 Logarithmic Functions c.

Find the value of the following

logarithmic expressions.
Definition: Let a, b, and c be positive real
i.) log 2 32 iii.) log 5 5
numbers such that . The logarithm of a
with base b is denoted by , and is ii.) log ½ 16 iv.) log 0.001
defined as
Solution:

i.) 5 iii.) 1

ii.) -3 iv.) 3
Definition: The Common logarithms are
logarithms with base 10; log x  Representing Real-Life Situations Using
Logarithmic Functions
Definition: The Natural logarithms are
logarithms with base e; ln x o Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

Reminders:

1. Logarithmic and exponential functions

R : magnitude
are inverses of each other.
E : energy in joules
2. In the logarithmic form logb x, x cannot be
negative.
Example:
3. The value of logb x can be negative
a. Suppose that an earthquake released
Example: approximately 1012 joules of energy.
What is its magnitude on a Richter
a. Rewrite the following exponential
scale?
equations in logarithmic form, whenever
possible. Solution:
Since E is 1012 joules, then the
i.) 53 = 125 iii.) 102 = 100
magnitude R is
ii.) 7-2 = 1/49 iv.) (2/3)2 = 4/9

Solution:

i.) log 5 125 = 3 iii.) log 100 = 2

ii.) log 7 (1/49) = -2 iv.) log 2/3 (4/9) = 2

( )
b. Rewrite the following logarithmic
equations in exponential form.

i.) log m = n iii.) log 3 81 = 4 b. A 5.4 magnitude hit Wao, Lanao Del
ii.) ln 8 = a iv.) log 0.001 = 3 Sur last September 24, 2017. What is
the actual energy released by the
Solution:
earthquake?
i.) 10n = m iii.) 34 = 81
Solution:
ii.) ea =8 iv.) 103 = 0.001 Since R is 5.4 magnitude, then
energy E in joules is

( )
By: C.L.G.Alecida
 Example:

A 1-liter solution contains 10-8 moles of

hydrogen ions. a. What is the pH level of
the solution? b. Determine whether the
( )( ) solution is acidic, neutral, or basic.

Solution:

o Sound Intensity a. Since is 10-8, then the pH level pH

of the solution is

[ ]
D : decibels (dB) ( )
I : sound intensity in watts/m2
: least audible sound a b. Since , then the solution is
human can hear basic

Example:  Basic Properties of Logarithms

The decibel level of sound in a quiet
office is 10-6 watts/m2. (a) What is the Definition: Let b and x be real numbers such
corresponding sound intensity in h , h basic properties of
decibels? (b) How much more intense is logarithms are as follows:
this sound than the least audible sound a 1. log b 1 = 0
human can hear? 2. log b bx = x
Solution: 3. If x > 0, then =x

a. Since I is 10-6 watts/m2, then the

Example:
decibel D level of the sound is
a. log 1 b. ln e3 c.

Solution:

a. log 1 = 0 (Property 1)
( )
b. ln e3 = log e e3 = 3 (Property 2)

c. (Property 3)
b. This sound is 10-6/10-12 = 106 =
1,000,000 times more intense than the  Laws of Logarithms
least audible sound a human can hear.
Let b > 0, b 1 and let n . For u > 0, v > 0,
o Acidity and the pH scale then

[ ] 1. log b (uv) = log b u + log b v

2. log b (u/v) = log b u log b v
pH : acidity/pH level
3. log b un = n log b u
: hydrogen ions in moles per liter

Solutions with,
pH = 7 is neutral
pH > 7 is basic
pH < 7 is acidic

By: C.L.G.Alecida
 Example: Example:

a. Use the laws and properties of logarithms Find the value of x in the following equations.
to expand each expression in terms of the
a. log 4 (2x) = log 4 10
logarithms of the factors. Assume each
factor is positive. Solution.
log 4 (2x) = log 4 10
i. log 3 (ab2) ii. log 3 (3/x)3
2x = 10
Solution x=5

