynomial functions is called the Rational function, vol For example, f(x) ==! — is a Rational Function Pie TOS oer al Irrational function : A function involving one or more radicals of polynomial or polynomials is called an irrational funetion, wave are Irrational Functions. For Ex. f(x)=x+vx +6, 2x) Tex Algebraic function : An algebraic function is one which consists of a finite number of terms involving power and roots of variable x and the four simple operations ~ addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Obviously, all polynomial, rational and irrational functions are algebraic functions Transcendental function : All functions which are not algebraic are called transcendental functions. ‘These functions include - (i) Trigonometric function as sinx, cosx tanx etc (ii) Inverse trigonometric functions as sin''x, cos'x, tan’'x ete. tex? (ii) Logarithmic funetion as log,x, log, (I +»), to oat |p log (x + Vt? ) ete, e (iv) Exponential function as e°, &“ ete, en (v) Mixed function as sin’x + ¢ + 3 logx ete. (vi) The general exponential functions as x°®*, x°°°* ete, EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT FUNCTION Explicit Function : A function is said to be explicit if its rule is directly expressed (or ean be expressed) in terms of the independent variable, Such a function is generally written as y = (8), x= a(9). eg. y=2x43,x=y4 Lete Implicit Funetion : A function is said to be implicit if its rule cannot be expressed directly in terms of the independent variable symbolically we write such a funetion as fix, y)=0, x, y) = 0 eg Oty + day = 0x Fy ab ete, ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION (Odd Function : A function f(x) is said to be an odd function if, f{-x) = The graph of odd function is symmetrical in opposite quadrants. For Ex. x°,x°, sin’x (x) for all x. Functions and Relations BI xy y 7 Even Function : A function f(x) is said to be an even of x) = f(x) for all x. The graph is always symmetrical about y-axis For Ex. fxl. x*, cosx, sin’x. me Properties of Odd and Even Functions (]) The product of two odd functions or two even funetions is an even function, (ii) The product of odd and even function is an odd function (ii) Every function y = f(x) can be expressed as the sum of an even and odd function. (iv) The derivative of an odd function is an even function and derivative of even function is an odd function (¥) A function which is even or odd, when squared becomes even funetion. (Wi) Itis not necessary that every function is either even or odd, i.e. there are functions which are neither even nor odd. For example 2x‘ + x7, e* ete. (ii) For odd function f{-x) + fix) =0 (\iii)For even function f-x) — fix) = 0 CONTINUOUS & DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTION Continuous Function : A function is said to be continuous. If we are not required to lift the pen or pencil off the paper while plotting the graph. i there is no gap or break or jump in the graph, e.g. fix) =x°, f(x) = sin x, f(x) =| x |, f(x) = cos x all continuous function. % fe x ~ x fe) = 80x fone (continuous function) (continuous funcon) Discontinuous function : A function is said to be discontinuous if there is a break or gap or jump in the graph of the function at any point. e.g. fix) = Ix, fix) = tamx, fx) = [x] are discontinuous functions, (econtnuous tuncton) (scominious tncton) (oy Functions and Relations INCREASING FUNCTION A function f(x) is called increasing function in the domain D if the value of the function does not decreases by increasing the value of x. Sox, > x, = fX,) > MO) VX. % € Domain or x, <%= fix,) < My) W xX) © Domain e.g. flx) =e, fx) = a, fix) = x2, x > 0, £0) = xh are increasing functions, The graph of these functions rises from left to right. i (1.0) f(x) = xb ‘A function is called strictly increasing if w x, > a > My) > Mx) of x) My) < MG) ¥ %.