DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Laboratory Manual
for
Applied Physics
(NS-105)

Name

Roll no.
Course Instructor
Lab Instructor
Batch
Semester
 Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. …………………………………. of First Semester, First

Year, Department of Computer Science bearing Roll No. ………….……. has

completed the necessary lab work for the course of Applied Physics

prescribed by the Ziauddin University, Faculty of Engineering Science

Technology and Management, under my supervision for the academic session

………………

Course Teacher Lab Teacher

…………………….. …………………………………………
Lecturer Lab Engineer
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Ziauddin University, Faculty of Ziauddin University, Faculty of
Engineering Science Technology and Engineering Science Technology and
Management (ZUFESTM) Management (ZUFESTM)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. Lab Objectives CLO PLO Domain
Check the capacity (inner volume) of a giventest tube using Vernier 1 1 P1
1 calipers.
Check the Volume (V) of the given metallicsphere using micrometer 1 1 P1
2 screw gauge.
Check Dynamic Viscosity of glycerin usingstokes apparatus. 1 1 P1
3

Check the moment of inertia of a flywheel. 2 2 P1

4

Check measurements on variation of electriccurrent with intensity of 1 1 P1

5 light using Photocell
(The Inverse Square Law of Light).
Check the value of acceleration due to gravityusing compound pendulum. 2 2 P1
6

Check measurements of law of reflection andSnell’s Law and test your 1 1 P1

knowledge of:
7  Reflection of light through a plainmirror
 Refraction of light through a prism

Check the focal length of a concave mirror and 2 2 P1

8 to measure the magnification for a certaincombination of object and
image distances.
Check the focal length of a thin lens and tomeasure the magnification 2 2 P1
9 for a certain
combination of object and image distances.
Check the critical angle at which total internalreflection occurs in the 2 2 P1
10 acrylic trapezoid and
confirm your result using Snell’s Law.
Check measurement of Buoyant / UpwardForce. 1 1 P1
11

Practice the designing of a series circuit and understand its properties. 2 2 P3

12 Also find the calculated and measured values of resistance, current and
voltages
 Practice the designing of a parallel circuit and understand its properties. 2 2 P3
13 Also find the calculated and measured values of resistance, current and
voltages.
Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 1 1 P2
14 (KVL) for the DC circuit by experimental methods.

“SOFTWARE LAB RUBRICS FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE”

EXCEEDS SCORE
MEETS EXPECTATION DEVELOPING UNSATISFACTORY
CRITERIA EXPECTATION (0%-
(60%-90%) (20%-50%) (0%-20%)
(100%) 100%)
-Student was -Student was familiar -Student -Student demonstrated
familiar with the with the software and demonstrated an little or no ability to
software and was required minimal help ability to use the perform experiment and
Ability to use able to use from the instructor to software but required unreasonable
software additional features perform the required amount of assistance
of the software that experiment. assistance from from instructor.
were not available the instructor.
in instruction set.
-Student followed -Student followed the -Student had -Student had difficulty
the instructions instructions in the difficulty with reading the procedure
with no assistance. procedure with little some of the and following
or no assistance. procedure and directions.
-Student performed needed
additional -If procedure was not clarification from -If procedure was not
Ability to experiments or provided, the student the instructor. provided, student was
follow tests beyond those was able to incapable of designing
procedure required in determine an -If, procedure a set of experiments to
and/or instructions. appropriate set of was not satisfy given lab
design a experiments to run to provided, the objectives.
procedure for -If procedure to produce stable data student needed
experiment accomplish an and satisfy the lab some direction in -The data taken was
objective is not objectives. deciding what essentially useless.
provided, the set of
student developed experiments to
a systematic set of perform to
tests to accomplish satisfy the lab
objective. objectives.
-Student developed -Student -Student was -Student demonstrated
a good systematic demonstrated the able to identify little or no ability to
procedure for ability to test the problems in troubleshoot software
Ability to testing software software in order to software but for the lab.
troubleshoot code that allowed identify technical required some
software for quick problems, and was assistance in
identification of able to solve any fixing some of
problems. problems with little the problems.
or no assistance.
 -Student is good at
analyzing and
quickly solving all
technical problems.
-Able to explain -Able to explain most -Able to explain -Unable to explain
circuit design and of the circuit design some circuit circuit design or
fundamental and relevant design and answer relevant
Q&A concepts correctly fundamental relevant fundamental concepts.
and provide concepts. fundamental
alternative solutions. concepts.

“HARDWARE LAB RUBRICS FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE”

EXCEEDS MEETS SCORE

DEVELOPING UNSATISFACTORY
CRITERIA EXPECTATION EXPECTATION (0%-
(20%-50%) (0%-20%)
(100%) (60%-90%) 100%)
-Can identify new
ways to setup -Can setup some
-Can fully setup
and implement of the
the experiment
Setup of the experiment experiment with -Can’t setup the
with successful
experiment and without some experiment without
implementation
implementation assistance and implementation assistance.
without much
with detailed without
assistance.
understanding of assistance.
each step.
-Follows the
procedure/
-Follows some of
design process
-Follows the the
Follow the completely and -Doesn’t follow the
procedure/design procedure/design
procedure/ able to simplify or procedure/ design
process process with
design process develop process.
completely. some errors or
alternative
omissions.
procedure/
design.
-Able to achieve
all the desired -Unable to
-Able to achieve
Experimental results with new achieve all the -Unable to get the
all the desired
results ways to improve desired results in results.
results.
measurements/ implementation.
synthesis.
-Unsafe lab
-Extremely -Observes good
procedures -Practices unsafe, risky
Safety conscious about laboratory safety
observed behaviors in lab.
safety aspects. procedures.
infrequently.
 “REPORT WRITING LAB RUBRICS FOR ASSESSING IN-LAB PERFORMANCE”