i. log 3 (ab2) = log 3 a + log 3 b2 Therefore, 5 is the solution/value of x

= log 3 a + 2log 3 b
b. log 3 (2x – 1) = 2
ii. log 3 (3/x)3 = 3log 3 (3/x)
= 3(log 3 3 log 3 x) Solution.
= 3(1 log 3 x) 2x – 1 = 32
= 3 3log 3 x) 2x – 1 = 9
2x = 10
b. Use the properties of logarithm to
x=5
condense the expressions as a single
logarithm. Therefore, 5 is the solution/value of x
i. log 2 + log 3 ii. 2ln x – ln y
c. log x 16 = 2
Solution
Solution.
i. log 2 + log 3 = log (2 3)
x2 = 16
= log 6
x2 – 16 = 0
ii. 2ln x – ln y = ln x2 – ln y
(x – 4)(x + 4) = 0
= ln (x2y)
x = 4, –4

 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Therefore, only 4 is the solution/value of x

Inequalities since the base cannot be negative

o One-to-one Property of Logarithmic d. log 2 (x + 1) + log 2 (x – 1) = 3

equations
Solution.
If b > 1, then the logarithmic function y = [( )( )]
log b x is increasing for all x. If 0 < b < 1, ( )( )
then the logarithmic function y = log b x is
decreasing for all x. This means that
log b u = log b v if and only if u = v. ( )( )
,
Techniques. Some strategies for solving
logarithmic equations: Therefore, only 3 is the solution/value of x
1. Rewriting to exponential form; since in the logarithmic form logb x, x cannot
2. Using logarithmic properties; be negative.
3. Applying the one-to-one property of
logarithmic functions;
4. The Zero Factor Property: If ab = 0, then
a = 0 or b = 0.

By: C.L.G.Alecida
o Properties of Logarithmic Inequalities Since 1/5 < 1, then

a. If 0 < b < 1, then x1 < x2 if and only if x < (1/5)–3

log b x1 > log b x2. x < 125
b. If b > 1, then x1 < x2 if and only if
Also, x must be positive.
log b x1 < log b x2.
the solution is ( , )
Example:

Solve the following logarithmic  Graphing logarithmic functions

inequalities. o Properties of logarithmic functions that is

a. log 3 (2x – 1) > log 3 (x + 2) f(x) = log b x

Solution: a. Domain is all positive

Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are b. Range is all
defined. c. It is a one-to-one function.
d. The x-intercept is 1. There is no y-
Then 2x – 1 > 0 and x + 2 > 0 intercept.
must be satisfied. e. Vertical asymptote is x = 0. There is
2x – 1 > 0 implies x > 1/2 and x no horizontal asymptote.
+ 2 > 0 implies x > –2. f. The function is increasing if b > 1, and
is decreasing if 0 < b < 1
To make both logarithms defined,
then x > 1/2. (If x > 1/2, then x is
Graph of f(x) = log b x if b > 1
surely greater than –2.)

Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is

satisfied.

Since 3 > 1, then

2x – 1 > x + 2
2x – x > 2 + 1
x>3

the solution is ( , )

b. log 1/5 x > –3

Solution:
Graph of f(x) = log b x if 0 < b < 1
Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are
defined.

This means x > 0

Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is

satisfied.

Rewrite –3 as a logarithm to
base 1/5: log 1/5 (1/5)–3

We obtain the inequality

log 1/5 x > log 1/5 (1/5)–3

By: C.L.G.Alecida
o Graph of f(x) = a log b (x – c) + d c. If the graph of the given function is
stretch by a factor of 3. The transformed
a. The value of b determines whether the function would be H(x) = 3log 2 x.
graph is decreasing or increasing.

b. The value of a determines the stretch

and shrinking of the graph. Further, if a is
negative, there is a reflection of the graph
about the x-axis.

c. Based on y = a log b (x), the vertical

shift is d units up (if d > 0) or d units
down (if d < 0), and the horizontal shift is
c units to the right (if c > 0) or c units to
the left (if c < 0).

Example:

Given the function f(x) = log 2 (x).

Reflection:
a. If the graph of the given function is
moved 3 units to the right. The
transformed function would be
F(x) = log 2 (x – 3).

b. If the graph of the given function is

moved 3 units downward. The
transformed function would be
G(x) = log 2 (x) – 3. Prepared by:

CHRENIEL LOU G. ALECIDA, LPT

SHS-T1

By: C.L.G.Alecida