% © Domain DECREASING FUNCTION A function f(x) is said to be decreasing function in the domain D if the value of the function does not inerease by increasing the value of x (variable), Soif — x,>x) = MX) < MY) VHX» ED or X, <%= Mle) > MO) ¥ Hm e D ‘eg. lx) = log, x(a < 1), flx) = e* are decreasing function. The graph of these functions is downward fromleft to Tight. y (1,0) 7 x A function is called strictly decreasing if ty KP => May) < Ml) Or x, MQ) VA © D Note : It is not essential for any function to be increasing or decreasing. There are some functions which are neither increasing nor decreasing i.e. function is increasing in one part of given interval and decreasing in second part eg. fix)=sinx, fx)= Rh fla) =e + PERIODIC FUNCTION A fuction f(x) is periodic if there is a positive number T such that f{x +) = f(x) for all x ¢ D.The smallest value of such T is called the principal or fundamental period of function f(x).If we draw graph of a periodie function (x), we find graph gets repeated after each interval of length T. Functions and Relations Ty Obviously, if Tis the period of f(x), then f(x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 2T) = f(x + 3T) e.g. y= sin x is periodic with period 2 p as sin(x + 2p) = sin x. Graphically RULES FOR FINDING PERIOD OF A PERIODIC FUNCTION (If f(x) is periodic with period T, then affx) +b, where a,b e R (a # 0) is also a periodic function with period T. r (19) is periodic with period T, then fknx + b), is also periodic wit period Fay (ii) HF x) is periodic with T, as the period and g(x) is periodic with T, as the period and L.C.M. of T, & T, is possible, then f(x) ~ a(x) is periodic with period equal to L.C.M. of T, & T,, provided f(x) and g(x) connot bo interchanged by adding a positive number in x which is less than'L.C.M. of T, & T, in this case this aumber becomes period of fix) + g(x). 1 6) IF) is periodic with period T, then 7,5 is also periodic with same period (©) Tf fe) is periodic with period T, JF(a) is also periodic with same period T. (vi) If x) is a periodic function with period T and g(x) is a strictly monotonic function, Then g(f{(x)) will also be periodic with period T. (vii) Constant function is periodic with no-fundamental period VALUE OF THE FUCNTION Ify= f(x) is any function defined in R, then for any given value of x(say x= a), the value of the function f(x) can be obtained by substituting x = a in it and itis denoted by fla). TYPE OF FUNCTION One one oF injective Function : A function £: X > Y is said to be one one of injective if distinet elements of X have distinct image in Y. Therefore for any two clements x,, x, of a sct X, X 4% = fly) # fle) or f1%,) = 10%) => x, =X, then function is one-one te he ea n no one- cone function can be defined from A to B. So, we have m R, fx) =x] ‘Therefore f: X > Y is many-one if x £xX, = fix) = fix) \ i]. a7 ro | L————— The above given arrow-diagrams show many one-function, (i) If function is given in the form of set of ordered pairs and the second element of at least two ordered pairs are same then function is many-one. (ii) I the graph of y= f(x) is given and the line parallel to x-axis cuts the curve at more than one point then function is many-one. 7 fQ)=1x1 Example of many-one function (i) f:R R, fx) = C, where C is a constat (i) £:R > R, fx)=x? (ii) £2 RR, A= are +b (i) f:R > Rf) 11 Methods to check trigonometrical function to be one-one many-one (i. Ifthe domain of the function is in one quadrant then trigonometrical functions are always one-one, (ii) If trigonometrical function changes its sign in two consecutive quadrants then itis one-one but if it does not change the sign then it is many one. Functions and Relations 3) £:(0, x), fix) = sinx ‘many one £:0, ), fle) = 00s x ‘one one (iii)In three consecutive quadrants trigonometrical functions are always many one. Remarks 1. Some functions are one-one in every domain, The examples of such functions are as follows (i) ax" + b, when n is odd, In particular 3x° + 1, 2x + 1, x° ete. (ii) Identity function f(x) = x; conjugate function g(z) = 7 , Reciprocal function h(x) = 1x. (iii) Exponential funetions e*, a, 2* and logarithmic