EXCEEDS MEETS
DEVELOPING UNSATISFACTORY SCORE
CRITERIA EXPECTATION EXPECTATION
(20%-50%) (0%-20%) (0%-100%)
(100%) (60%-90%)
-Student
demonstrates
-Experimental
diligence in -Experimental -Experimental
Data data is
creating a set of data is presented data is poorly
Presentation presented in
visually in appropriate presented.
appropriate
appealing tables format with only
format but some
and/or graphs a few minor -Several data is
significant errors
that effectively errors or missing or
are still evident.
present the omissions. irrelevant.
experimental
data.
-Student has
-Student has -Student has
analyzed the
analyzed the simply re-stated
data, observed
data, observed what type of data
trends, and
-Student trends, and was taken with no
compared
provides a very compared attempt to
experimental
focused and experimental interpret trends,
results with
accurate results with explain
theoretical
analysis of the theoretical discrepancies, or
results.
Data Analysis data. All results. evaluate the
observations are validity of the
-Any
stated well and -Some data in terms of
discrepancies are
clearly observations relevant theory.
adequately
supported by that should have
addressed.
the data. been made are -Student lacks
missing or understanding of
-All expected
poorly the importance of
observations are
supported. the results.
made.
-Lab report has -Lab report has -Lab report has
-Lab report has
very few some several
no grammatical
grammatical grammatical grammatical
Writing Style and/or spelling
and/or spelling and/or spelling and/or spelling
errors.
errors errors and is errors and
fairly readable. sentence
 -All sections of -Student uses construction is
the report are technical terms poor.
very well- effectively and
written and accurately. -Student rarely
technically uses technical
accurate. terms or uses
them incorrectly.

-Proper format is
not followed.
“LABORATORY MARKS DISTRIBUTION”
EXCEEDS MEETS BELOW
UNSATISFACTORY
EXPECTATION EXPECTATION EXPECTATION SCORE
Particulars (0% – 20%)
(81% - 100%) (51% – 80%) (21% – 50%)
Marks
Marks Marks Marks
-Student can -Student needs a -Student -Student is not able
Lab successfully little assistance implemented to implement without
Performance implement circuit but can circuit with assistance.
(10) without implement on its assistance but
assistance. own. can’t explain.
-Student can -Student needs a -Student -Student is not able
Final Lab successfully little assistance implemented to implement without
Performance implement circuit but can circuit with assistance.
(10) without implement on its assistance but
assistance. own. can’t explain.
Lab Manual
Same as Report writing lab rubrics
(10)
-Able to explain -Able to explain -Able to explain -Unable to explain
design, design, some design and design and answer
simulation, simulation, relevant relevant fundamental
implementation implementation fundamental concepts.
Viva and fundamental and fundamental concepts.
(05) concepts concepts
correctly and correctly.
provide
alternative
solutions.
Project
Report Same as Project report rubrics
(05)
-Project is Project is -Project is not - Project is not
working properly working properly working properly working or showing
Project or showing but sometimes or showing results.
(10) accurate results. showing inaccurate
inaccurate results.
results.

Total Laboratory Marks = 50

 Obtained Marks = _________

Laboratory Session 01

Object: Check the capacity (inner volume) of a given test tube using Vernier calipers.

Apparatus:
 A Vernier caliper
 A test tube

Introduction:
The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal and external
diameter, volume, thickness, length, and depth of an object extremely accurately. A manual
ortraditional Vernier caliper is an L-shaped measuring instrument with a movable arm. The
movable arm is slide to adjust the object in between or around the jaws. A Vernier caliper has
total of four jaws, with two upper jaws used for measuring the internal distances and two lower
jaws for measuring the internal distances of objects.

The two upper jaws are the smaller jaws of the Vernier that are used to measure the internal
distances between two parallel sides of an object or an internal diameter. They are also known
as the internal jaws. Whereas the lower jaws are the longer jaws that are used for measuring
external diameters or overall length of objects and are known as the external jaws. A Vernier
is also provided with an additional attachment called as the depth probe, a slender stick like
structure used for measuring depths inside of an object. The depth probe is attached to the
movable arm and moves along with it. The movable arm is also known as the sliding arm and
carries the Vernier scale, whereas the fixed arm is the main arm and carries the main scale. A
Vernier is also provided with a locking screw for holding the arms at a particular place while
taking measurement.

Thus, the main parts of a Vernier caliper are:

 Internal jaws
 External jaws
 Main arm
  Sliding arm
 Depth measuring probe
 Locking Screw

Least count is the smallest reading that can be taken by an instrument.

Value of smallest division on main scale

Least Count =
Total number of divisions on Vernier scale
Procedure:
i. Calculate least count for vernier constant of given vernier calipers.
ii. Close the two jaws of the two vernier calipers. Note down the V.S division that
coincidethe best with any M.S division. Calculate the zero error.
iii. Open the jaws of the pair of vernier calipers and place the given test tube.
iv. Move the sliding jaws such that both the lower jaws touch and grip test tube.
v. Note the main scale reading (M.S) and vernier scale reading (V.S).
vi. Calculate the Fractional Part (F.P) by multiplying V.S.R with the L.C. Also calculate the
total reading (T) by adding M.S and F.P (T = M.S+F.P).
vii. Calculate the correct reading (R) by subtracting the mean zero error from the total
reading(R = T-Z).
viii. Calculate the volume by using V = πr2l

Working formula:
i. Diameter d= 2r
ii. Volume of test tube = V = πr2l

Observation:
i. The smallest division on main scale S =
ii. Total number of divisions on vernier scale N =
iii. L.C = S/N =
 Quantities
Mean
to be M.S V.S (div) FP=VS*LC T=MS+FP CR= T-Z
Reading
measured

Calculations:

1- Mean Diameter:

2- Radius:

3- Capacity of test tube:

Result:
 Laboratory Session 02

Object: Check the Volume (V) of the given metallic sphere using micrometer screw gauge.

Apparatus:
A micrometer screw gauge
A small solid sphere

Theory:
A screw pitch gauge also known as a micrometer is a precision instrument. It is used for
measuring diameter of circular objects mostly wires, with an accuracy of 0.001cm. It consists
of a hollow cylinder mounted on a U frame. The hollow cylinder leads to a ratchet which is
meant for fine adjustment. The U frame consists of a flat end known as stud and a screw on
theother side. This screw can be moved inside the nut by fitted in the U frame by rotating the
hollow cylinder called the thimble. This is called the main scale. The hollow cylinder or the
thimble is graduated into 50 or 100 equal parts. This is called the circular scale.
Micrometer screw-gauge is another instrument used for measuring accurately the diameter
of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with
a screwed spindle which is attached to a thimble.

The screw has a known pitch such as 0.5 mm. Pitch of the screw is the distance moved by the
spindle per revolution. Hence in this case, for one revolution of the screw the spindle moves
forward or backward 0.5 mm. This movement of the spindle is shown on an engraved linear
millimeter scale on the sleeve. On the thimble there is a circular scale which is divided into 50
or 100 equal parts.
distance covered on main scale
Pitch =
number of rotations

When the anvil and spindle end are brought in contact, the edge of the circular scale should
beat the zero of the sleeve (linear scale) and the zero of the circular scale should be opposite
to the datum line of the sleeve. If the zero is not coinciding with the datum line, there will be
a positive or negative zero error as shown in figure below.
 Fig: Zero error in case of screw gauge

If the zero of the circular scale lies below the reference line, the zero error is positive.
If the zero of the circular scale lies above the reference line, the zero error is negative.

To take a reading:
First look at the main scale. This has a linear scale reading on it. The long lines are
every millimeter the shorter ones denote half a millimeter in between.
On the diagram this reading is 2.5 mm
Now look at the rotating scale. That denotes 46 divisions - each division is 0.01mm
sowe have 0.46mm from this
scale.

Working formula:
4
Volume of a Sphere V=3 𝜋𝑟 3
Procedure:
1. Determine pitch of the given screw gauge.
2. Calculate least count of the screw gauge.
3. Using the ratchet head, close the studs gently. Take three readings for the zero error. Find the
mean value (Z).
4. Unscrew the instrument and place the given sphere between the studs. Screw up gently using
ratchet until screw is gripped. Note the last visible division of the main scale and convert this main
scale reading into centimeters. This is MS! Take the circular scale reading(CS) against the reference
line (or index line). Record it in divisions. Multiply CS with theleast count (LS) to get the fractional
part (FP).
5. Calculate total reading (T) by adding MS and FP (T=MS+FP)
6. Subtract zero error (Z) from the total reading (T) to correct the reading (R=T-Z).
7. Repeat the observation three times at different places and calculate the mean.
8. Calculate the radius of the sphere (R= D/2)
9. Calculate volume of the sphere by the formula V= 4/3πr3

Observation:
(1) Pitch:
(a) The smallest division on main scale = mm = cm
(b) Total number of divisions or circular scale = div

Number of Distance on M.S

S. No. (d) mm Pitch P = d/N Mean Pitch
Rotations (N)
1
2
3

(2) Least Count:

Least count = pitch / Total number of circular scale division
L.C =

(3) Diameter:

Circular Fractional Corrected

Main Scale Total Reading
Scale Part Reading
S. No. Reading T = MS+FP Mean
Reading FP = CS*LC R = T-Z
(MSR)
(CSR) div
1
2
3
Calculations:
Volume of sphere (V)

 Mean Diameter D = cm
 Radius R = D/2 = cm
 Volume V = 4/3 π r3 = cm3

Result:
Volume of the given sphere = cm3
 Laboratory Session 03

Object: Check Dynamic Viscosity of glycerin using stokes apparatus.

Apparatus:

 Stoke apparatus with graduated cylinder,

 Glycerin,
 Metallic ball with hook,
 Stop watch.

Theory:
A body in a fluid is acted on by a frictional force in the opposite direction to its direction of
travel. The magnitude of this force depends on the geometry of the body, its velocity and
internal friction of the fluid. A measure for the internal friction is given by the dynamic
viscosity µ. For a sphere of radius r moving at velocity V in an infinitely fluid of dynamic
viscosity µ

F1 = 6 πµr V (Frictional Force)

If the sphere falls vertically in the fluid, after a time, it will move at a constant velocity V, and
all the forces acting on the sphere will be in equilibrium.

F2 = 4/3 πr3ρ1g (Buoyant Force)

F3 = 4/3 πr3ρ2g (Gravitational Force)

ρ1= density of fluid

ρ2 = density of sphere

g = gravitational acceleration

The viscosity can, therefore be determined by measuring the rate of fall V:

2𝑟2(𝜌2 − 𝜌1)𝑔
𝜇=
9𝑉

Data:

ρ1 = density of fluid = 1259.37 kg/m3

Procedure:
1- Find the mass of sphere using triple beam balance.
2- Find the radius of sphere using triple beam balance.
3- Tie a string to the sphere and dip it into the fluid.

4- As the sphere goes down, note the time at distance

of 20cm. 5- Repeat the 4th step and get the mean
velocity of glycerin.

6- Calculate the density and dynamic viscosity.

Observations:
Mass of sphere = g

r = radius of sphere = m [M.S + (V.S X LC)]

S. No Distance (m) Time (sec) Radius (m) V (m/s)

3
 Calculations:
Diameter of sphere =

Radius of sphere =

Volume of sphere:

Vol= cm3

ρ2 = density of sphere = kg/ m3

Mean Velocity = m/s

Dynamic viscosity:

2𝑟2(𝜌2 − 𝜌1)𝑔
𝜇=
9𝑉

Result:
 Laboratory Session 04
Object: Check the moment of inertia of a flywheel.

Apparatus:
 Flywheel
 String
 Weight
 Vernier Caliper
 Stop watch

Working formula:

Decent of the string before detachment of weight

h=2πrn1
Angular speed of fly wheel:

ω=4πrn2/t
Moment of inertia of fly wheel

I= M{[𝟐𝒈𝒉 – r2]/[1+𝒏𝟏]}
𝑚𝟐 𝒏𝟐

or

𝒎𝒈𝒓𝒏𝟏𝒕𝟐
𝑰=
𝟒𝝅𝒏𝟐(𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐)

Where:

I is the moment of inertia of the fly wheel

(gm/cm2)M is the mass attached to the string (gm)
g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s2)
h is the height descended by the mass on just before detachment (cm)
Ш is the average angular speed (rad/sec)
r is the radius of the axle (cm)
n1 is the number of turns of the string on the axle
n2 is the number of rotations made by the flywheel after the detachment of string and
beforeit comes to rest.
Procedure:
1. Note down the least counts of Vernier Caliper and Stop watch
2. Measure the diameter of the axel using Vernier Caliper from three different positions,
findout mean diameter, and then the radius of the flywheel
3. Attach a mass with one end of the string. Make a small loop at other end of the string
sothat the mass can be hanged from the knob on the axle
4. Give five turns (n1) to the wheel so that string winds evenly around the axle
5. Allow the mass to descend to the floor
6. As soon as string detaches note down simultaneously the time taken by the flywheel
andnumber of rotations it makes till it comes to rest. Repeat this step three times
7. Repeat steps (4) to (6) for n2 = and n3 =