funetions log, x, log.x. (iv) Hyperbolic functions sinh x, tanh x, eosech x, eoth x. () x/x} 2 Some functions are usually many-one functions. Examples are as follows (i ax" +b, where n is even and domain contains both positive and negative elements For ex. x°, x*~1 ete i) Constant function f(x) = € x4ls) (Gli) Modulus function f(x) =| xf 2) =x + [x], WG) = x= |x} 600 ete Gv) Greatest integer function [x]. (¥) Trigonometric functions sin x, cos x, tan x, see x, cosee x. Hyperbolic funetions sech x, cosh x (vi) Even function x’, cos x ete. 3 Ifthe graph of the given function can be easily constructed, then draw its graph. When @ line parallel to x- axis meet it in two or more than two points, then the funetion is many-one otherwise itis one-one. Obviously even functions are usually one-one. y=xtt (One one) (Many one) Ty Functions and Relations 193. Onto or Surjective Function : A function f : X —» Y is said to be onto or surjective if every element of Y is the image of some element of X under the map f. In other words. Range of f = Co-domain of f. ‘The following arrow-diagram shows onto function pr \ aos fe Example of onto function () ROR, fey (i) f: RR fh) =ax+ baz ObeR Note : Letf be an onto function fram a set A to the set B. Let O(A) = m and O(B) = n, we suppose 1 < n < m. The numberof onto functions from Ato Bis 24(-} 19.4 Into function : A function f : X > is into if there exist at least one element in Y which is not the f-image of any element in X. Therefore, at least one element of Y such that f-' (y) = ¢ then function is into. In other Words. Range of f « co-domain of f The following arrow-diagram shows into function. + An Examples of into function (RR, fy Wi) ERR, fe Ix] (il) R > R, f(x) = ¢ (cis constant) (vf: RR, fx) = sin x Note : For a function to be onto or into depends mainly on their co-domain. 20. Composite of Functions Let f: X — Y and g: ¥ —> Z be two functions, the composite of the function f and g denoted by gof, is ‘a function from X to Z given by got: X —> Z, (gof) (x) = gff(x)] Obviously gof is defined if range of f < domain of g A\so domain of gof = F-primage of {R, - D,). In particular when R, = D,, then D,,, Properties of Composite function : ‘The following properties of composite functions can easily be established. () Composite of functions is not commutative i.e. fog + gof (li) Composite of functions is associative i.e. (fog)oh = fo(goh) Functions and Relations [5] (iii) Composite of two bijection is also a bijection INVERSE FUNCTION Iff:X — Y be a one-one onto (bijection) function, then the mapping f' : Y —» X which associates cach element y < Y with element x X, such that fx) = y, is called the inverse function of the function f:X > Y PY XM =x= fy In terms of ordered pair inverse function is defined as- P={O.01 Gy ef Note : For the existence of inverse function, it should be one-one and onto. Properties (O _ Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function. (ii) Inverse of a bijection a unique. Gi) (ry =e (iv) If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists then (got)! = Fog (vy) Iff:X — Y isa bijection then f~! : Y > X is an inverse function of f. fof=1, and for Here I, is an identity function on set X, and 1,, is an identity function on set ¥ RELATION Let A and B be two non- npty sets, A relation from set A to set B is a subset of A * B. Thus, if R is a relation from Ato B then R G AB. Also, if(a, b) e R, then we say that a is R-related to bb and denote this by aRb. In particular, if B = A then the subsets of A x A are called relations from the set A to thi relations in the set A. Illustrations (i). Let A= (1, 3, 5, 7}, B= (6, 8}. Let R be the relation “is less than’ from A to B. IRG, IR8, 3R6, 3R8, SRG, SRE, TRE Equivalently, R= {(1, 6), (1,8), (3, ), (3, 8), (5, 6), (5, 8), (7, 8)} (ii) Let A= (1, 2,3, sores 32} Let R be the relation “is one fourth of” in A. IR4, 2R8, 3R12, 4R16, R20, 6R24, 7R28, R32 Equivalently, R= {(1,4), (2,8), (3, 12), 4, 16), (5, 20), (6, 24), (7, 28), (8, 32)} e