Observations:

S. No. Main Scale Vernier Scale Diameter of the Mean Radius of the
Reading MSR Reading VSR axle = diameter (cm) axle r = d/2
(cm) (div) MSR+LSR*Least (cm)
count (cm)

Measurement of time and no. of rotations of wheel before it come to rest

No. of revolution completed by wheel 𝒏𝟐

Time
No. of Distance of
No. of taken by
complete incomplete Fractional Mean
turn of Mean the wheel
Mass rotations rotation rotation time
string on 𝒙 𝒏𝟐 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒏𝟐 before
after the from 𝒃= (sec)
axle n1 coming to
detachmen center to 𝒚
tof string pointer (x) rest (sec)
(a)
Calculations:

Result:

The moment of inertia of the flywheel is found to be = gm.cm2

 Laboratory Session 05
Object: Check measurements on variation of electric current with intensity of light using
Photocell (The Inverse Square Law of Light).

Apparatus:
 Light source fixed,
 Photo cell,
 Ammeter,
 Meter stick,
 Black paper,
 Tape,
 Calculator, and
 Graph paper

Theory:
From everyday experience, it is obvious that light sources appear to become brighter as you
move closer to them. The apparent brightness of the source is related to its distance.
However,moving a light source twice as close to you does not make it twice as bright. In this
lab, we will examine this relationship in some detail. For this experiment, we use a light
detector (photocell) which enables us to make light intensity measurements that are more
precise than those made with the human eye. The photocell converts light intensity to an
electrical current, which can be measured with a current meter (ammeter). The current
produced by the photocellis directly proportional to the amount of light falling on it. If the
light intensity doubles, the meter reading will also double.
Let’s say we have a light source which is on full power and our subject is 1 meter away it. If
we move our subject double the distance away from the light (2 meters), how much of the
light’s power will reach it? The natural reaction is to think “half power” – but unfortunately
that’s not how light works, it follows an inverse-square law.
According to the law, the power of the light will be inversely proportional to the square of
the distance. So, if we take a distance of 2 and square it, we get 4, the inverse of which
would be 1/4 or rather, a quarter of the original power – not half.
Moving our subject 3 meters from the light (3 * 3 = 9, so 1/9) the power of our light source
now becomes 1/9th of what it originally was.
Here’s how the drops in light power work from 1 to 10 meters, remember that each one is
simply the distance squared, over 1.
Procedure:
It is extremely important to keep stray light out of the detector during this exercise. Moving
shadows and reflected light seen by the detector can spoil your results. Avoid unnecessary
motion during measurements. In particular, try to keep behind your detector while taking
data.Stay close to your experiment while other groups are recording data.
1) Place the light source at a distance, “d," from the detector equal to the 20 cm. “d” is
measured from the center of the light bulb to the surface of the detector. Place a sheet
of black paper directly in front of the light source, blocking the light going to the
detector from the source. Read the current meter and record your reading in Table 1
in the column marked “background.” This reading gives the background intensity
resulting from stray light in the room. Remove the black paper and record the meter
reading in the column marked “source & background.” Subtract “background” from
“source & background” and enter this value in the column marked “source.”
2) Repeat the above procedure for the other distances indicated in Table 1.
3) Next replace the light bulb with one of a lower wattage (intensity). Follow the same
procedure as above for the new intensity and record your data in Table 2. On a sheet
of graph paper, plot your data with distance along the horizontal axis and current (light
intensity) along the vertical axis. Draw two smooth curves that best fit your data points,
one for each intensity of the light bulb. Label these curves “high intensity” and “low
intensity.”

Observation:

Table 1. High Intensity Source 100 WATT Bulb

S. No. Distance Background Source & Source Relative

Background Intensity

1 20 cm

2 30 cm

3 40 cm

4 50 cm

5 60 cm

6 70 cm
Table 2. Low Intensity Source 60 WATT Bulb

S. No. Distance Background Source & Source Relative

Background Intensity

1 20 cm

2 30 cm

3 40 cm

4 50 cm

5 60 cm

6 70 cm

Working formula:
 Intensity (I) = 1/d2

Calculations:

Result:
 Laboratory Session 06
Object: Check the value of acceleration due to gravity using compound pendulum. [Open Ended]

Apparatus:
 A bar pendulum with holes at equal intervals,
 Meter rod,
 Knife edges,
 Stop watch,

Working formula:
The period of compound pendulum is given by

Procedure:
1. Mark the position of the center of gravity of the rod by balancing it
horizontallyon the wooden edge.
2. Measure the distance of each hole between A and C.
3. Suspend the bar through the holes using a knife edge.
4. Give slight displacement on either side, the bar oscillates. Make sure it
oscillatesin one plane.
5. Find time for ten oscillations.
6. Find the time period by dividing the time by 10.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 three times for each hole.
8. Now invert the rod and measure the distance of each hole between B and C.
9. Repeat steps 3 to 7 for each of the holes between B and C.
Observations:
End ‘A’ End ‘B’
Time Time
Length Time for ten Mean Length Time for ten Mean
period period
(cm) Vibrations (sec) (sec) (cm) Vibrations (sec) (sec)
T/10 (sec) T/10 (sec)
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
05 05

Calculations:
Plot a graph between distance from center of gravity (along horizontal axis) and time
period(along vertical axis). Draw both parts of the graph on the same paper with same
scale. Take
y-b xis in the middle, on right side plot the data obtained from the holes between A and C,
andon left side plot the data obtained from the holes between B and C.

Measure the distances SQ (l1) and PC (l2). Take the average of l1 and l2 this gives the length
of equivalent simple pendulum. Substitute the values in the working formula and evaluate
thevalue of ‘g’ acceleration due to gravity.
Calculations for L:

 L = L1 + L2 / 2

Calculations for g:

Result:

The value of acceleration due to gravity is found to be m/sec2

 Laboratory Session 07
Object: Check measurements of law of reflection and Snell’s Law and test your
knowledge of:
Reflection of light through a plain mirror
Refraction of light through a prism

Theory:

Reflection of light through a plain mirror

Reflection of light: When light rays traveling in a medium reaches the boundary of other
medium, they turn back to the first medium. This phenomenon of turning back of light into
thesame medium after striking the boundary of other medium is called Reflection of Light.

Law of Reflection: The law of reflection governs the reflection of light-rays off smooth
conducting surfaces, such as polished metal or metal-coated glass mirrors. Consider a light-ray
incident on a plane mirror, as shown in Fig. The law of reflection states that the incident ray,
the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane.
Furthermore, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence . Both angles are
measured with respect to the normal to the mirror.

Figure: The law of reflection

The law of reflection also holds for non-plane mirrors, provided that the normal at any point
on the mirror is understood to be the outward pointing normal to the local tangent plane of
themirror at that point. For rough surfaces, the law of reflection remains valid. It predicts that
raysincident at slightly different points on the surface are reflected in completely different
directions, because the normal to a rough surface varies in direction very strongly from point
to point on the surface. This type of reflection is called diffuse reflection, and is what enables
us to see non-shiny objects.
Procedure
1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a blank sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel
toselect a single ray.
2. Place the mirror on the paper. Position the plane (flat) surface of the mirror in the path of
theincident ray at an angle that allows you to clearly see the incident and reflected rays.
3. On the paper, trace and label the surface of the plane mirror and the incident and
reflectedrays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate
directions.
4. Remove the light source and mirror from the paper. On the paper, draw the normal to
thesurface (as in fig)

5. Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. Measure these angles from
thenormal. Record the angles in the first row of table.

6. Repeat steps 1–5 with a different angle of incidence. Repeat the procedure again to
completetable with three different angles of incidence.
7. Turn the wheel on the light source to select the three primary color rays. Shine the colored
rays at an angle to the plane mirror. Mark the position of the surface of the plane mirror and
trace the incident and reflected rays. Indicate the colors of the incoming and the outgoing
raysand mark them with arrows in the appropriate directions.
  Refraction of light through a prism

Refraction of light: Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its
speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium
bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. Refraction is
responsible for image formation by lenses and the eye.

Snell's Law: Like with reflection, refraction also involves the angles that the incident ray
and the refracted ray make with the normal to the surface at the point of refraction. Unlike
reflection, refraction also depends on the media through which the light rays are travelling.
This dependence is made explicit in Snell's Law via refractive indices, numbers which are
constant for given media.
When a monochromatic light ray crosses from one medium (such as air) to another (such as
acrylic), it is refracted. According to Snell’s Law,

n1sin θ1 = n2sin θ2

the angle of refraction (θ2) depends on the angle of incidence (θ1) and the indices of refraction
of both media (n1 and n2), as shown in Figure. Because the index of refraction for light varies
with the frequency of the light, white light that enters the material (at an angle other than 0°)
will separate into its component colors as each frequency is bent a different amount. The
trapezoid is made of acrylic which has an index of refraction of 1.497 for light of wavelength
486 nm in a vacuum (blue light), 1.491 for wavelength 589 nm (yellow), and 1.489 for
wavelength 651 nm (red). In general, for visible light, index of refraction increases with
increasing frequency.

Snell's Law is given in the following diagram.

Fig: Snellen’s law

Procedure
1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of blank white paper. Turn the wheel to
select a single white ray.
2. Position the trapezoid as shown in Figure. The acute-angled end of the trapezoid is used as
a prism in this experiment. Keep the ray near the point of the trapezoid for maximum
transmission of the light.

3. Rotate the trapezoid until the angle (θ) of the emerging ray is as large as possible and the
rayseparates into colors.
(a) What colors do you see? In what order are they?

Refractive index of some transparent substances

Substance Refractive Speed of light in Angle of refraction if incident ray enters

index substance substance at 20º
(x 1 000 000 m/s)
Air 1.00 300 20
Water 1.33 226 14.9
Glass 1.5 200 13.2
Diamond 2.4 125 8.2
Ray Diagram (Reflection):
Ray Diagram (Refraction):
 Laboratory Session 08

Object: Check the focal length of a concave mirror and to measure the magnification for a
certain combination of object and image distances.

Apparatus:

 Basic optics system

1. Light Source
2. Bench
3. Concave/convex Mirror
4. Half-screen
5. Metric ruler
6. Optics Caliper (optional, for measuring image sizes)
 PASCO part OS-8468

Theory:
For a spherically curved mirror:

where f is focal length, do is the distance between the object and the
mirror, and di is the distance between the image and the mirror. By
measuring do and di the focal length can be determined.
Magnification, M, is the ratio of image size to object size. If the image
is inverted, M is negative.

Instruction:

In this lab, you will determine the focal length of the mirror by
Fig 1
measuring several pairs of object and image distances and
plotting1/do versus 1/di.

Fig 2
Procedure
1. Place the light source and the mirror on the optics bench 50 cm
apart with the light source’s crossed-arrow object toward the mirror
and the concave side of the mirror toward the light source. Place the
half-screen between them (see Figure 2).
2. Slide the half-screen to a position where a clear image of the
crossed-arrow object is formed. Measure the image distance and
the object distance. Record these measurements (and all
measurements from the following steps) in Table 1.
3. Repeat step 2 with object distances of 45 cm, 40 cm, 35 cm, 30 cm, 25 cm. Fig 3
4. With the mirror at 25 cm from the light source and a clear image formed
on

the half-screen, measure the object size and image size. To measure the image size, hold a
small scrap of paper against the half-screen and mark two opposite points on the crossed-
arrowpattern (see Figure 3). If at least half of the pattern is not visible on the screen, have your
partnerslightly twist the mirror to bring more of the image into view. Remove the paper and
measure between the points. Measure the object size between the corresponding points
directly on the light source.