set A or simply as DOMAIN AND RANGE IFR isa relation from A to B, then the set of first elements of elements in R is called the domain of R and the set of second elements of elements in R is called the range of R. ‘Symbolically, Domain of Gy) ERE Range of R= {y: (%,y) € R} Domain of R is a subset of A and range of R is a subset of B. For example, R={(4, 7). (5, 8), (6, 10)} is relation from A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} to the set B = (6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Domain of R = (4, 5, 6}. This is a subset of A. Range of R = {7, 8, 10}. This is a subset of B ey Functions and Relations NUMBER OF RELATIONS Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n elements respectively. AB contains mn ordered pairs. Total number of subsets of Ax B is 2", Since each relation from A (o B is a subset of A « B, then total number of relations from A to B is 2™" TYPES OF RELATIONS (i Arelation R in a set A is called the universal relation in A if R = A A. For example, if A= {2, 6}, then the universal relation in A is the set {(2, 2), 2, 6), (6, 2) (6, 6)}. (ii) Arelation R in a set A is called the identity relation in A if R= {(a, a); a © A} For example, if A= {a, b, c}, then the identity relation in A is the set {(a, a), (b, b), (¢, ©} (iii) A relation R in a set A is called a void relation in AifR = ¢ For example, if A= {1, 2, 3} and let R be the relation defined by aRb iff'a—b = J . The relation R= C AX Ais void relation, (iv) Arelation R in a set A is called a reflexive relation if (a, a) ¢R ya eAic,aRa ya eA For example, if A= {2, 4, 7}, then the relation {(2, 2), (2, 4), (4,4), (7, 7) is reflexive. (0) Aretation R ina set A is called a symmetric relation if (a, b) e R then (b, a) ¢ R, ic, aRb implies bRa. For example, if A= {2, 4, 7}, then the relation {(2, 4), (4, 2), (7, 7)} is symmetric (vi) Arelation R ina set A is called a transitive relation if (a, b), (b, c) € R then (a,c) R, ie., aRb, bRe implies aRe. For example, if A= {2, 4, 7}, then the relation {(2, 4), (4, 7), (2, 7), (4, 4)} is transitive. (vii) A relation R ina set A is called an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. For an equivalence relation R in A, we have () aRay aca Gi) aRb = bRa (iil) aRb and bRe > aRe For example, if A= (1, 3, 4,7}, then the relation {(1, 1), (1, 3), , 1,3, 3), 4,4), (7, DA. TT.) is an equivalence relation. (viii) A relation R in a set A is called an anti-symmetric relation if (a, b), (b, a) ¢ R then a = b. (ix) IER is a relation from A to B, then the inverse relation of R is a relation from B to A and is defined as 4,9): (% y) © R}. The inverse relation of R is denoted by R™ For example, if R= {(1, 4), (9, 15), (10, 2)} is a relation in A, then R'= {(4, 1), (15, 9), (2, 10)} is the inverse relation of R. (x) Let R and S be two relations from the sets A to B and B to C respectively, we define a relation SoR from A to Cas follows (a, 6) © SoR iff (a, b) e R and (b, ¢) S for some b B. This relation SoR is called the composition of the relation R and S For example, let A= {2, 3, 4}, B= {1, 5, 7},C = (1, 3, 6,8). Let R= {(2, 1), (2, 5), G, 5), (4, 1), 4, 7} be a relation from A to B. Let $= {(1, 3), (5, 3), (5, 6), (7, 6), (7, 8)} be a relation from B to C. SoR = {(2, 3). (5, 3), G, 3), 4,3), (4, 6), (4, 8)} isa relation from A to C. Note : (4, 6), (4, 8) € SoR because (4,7) ¢ R and (7, 6), (7, 8) € S. Functions and Relations 7) IMPORTANT TIPS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total number of relations from set A to set B is equal to 2" The universal relation on a non-empty set is always reflexive, symmetric and transitive. The identity relation on a non-empty set is always reflexive, symmetric and transitive. The identity relation on a non-empty set is always anti-symmetre IfR is a relation from A to B and S is a relation from B to C then (RoS)! ‘oR For two relations R and S, the composite relations RoS, SoR may be void relations.

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