Table 1: Image and Object Distances

do di 𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄ Image Size Object Size
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐

50 cm

45 cm

40 cm

35 cm

30 cm

25 cm

Analysis Part A: Focal Length

1. Calculate 1/do and 1/di for all six rows in Table 1.
2. Plot 1/do versus 1/di and find the best-fit line (linear fit). This will give a straight line with
the x- and y-intercepts equal to 1/f. Record the intercepts (including units) here:
y-intercept = 1/f =
x-intercept = 1/f =
Note: You can plot the data and find the best-fit line on paper or on a computer.

3. For each intercept, calculate a value of f and record it in Table 2.

4. Find the percent difference between these two values of f and record them in Table 2.
Percentage Difference:

Table 2: Focal Length

f
Result from x-intercept

Result from y-intercept

% difference between results from intercepts

Analysis Part B: Magnification

1. For the last data point only (do = 25 cm), use the image and object distances to calculate
themagnification, M. Record the results in Table 3.
𝑑𝑖
M=− ( )
𝑑𝑜

2. Calculate the absolute value of M using your measurements of the image size and
objectsize. Record the results in Table 3.

𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
|M| =
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Percentage Difference:

Table 3: Magnification
Point 1

M calculated from image and object distances

|M| calculated from image and object sizes

% difference

Result:
Graph:
 Laboratory Session 09
Object: Check the focal length of a thin lens and to measure the magnification for a certain
combination of object and image distances.

Apparatus:

 Basic Optics System

1. Light Source
2. Bench
3. Converging lens of unknown focal length1
4. Screen
5. Metric ruler
 PASCO part OS-8468

Theory:
For a thin lens:

where f is focal length, do is the distance between the object and the lens, and di is the distance
between the image and the lens. By measuring do and di the focal length can be determined.
Magnification, M, is the ratio of image size to object size. If the image is inverted, M is
negative.

In this part, you will determine the focal length by measuring several pairs of object and image
distances and plotting 1/do versus 1/di.

Fig 1
Procedure
1. Place the light source and the screen on the optics bench 1 m apart with the light source’s
crossed-arrow object toward the screen. Place the lens between them.

2. Starting with the lens close to the screen, slide the lens away from the screen to a position
where a clear image of the crossed-arrow object is formed on the screen. Measure the image
distance and the object distance. Record these measurements (and all measurements from
the following steps) in Table 1.

3. Measure the object size and the image size for this position of the
lens.

4. Without moving the screen or the light source, move the lens to a
second position where the image is in focus. Measure the image
distance and the object distance.

5. Measure the object size and image size for this position also. Note
that you will not see the entire crossed-arrow pattern. Instead,
measure the image and object sizes as the distance between two
indexmarks on the pattern (see Figure 2 for example).

6. Repeat steps 2 and 4 with light source-to-screen distances of 90 cm,

80 cm, 70 cm, 60 cm, and 50 cm. For each light source-to-screen
distance, find two lens positions where clear images are formed. (You
don’t need to measure image and object sizes.).
Analysis Part A: Focal Length
1. Calculate 1/do and 1/di for all 12 rows in Table 1.

Table 1

Distance from
light source to do di 𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄ Image Size Object Size
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐
screen (cm)

100 cm

90 cm

80 cm

70 cm

60 cm

50 cm

2. Plot 1/do versus 1/di and find the best-fit line (linear fit). This will give a straight line with
the x- and y-intercepts equal to 1/f. Record the intercepts (including units) here:
y-intercept = 1/f =
x-intercept = 1/f =

Note: You can plot the data and find the best-fit line on paper or on a computer.

3. For each intercept, calculate a value of f and record it in Table 2.

4. Find the percent difference between these two values of f and record them in Table 2.

Percentage Difference:
Table 2

f
Result from x-intercept

Result from y-intercept

% difference between results from intercepts

Analysis Part B: Magnification

1. For the first two data points only (the first two lines of Table 2), use the image and object
distances to calculate the magnification, M, at each position of the lens. Record the results in
Table 3.

𝑑𝑖
M=− ( )
𝑑𝑜

2. Calculate the absolute value of M (for each of the two lens positions) using your
measurements of the image size and object size. Record the results in Table 3.

𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
|M| =
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

3. Calculate the percent differences between the absolute values of M found using the
twomethods. Record the results in Table 3.

Percentage Difference:
Table 3: Magnification

Point 1

M calculated from image and object distances

|M| calculated from image and object sizes

% difference

Result:
Graph:
 Laboratory Session 10
Object: Check the critical angle at which total internal reflection occurs in the acrylic
trapezoid and confirm your result using Snell’s Law.

Apparatus:

 Light Source
 Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit
 Protractor
 White paper

Theory:
For light crossing the boundary between two
transparent materials, Snell’s Law states

n1sin θ1 = n2sin θ2

where θ1 is the angle of incidence, θ2 is the angle of

refraction, and n1 and n2 are the respective indices
of refraction of the materials (see Figure 1).

In this experiment, you will study a ray as it passes

Fig 1
out of the trapezoid, from acrylic (n = 1.5) to air (nair
= 1). If the incident angle (θ1) is greater than the
critical angle (θc), there is no refracted ray and total
internal reflection occurs. If θ1 = θc, the angle of the
refracted ray (θ2) is 90°, as in Figure 2.

In this case, Snell’s Law states:

n sin θc = 1 sin 90° Solving

for the sine of critical angle gives:

Fig 2
Procedure
2. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of
white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray.
3. Position the trapezoid as shown in Figure 3, with the ray
entering the trapezoid at least 2 cm from the tip.
4. Rotate the trapezoid until the emerging ray just barely
disappears. Just as it disappears, the ray separates into
colors. The trapezoid is correctly positioned if the red has
just disappeared.
5. Mark the surfaces of the trapezoid. Mark exactly the Fig 3
point on the surface where the ray is internally reflected.
Also mark the entrance point of the incident ray and the exit
point of the reflected ray.
6. Remove the trapezoid and draw the rays that are
incidentupon and reflected from the inside surface of the
trapezoid.See Figure 4. Measure the angle between these
rays using aprotractor. (Extend these rays to
make the protractor easier to use.) Note that this angle is
twice the critical angle because the angle of incidence
equals the angle of reflection.
Record the critical angle here:
θc = (experimental) Fig 4
7. Calculate the critical angle using Snell’s Law and the
given index of refraction for Acrylic (n = 1.5). Record the
theoretical value here:
θc = (theoretical)
8. Calculate the percent difference between the measured and theoretical values:
% difference =
Ray Diagram:
 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

Laboratory Session 11
Object: Check measurement of Buoyant and Upward Force.

Apparatus:

Density set, String, Overflow can, Beaker for water, Graduated cylinder, Triple-beam
balance.

Theory:
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Archimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant force exerted on an object partially or
fullysubmerged in a fluid will be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

UPWARD FORCE

When an object is submerged in a fluid, the apparent weight of the object is less than
theweight in air because of the buoyant force.

An upward force is any force that counteracts the force of gravity. In science, buoyancy is
anupward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.

Procedure:
1. Find mass of beaker.
2. Find mass of beaker having water in it.
3. Find mass of water by subtracting the mass of empty beaker from the mass of
beakerhaving water.
4. Find out the weight of displaced water using triple beam balance.
5. Find out the weight of given samples in air.
6. Now find out the buoyant force of each sample by subtracting weight in air
fromweight in water of each sample.

Observation and Calculations:

Mass of empty beaker =

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 52

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

Object Mass of Beaker +Water Mass of Water Weight of Displaced

Water

Al. Cylinder

Brass Block

Al. Irregular Shaped Block

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 53

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

Object Weight in Air (a) Weight in Water (b) B.F = a - b

Al. Cylinder

Brass Block

Al. Irregular Shaped Block

Result:

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 54

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

LABORATORY SESSION 12

OBJECT:
Practice the designing of a series circuit and understand its properties. Also find the calculated and measured
values of resistance, current and voltages.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
 Resistors (different values).

 NI Elvis II Prototyping Board.

 Fluke Digital Multimeter.

THEORY:
CIRCUIT:
It is defined as:
“A circuit is a path for electrons to flow through. The path is from a power sources negative terminal,
through the various components and on to the positive terminal.”
PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
In a series circuit components like resistors and loads are connected in a single path. Current must go through
every component in order starting from the positive terminal of the battery through everything in order and
back to the negative battery terminal. In this circuit, every component will have the same current across them,
and voltage will be exactly equal to the sum of all voltages across each load.

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 55

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

Figure 4.1: Resistors and bulbs connected in series in a circuit

FORMULAE:
Suppose three resistors R1, R2 & R3 are connected in series across a voltage source of V (volt). Let V (Voltage)
be the total circuit voltage which is divided into voltage V1, v2, and V3 flowing through R1, R2 & R3 respectively.
Now according to the Ohm’s Law:
The voltage drop across resistor R1, V1 = I1R1
The voltage drop across resistor R2, V2 = I2R2
The voltage drop across resistor R3, V3 = I3R3
The voltage drop across the whole series DC circuit,
V = Voltage drop across resistor R1 + voltage drop across resistor R2 + voltage drop across resistor R3
V = V 1+ V 2 + V 3
According to Ohm’s law V=IR
V = I1R1 + I2R2 +I3R3
Therefore, I = I1 = I2 =I3 and
Now,
IR = IR1 + IR2 +IR3
R = R1 + R2 +R3

Thus when a number of resistors are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is given by the
arithmetic sum of their individual resistances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT 01

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 56

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

PROCEDURE:
1. First take 03 resistors of different values.
2. Connect the resistors in series on breadboard of NI Elvis II Prototyping Board.
3. Connect voltage supply and ground using jumper wires through variable power supply option on NI Elvis II
Prototyping Board.
4. Measure current and voltage according to the method of series circuit by connecting probes of DMM.
Remember, Voltage is measured in parallel and current is measured in series.
5. Solve and fill the calculation and observation chart given in the manual which have also been discussed in
the class.
6. Now repeat the above discussed procedure for the following given circuits and note down their values as
well.
7. Discuss the results.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. Particulars Measured Calculated
CIRCUIT 01
RT
1.
(Ω/KΩ)
VR1
2.
(V)
3. VR2

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 57

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
(V)
VR3
4.
(V)
VT
5.
(V)
I1
6.
(mA)
12
7.
(mA)
13
8.
(mA)
IT
9.
(mA)

CALCULATIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
RESULT/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

REVIEW QUESTION:
Q1. In the circuit given below, three resistors receive the total amount of voltage (24 volts) from a single
source. Calculate the amount of voltage across each resistor, as well as the amount of power dissipated by
each resistor:

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 58

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

CALCULATION:

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 59

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

LABORATORY SESSION 13

OBJECT:
Practice the designing of a parallel circuit and understand its properties. Also find the calculated and measured
values of resistance, current and voltages.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
 Resistors (different values).

 NI Elvis II Prototyping Board.

 Fluke Digital Multimeter.

THEORY:
CIRCUIT:
It is defined as:
“A circuit is a path for electrons to flow through. The path is from a power sources negative terminal,
through the various components and on to the positive terminal.”
PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
When two or more electrical components are connected in a way that one end of each component is connected
to a common point and the other end is connected to another common point, then the electrical components
are said to be connected in parallel, and such an electrical DC circuit is referred as a parallel DC circuit. In this

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 60

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
circuit, every component will have the same voltage drop across them, and it will be exactly equal to the voltage
which occurs between the two common points where the components are connected.
Also in a parallel DC circuit, the current has several parallel paths through these parallel-connected
components, so the circuit current will be divided into as many paths as the number of components.

Figure 4.1: Resistors and bulbs connected in parallel in a circuit

FORMULAE:
Suppose three resistors R1, R2 & R3 are connected in parallel across a voltage source of V (volt). Let I (Ampere)
be the total circuit current which is divided into current I 1, I2, and I3 flowing through R1, R2 & R3 respectively.
Now according to the Ohm’s Law:
The voltage drop across resistor R1, VR1 = I1R1
The voltage drop across resistor R2, VR2 = I2R2
The voltage drop across resistor R3, VR3 = I3R3
The voltage drop across the whole parallel DC circuit,
V = Voltage drop across resistor R1 = voltage drop across resistor R2 = voltage drop across resistor R3
VT = I1R1 = I2R2 = I3R3

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 61

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

Thus when a number of resistors are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is
given by the arithmetic sum of the reciprocals of their individual resistances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT 01

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 62

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

V1 R1 R2 R3
8V 1kΩ 4.7kΩ 2.2kΩ

CIRCUIT 02

R1

1kΩ
R2

3.3kΩ
R3

5.1kΩ

V1

10 V

PROCEDURE:
1. First take 03 resistors of different values.
2. Connect the resistors in parallel on breadboard of NI Elvis II Prototyping Board.
APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 63
 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
3. Connect voltage supply and ground using jumper wires through variable power supply option on NI Elvis II
Prototyping Board.
4. Measure current and voltage according to the method of parallel circuit by connecting probes of DMM.
Remember, Voltage is measured in parallel and current is measured in series.
5. Solve and fill the calculation and observation chart given in the manual which have also been discussed in
the class.
6. Now repeat the above discussed procedure for the following given circuits and note down their values as
well.
7. Discuss the results.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. Particulars Measured Calculated
CIRCUIT 01
RT
10.
(Ω/KΩ)
VR1
11.
(V)
VR2
12.
(V)
VR3
13.
(V)
VT
14.
(V)
I1
15.
(mA)
12
16.
(mA)
13
17.
(mA)
IT
18.
(mA)

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 64

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
S. No. Particulars Measured Calculated
CIRCUIT 02
RT
1.
(Ω/KΩ)
VR1
2.
(V)
VR2
3.
(V)
VR3
4.
(V)
VT
5.
(V)
I1
6.
(mA)
12
7.
(mA)
13
8.
(mA)
IT
9.
(mA)

CALCULATIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
RESULT/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 65

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

REVIEW QUESTION:
Q1. In the circuit given below, three resistors receive the same amount of voltage (24 volts) from a single
source. Calculate the amount of current drawn by each resistor, as well as the amount of power dissipated
by each resistor:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
CALCULATION METHOD: (For reference only)
(Calculated Values)
Since in a parallel circuit, voltage remains same throughout the path and current is different across each resistor
or load so;

1/RT = 1/2KΩ + 1/3KΩ + 1/4KΩ

1/RT = 1.0833

RT = 0.92KΩ

VT = 10V (Supply Voltage) [VT = V R1 = V R2 = V R3]

Since V = IR so for current, IT = VT/RT

IT = 10V/0.92KΩ

IT = 0.0108A or 10.8mA

I1 = VT/R1
I1 = 10/2000
I1 = 0.005A or 5mA
I2 = VT/R2
I2 = 10/3000
I2 = 0.003A or 3mA
APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 66
 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
I3 = VT/R3
I3 = 10/4000
I3 = 0.0025A or 2.5mA

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 67

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

LABORATORY SESSION 14 [Open Ended]

OBJECT:
Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) for the DC circuit by
experimental methods.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
 Resistors (different values).

 NI Elvis II Prototyping Board.

 Fluke Digital Multimeter.

 Jumper wires.

THEORY:
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS:
Kirchhoff’s laws mainly deal with voltage and current in the electrical circuits. There are various relationships
among voltages and currents of an electrical circuit. These relationships are determined by Kirchhoff’s laws
such as KVL and KCL. These laws are used to determine the equivalent electrical resistance and the currents
flowing in the several branches of the network.

Figure 6.1: Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws

KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW:
KCL or Kirchhoff’s current law or Kirchhoff’s first law states that the total current in a closed circuit, the entering
current at node is equal to the current leaving at the node or the algebraic sum of current at node in an

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 68

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
electronic circuit is equal to zero.

Figure 6.2: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

In the above diagram, the currents are denoted with a, b, c, d and e. According to the KCL law, the entering
currents are a, b, c, d and the leaving currents are e and f with negative value. The equation can be written as
a+b+c+d=e+f
Generally in an electrical circuit, the term node refers to a junction or connection of multiple components or
elements or current carrying lanes like components and cables. In a closed circuit, the current flow any in or
out of a node lane must exist. This law is used to analyze parallel circuits.
KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW:
KVL or Kirchhoff’s voltage law or Kirchhoff’s second law states that, the algebraic sum of the voltage in a closed
circuit is equal to zero or the algebraic sum of the voltage at node is equal to zero.

Figure 6.3: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

This law deals with voltage. For instance, the above circuit is explained. A voltage source ‘a’ is connected with
five passive components, namely b, c, d, e, f having voltage differences across them. Arithmetically, the voltage
difference between these components add together because these components are connected in series.
According to the KVL law, the voltage across the passive components in a circuit is always equal & opposite to
the voltage source. Hence, the sum of the voltage differences across all the elements in a circuit is always zero.
a+b+c+d+e+f=0
COMMON DC CIRCUIT THEORY TERMS:
The common DC circuit consists of various theory terms are
CIRCUIT: A DC circuit is a closed loop conducting lane in which an electrical current flows.
APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 69
 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
PATH: A single lane is used to connect the sources or elements.
NODE: A node is a connection in a circuit where multiple elements are connected together & it is denoted
with a dot.
BRANCH: A branch is a single or collection of elements which are connected between two nodes like resistors
or a source.
LOOP: A loop in a circuit is a closed path, where no circuit element or node is met more than once.
MESH: A mesh doesn’t contain any closed path, but it is a single open loop, and it does not contain any
components inside a mesh.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT 01 CIRCUIT 02

R1 R2 R3

1kΩ 5.5kΩ 3.2kΩ R1 R2 R3

V1 V1
10 V 1kΩ 2.2kΩ 3kΩ
12 V

PROCEDURE:
1. First take resistors of given values as mentioned in circuit 01 & 02.
2. Connect the resistors accordingly to build the circuit on breadboard of NI Elvis II Prototyping Board.
3. Connect voltage supply and ground using jumper wires through variable power supply or fixed DC supply
option on NI Elvis II Prototyping Board.
4. Measure equivalent resistance, current and voltage by connecting probes of DMM. Remember, Voltage is
measured in parallel and current is measured in series.
5. Solve and fill the calculation and observation chart given in the manual which have also been discussed in
the class.
6. Discuss the results.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
CIRCUIT 01

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 70

 ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I
RT IT VAB VBC VCD VSUM

CIRCUIT 02
RT IT I1 I2 I3 ISUM

CALCULATIONS:
For Circuit 01:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
For Circuit 02:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
RESULT/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 71

ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY FACUTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGMENT SEMESTER I

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 72